Rizal_background & Definition of Terms

8/12/2019 Rizal_background & Definition of Terms

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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Rizals Life, Works and Writings

Rizal Law and the Teaching of Rizal CourseRepublic ct of 1!"#

$rRizal La%

&andates the teaching of the life, %orks and %ritings of Rizalin all schools in the country'

(ose )' Laurel Sponsored the la% because Rizal %as the founder of *ilipinonationality and the architect of the *ilipino nation'

+elieed that by reading and studying Rizals life, teachingsand %ritings, *ilipino youth %ill gain incorruptible con-dence,direction, courage and deter.ination'

$b/ecties of Rizal La%01#23

4o rededicate the lies of the youth to ideals of freedo. andnationalis.'

4o pay tribute to our national hero for deoting his life and%orks in shaping the *ilipino character'

4o gain an inspiring source of patriotis. thru the study ofRizals life, %orks and %ritings'

56oals by the +oard of7ational 8ducation

0Capino et al, 193

4o recognize the releance of Rizals ideals, thoughts,teachings and life alues to present condition in theco..unity'

4o apply Rizals ideas in the solution of daytoday situationsand proble.s in conte.porary life'

4o deelop an understanding and appreciation of the ;ualities,behaior and character of Rizal'

4o foster the deelop.ent of .oral character, personaldiscipline, citizenship and ocational e


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.an of peace aboe the .en of %ar'

+ecause *ilipinos are loers of freedo. and /ustice, they haegien their %orship to a .an %ho gae up all co.forts andpleasures of the peace for their sake'

*ilipinos prize irtue .ore than ictory and sacri-ce aboesuccess'

Rizal, Pioneer Asian Nationalist LeaderBe $ca.po 0123 Rizal %as the -rst eponent of sian nationalis. since he %as

the source of inspiration for the outbreak of the )hilippineReolution of 1@2'

*isher 012"3 Called Rizal the )ioneer 8ponent of Liberal Be.ocracy insia'

Said een before 6andhi and Sun DatSen began their politicalcareer, Rizal had already spoken out %ith -r.ness andcourage ideas on liberal de.ocracy by his %ritings'

o Worth and dignity of the indiidual'o Iniolability of hu.an rightso Innate e;uality of all .en and raceso 7ecessity for constitutional goern.ento Bue process of la%o )opular soereignty as basis of all political authority'o *aith in hu.an reason and enlighten.ento Rights of the .asses to public education'o +elief in social progress through freedo.

Maor Periods in the Life of Rizal !Celedonio, "#$%&*irst )eriod 01@211@9"3 Rizal learned ho% to read, %rite and listened to stories that

triggered i.aginatie and critical thinking on his part' >e deeloped industriousness, creatiity, rationality and

dignity'Second )eriod 01@9"

1@@"3 *irst turning point in the life of Rizal'

>e %as 11 and enrolled in teneo &unicipal despite his.others ob/ection'

It %as the period %hen *athers 6o.ez, +urgos and Ea.ora%ere un/ustly eecuted by the Spanish goern.ent'

4heir .artyrdo. .ade Rizal a%are of the abuses of theregi.e and led hi. to deote hi.self in the future to aengein/ustices and cruelties of the Spanish'

Strengthening of his religious foundation'

Cultiation of the drie to%ard ecellence

Conception of the )hilippines as his fatherland'

8nisioning the )hilippines receiing light thru education'

)erception of the inti.ate alliance bet%een religion and

education'4hird )eriod 01@@"1@"3 Second .a/or turning point in Rizals life'

>e decided to leae the )hilippines to escape persecution'

>e traeled and eery%here he %ent, he %as al%ays anobserer and a student, learning fro. eerything he sa%, readand heard'

>e took part in the )ropaganda &oe.ent based in 8urope'

*ourth )eriod 01@"1@23

4he last turning point of his life before his .artyrdo. inBece.ber ?=, 1@2'

Rizal %as eiled to Bapitan'


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>e detached his connections %ith politics and deoted .ore ofhis ti.e in practical serice and usefulness to the co..unity'

Chapter ": 4he 1thCentury World of (ose Rizal

'rowth and (e)elopment of Nationalism7ationalis. 0(ackson F (ackson, "===3 sense of loyalty or psychologica

attach.ent .e.bers of a nation share, based on a co..on

language, history, culture and desire for independence' It is a feeling that dries a people together as a nation'

&cGay et al, 1#o >as eoled fro. a real or i.agined cultural unity

.anifesting itself in a co..on language, history andterritory'

o 7ationalists hae usually sought to turn this culturaunity into political reality so that the territory of eachpeople coincides %ith its state boundaries'

o 7ationalists beliee that eery nation has the right toeist in freedo. and deelop in character and spirit'

It can lead to aggressie crusades and countercrusades andcan stress diAerences a.ong people'

Rise and 'radual Spread of Li*eralism and (emocrac++lack,1 4he rise and spread of Liberalis. and Be.ocracy %as actually

a conse;uence of the gro%th and deelop.ent of nationalis.'Liberalis. )rinciple ideas are liberty and e;uality'

Be.anded representatie goern.ent as opposed toautocratic .onarchy, e;uality before the la% as opposed tolegally separate classes'

lso .eant speci-c indiidual freedo.: freedo. of the pressHfreedo. of speechH freedo. of asse.blyH and freedo. fro.arbitrary arrest'

Be.ocracy Was gradually established thru the follo%ing .eans:o )ro.ulgation of la%s that adance de.ocracyo ndertaking of refor.s thru legislationo bolition of slaeryo doption of a liberal constitutiono )roiding the citizens the opportunity to propose la%so doption of .anhood suArage and granting of political

econo.ic and social rights to the people

4he ecclesiastical and ciil authorities then %ere not inclinedto grant basic hu.an rights to the *ilipinos as it %ill bedisadantageous to the Spains colonial ad.inistration of the

)hilippines fearing that it %ill .otiate the *ilipinos to %ork forindependence and bring do%n the Regi.e'The ndustrial Re)olution

Stearns et al, 11 $ne of the .ost crucial deelop.ents in the 1thcentury %asthe Industrial reolution'

Industrial Reolution Refers to the transfor.ation of .anufacturing brought aboutby the inention and use of .achines'

)ositie 8Aects Rise of the factory syste.'

&ass production of essential and nonessential goods'

I.proe.ent of peoples standard of liing'

6reater rbanization of Society'


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+eginnings of specialization or diision of labor'

Inention of laborsaing deices'

4he beginning of industrial capitalis.

*ostering of liberalis. and nationalis.'

8ncourage.ent of peoples .obility'

7egatie 8Aects Widening the gap bet%een the rich and poor

nending econo.ic %arfare bet%een labor and capital

)ollution and other eniron.ental proble.s

+eginning of child and %o.en labor

Intensi-cation of i.perialistic rialry bet%een and a.ongindustrialized countries'

Boreen, 11 4o sole the eils created by the industrial syste., diAeren.easures %ere proposed by concerned sectors of %orldsociety'

Liberals Laissezfaire policy or goern.ents noninterference in theconduct of trade and business has to be sustained for thecontinuous epansion of the econo.y'

Socialists ssert that the goern.ent has to control ital industries andresources'

7ecessary in pro.oting e;uality of opportunity and peoples%elfare in society'

Co..unists Suggest that all factors of production be o%ned and controlledby the goern.ent'

8;uality can be achieed if social classes are destroyed anddictatorship of the proletariat is established'

The Ad)ances of ScienceConse;uences 8eryday eperience and innu.erable scientists i.pressed the

i.portance of science on the .inds of ordinary citizens'

s science beca.e .ore pro.inent in popular thinking, thephilosophical i.plication of science spread to broad sections of

the population' 4echnical adances led people to deelopopti.istic faith in .ans capability to achiee progress'

4he .ethods of science ac;uired unrialed prestige after 1@#=*or .any, the union of careful eperi.ent and abstract theory%as the only route to the truth and ob/ectie reality'

The -psurge of .estern mperialismIndustrializing West In the 1thcentury, they entered the third and .ost dyna.ic

phase of its centuriesoldepansion into nonWestern lands'Conse;uences of Western

8pansion 4he %orld beca.e in .any %ays a single unit'

BiAused the ideas and techni;ues of a highly deelopedciilization' Det the %est relied on force to con;uer and rule

and treated non%estern people as racial inferiors' 7on%estern elites launched national, antii.perialist struggle

for dignity, genuine independence and .odernization'

Colonized people started to assert their right to selfdeter.ination or the right to choose the kind of goern.enunder %hich they %ould lie'

/ptimism and Con0dence in ProgressChodoro% et al,1! $pti.is. or faith in society and .ans ability to progress %as

brought about by the adance.ent of science, the co.ing ofstea.po%ered industry and the spread of liberalis. andsocialis.'


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&ar;uis de Condorcet Su..ed the opti.is. of the century in his %ork Sketch for a>istorical )icture of the )rogress of the >u.an &ind'

Sa% that Jthe strongest reasons for belieing that nature hasset no li.it to realization of our hopesK and foresa% Jtheabolition of ine;uality bet%een nations, the progress ofe;uality %ithin nations and the true perfection of hu.anity')rogress %as no% independent of any po%er that .ight %ishto halt it and %ill neer be reersed'K

chiee.ents 8tension of hu.an rights to .any people )ro.otion of higher education for .en and %o.en

8ducation for nationalis. in schools

Inest.ent in science to sere .ankind

I.proe.ent of public health thru the establish.ent ofnu.erous hospitals

8.ergence of realistic literature, depicting the life of the ti.e

Chapter ?: Spain and the )hilippines in the 1thCentury

Spain in the "#thCentur+Eaide, 1! 4he 1thcentury %as a turbulent century

of politics in Spanish history'o *re;uent rise and fall of .inistries

and constitutions'o *orce to abandon the policy of

.ercantilis. and adopted the

laissezfaire policy'&aguigad et al, "=== 4o sae the country fro. political

disunity, the Spanish cro%n %orked outthe canoite syste. or rotatiis.'

Canoite Syste. or Rotatiis. 4he liberals and conseraties in Spaintook turns in ad.inistering the aAairs ofthe country'

&ercantilis. n econo.ic doctrine based on the ideathat a countrys %ealth and po%er canbe .easured in ter.s of its stock of goldand siler'

Ro.ero et al, 19@ Spain %as forced to abandon this policyon account of her felt need to follo% thetrend of econo.ic deelop.ent in8urope and at the sa.e ti.e speed upthe gro%th of her co..erce and trade'

Capino, 199 Spains adoption of laissezfaire policyaAected the )hilippines in seeral %ays'

o Spain ended the 6alleon 4rade orthe &anilacapulco trade in 1@9?

o 4his directly opened the)hilippines to the %orld co..erce


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o 8nded the econo.ic isolation ofthe )hilippines fro. the rest of the%orld'

o Created a .iddle class i.bued%ith ciic courage and personalindependence %hich started the;uestioning the abuses of theSpanish Regi.e'

The Philippines (uring Rizal1s TimeConse;uences of the Spanish Con;uest 4he *ilipinos lost their ancestral lands onaccount of Spains institution of theenco.ienda syste.'

*orced to accept Spanish culture andreligion'

4his change %as eident in thead.inistratie organization of thecountry, social structure and educationalsyste. of the )hilippines and econo.icsituation in the 1thcentury'

Administrati)e /rganization

&inistry of Colonies 4hru this, the Spanish Cro%n %as able togoern the )hilippines'

6oernor6eneral ppointed by the Spanish .onarch

4he head of the Spanish colonialgoern.ent in the country'

Represented the Cro%n in allgoern.ental .atters'

ice Royal )atron oer religious aAairs.eaning he could no.inate priests forecclesiastical ad.inistration of theparishes'

Co..ander in chief of the colonial ar.y' Chief eecutie of the colonial

goern.ent, he %as an eoad the po%er of cu.plase or the po%erto decide %hich la% or loyal decreeshould be i.ple.ented or disregarded inthe colony'

ctos cordados La%s enacted by the goernorgeneral'

lcaldias 4he proinces during the SpanishRegi.e'

Biided into to%ns or pueblos'

lcalde &ayor or )roincial &ayor 8ach one headed a proince %hoeercised eecutie and /udicialfunctions'

Indulto de Co..ercio 4he proincial goern.ent %as the .ostcorrupt unit in local goern.ent then,o%ing to the priilege to engage in the.onopolize trade called MMMMMM'


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6obernadorcillo or 4o%n &ayor 8ach one headed a pueblo'

t -rst, he %as elected by all .arried.ales'

4hen, he %as oted by 1? electors,chaired by the outgoing gobernadorcillo'

>is principal responsibility %as tacollection'

4o ensure collection and re.ittance of

these taes, he %as re;uired to.ortgage his properties to thegoern.ent at the beginning of his ter.

Ro.ero et al, 19@ 8ach to%n %as diided into barrios orbarangays'

Cabeza de +arangay >eaded a barangay, the s.allest unit ofgoern.ent'

>is function %as to .aintenance ofpeace and order and collection of taesand tributes in the barangay'

yunta.iento City goern.ent during the Spanish

Regi.e' 6oerned by a cabildo or city council

co.posed of a city .ayor 0alcalde enordinario3, councilors 0regidores3, chiefconstable 0aguacil .ayor3 and asecretary 0escribano3'

Spanish friar key -gure in the local ad.inistratiesetup 0Schu.acher,193

+ecause of the union of the church andstate in the )hilippines, a principle upon%hich the Spanish colonial goern.entin the country %as founded'

Superising representatie of theSpanish goern.ent for all local aAairs'

)ractically the ruler of the to%n as he%as the local school, health, prison,inspector and inspector of accounts ofthe gobernadorcillos and cabeze debarangays'

>is approal %as re;uired in census lists,ta lists, lists of ar.y conscripts, andregister of births, deaths and .arriages'

*railocracia *riars beca.e .ore po%erful and

inNuential that een ciil authoritiesfeared the.'

4er.ed by Lopez (aena'

6uardia Ciil nother institution feared in the)hilippines'

$rganized in1@29, as a corps of natiepolice under the leadership of Spanisho


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8rehes 8ne.ies of the Catholic Church'

udiencia Real ested the /udicial po%er of thegoern.ent'

4he Supre.e Court during those ti.esand the lo%er courts 0Be Leon,"===3'

>ighest court in the )hilippines'

lso sered as a foru. for settlingi.portant issues on goernance and an

auditing agency of the -nances ofSpanish colonial ad.inistration in thecountry'

Residencia 4he trial of an outgoing goernorgenerato account for his acts during his tenureof o


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Re;uired the naties to lie in the areanear the church'

Results of the Reduccion )lan Spanish enco.enderos found it easier tocollect taes'

4ransfor.ed the *ilipinos into la%abidding citizens'

4he independence of the barangays %aslost because of the relocation of the

naties under the inNuence of thechurch'

3arl+ Resistance to Spanish RuleReolts caused by the desire to regain their lost

freedo.: Reolt of Raha Sulay.an and Lakan Bula

01#9!3 4ondo Conspiracy 01#@91#@@3

Reolt of &along 0122=12213

Bagohoys Reolt 019!!1@"3

Reolt of Biego Silang 0192"192?3

Reolt of )alaris 0192"192!3

Reolts caused by resistance to Spanish

i.posed institutions:

&agalat Reolt 01#23

Reolt of the Irrayas 012"13 Cagayan Reolt 012?3

Su.uroy Rebellion 012!12#=3

&aniago Reolt 0122=3

Reolts caused by the agrarian unrest: )roinces of +atangas, Laguna, Caite,)a.panga and +ulacan'

Reolts caused by the desire to reert to theirnatie religion:

Igorot Reolt 012=13

4a.blot Reolt 012"112""3

Reolt of Lanab and lababan 012"#12"93

4apar Reolt 0122?3

Reolt of *rancisco Riera 0191@3 Reolt of >er.ano polinario dela Cruz

01@!=1@!13 Reolt of the &usli.s in Southern

)hilippinesBiide et I.pera )olicy *actor for the failure of the reolts'

4hey failed to realize that their co..onene.y %as the Spanish

The 3mergence of the 2ilipino Sense of NationhoodCause of the Beelop.ent of 7ationalis. $pening of the )hilippines to %orld

co..erce

Rise of clase .edia Liberal regi.e of Carlos &a' Bela 4orre

Racial Biscri.ination

Secularization controersy

Caite &utiny of 1@9"

The /pening of the Philippines to .orld Commerce(ohn Lockes 4heory of Reolution )eople can oerthro% a goern.ent that

is not %orking for the good of thegoerned'

The Rise of Clase Media


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Clase &edia or 7e% .iddle class Can be traced to the prosperity of arelatiely s.all class of .estizos and theprincipalia or ruling elite %ho bene-tedfro. the opening of the country toforeign co..erce and trade'

Li*eral Regime of Carlos Ma4 (ela TorreCarlos &a' Bela 4orre Was appointed goernorgeneral after

the fall of Oueen Isabella and thetriu.ph of liberalis. in Spain'

8ncouraged the aspirations of therefor.ists and abolished the censorshipof the press'

Buring his ter., freedo. of speech andof the press as guaranteed by theSpanish Constitution %ere recognized'

Rafeal de Iz;uierdo Replaced Carlos &a' Bela 4orre

+oasted that he ca.e to the )hilippines%ith a cross on one hand and a s%ord onthe other'

Racial (iscriminationIndios What the Spanish called the *ilipinos

&eans inferior race

*ray &iguel de +usta.ante )ortrayed the *ilipino as an indiidual%ith lo% .ental ability, incapable ofac;uiring 8uropean education and -ttedonly to %ork in the -eld and tend acarabao in his pa.phlet called Si

4andang +asyong &acunat'Secularization Contro)ers+

Secularization of )arishes 4he transfer of the .onitories

established by regular Spanish clergy to*ilipino seculars'

*r' )edro )elaez n insulares, %ho rose to the position oficar capitular of &anila in1@21'

Led the -ght against royal decreesturning secular parishes oer to thefriars'

ppealed to the Oueen Isabella II forecclesiastical e;uality bet%een theSpanish regulars and *ilipino seculars'

*r' +urgos Continued the struggle later after the

death of *r' )alaez' >e eerted all eAorts to defend the

*ilipino clergy fro. all the attacks by theSpanish regulars'

pplead to the Spanish ;ueen that the*ilipino priests the chance to proe thatthey can e;ual the Spanish regulars'

Ca)ite Mutin+ of "$5%Sgt' La &adrid Lead a .utiny %ith *ilipino soldiers in the

arsenal of Caite on the night of (anuary"=,1@9" brought about by Iz;uierdos


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abolition of their ee.ption fro. tributesand forced labor'

Rizal and the Ca)ite Mutin+ of "$5%8ecution of 6o.burza When Rizal heard of the .artyrdo. of

6o.burza %hen he %as 11 years old, hechanged his .ind of beco.ing a priestand beco.e a (esuit father anddedicated his life to aenge the icti.s

of the Spanish goern.ent'

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Rizal_background & Definition of Terms