RK 1 Sorage Server Technologies 1

8/3/2019 RK 1 Sorage Server Technologies 1

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Server and Storage Technologies


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Discussion Highlights

Server Technologies

System Architecture

Storage Technologies Roadmap for storage industry

Storage Paradigms

Direct Attached Storage

Storage Area NetworksNetwork Attached Storage

IP Storage Area Networks

RAID Technology


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Server Technologies


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What is a Server?

A Computer that provides service forother computers connected to it via a

network

It is a computer that handles requestsfor data, email, file transfers, and othernetwork services from other computers(i.e, clients)


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What is a Desktop/PC?

A computer small enough to sit ontop of a desk


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System Architecture

Hardware

Device driver/kernel layer

Database Layer

Command layer

Operatingsystem

Application Layer User

System

Software

Application

Software

Hardware


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Vendors Vs Products

Hardware

Device driver/kernel layer

Database Layer

Command layer

Servers

Desktops

Laptops

Storage devices

Networking devices

IBM,Compaq/HP

Dell,Acer,HCL,SUN etc.

EMC/Hitachi etc.

Cisco/Nortel etc.

IBM,Compaq/HP

Microsoft,Linux etc.

Unix : proprietary unix

Linux

VMS , Windows, DOS

etc.

IBM, Oracle,

Microsoft etc.

DB2, Oracle , SQLetc.

VendorsProducts


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System ArchitecturePrimary components:

Processor

Memory

Cache Memory

Primary memorySecondary memory

Hard Disks

CD ROM Drive

Tape Devices

Power Supply

Peripherals


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Processor

Single Processors

Multi Processors

more than one processor

No. of processors decided by applicationand performance requirements.


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Processor

RISC Processors

HP PARISC

Compaq Alpha

IBM POWER

SUN Ultra Sparc

CISC Processors

X86 Family

Pentium C-RISC


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CISC Approach

complete the task in as few lines of assemblyas possible

Fabricate most of the instructions on chip

More COMPLEX instructions in instruction set

Emphasis on hardware

Small code sizes


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RISC Approach

Use only simple one clock cycle instructions

The instruction set should be very small

use of SIMPLE instructions in instruction set

Emphasis on software

Increased code sizes


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Performance Equation

Time = Time * Cycle * Instructions

Program Cycle Instructions Program

CISC Reduces

RISC sacrifices

CISC sacrifices

RISC reduces


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MemoryMemory Classification

Hierarchy:

cache

Primary memory (RAM)Secondary storage

Volatility:

RAM

ROM

Technology:

Static RAM

Dynamic RAM


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Memory Classification

Volatility:

RAM (Random Access Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Technology:

Static RAM

Dynamic RAM

Hierarchy:

cache

Primary memory (RAM)

Secondary storage


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Cost Factors

No. of Processors

Type of Processor ( RISC/CISC)

Size of Primary Memory

Storage capacity

Storage Interfaces

Operating system ( Proprietary Vs Open)


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Secondary Storage Technologies


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Roadmap for Storage Industry

IDE/ATA

SCSI

Fibre Channel

Network AttachedStorage

iSCSI

DAS FC SAN

NAS

iSCSI SAN


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DAS (Direct Attached Storage)

Server A Server BPopular DAS Standards

IDE/ATA

(Industry Drive Electronics / ATAttachment )

SCSI

(Small Computer SystemsInterface)

SATA(Serial AT Attachment)


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IDE/ATA

Most popular standard for PC drives

Drive electronics is integrated on the drive

media Max. 2 ATA/IDE devices in Master , Slave mode

over single channel (with the exception of EIDE whichallows 4 EIDE devices over single channel)

Bus width : 16 bits

Max possible data transfer rate : 100 MB/s ( UltraDMA mode 5, cycle time 40 nsec)


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Limitations of IDE/ATA

not suitable for data intensive applications

low data transfer rate

limited scalability

ideal for PC and low end servers


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SCSISCSI Interface

standard

Bus Width

(bits)

Max No. of

devices

Bus Speed

(MHz)

Max

speed

(MB/s)

Max Bus

Length (m)

SCSI - 1 /

Narrow SCSI

8 8 5 5 6

Wide SCSI 16 16 5 10 6

SCSI -2 / Fast

SCSI

8 8 10 10 3

Fast WideSCSI

16 16 10 20 6

Ultra SCSI /

SCSI-3 SPI

8 8 20 20 1.5

Wide Ultra

SCSI

16 8 20 40 1.5


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Limitations of SCSI

Not more than 16 devices per bus

Maximum channel length 25 m (HVD)

while only 12 m with normal LVD/SE

Data Transfer speed up to 320 MB/s

practically unrealizable

Complex Device portability


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Fibre Channel (FC)

Marriage of networking and storage architectures

High speed , serial interconnect standard

Provides bi-directional, point-to-point datachannel

Allows block level access of data

Has layered architecture similar to OSI model

Support for various topologies


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Fibre Channel (FC)


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Limitations of SAN

Poor interoperability

High Cost

Difficult to manage

Weak Security

Scalability is a concern in complexdeployments

FC is not a routable protocol


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NAS (Network Attached Storage)

Uses TCP/IP network for connecting to

storage Provides file level access to the storage

Highly scalable especially in

heterogeneous environment

Brings Ethernet economics to storage


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NAS Vs SAN


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iSAN :Enterprise Storage Future

iSAN : SANs built on iSCSI protocol

iSCSI (internet small computer systeminterface) is TCP/IP-based protocol for

establishing and managing connectionsbetween IP-based storage devices, hostsand clients

iSCSI is a block access protocol, allows

SCSI access over TCP/IP networks


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iSCSI Protocol

Internet ProtocolTCP/IP

Internet SCSI

iSCSI

SCSI Commandset

IP

TCP

iSCSI

SCSI command set

Operating System

Applications

iSCSI Protocol Stack


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Advantages of IP Storage

Familiar Network technology and management

oReduces training costs

Increased reliability

Scalability over long distanceso Enables remote data replication and DR

Brings Ethernet economics to storage


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RAID Technology

What is RAID ?

RAID is Redundant Array of Independent/

InexpensiveDisks


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RAID Technology

Advantages of RAID

Increased Data Storage

Improved Data Protection

Enhanced Performance


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RAID Technology

Various RAID Levels

RAID 0 ( Striping)

RAID 1 (Mirroring)

RAID 10 / RAID 1+0 (Mirroring + Striping)

RAID 3 (Independent Striping plus parity)

RAID 5 (Independent Striping plus distributed parit


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RAID 0 (Striping)Drive 1 Drive 2

Block 1 Block 2Block 3 Block 4

Block 5Block 6

Block 7 Block 8

Increased storage capacity

Improved performance

No redundancy : not suitable for critical data

Min. no. of disks : 2


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RAID 1 (Mirroring)Drive 1 Drive 2

Block 1 Block 1Block 2 Block 2

Block 3Block 3

Block 4 Block 4

Increased redundancy

Improved read performance

Poor write performance

Min no. of disks : 2


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RAID 10 (Mirroring + Striping)

Drive 3

Block 1Block3

Block 5

Block 7

Increased redundancy

Improved read performance

Poor write performance


Block 2Block 4

Block6

Block 8

Drive 1

Block 1Block 3

Block 5

Block 7

Block 2Block 4

Block 6

Block 8

Drive 2 Drive 4


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RAID 3 (Striping + Parity)

Increased redundancy through parity data

Improved read /write performance

Single point of failure is parity drive


Drive 2Drive 1

Bit1Bit 3

Bit 5

Bit 2Bit4

Bit 6

Parity 1-2Parity 3-4

Parity 5-6

Parity Drive


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RAID 5 (Striping + Distributed

Parity)

Increased redundancy through distributed parity data

Improved read /write performance


Drive 1

Block 1Block 3

Parity 5-6

Block 7

Block 2Parity 3-4

Block 5

Block 8

Drive 2

Parity 1- 2Block 4

Block 6

Parity 7-8

Drive 3


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Q/A ?


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Thank you


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Cache Memory


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Five basic storage terms

iSCSIInternet small computer system interface

LANLocal area network

NASNetwork-attached storage

SANStorage area network

RAID

Redundant array of independent disks
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iSCSI is Internet SCSI (Small Computer System Interface),an Internet Protocol (IP)-based storage networkingstandard for linking data storage facilities, developed by theInternet Engineering Task Force (IETF). By carrying SCSIcommands over IP networks, iSCSI is used to facilitate datatransfers over intranets and to manage storage over longdistances. The iSCSI protocol is among the keytechnologies expected to help bring about rapiddevelopment of the storage area network (SAN) market, by

increasing the capabilities and performance of storage datatransmission. Because of the ubiquity of IP networks, iSCSIcan be used to transmit data over local area networks (LAN

Learn More

ISCSI SAN

iSCSI SAN IP Storage
http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-Protocolhttp://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/IETFhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/protocolhttp://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/storage-area-network-SANhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-area-network-LANhttp://searchstorage.techtarget.com/resources/ISCSI-SANhttp://searchstoragechannel.techtarget.com/resources/iSCSI-SAN-IP-Storagehttp://searchstoragechannel.techtarget.com/resources/iSCSI-SAN-IP-Storagehttp://searchstorage.techtarget.com/resources/ISCSI-SANhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-area-network-LANhttp://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/storage-area-network-SANhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/protocolhttp://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/IETFhttp://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-Protocol


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RK 1 Sorage Server Technologies 1