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RIVER SAND AUDITING OF VAMANAPURAM RIVER FOR
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
By Dr. SABU JOSEPH
Reader, Department of Environmental Sciences
&
Dr. A. BIJU KUMAR Associate Professor, Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries
University of Kerala Kariavattom Campus
Thiruvananthapuram-695 581
Final Report Submitted to Revenue Department, Government of Kerala
November 2012 (Ref: 158/ P 3 / 2011 dated 24-02-2011 Revenue (P) Department)
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Sl. No. CONTENTS Page No.
1 Acknowledgement 2 List of Tables 3 List of Figures 4 Chapter I: Introduction ----------------------------------------------- 01 5 Chapter II: Materials and Methods---------------------------------- 06 6 Chapter III: Results ---------------------------------------------------- 09 7 Chapter IV: Summary and Conclusion ----------------------------- 13 8 Appendix 14
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A number of individuals contributed to the development of this consolidated river sand auditing report of Vamanapuram river in southern Kerala. We would like to thank the Revenue Department, Govt. of Kerala, for choosing us to undertake this environmentally significant study pertaining to the State of Kerala. We take this opportunity to thank the Chair of the State High Level Committee for River Management Fund (RMF), Dr. K.B. Valsalakumari, IAS and the former Chair Dr. Niveditha P. Haran, IAS for their role in the management and guidance. The District Collectorate, Thiruvananthapuram is thankfully acknowledged for releasing the fund time to time for the successful completion of the project. We thank the Co-ordinator of this River Bank mapping programme, Mr. Madhusoodanan (Rtd. Deputy Chief Engineer, Irrigation Dept.) and the expert committee members of the programme, Dr. Srikumar Chadopadya (Head, Environmental Science Division, CESS), Shri. John Mathai (Scientist-G, Geosciences, CESS) for providing valuable guidance, training, critical evaluation at various stages of the project. The administration of the University of Kerala offered timely help for implementation of the project by releasing grant-in-aid received from the funding agency. Mr. Vinod Gopal, V (Research Scholar, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Kerala) and Mr. Ravinesh, R (Research Scholar, Dept. of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries) are the team leaders forthe river sand auditing of Vamanapuram river. They are assisted by a five member team viz., Siby Mani, Kunjumon, Vinesh, Thajudeen and Baiju. The survey work was done by a three member team, viz., Mr. Nidikuttan T.K, Ajanthakumar andArul Raj. They are the pillars of this project and they whole-heatedly discharged their duties for the successful completion of the project. We place on record the help rendered by Mr. Nidikuttan, T.K for the verification and preparation of river cross-sections in Auto CAD. Also, we thank Mr. Jobin Thomas (Dept. of Env. Sciences) for all sorts of help rendered at various stages of this work. Lastly, we thank our colleagues in the Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Dept. of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries for the encouragement and constant support throughout this study. Dr. Sabu Joseph Dr. A. Bijukumar
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LIST OF TABLES
1.1 : List of Panchayats with river bank under Vamanapuram River Basin 1.2 : The list of Panchayats with survey numbers in the Left Bank of
Vamanapuram river 1.3 : The list of panchayats with survey numbers in the Right Bank of
Vamanapuram river 2.1 : Portrait of cross- section sites on the Right Bank of Vamanapuram river 3.1 : Characteristics of river cross- sections , Vamanapuram river 3.2 : Profile wise sand auditing of Vamanapuram river, Southern Kerala 3.3 : Panchayat wise estimation of river sand, Vamanapuram river
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LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 : Vamanapuram River Basin 1.2 : Various panchayats falling under Vamanapuram basin 1.3a : Snapshot of a in-stream mined river sand temporarily dumped on the
bank of Vamanapuram river 1.3b : Mechanised river bank mining leading to inundation of adjacent land 1.3c : A closer view of river bank mining 1.3d : Brick mining on the flood plain of Vamanapuram for brick kiln 2.1 : Map of Vamanapuram river showing profile locations 2.2 : Photographs showing Bench Mark (BM) of profile locations 2.3 : Field photos of sand auditing in Vamanapuram river 3.1 - 3.86 : River cross-sections of Vamanapuram river
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PREFACE This final report on the”River Sand Auditing of Vamanapuram river basin for Sustainable Management” is chapterised into four chapters. The first chapter focuses on introduction, objectives and study area of Vamanapuram river basin. The second chapter deals with the materials and methodology for river sand auditing. The third chapter covers the result in the form of profile wise and panchayat wise sand auditing of Vamanapuram river. The last chapter (fourth chapter) gives the summary and conclusion, followed by appendix. Dr. Sabu Joseph Dr. A. Bijukumar
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CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION
The need for sand and gravel is mounting exponentially over the years to meet their ever-increasing demand in construction sector. This,often leads to over-exploitation of sand and gravel from rivers and other aquatic environments, causing problems to the very existence of the life support systems. The river channel has been turned into a chain of deep pools due to pit excavation of sand using manual, semi-mechanical/ mechanical means. River sand auditing is a procedure to evaluate the processes and environmental effects of sand mining in a river or a portion of a river after a specific period of sand mining. This exercise has to be undertaken to know how far the mining process and its execution in a river or part of a river has helped to minimize the negative effects of sand mining on one side and to maximize the positive effects on the other. Taking a serious note on the impact of river sand mining, the Government of Kerala enacted the legislation ‘The Kerala Protection of River Banks and Regulation of Removal of Sand Act, 2001’ to protect the river environments from large scale dredging of sand. The act also envisages provisions for periodical sand auditing in order to assess the feasibility of sand mining in the rivers of Kerala. In tune with the provisions of sand auditing of Kerala rivers within the ambit of the legislation, an ideal methodology has been evolved by CESS for field level application. As directed by the Hon’ble High Court and Government of Kerala, CESS has so far undertaken two sand audit studies, one in Periyar river (Ernakulam District) and the other in Manimala river (Pathanamthitta and Kottayam Districts) andsubmitted their major observations, findings and recommendations to the funding agencies for appropriate action.The sand audit studies carried out by CESS revealed that the Periyar and Manimala rivers have been degraded considerably due to the uncontrolled sand mining over the past three to four decades. Study Area The Vamanapuram river basin in southern Kerala is taken as the study area for river sand auditing programme by the University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus. What follows is a brief outline of the study area. Vamanapuram River Basin (VRB) The Vamanapuram River Basin-VRB (Order = 6th; Length=88 km; Area= 687 km2) is taken as the study area. The Vamanapuram watershed lies between 800 35' to 800 50' N latitudes and 760 40’ to 770 15' E longitudes and is spread over the districts of
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Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam of Kerala State. The VRB is bounded by Nedumangad Taluk of Thiruvananthapuram district in the South, Kottarakkara Taluk of Kollam districts in the North, Tamil Nadu in the East and Arabian Sea in the West. The map of VRB is shown in Figure 1.1.
Fig. 1.1: Vamanapuram River Basin (VRB)
The basin consists of Vamanapuram River, which originates from the Chemunjii Motai (Elev.=1860 m.s.l) and after traversing a distance of 7 km it receives the Kalaiparai Ar. rising from the Kalakul Motai. At Kallar, two more tributaries, the Pannivadi Ar. and the Ponmudi Ar. join it. From there, the river takes a slightly meandering course till its confluence with Upper Chittar. The river then flows westwards and Manjappara river join with it and continues westward through Palode. The various panchayats falling under this river basin are shown in Figure 1.2 and listed in Table 1.1. The Vamanapuram panchayat and Pullampara are having longer river banks with 16.7 km and 12.27 kms respectively. Again, the survey number wise list of Panchayat with river bank (from upstream to downstream wise) on the left and right bank are given in Table 1.2 and 1.3 respectively.
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Fig. 1.2: The various panchayats falling under Vamanapuram basin.
Table 1.1: List of Panchayats with river bank under Vamanapuram River Basin
Left Bank Right Bank
Name of Panchayat Length of
River Bank (km)
Name of Panchayat
Length of River Bank
(km) 1. Panavoor 2. Pullampara 3. Nellanadu 4. Vamanapuram 5. Mudakkal 6. Attingal Municipality 7. Kizhuvillam - Kadakkavoor 8. Chirayinkeezhu
2.78 12.27 1.58 8.17 6.06 8.16 2.60 1.21
1. Kallara 2. Vamanapuram 3. Pulimathu 4. Nagaroor 5. Karavaram 6. Attingal Municipality 7. Vakkom 8. Kizhuvillam - Kadakkavoor 9. Chirayinkeezhu
8.40 8.54 9.11 2.87 3.97 1.27 6.20 0.80 2.26
42.86 43.44
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Table 1.2: The list of Panchayats with survey numbers (from upstream downward) on the Left Bank of Vamanapuram river.
Sl.No. Name of Panchayat Survey Numbers
1. Panavoor 342, 341, 340, 339, 323, 324, 325, 317, 315, 309, 308, 310, 392, 393, 394.
2. Pullampara 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 298, 299, 297, 278, 170, 171, 172, 173, 149, 151, 152, 153, 156, 155, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 41, 10, 4, 2, 3, 12, 13, 14, 21, 23, 22, 23, 24, 113, 112, 95, 93, 88, 87, 85, 52, 51, 50, 25, 24, 23, 22, 16, 15, 14, 13, 7.
3. Nellanadu 6, 30, 29, 28, 26, 13, 12, 10. 4. Vamanapuram 9, 312, 311, 310, 309, 282, 280, 279, 278, 267, 266, 265, 262, 261,
257,255, 229,228, 227, 226, 225, 221, 220, 217, 216, 215, 19, 18, 17, 11, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 81.
5. Mudakkal 150, 149, 148,145,144,142, 141,139,138, 137, 136, 135, 133, 74, 73, 8, 7, 2, 1, 3, 4, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 1, 2, 3, 13, 15, 16, 46, 47, 49.
6. Attingal Municipality 50, 70, 8, 7, 5, 552, 527, 526, 495, 494, 493, 492, 471, 470, 469, 454, 453, 452, 451, 450, 440, 439, 438, 430, 420, 419, 401, 404, 384, 383, 381, 374, 372, 371, 370, 369, 362, 332, 331, 330, 328, 327, 295, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 36, 37, 41, 42, 43, 47,48, 45, 44, 50, 52, 53, 54, 72, 73, 74, 75,78, 79, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 21, 20, 17, 16, 15, 13, 12, 10, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 91, 92, 95, 97, 98, 311, 312, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323,360, 361, 362, 363, 373, 378, 379, 380, 381, 395.
7. Kizhuvillam - Kadakkavoor
396, 397, 2, 3, 9, 11, 13, 14, 50, 60, 61, 70, 71, 78, 79, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90.
8. Chirayinkeezhu 288, 287, 285, 266, 268, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275. Table 1.3: The list of panchayats with survey numbers (from upstream downward) of
Right Bank of Vamanapuram river. Sl. No. Name of Panchayat Survey Numbers 1. Kallara 337,336,334,333,332,331,330,328,329,327,306,305,304,303,30
2,301,168,167, 162, 161, 160, 159, 158, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 8, 7, 6, 106, 107.
2. Vamanapuram 317, 318, 319, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 351, 353, 354, 352, 350, 349, 348, 347, 346, 345, 344, 298, 297, 296, 294, 281, 280, 276, 259, 254, 253, 246, 245, 235, 234, 279, 278, 277, 271, 260, 259, 249, 248, 247, 246, 241.
3. Pulimathu 400, 399, 398, 277, 275, 270, 269, 268, 267, 265, 257, 255,256, 253, 251, 250, 249, 248, 240, 241, 239, 237, 236, 235, 327, 330, 331, 333, 334, 335, 424, 425, 426, 421, 413, 412, 411, 406, 405, 404, 403, 402, 400, 398, 397, 392, 391.
4. Nagaroor 399, 400, 401, 402, 429, 430, 633, 640, 641, 642, 647, 648, 656, 658, 664.
5. Karavaram 478, 455, 454, 453, 452, 451, 450, 449, 447, 446, 445, 444, 443, 308, 309, 307, 305, 295, 294, 293, 292, 1136, 329.
6. Attingal Municipality 327, 326, 324, 317, 316, 315, 314, 313, 312, 311, 310, 299, 298, 297, 296, 295, 294, 293, 292, 291, 290, 289, 287.
7. Vakkom 89, 90, 91, 92, 139, 48, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 120, 121, 127, 128, 129, 386, 387, 402, 403, 411, 412, 413, 414, 429, 430, 431, 432, 481, 483, 484, 471, 470, 469, 468, 467, 466, 465, 463, 462, 93, 95.
8 Kizhuvillam - Kadakkavoor
96, 97, 98, 99, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155.
9. Chirayinkeezhu 157, 158, 180, 182, 183, 184, 187, 206, 210, 211, 213, 237, 238, 242, 243, 249.
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Objectives a. To examine the river cross-section (profile) at regular interval of Vamanapuram
river from Chellanji in the east to Pullimoottil Kadavu in the west (length= 43 km).
b. To prepare the cross-section (river profile) and auditthe sand content of each cross-section, if available.
c. Panchayat wise allocation of river sand for the selected study area. Environmental Degradation of Vamanapuram River Sand mining is rampant through out the Vamanapuram river irrespective of channel morphology, elevation, vegetation patterns and aquatic habitats. Both instream mining and bank cutting is seen in this river for extracting construction grade river sand. Again, brick mining is seen on the flood plain and adjacent land for manufacturing bricks in brick kilns. A number of brick kiln units are noticed on the bank of Vamanapuram river, particularly in the midland region. Sand mining transforms the river’s bed into large and deep pits, leading to bed degradation. As a result, the ground water table declines leaving the drinking water wells dry on the embankments. Again, the imposed siltation of the water column adversely affecting the benthic organisms, instream and riparian vegetation and ultimately affecting the food chain of an aquatic ecosystem. The bank cutting leading to collapsing and widening of river bank, inundation, and ultimately all these lead to losing the “glory” of the river (Fig. 1.3a-d).
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CHAPTER - II MATERIALS AND METHODS
The purpose to audit the river sand in a river or part of the river is to maintain the overall environmental quality of the river by minimizing the negative impacts of sand mining and to maximize the health and functions of the river.The river sand audit is carried out in three phases, 1). Preparation of cross section (profile) of the river, 2). A realistic estimation of the sand resource in a given stretch and 3). Resource allocation to panchayats. The methodology developed by CESS (see Appendix-I) and approved by the High Power Committeefor River ManagementFund (RMF) is used here to audit the river sand. What follows is a brief summary of the methodology used for sand auditing. 1. River Profiling Study: River profiling is done to understand the bottom and bank characteristics of the river and also to understand the bed material (rocky, alluvium, sandy, clayey etc.) for further sand resource estimation and resource allocation purpose. In Vamanapuram river, profile locations were selected ~500m interval by avoiding meandering and rocky portions of the river. A total of 86 profile locations were selected. The profiles (VRC-1) starts just downward of Chellanji bridge in the eastern side of the river and ends (VRC-86) at Pullimmoottil Kadavu bridge in the western side(Fig. 2.1). The portrait of 86 profile stations (VRC-1 to VRC-86) showing the location details, profile intervals, details of panchayat in which it falls, orientation of the profiles, details of bench mark (BM) etc. are given in Table 2.1.The photographs of location wise permanent bench mark are also given in Figure 2.2. The field photos of sand auditing are shown in Fig. 2.3. Conventional techniques were used to conduct the river profiling. The instruments used are dumpy level, levelling staff, plastic rope, G.I. pipe (L= 6 m), measuring tape, Brunton compass, GPS etc. A polythene rope is stretched across the river and tied at both banks along the cross-section direction. The depth of the river channel was measured at a regular interval of 5m starting from the right bank of the river and extending up to the left bank using a measuring tape and a G.I. pipe.Again, the elevation of both banks along the cross section line was measured up to the bankfull width of the river using dumpy level and levelling staff. A river profile (scale: 1:5) was constructed in Auto CAD using river channel width along the X-axis and depth of water column along the Y-axis. This procedure is repeated at regular interval from upstream to downstream of the river covering a distance of 43 km. A total of 86 profiles were created and all these profiles were connected along the right bank of the river from upstream to downstream by ‘fly levels’using Dumpy level and levelling staff.
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2. Sand Auditing Method: In cross-sections where the depth of water column is <5m, the depth of gravel/sand/silt/clay was measured along the cross-section, at the above water depth measuring spots,by pitting, coring or spiking method using a G.I. pipe in the river channel bed. The thickness of sand bed up to 2 m depth from the summer level is to be obtained for computational purposes. In profiles where rocky bottom was noticed, it was recorded as rocky bed in the field book. All the measurements were recorded in the field book. The depth of gravel/sand/silt/clay was plotted in the above profiles using conventional symbols. Thus, a total of 86 profiles (scale 1:5) were constructed covering all the 86 profile locations. From these profiles, the area of sand (in m2) was measured and the area of bankfull width of the river also measured. 3. Sand Resource Allocation to Panchayats: For each cross-section, the actual zone (area) of influence (ZOI) was calculated by adding half of the distance between that cross-section and the next upstream and downstream cross-sections. Again, if any prohibited area (e.g., bridges) is present in that region, its area of influence (say 100m) should be deducted from the actual zone of influence (ZOI) of that given cross-section. For example, a given cross section is separated from the upstream cross-section by a distance of 600m and downstream location by a distance of 500m. Now, the area of influence of that given cross-section = 600/2 + 500/2 = 550m. In the study area of Vamanapuram river, five bridges, viz., Chellanji bridge (upstream side of VRC-1), Aruvipuram bridge (between VRC-5 & 6), Vellamannadi (between VRC-22&23), Vamanapuram (between VRC-33&34), Poovanpara bridge (between VRC-39&40), Kollampuzha bridge (between VRC-65&66), Perunkuzhi Railway bridge (between VRC-72 & 73) are located. Hence, appropriate corrections have been made for the locations VRC-1, 6, 22, 34, 39, 40, 65 and 72 when calculating the zone (area) of influence. The area of sand in a given cross-section multiplied by the zone of influence of that cross-section gives the total volume of sand for that stretch covering the area of influence of the given cross section. This procedure is followed from upstream to downstream, wherever sand is available in the profile. For allocating sand resource to various panchayats, the following method is adopted. If either side of a segment of river falls in the same panchayat, the sum of volume of sand in the corresponding cross-sections within that panchayat is calculated and can be considered as the total volume of sand available for that panchayat. On the other hand, If
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either bank of river falls in different panchayats, half the volume of sand in each area of influence of cross-sections for the given panchayat is estimated and then added to get the total volume of sand available in that panchayat.
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CHAPTER - III RESULTS
A total of 86 cross sections (profiles) were selected for river sand auditing study in the Vamanapuram river starting from Chellanji in the east to Pulimoottil kadavu in the west. The portrait of these profile locations are given in Table 2.1 and the photographs of permanent bench marks are given in Figure 2.2.The spacing between the cross-sections ranges from 315 to 785 m. What follows is a brief summary of the characteristics of the cross-sections, sand auditing of cross sections and allocation of sand resource to panchayats. a. River Cross-Section Characteristics:
About 86 river cross-sections were drawn using channel width along the X-axis and depth of river bed along the Y-axis and are given in Figure 3.1 to 3.86.The characteristics of river cross sections like the nature of river bed, nature of the bank, area of the bankfull width, width of the channel and depth range of cross-sections gathered from the profile graphs are given in Table 3.1. The nature of river bed ranges from purely rocky to rocky-sandy, rocky- clayey, sandy, sandy-clayey etc. Of these, the rocky beds alone constitute about 32% of the profile and are dominant in the highland and midland part of the river. This is followed by rocky - sandy bed assemblage (29%), rocky and clayey assemblage (10%) etc. Most of the banks in the cross-section are cliffy in nature and constitute 64% of total profile on the right bank and 51% on the left bank, followed by steep to moderate slopes. The width of channel ranges from 25 (VRC-37) to 65 m (VRC-80). Further, the depth of channel ranges from 0.1 to 9.9m (VRC-64). The area of bankfull width ranges from 59 (VRC-17) to 549 m2 (VRC-64). b. Sand Auditing of Cross-Sections:
Based on the methodology (see Chapter-II), the area of influence of each profile was calculated. Further, from the profiles the area of sand was estimated for the sand available profiles. Table 3.2gives the profile wise summary of area of influence, area of sand in each profile and the estimated volume of sand in the zone of influence of each profile. The area of influence of profiles ranges from 172 (VRC-34) to 712m (VRC-15). Sand is almost absent in the upstream part of the profiles from VRC-1 to VRC-39. The area of sand in the remaining profiles ranges from 4.8 (VRC-41) to 53.5 m2 (VRC-80).The
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volume of sand in the zone of influence of profiles ranges from 2842 (VRC-41) to 26,883 m3 (VRC-80). c. Sand Allocation to Panchayats: 1. Kallara Panchayat: The river cross-sections which fall in the Kallara panchayat includes the Right bank of profiles VRS-1 to VRS-15 (see Table 3.1). Since the river bed is mainly rocky and no sand reserve is getting during the profiling of this segment of river, there is no sand allocation to this panchayat. 2. Panavoor Panchayat: The river cross-sections which fall in the Panavoor panchayat include the Left bank of profiles VRC-1 to VRC-5. Since no sand is getting in this part of river bed, there is no sand allocation to this panchayat. 3. Pullampara Panchayat: The river profiles which belong to the Pullampara panchayat include the Left bank of profiles from VRC-6 to VRC-26. Since no sand is getting in this part of river bed, there is no sand allocation to this panchayat. 4. Nellandu Panchayat: The river profiles which belong to the Nellanadu panchayat include the Left bank of profiles from VRC-27 to VRC-29. Since there is no sand deposit in this part of river bed segment, there is no allocation of sand to this panchayat. 5. Vamanapuram Panchayat: The Vamanapuram panchayat falls both on the right and left bank of the river. The river profiles which belong to the Vamanapuram Right bank include VRC-16 to 33 and those on Left bank include VRC-30 to 45. Only four profiles are common to both right and left banks, and include VRC-30, 31, 32 and 33. Add half the volume of sand from profiles VRC-16 to 29 and also from VRC-34 to 45. Again add the full volume of sand for the profiles VRC-30 to 33. Total of all these will give the total volume of sand available for Vamanapuram panchayat. Since there is no sand deposit in the river bed of this segment during the profiling, there is no allocation of sand for this panchayat.
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6. Pulimathu Panchayat: The river profiles which belong to the Pulimathu panchayat include the Right bank of profiles VRC-34 to VRC-51. Half of the volume of sand estimated from these profiles gives the total volume of sand for Pulimathu panchayat. Since sand resource is present only in profiles from VRC- 40 to 51,the estimated volume of sand available for this panchayat is 78,713/2 = 39,356 m3. This estimated sand for Pulimathu panchayat is located on the Right bank of Vamanapuram river from upstream side Survey No. 248 to Survey No. 392 in the downstream side. 7. Nagaroor Panchayat: The river profiles which belong to the Nagaroor panchayat include the Right bank of profiles VRC-52 to VRC-56. Since no sand accumulation is observed in this part of river, there is no sand allocation for this panchayat. 8. Karavaram Panchayat: The river profiles which belong to the Karavaram panchayat include the Right bank of profiles VRC-57 to VRC-64. Since sand deposit is recognized only in three profiles, viz., 59, 60 and 63, half of the volume of sand in these profiles will give the estimated total volume of sand for this panchayat. The volume of sand is 31,062/2 = 15,531 m3. This sand deposit is noticed in Survey Nos.452, 446 and 294 on the Right bank of the river. 9. Mudakkal Panchayat: The river profiles which belong to the Mudakkal panchayat include the Left bank of profiles VRC-46 to VRC-57. Out of these, sand deposit is documented only in VRC-47 to 51. Half of the volume of sand in these profiles will give the total estimated volume of sand available for this panchayat. The volume of sand is 41,214/2 = 20,607 m3. This sand deposit is located in Survey Nos. 139 to Survey No. 1on the Left bank of the river. 10. Attingal Municipality: The Attingal municipality falls both on the right and left bank of the river. The river profiles which belong to the Attingal Right bank include VRC- 65 to 66 and those on Left bank include VRC- 58 to 74. Only two profiles are common to both right and left banks, and include VRC- 65 & 66. So, the sum of half of the volume of sand for the profiles 58 to 74 (except VRC-65 & 66) and the full volume of sand for the profiles 65 and 66 will give the total estimated volume of sand for Attingal municipality.
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Based on this, the estimated volume of sand is 54, 263/2 = 27,131 m3. This sand deposit is located in profiles VRC-59 to 74 with survey numbers 527 to 381 on the left bank. On the right bank mining can be done only in survey No. 289. 11. Vakkom Panchayat: The river profiles which belong to the Vakkom panchayat include the Right bank of profiles VRC-67 to VRC-77.Half of the sand estimated from these profiles will give the total sand deposit of this panchayat. The estimated total volume of sand is 54,813/2= 27,406 m3.This sand resource is located in survey numbers 133 to 93 on the right bank. 12. Kizhuvillam-Kadakkavoor: The Kizhuvillam-Kadakkavoor panchayat falls both on the right and left bank of the river. The river profiles which belong to the Right bank include VRC- 78 to 79 and those on Left bank include VRC- 75 to 80. Only two profiles are common to both right and left banks and are VRC- 78 and 79. So, half of the volume of sand from profiles 75, 76, 77 & 80 and full volume of sand from profiles 78 and 79 will give the total sand estimate for this panchayat. Total volume of sand available is 58,495/2 = 29, 247 m3 of sand. This can be identified from survey No. 9 to 89 on the left bank. 13. Chirayinkeezhu Panchayat: The Chirayinkeezhu panchayat falls both on the right and left bank of the river. The river profiles which belong to the Right bank include VRC- 80 to 86 and those on Left bank include VRC- 81 to 86.Common profiles include VRC- 81 to 86.The estimated total sand is obtained by adding the half volume of sand in VRC-80 and full volume of sand from 81 to 86. i.e., 26,883/2 + 5328 + 6525= 25,295m3of sand.
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CHAPTER - IV SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The sand auditing study of Vamanapuram river has been done for a distance of 43 km starting from Chellanji in the east to Pullimoottil kadavu in the west. A total of 86 cross sections (profiles) were prepared covering the 13 panchayats of this river basin. The various characteristics of the profiles, viz., width, depth, nature of bottom materials, nature of bank slope, area of bankfull width, area of sand available were measured from the field as well as from the profile curves. Out of the 86 profiles, sand deposit is recognised only in some selected profiles in the middle and lower reaches of the river. In profiles from VRC-1 to 36, sand reserve is almost absent. The zone of influence (ZOI) of each profile was estimated and using this, the volume of sand available for each profile was estimated by multiplying the ZOI with it the area of sand available for each profile. Sand allocation to panchayats was done by adding the estimated volume of sand in the profiles which fall in that panchayat. Based on the study, it has been found that out of the 13 panchayats, only seven panchayats have sand deposits and a part of which can be allotted for mining in a sustainable manner without adversely affecting the riverine ecosystem. It is concluded that based on river profiling a total of 1, 84,573 m3 of sand has been estimated in the study sector from Chellanji to Pullimmoottil kadavu of Vamanapuram river basin. Pulimathu panchayat registered the highest sand deposit and Karavaram panchayat exhibited the lowest. The names of panchayats with the volume of sands available in brackets are given below. 1. Pulimathu panchayat (volume of sand = 39,356 m3) 2. Karavaram panchayat ( = 15,531 m3) 3. Mudakkal panchayat (= 20,607 m3) 4. Attingal municipality (= 27,131 m3) 5. Vakkam panchayat (= 27,406 m3) 6. Kizhuvillam- Kadakkavoor (= 29,247 m3) 7. Chirayinkeezhu panchayat (= 25,295 m3)
***************
Govt. o
f Kera
la
14
APPENDIX
Sand Auditing- Methodology The procedure to evaluate the process of sand mining in a river or part of the river after a specific period of mining- with an aim to maintain the overall environmental quality of the river
• To minimize the negative impacts of sand mining • To maximize the health and functions of the river
It is carried out in three phases Phase I- Resource estimation
- A realistic estimation of the sand resource in a given stretch Phase II- Resource allocation
- Sustainable level of sand mining Phase III- Performance evaluation
- Evaluation of the performance of mining activities during the period of auditing Phase I-Resource estimation • Mapping of the river channel and associated natural features (riparian vegetation,
sand bars, pools, eroded banks) and manmade structures (bridges, protective
embankments, dams) in a suitable scale. This aspect is already covered during the river bank mapping.
• Division of the river channel into segments based on natural and administrative considerations. Natural means identification of the segment of river channel where sand deposits are likely to be seen. It should exclude the swift flowing mountainous segments, segments with continuous rocky bottom and segments where the width is less than permissible levels. The segments of the stream with significant tidal influence should also be avoided to prevent saline water ingress.
• Estimation of the sand resource in the river channel using suitable methods –pitting,
coring and spiking (shallow seismic surveys in river stretches with sufficient depth and width to run the equipment, resistivity surveys in dry river beds etc. are not suggested as it needs a higher level of technical input).
Govt. o
f Kera
la
15
• Take a profile across the river at an interval of two times the width of the river or 500 m, whichever is less using a leveling equipment (Dumpy level, Theodolite, Total station etc.).
• The profile should have a reading at the middle and two edges and in between say at
every 20 m distance. In case of abrupt changes in profile, readings are required at closer intervals.
• Note the water level during the time of survey and connect it to a permanent
identifiable landmark. Ascertain the summer water level (water level in lean flow) in the river either by direct observation or by local enquiry.
• Note the thickness of sand bed at each point by pitting, coring or spiking. The
thickness of sand bed up to 2 m depth from the summer level is to be obtained for computational purposes.
• During the entire exercise of profiling it is important to take the relative height of
each permanent landmark with reference to the adjacent ones so as to prepare a longitudinal section of the river connecting the deepest bed level and water level.
Water level
Sand
Govt. o
f Kera
la
16
Resource estimation • Estimation of mineable quantity of sand in the river channel. Mineable quantity of
sand means the resource up to a specific depth say less than 2 m from the summer water level.
• Each profile has a zone of influence of 500 m or twice the width of river as the case may be.
• Estimate the volume of sand up to 2 m from the water level in the river during lean
flow for each segment (multiply the cross sectional area of sand in each profile with the width of influence). Add up the segments gives the resource for the entire river/Panchayat.
• If the variation in the volume of sand between adjacent profiles is more than 50 %,
profiles have to be taken in between. • Deduct the sand deposit available in prohibited areas.
2 x
widthmmmm
Govt. o
f Kera
la
17
Prohibited areas • Areas mentioned in the Act (Kerala Protection of river banks and regulation of
removal of sand act, 2001). • Notified biological hot spots & sensitive areas • Reaches with placers and other economic minerals • River reaches critically affected by bank sliding/slumping/bank erosion • Any other reach that need protection as decided by experts
Resource Allocation • Estimate the quantity of sand that can be mined in a year by dividing the total
mineable sand in the segment by the no of years mining can be permitted in the river. This is to be fixed by taking into account the status of the river environment. Tentatively fixed as 20 years.
• The figure so arrived is in cubic meters. This is to be converted into number of lorry loads by applying the conversion factor.
• The total quantity of sand that can be exploited from a given segment in a year is
now known. This is to be divided by the number of days during which mining can be permitted. For this purpose the period of mining should be clearly defined. There should be ban on mining activity during the monsoon period.
While allocating sand it is assumed that the sand mined is being compensated by the annual replenishment. Determination of annual replenishment is normally based on long term studies. As a short cut clue can be taken from the CWC discharge data. For e.g. For
Manimala it is 9000 cu.m of sand, Periyar-41000cu.m of sand Performance evaluation or Sand resource accounting • Evaluation of the performance of sand mining activities during the period of sand
auditing for the entire river or part.
• It is based on actual lowering of river bed w.r.t to the equilibrium condition as ascertained from the profile.
• Ideally there should not be any lowering of river bed with reference to the original profile.
• When there is over exploitation of sand from the river bed, a lowering of the stream
bed is to be expected in tune with the quantity mined in excess. If the replenishment is more than exploitation then the bed level will be elevated.
Govt. o
f Kera
la
18
• Actual change in bed level is obtained from profile measurements across the river over a period of sand auditing.
• Quantity of sand mined in excess/replenished =Difference in the cross sectional area obtained from the profiles taken between two consecutive periods (present minus previous) multiplied by the zone of influence.
• Comparison and analysis of the longitudinal section along the river will give
indication of over exploitation in any segment. • When the river bed is significantly lowered, there must be ban on sand mining in
that stretch. Efforts must be to restore the balance of the river system
***************
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 2
.1: P
ortra
it of
cros
s- se
ctio
n (C
.S) si
tes o
n the
Rig
ht B
ank o
f Vam
anap
uram
rive
r Sl
. N
o.
Cros
s-
Sect
ion
(C
.S-
ID)
Loca
tion
- ID
Nam
e of
Pan
chay
at
and
Su
rvey
No.
on
Le
ft B
ank
Nam
e of
Pan
chay
at
and
Su
rvey
No.
on
R
igh
t Ban
k
Lat.
&
Lon
g. o
f C.
S.
Dis
tan
ce
from
P
rev
iou
s P
rof
ile
(m)
Ori
enta
tion
of
C.S.
Loca
tion
of
Ben
ch M
ark
(B
.M.)
Lat.
&
Lon
g. o
f B
.M.
Ori
enta
tio
n o
f B
.M.
Dis
tan
ce o
f B
.M.
from
C.
S.
(m)
Pan
chay
at
Surv
ey
No.
P
anch
ayat
Su
rvey
N
o.
1 VR
C-1
Ch
ellan
gi
Pana
voor
34
1 Ka
llara
33
7 8°
42’39
.4”
76°5
8’52.8
” 0
N 20
5°
Plin
th o
f fro
nt pa
rt of
ho
use-
XI/6
08
8°42
’44.2”
76
°59’1
1.8”
Alon
g the
C.
S. lin
e 25
2 VR
C-2
Pach
alloo
r Pa
navo
or
340
Kalla
ra
334
8°42
’42.1”
76
°59’1
1.9”
635
N 17
0°
Plin
th o
f fro
nt co
rner
of
tiled
ho
use-
XI/5
94
(Bab
y)
8°42
’39.9”
76
°58’5
0.2”
N 28
5°
125
3 VR
C-3
Chep
pilo
du
Pana
voor
32
4 Ka
llara
33
0 8°
42’28
.0”
76°5
8’24.1
” 54
0 N
40° E
Para
pet o
f w
ell at
back
sid
e of s
heet
sh
ed-X
I/92
(S
ivada
san)
8°42
’26.2”
76
°58’4
3.0”
Alon
g the
C.
S. lin
e 15
0
4 VR
C-4
Puth
uval
Pana
voor
31
7 Ka
llara
32
7 8°
42’17
.5”
76°5
8’43.3
” 64
0 N
60° E
Do
or st
ep of
ho
use-
X/84
8°
42’14
.0”
76°5
6’07.0
” N
250°
20
0
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 2
.1 (Co
nt’d):
Por
trait
of cr
oss-
sect
ion
(C.S)
site
s on
the R
ight B
ank o
f Vam
anap
uram
rive
r 5
VRC-
5
Upstr
eam
of
Aruv
ippu
ram
Br
idge
Pa
navo
or
308
Kalla
ra
306
8°42
’03.4”
76
°58’4
0.9”
780
N 20
° E
Para
pet o
f a
well
nea
r to
Tem
ple k
avu
8°42
’01.7”
76
°58’4
0.5”
N 20
0°
100
6 VR
C-6
Dow
nstre
am
Aruv
ippu
ram
Br
idge
Pu
llam
para
29
2 Ka
llara
30
5 8°
41’59
.9”
76°5
8’34.9
” 52
0 S7
00 W
Para
pet o
f Ar
uvip
pura
m
Brid
ge
8°41
’59”
76°5
8’34”
S2
20 W
92
7 VR
C-7
Aruv
ipur
am-
1 Pu
llam
para
29
4 Ka
llara
30
3 8°
41’57
.3”
76°5
8’20.9
” 47
5 S6
50 W
Para
pet o
f Cu
lvert
8°41
’57’’
76°5
8’20’’
N6
90 E fo
r 69
m
123
8 VR
C-8
Keez
har
Pulla
mpa
ra
170
Kalla
ra
168
8°41
’46.6”
76
°58’0
3.5”
785
S300 W
As
besto
s sh
eet
Hous
e XI
I/53
1
8°41
’46’’
76°5
8’03’’
N6
00 W fo
r 65
m
87
9 VR
C-9
Opp.
Sant
hina
gar
plan
tatio
ns
Pulla
mpa
ra
172
Kalla
ra
167
8°41
’46.0”
76
°57’5
2.6”
350
S260 W
To
p of
Reta
inin
g w
all
Al
ong C
S lin
e 5
10
VRC-
10
Telli
kkac
hal
Pulla
mpa
ra
151
Kalla
ra
161
8°41
’54.1”
76
°57’3
9.5”
505
S590 W
On
Roc
k top
Alon
g CS
line
11
11
VRC-
11
Opp.T
ellik
kach
el te
mpl
e Pu
llam
para
15
3 Ka
llara
16
0 8°
42’00
.2”
76°5
7’29.5
” 39
0 S2
90 W
Top o
n Roc
k
Alon
g CS
line
5
12
VRC-
12
Kurin
chik
kadu
Pu
llam
para
51
Ka
llara
46
8°
41’59
.5”
76°5
7’11.7
” 60
0 S4
50 W
Build
ing
plin
th
XIV/
36
S8
70 E
55
13
VRC-
13
Opp.
Mut
tippa
ra
Pulla
mpa
ra
50
Kalla
ra
43
8°41
’55.4”
76
°57’0
3.3”
525
Re
tain
ing
wall
On
rive
r ba
nk
S4
50 E
14
VRC-
14
Nira
man
kad
a-vu
Pu
llam
para
4
Kalla
ra
8 8°
42’03
.0”
76°5
6’51.0
” 52
5 S7
80 W
Top o
f well
pa
rape
t
N420 W
62
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 2
.1 (
Con
t’d
): P
ortra
it of
cros
s- se
ctio
n (C
.S) si
tes o
n th
e Righ
t Ban
k of V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
15
VRC-
15
Pam
mat
hink
-eez
u Pu
llam
para
2
Kalla
ra
106
8°42
’18.4”
76
°56’4
1.6”
695
S18o W
To
p of a
sm
all
Rock
22
16
VRC-
16
Pam
man
kay-
am
Pulla
mpa
ra
13
Vam
anap
uram
32
8 8°
42’03
.0”
76°5
6’36.0
” 73
0 S6
0 W
Low
er P
linth
of
hous
e
N 6°
W
36
17
VRC-
17
Dow
nstre
am
pam
anka
yam
Pu
llam
para
21
Va
man
apur
am
329
8°41
’48.0”
76
°56’2
6.5”
490
On
top o
f Re
venu
e St
one
8°41
’50.1”
76
°56’2
6.3”
Alon
g CS
line
21
18
VRC-
18
Pu
llam
para
22
Va
man
apur
am
329
8°41
’51.8”
76
°56’2
5.9”
210
N 65
° W
Plin
th ba
ck
side c
orne
r of
build
ing
8°41
’57.3”
76
°56’2
9.6”
N 40
° E
159
19
VRC-
19
Puva
thur
-1
Pulla
mpa
ra
22
Vam
anap
uram
35
3 8°
41’54
.3”
76°5
6’21.2
” 78
0 E
- W
Fron
t plin
th
of th
atch
ed
hous
e-XI
I/21
4 (S
udha
rsan
)
8°41
’56”
76°5
6’19.6
” N
40° W
90
20
VRC-
20
Puva
thur
-2
Pulla
mpa
ra
112
Vam
anap
uram
35
4 8°
41’42
.5”
76°5
6’11.4
” 56
0 E
- W
Fron
t rig
ht
side p
linth
of
a tha
tched
ho
use-
XII/
229
8°41
’44.8”
76
°56’1
7.7”
N 15
° W
65
21
VRC-
21
Olik
kara
Pulla
mpa
ra
95
Vam
anap
uram
35
3 8°
41’54
.7”
76°5
6’13.8
” 38
5 E
- W
Para
pet o
f w
ell;
XII/
217
(Sya
mala
)
8°41
’54.5”
76
°56’1
4.2”
Alon
g the
C.
S. lin
e 18
22
VRC-
22
Vellu
man
nad
i Pu
llam
para
87
Va
man
apur
am
347
8°41
’59.1”
76
°56’0
1.8”
600
E - W
Pa
rape
t of
new
well
of
asbe
stos
hous
e
8°41
’59.4”
76
°56’0
1.0”
N 27
0°
20
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 2
.1 (
Con
t’d
): P
ortra
it of
cros
s- se
ctio
n (C
.S) si
tes o
n th
e Righ
t Ban
k of V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
23
VRC-
23
Darp
pam
ukk
u Pu
llam
para
51
Va
man
apur
am
345
8°42
’06.8”
76
°55’5
3.9”
475
E - W
Pl
inth
of
hous
e-XI
I/12
(M
adhu
sood
hana
n Nai
r)
8°42
’06.5”
76
°55’5
4.5”
Alon
g the
C.
S. lin
e 50
24
VRC-
24
Sout
h of
Darp
amuk
u Pu
llam
para
24
Va
man
apur
am
296
8°42
’23.8”
76
°55’4
6.5”
590
E - W
Fl
oor s
tep o
f ba
cksid
e ga
te(K
AMAL
A)
Al
ong t
he
C.S.
line
65
25
VRC-
25
Mela
ttum
ooz
hi
Pu
llam
para
15
Va
man
apur
am
280
8°42
’35.3”
76
°55’3
6.4”
480
N 24
0°
Floo
r of s
hop
(Mur
ukka
n Ka
da)
N
50° E
19
6
26
VRC-
26
Mela
ttum
uzh
i Pu
llam
para
14
Va
man
apur
am
253
8°42
’33.0”
76
°55’2
9.2”
425
E - W
Plin
th of
ho
use-
XIII/
27
(Bala
krish
nan)
8°42
’33.5”
76
°55’2
7.6”
Alon
g the
C.
S. lin
e 18
27
VRC-
27
Man
nadi
kka
davu
Nella
nadu
6
Vam
anap
uram
24
6 8°
42’35
.3”
76°5
5’13.7
” 49
5
Back
side
plin
th of
do
uble
storie
d-XI
II/5
(Indi
ra)
8°42
’36”
76°5
5’14.9
”
104
28
VRC-
28
Mela
ttum
uzh
i Ne
llana
du
28
Vam
anap
uram
23
5 8°
42’44
” 76
°55’5
9”
500
N 21
5°
Top o
f Fro
nt
step
of
single
sto
ried-
XIII/
264
(Ram
an
Potti
)
8°42
’42”
76°5
5’03”
Al
ong t
he
C.S.
line
55
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 2
.1 (
Con
t’d
): P
ortra
it of
cros
s- se
ctio
n (C
.S) si
tes o
n th
e Righ
t Ban
k of V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
29
VRC-
29
Eetti
moo
du
Ne
llana
du
12
Vam
anap
uram
27
9 8°
42’56
.0”
76°5
5’51.0
” 51
5 E
- W
Plin
th of
va
rant
ha of
sin
gle
storie
d-XI
V/31
3 (A
soka
n)
8°42
’55.8”
76
°54’5
7”
16
7
30
VRC-
30
Mul
avan
a
Vam
anap
ura
m
312
Vam
anap
uram
27
8 8°
43’12
.2”
76°5
4’52.0
” 50
5 E
- W
Mul
avan
a pu
mp h
ouse
- pl
inth
8°
43’12
.0”
76°5
9’42.0
”
17
31
VRC-
31
Aana
kudi
Vam
anap
ura
m
310
Vam
anap
uram
26
0 8°
43’18
.8”
76°5
4’28.8
” 51
0 N
245°
Do
or st
ep of
te
rrac
ed
hous
e 8°
43’20
.7”
76°5
4’29.0
” Al
ong t
he
CS
82
32
VRC-
32
Aana
kudi
Vam
anap
ura
m
282
Vam
anap
uram
24
8 8°
43’19
.0”
76°5
4’15.6
” 44
5 N
197°
St
ep of
ho
use-
VI/1
6 (S
unil)
8°
43’21
” 76
°54’1
6”
Alon
g the
C.
S. lin
e 77
33
VRC-
33
Krish
nan
kovi
l
Vam
anap
ura
m
267
Vam
anap
uram
24
1 8°
42’27
.3”
76°5
4’05.0
” 46
0 N
235°
Pa
rape
t top
of
well
in a
choo
la 8°
43’28
.9”
76°5
4’06.0
” Al
ong t
he
C.S.
line
73
34
VRC-
34
Vam
anap
ura
m
Vam
anap
ura
m
265
Pulim
athu
27
7 8°
43’33
.1”
76°5
3’53.9
” 37
5 N
- S
Plin
th ar
ea of
th
e sho
p (A
soka
n)
back
to ho
tel
Karth
ika
8°43
’35”
76°5
3’57”
N
30° W
16
7
35
VRC-
35
Koot
tapp
ara
kada
vu
Va
man
apur
am
26
2 Pu
limat
hu
268
8°43
’24.7”
76
°53’5
0.5”
430
E - W
Top o
f pa
rape
t of
well
of a
that
ched
ho
use-
XIV/
338
(Sur
esh)
8°43
’25.5”
76
°53’4
9.6”
Alon
g the
C.
S. lin
e 45
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 2
.1 (
Con
t’d
): P
ortra
it of
cros
s- se
ctio
n (C
.S) si
tes o
n th
e Righ
t Ban
k of V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
36
VRC-
36
Elev
an ku
zhi
Va
man
apur
am
25
7 Pu
limat
hu
267
8°43
’11.8”
76
°53’4
7.2”
315
N 11
5°
Win
dow
pl
inth
po
rtion
of
wat
er ta
nk
(dou
ble
storie
d)
8°43
’10.7”
76
°53’5
2.6”
41
37
VRC-
37
Man
iyan
kaya
m
Va
man
apur
am
22
8 Pu
limat
hu
267
8°43
’11.0”
76
°53’4
5.0”
275
E - W
Pl
inth
in
front
of ti
led
hous
e 8°
43’16
.1”
76°5
3’38.7
” N
35° E
23
0
38
VRC-
38
Mut
tan m
ala
Va
man
apur
am
22
1 Pu
limat
hu
256
8°43
’04.9”
76
°53’3
0.1”
830
N 26
0°
Plin
th of
ba
ck si
de
corn
er of
as
besto
s ho
use-
XIV/
595
(See
na)
8°43
’08.1”
76
°53’3
2.5”
N 25
° E
108
39
VRC-
39
Mee
naku
nnu
Va
man
apur
am
21
6 Pu
limat
hu
253
8°43
’13.0”
76
°53’2
0.0”
430
N - S
On
the t
op of
co
ncre
te
pilla
r of a
br
ass b
ridge
8°43
’14.1”
76
°53’1
6.5”
N 30
5°
93
40
VRC-
40
Plav
odu
Va
man
apur
am
11
Pu
limat
hu
248
8°43
’17.7”
76
°53’0
5.5”
620
N 25
0°
Plin
th of
left
side c
orne
r-XI
V/70
2 (K
umar
)
8°43
’18.0”
76
°53’0
7.9”
Alon
g the
C.
S. lin
e 87
41
VRC-
41
Valiy
a ka
ttakk
al
Vam
anap
ura
m
2 Pu
limat
hu
239
8°43
’29.8”
76
°52’5
3.4”
510
N 26
0°
Firs
t ste
p-do
or of
sin
gle st
oried
ho
use-
XV/3
7 (R
adha
)
8°43
’39.9”
76
°52’5
5.5”
Alon
g the
C.
S. lin
e 11
1
42
VRC-
42
Cher
nnam
anga
lam
Va
man
apur
am
1
Pulim
athu
33
3 8°
43’34
.9”
76°5
2’45.3
” 65
5 E
- W
Flat
top o
f a
stair
case
8°
43’38
.6”
76°5
2’44.7
” No
rth
102
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 2
.1 (
Con
t’d
): P
ortra
it of
cros
s- se
ctio
n (C
.S) si
tes o
n th
e Righ
t Ban
k of V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
43
VRC-
43
Kavu
sth
alam
Vam
anap
ura
m
49
Pulim
athu
33
5 8°
43’23
.3”
76°5
2’51.6
” 53
0 N
120°
Pl
inth
of
hous
e-XV
III/2
11
(Sah
adev
an)
8°43
’27.4”
76
°52’3
1.8”
N 29
0°
174
44
VRC-
44
Kann
anam
oola
thot
tam
Vam
anap
ura
m
53
Pulim
athu
42
5 8°
43’15
.4”
76°5
2’23.5
” 48
0 E
- W
Vara
ntha
of
tiled
hous
e-XV
III/2
42
(Sud
ha)
8°43
’15.7”
76
°52’2
1.3”
E - W
10
7
45
VRC-
45
Pant
huvi
la
Vam
anap
ura
m
81
Pulim
athu
42
6 8°
43’04
.6”
76°5
2’15.1
” 45
0 N
330°
Pl
inth
of l
eft
side s
tep
8°43
’11.7”
76
°52’1
9.1”
N – E
45°
288
46
VRC-
46
Yaks
han
kada
vu
M
udak
kal
144
Pulim
athu
42
6 8°
39’35
.4”
76°5
5’13.1
” 52
5 N
240°
Se
cond
step
of
hous
e-XV
III/2
53
(Sale
ena)
8°43
’21.4”
76
°52’1
3.0”
N 65
° 14
5
47
VRC-
47
Thot
tava
ram
Mud
akka
l 13
9 Pu
limat
hu
411
8°43
’18.7”
76
°51’5
8.9”
610
N 80
° Pa
rape
t of
well
-XIX
/149
8°
43’20
.5”
76°5
1’58.5
” No
rth
59
48
VRC-
48
Thot
tava
ram
Mud
akka
l 13
6 Pu
limat
hu
404
8°43
’08.1”
76
°51’5
4.1”
490
N 70
° Pa
rape
t of
well
l(R
ajam
ma)
8°
43’07
.6”
76°5
1’51.9
” N
260°
89
49
VRC-
49
Dow
nstra
m
of N
ew
Ayila
m
Bdrig
e M
udak
kal
74
Pulim
athu
40
3 8°
43’00
.6”
76°5
1’46.4
” 37
0 N
90°
Plin
th of
step
of
hous
e-XI
X/87
(R
ajend
ran)
8°43
’01.5”
76
°51’4
5.2”
N 32
0°
59
50
VRC-
50
Thot
tava
ram
M
udak
kal
7 Pu
limat
hu
400
8°43
’13.3”
76
°51’3
9.2”
500
N 27
0°
Para
pet o
f w
ell-X
IX/8
1 8°
43’12
.6”
76°5
1’44.0
” N
110°
12
8
51
VRC-
51
Thot
tava
ram
M
udak
kal
1 Pu
limat
hu
392
8°43
’23.8”
76
°51’3
5.0”
345
N 25
5°
Plin
th of
ho
me X
IX/5
4 (K
rishn
an)
8°43
’20.1”
76
°51’3
8.7”
N 11
5°
161
52
VRC-
52
Koik
kam
oola
M
udak
kal
3 Na
garo
or
401
8°43
’19.5”
76
°51’2
5.9”
510
N 10
0°
Plin
th of
ho
me
VII/
281
(Sho
bhan
a)
8°43
’21.2”
76
°51’2
5.4”
N 35
0°
51
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 2
.1 (
Con
t’d
): P
ortra
it of
cros
s- se
ctio
n (C
.S) si
tes o
n th
e Righ
t Ban
k of V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
53
VRC-
53
Kotta
kkal
M
udak
kal
20
Naga
roor
63
3 8°
43’04
.7”
76°5
1’17.6
” 54
0 N
185°
Re
venu
e sto
ne
8°43
’08.2”
76
°51’2
1.2”
N 40
° 14
4
54
VRC-
54
M
udak
kal
23
Naga
roor
63
3 8°
42’52
.0”
76°5
0’36”
51
0 N
130°
Ol
d pip
e lin
e 8°
42’53
.8”
76°5
1’06.0
” N
355°
90
55
VRC-
55
Ulam
ba
thop
pu
M
udak
kal
3 Na
garo
or
642
8°42
’40.3”
76
°50’5
6.3”
515
N 15
0°
Step
of ti
led
hous
e-VI
II/32
4 (K
.S. B
hava
n)
8°42
’42.6”
76
°50’5
5.5”
N 35
5°
122
56
VRC-
56
Pazh
aya
kada
vu
M
udak
kal
16
Naga
roor
65
6 8°
42’27
.1”
76°5
0’45.0
” 51
0 N
45°
Surv
ey st
one
8°42
’27.7”
76
°50’4
5.3”
N 36
0°
15
57
VRC-
57
Eram
am
M
udak
kal
49
Kara
vara
m
478
8°42
’15.8”
76
°50’3
8.6”
530
N 90
° Su
rvey
ston
e 8°
42’15
.2”
76°5
0’37.8
” N
310°
12
58
VRC-
58
Kara
vara
m
At
tinga
l 70
Ka
rava
ram
45
4 8°
42’06
.0”
76°5
0’22.0
” 44
0 N
215°
Pl
inth
of
terr
aced
ho
me-
XI/2
76
8°42
’08.6”
76
°50’2
5.5”
N 50
° 17
4
59
VRC-
59
Katta
ppar
ambu
Attin
gal
527
Kara
vara
m
452
8°42
’12.0”
76
°50’0
8.0”
465
N 21
5°
Para
pet o
f pu
mp h
ouse
8°
42’11
.5”
76°5
0’10.9
” N
110°
84
60
VRC-
60
Kara
vara
m
At
tinga
l 45
4 Ka
rava
ram
44
6 8°
42’95
” 76
°49’5
4.8”
520
N 22
0°
Plin
th of
ho
me-
XI/3
90
8°42
’12.0”
76
°49’5
7.0”
N 80
° 15
3
61
VRC-
61
Kakk
atho
ppil
kada
vu
At
tinga
l 40
1 Ka
rava
ram
30
9 8°
42’10
.4”
76°4
9’39.6
” 54
5 N
225°
-X
II/17
5 8°
42’12
.7”
76°4
9’41.1
” N
40°
45
62
VRC-
62
Pana
veli
kada
vu
At
tinga
l 37
1 Ka
rava
ram
29
5 8°
42’15
.4”
76°4
9’22.5
” 55
0 N
240°
Plin
th of
tiled
ho
me-
XII/
253
(Kris
hnan
adan
N
60° E
52
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 2
.1 (
Con
t’d
): P
ortra
it of
cros
s- se
ctio
n (C
.S) si
tes o
n th
e Righ
t Ban
k of V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
63
VRC-
63
Poom
ootti
l ka
davu
Attin
gal
331
Kara
vara
m
294
8°42
’20”
76°4
9’13”
32
0 N
230°
Plin
th of
ho
me
XII/
325
(Pra
shob
han
)
8°42
’22.5”
76
°49’1
4.3”
N 20
° 61
64
VRC-
64
Man
noor
bha
gom
Attin
gal
6 Ka
rava
ram
32
9 8°
42’33
.6”
76°4
9’04.8
” 56
0 N
295°
Pl
inth
of
wall
(V
ijaya
kum
ar)
8°42
’36.3”
76
°49’0
6.2”
N 30
° 85
65
VRC-
65
Poov
anpa
ra
At
tinga
l 21
At
tinga
l 31
6 8°
42’35
.3”
76°4
8’52.0
” 74
5 N
90°
Plin
th of
th
atch
ed
hom
e-XV
/515
(K
arun
akar
an)
8°42
’34.9”
76
°48’5
0.6”
N 26
5°
35
66
VRC-
66
Mela
ttu
kada
vu
At
tinga
l 53
At
tinga
l 28
9 8°
42’24
.7”
76°4
8’34.5
” 67
5 N
190°
Pl
inth
of st
ep
of st
ony
wait
ing s
hed
8°42
’25.5”
76
°48’3
4.3”
N 36
0°
42
67
VRC-
67
Kada
kkav
oor
At
tinga
l 78
Va
kkam
13
3 8°
42’18
.6”
76°4
8’23.0
” 43
5 N
97°
Plin
th of
ho
me-
II/49
7 (R
ajapp
an)
N
275°
44
68
VRC-
68
Kallu
kada
vu
At
tinga
l -
Vakk
am
101
8°42
’05.3”
76
°48’1
0.8”
575
N 80
°
Plin
th of
sh
eet h
ome
II/45
2 (A
mbu
jaksh
an)
8°42
’07.1”
76
°48’1
0.8”
N 36
0°
35
69
VRC-
69
Thot
tava
ram
Attin
gal
- Va
kkam
12
0 8°
41’54
.7”
76°4
7’51.4
” 73
5 N
85°
Plin
th of
sh
eet h
ome-
III/4
6 (T
hank
amm
a)
8°41
’54.9”
76
°47’4
9.2”
N 28
0°
93
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 2
.1 (
Con
t’d
): P
ortra
it of
cros
s- se
ctio
n (C
.S) si
tes o
n th
e Righ
t Ban
k of V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
70
VRC-
70
Atth
iyira
kko
nam
Attin
gal
20
Vakk
am
129
8°41
’41.9”
76
°47’5
1.5”
485
N 40
°
Plin
th of
ho
me-
III
/237
(B
hask
ara
Pilla
i)
8°41
’41.4”
76
°47’4
8.5”
N 25
5°
149
71
VRC-
71
Puliy
ara
thop
pu
At
tinga
l 3
Vakk
am
402
8°41
’26.8”
76
°47’5
2.0”
470
E-W
To
p par
apet
of
well
8°
41’28
.4”
76°4
7’50.3
” N
305°
72
VRC-
72
MIL
CO
At
tinga
l 92
Va
kkam
41
3 8°
41’15
.4”
76°4
7’57.4
” 46
5 N-
S Pl
inth
of th
e ho
me-
III/U
A (U
sha)
8°
41’15
.0”
76°4
7’57.0
” Al
ong t
he
C.S.
line
21
73
VRC-
73
Ikka
ravi
lako
m-K
adav
u
Attin
gal
362
Vakk
am
430
8°41
’05.4”
76
°48’0
7.5”
580
E-W
To
p par
apet
of
well
-V/3
1 (T
hank
appa
n Na
ir)
8°41
’06.4”
76
°48’0
4.2”
N 31
0°
67
74
VRC-
74
Keez
hatti
nga
l At
tinga
l 38
1 Va
kkam
43
2 8°
40’55
” 76
°46’5
9”
410
E-W
Pa
rape
t of
trans
form
er
tow
er
8°40
’55.1”
76
°46’5
9.2”
North
17
75
VRC-
75
Ki
zhuv
illam
-Ka
dakk
avoo
r 9
Vakk
am
471
8°40
’36.2”
76
°47’4
9.3”
715
E-W
Plin
th ar
ea of
fro
nt si
de
corn
er of
th
atch
ed
hom
e-M
KRA-
113,I
V/59
8°40
’36.9”
76
°47’4
8.9”
N 33
0°
65
76
VRC-
76
Ayan
th-i
kada
vu
Kizh
uvill
am-
Kada
kkav
oor
13
Vakk
am
467
8°40
’33.3”
76
°47’3
6.4”
405
E-W
Seco
nd st
ep
of m
ain do
or
entry
-V/
109(
Gopi
nad
han N
air)
8°40
’34.9”
76
°47’3
6.7”
Alon
g the
C.
S. lin
e 66
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 2
.1 (
Con
t’d
): P
ortra
it of
cros
s- se
ctio
n (C
.S) si
tes o
n th
e Righ
t Ban
k of V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
77
VRC-
77
Paar
ayil-
ka
davu
Kizh
uvill
am-
Kada
kkav
oor
70
Vakk
am
93
8°40
’32.3”
76
°47’1
6.1”
635
Top p
arap
et
of co
ncre
te
step n
ear t
o ro
ad an
d ele
ctric
post
8°40
’32.4”
76
°47’1
6.4”
13
78
VRC-
78
Amba
zhak
ka-n
dam
Kizh
uvill
am-
Kada
kkav
oor
84
Kizh
uvill
am
-Ka
dakk
avo
or
99
8°40
’24.6”
76
°47’0
4.5”
430
N 13
0°
Plin
th ar
ea of
fro
nt ho
me-
III/4
4 (M
ohan
an)
8°40
’24.5”
76
°47’0
4.0”
W
est
15
79
VRC-
79
Near
Rail
way
track
Ki
zhuv
illam
-Ka
dakk
avoo
r 86
Ki
zhuv
illa
m-
Kada
kkav
oor
15
3 8°
40’15
.6”
76°4
5’54.1
” 42
5 E-
W
Plin
th of
co
mpo
und
wall
of a
large
plot
8°40
’15.4”
76
°45’5
3.8”
N 21
5°
8
80
VRC-
80
Thop
pu
Chira
yinke
ezhu
27
4 Ch
irayin
keez
hu
249
8°40
’11.0”
76
°46’1
5.6”
450
E-W
Fr
ont s
tep o
f ho
use-
XVIII
/ 70
(Siv
adas
an)
8°40
’11.4”
76
°46’4
7.9”
Alon
g the
C.
S. lin
e 14
81
VRC-
81
Man
akan
dam
- kad
avu
Ch
irayin
keez
hu
261
Chira
yinke
ezhu
23
8 8°
39’47
.8”
76°4
6’41.7
” 41
0 N
195°
M
obile
tow
er
conc
rete
top
8°39
’48.4”
76
°46’4
3.7”
N 50
° E
13
82
VRC-
82
Valiy
ela
kada
vu
Ch
irayin
keez
hu
232
Chira
yinke
ezhu
20
7 8°
39’48
.5”
76°4
6’32.0
” 46
0 N
150°
Pl
inth
of
hom
e-XV
II/25
1 8°
39’48
.7”
76°4
6’31.7
” Al
ong t
he
C.S.
line
14
83
VRC-
83
Anat
halav
att
-om
Chira
yinke
ezhu
26
6 Ch
irayin
keez
hu
183
8°39
’37.0”
76
°46’3
3.5”
600
N 65
° Pl
inth
of
hom
e 8°
39’37
.2”
76°4
6’32.8
” N
310°
61
84
VRC-
84
Pulim
ootti
l- ka
davu
Kizh
uvill
am-
Kada
kkav
oor
89
Chira
yinke
ezhu
18
0 8°
39’25
.7”
76°4
6’42.6
” 40
5 N
60° E
Pl
inth
of
hom
e-XV
II/13
9 8°
39’24
.8”
76°4
6’42.8
” Al
ong t
he
C.S.
line
90
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 2
.1 (
Con
t’d
): P
ortra
it of
cros
s- se
ctio
n (C
.S) si
tes o
n th
e Righ
t Ban
k of V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
85
VRC-
85
Thur
uthu
Ch
irayin
keez
hu
268
Chira
yinke
ezhu
26
4 8°
39’41
.5”
76°4
6’42.9
” 0
Pl
inth
of
hous
e Sp
orts
club
N3
000
11.5
86
VRC-
86
Thur
uthu
Ch
irayin
keez
hu
270
Chira
yinke
ezhu
26
1 8°
39’36
.1”
76°4
6’40.1
” 21
0
Plin
th of
ho
use
J. Shy
amala
N190
0 37
.8
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 3
.1: C
hara
cter
istics
of cr
oss-
sect
ions
(C.S)
, Vam
anap
uram
rive
r Sl
. N
o.
Cros
s –S
ecti
on
(C.S
- ID
) N
atu
re o
f riv
er
bed
Nat
ure
of b
ank
/ si
de
wal
l A
rea
of b
ank
full
w
idth
(m
2)
Wid
th o
f ch
ann
el (
m)
Dep
th r
ange
of r
iver
C.
S. (
m)
Dis
tan
ce fr
om
pre
viou
s P
rofi
le
(m)
Left
Ban
k
Rig
ht B
ank
1 VR
C-1
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 39
8 36
1.0
-30
.30
0
2 VR
C-2
Rock
y St
eep S
lope
Ge
ntle
Slope
24
3.59
35
0.30 -
2.40
63
5
3 VR
C-3
Rock
y M
oder
ate
slope
Cl
iffy
206.7
8 36
0.3
0 - 2.
90
540
4 VR
C-4
Rock
y M
oder
ate
Slope
Cl
iffy
183.7
5 33
0.6
5-2.6
0 64
0
5 VR
C-5
Ro
cky
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
269.6
6 32
0.1
0-1.6
78
0
6 VR
C-6
Rock
y & C
layey
Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 20
6.94
40
0.20-
2.90
520
7 VR
C-7
Rock
y & C
layey
Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 17
5.08
40
0.60-
3.0
475
8 VR
C-8
Clay
ey
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
194.1
5 38
0.7
0-5.0
78
5
9 VR
C-9
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Mod
erat
e Slo
pe
119.0
3 38
0.2
0-1.1
0 35
0
10
VRC-
10
Clay
ey
Cliff
y Ge
ntle
Slope
26
6.53
42
0.30-
2.80
505
11
VRC-
11
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 76
.13
36
0.20-
1.70
390
12
VRC-
12
Rock
y & Sa
ndy
Cliff
y St
eep S
lope
21
0.75
38
0.20-
2.60
600
13
VRC-
13
Rock
y & C
layey
Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 17
5.74
33
0.10-
0.80
525
14
VRC-
14
Rock
y & C
layey
Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 15
3.68
32
0.20-
1.60
525
15
VRC-
15
Rock
y & C
layey
Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 10
7.76
35
0.20-
1.60
695
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 3
.1 (Co
nt’d):
Cha
ract
erist
ics of
cros
s- se
ctio
ns (C
.S), V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
16
VRC-
16
Rock
y & Sa
ndy
Mod
erat
e Slo
pe
Gent
le Slo
pe
138.9
6 36
0.3
0-2.5
0 73
0
17
VRC-
17
Rock
y M
oder
ate
Slope
St
eep S
lope
59
.72
31
0.10-
1.70
490
18
VRC-
18
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Gent
le Slo
pe
Gent
le Slo
pe
101.9
2 41
0.3
0-1.8
0 21
0
19
VRC-
19
Sand
y & C
layey
Ge
ntle
Slope
Cl
iffy
138.5
0 41
0.2
0-2.6
0 78
0
20
VRC-
20
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Gent
le Slo
pe
103.8
1 33
0.3
0-1.5
0 56
0
21
VRC-
21
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y St
eep S
lope
11
8.32
37
0.40-
2.20
385
22
VRC-
22
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Gent
le Slo
pe
Cliff
y 14
6.25
31
0.20-
7.5
600
23
VRC-
23
Clay
ey
Mod
erat
e Slo
pe
Stee
p Slo
pe
251.8
0 30
1.3
0-1.9
0 47
5
24
VRC-
24
Grav
el& sa
ndy
Cliff
y Ge
ntle
Slope
24
1.45
35
0.45-
1.60
590
25
VRC-
25
Clay
ey
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
171.3
4 36
1.2
0-2.0
48
0
26
VRC-
26
Rock
y Ge
ntle
Slope
Cl
iffy
221.2
5 30
0.2
0-0.9
0 42
5
27
VRC-
27
Clay
ey
Stee
p Slo
pe
Gent
le Slo
pe
37.51
35
0.3
0-1.5
0 49
5
28
VRC-
28
Rock
y St
eep S
lope
Ge
ntle
Slope
13
9.78
37
0.50-
1.60
500
29
VRC-
29
Rock
y M
oder
ate
Slope
Cl
iffy
83.26
31
0.3
0-0.6
0 51
5
30
VRC-
30
Rock
y St
eep S
lope
Cl
iffy
186.3
6 32
0.7
0-1.8
0 50
5
31
VRC-
31
Rock
y M
oder
ate
Slope
M
oder
ate
Slope
14
8.73
32
0.10-
1.90
510
32
VRC-
32
Rock
y M
oder
ate
Slope
Ge
ntle
Slope
92
.73
30
0.30-
1.0
445
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 3
.1 (Co
nt’d):
Cha
ract
erist
ics of
cros
s- se
ctio
ns (C
.S), V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
33
VRC-
33
sand
y Cl
iffy
Gent
le Slo
pe
102.7
5 30
0.7
0-3.6
0 46
0
34
VRC-
34
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Gent
le Slo
pe
67.29
33
1.0
-2.60
37
5
35
VRC-
35
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 11
3.82
32
0.05-
0.90
430
36
VRC-
36
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Gent
le Slo
pe
88.57
27
0.4
0-1.6
0 31
5
37
VRC-
37
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y St
eep S
lope
27
5.21
25
0.80-
1.80
275
38
VRC-
38
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Gent
le Slo
pe
367.8
5 40
0.2
0-2.9
0 83
0
39
VRC-
39
Rock
y & C
layey
Cl
iffy
Gent
le Slo
pe
174.3
2 40
0.1
0-3.7
0 43
0
40
VRC-
40
sand
y Cl
iffy
Mod
erat
e Slo
pe
253.8
0 42
0.1
0-2.7
0 62
0
41
VRC-
41
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y Ge
ntle
Slope
83
.38
36
0.10-
1.90
510
42
VRC-
42
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
222.8
7 30
0.8
0-4.9
0 65
5
43
VRC-
43
Clay
ey &
sand
y Cl
iffy
Gent
le Slo
pe
287.5
6 37
0.7
0-2.0
53
0
44
VRC-
44
Sand
y, Ro
cky &
Cl
ayey
Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 24
9.29
32
1.0-3
.60
480
45
VRC-
45
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Mod
erat
e Slo
pe
Gent
le Slo
pe
293.8
0 50
0.7
0-6.1
0 45
0
46
VRC-
46
Rock
y M
oder
ate
Slope
Ge
ntle
Slope
31
9.91
37
0.70-
3.40
525
47
VRC-
47
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Gent
le Slo
pe
Gent
le Slo
pe
377.7
3 37
0.2
0-5.0
61
0
48
VRC-
48
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
229.2
5 36
0.2
0-3.9
0 49
0
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 3
.1 (Co
nt’d):
Cha
ract
erist
ics of
cros
s- se
ctio
ns (C
.S), V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
49
VRC-
49
Sand
y & ro
cky
Gent
le Slo
pe
Cliff
y 43
2.36
42
0.20-
4.5
370
50
VRC-
50
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Mod
erat
e Slo
pe
Stee
p Slo
pe
390.0
4 41
0.3
0-5.0
50
0
51
VRC-
51
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y Ge
ntle
Slope
27
7.43
31
1.0-5
.20
345
52
VRC-
52
Clay
ey
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
266.1
5 43
0.3
0-5.6
0 51
0
53
VRC-
53
Clay
ey
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
309.6
5 42
0.6
0-6.1
0 54
0
54
VRC-
54
Clay
ey
Gent
le Slo
pe
Stee
p Slo
pe
376.9
7 40
1.2
0-6.8
0 51
0
55
VRC-
55
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Stee
p Slo
pe
401.7
3 41
1.2
0-6.1
0 51
5
56
VRC-
56
Rock
y- cl
ay
Cliff
y St
eep S
lope
50
3.93
39
0.20-
6.0
510
57
VRC-
57
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 30
8.19
37
0.40-
3.30
530
58
VRC-
58
Rock
y M
oder
ate
Slope
M
oder
ate
Slope
49
9.76
45
1.30-
6.70
440
59
VRC-
59
Sand
y & cl
ayey
M
oder
ate
Slope
Cl
iffy
392.8
6 52
0.3
0-3.2
0 46
5
60
VRC-
60
Sand
y, cla
yey &
ro
cky
Cliff
y M
oder
ate
Slope
45
6.5
55
0.20-
5.10
520
61
VRC-
61
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Gent
le Slo
pe
311.7
8 42
0.5
0-8.9
0 54
5
62
VRC-
62
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 34
3.19
50
0.30-
7.90
550
63
VRC-
63
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
440.6
1 51
0.2
0-6.0
32
0
64
VRC-
64
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 54
9.35
51
0.10-
9.90
560
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 3
.1 (Co
nt’d):
Cha
ract
erist
ics of
cros
s- se
ctio
ns (C
.S), V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
65
VRC-
65
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 45
2.18
52
1.0-4
.30
745
66
VRC-
66
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
452.7
6 51
0.2
0-4.5
0 67
5
67
VRC-
67
Sand
y, Ro
cky&
cla
yey
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
374.9
9 47
0.2
0-2.0
43
5
68
VRC-
68
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 47
1.79
46
0.20-
6.90
575
69
VRC-
69
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 44
5.24
41
0.70-
9.0
735
70
VRC-
70
Sand
y, Ro
cky&
cla
yey
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
449.6
1 60
0.7
0-6.0
48
5
71
VRC-
71
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y St
eep S
lope
52
0.20-
4.80
470
72
VRC-
72
Sand
y Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 38
6.97
46
0.40-
8.40
465
73
VRC-
73
Sand
y, Ro
cky&
cla
yey
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
264.1
3 55
0.3
0-5.0
58
0
74
VRC-
74
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
233.4
0 50
0.5
0-4.7
0 41
0
75
VRC-
75
Rock
y Ge
ntle
Slope
Cl
iffy
332.4
1 50
1.2
0-6.9
0 71
5
76
VRC-
76
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
304.5
8 55
0.7
0-5.8
0 40
5
77
VRC-
77
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Gent
le Slo
pe
Cliff
y 35
2.87
52
0.10-
5.20
635
78
VRC-
78
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y St
eep S
lope
39
8.66
60
0.40-
7.70
430
79
VRC-
79
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Cliff
y 29
5.75
60
0.40-
5.30
425
80
VRC-
80
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y Ge
ntle
Slope
39
6.25
65
0.40-
5.70
405
81
VRC-
81
Rock
y Cl
iffy
Gent
le Slo
pe
259.7
5 47
0.3
0-6.4
0 60
0
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Tab
le 3
.1 (Co
nt’d):
Cha
ract
erist
ics of
cros
s- se
ctio
ns (C
.S), V
aman
apur
am ri
ver
82
VRC-
82
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Stee
p Slo
pe
Gent
le Slo
pe
198.2
5 40
0.2
0-5.0
46
0
83
VRC-
83
Sand
y St
eep S
lope
Ge
ntle
Slope
28
9.32
43
1.0-7
.40
410
84
VRC-
84
Rock
y, cla
yey &
sa
ndy
Cliff
y Cl
iffy
268.1
7 55
0.2
0-5.5
0 45
0
85
VRC-
85
Rock
y & sa
ndy
Cliff
y St
eep S
lope
35
0.60-
4.0
0
86
VRC-
86
Sand
y& cl
ayey
Cl
iffy
Gent
le Slo
pe
38
0.3
0-6.4
0 21
0
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Table 3.2: Profile wise sand auditing of Vamanapuram river, Southern Kerala
Sl. No.
Profile ID
Zone of influence (ZOI)
of profile (in m)
Area of sand in profile
(m2)
Volume of sand in ZOI
(m3)
Remarks
1 VRC-1 318 Nil Nil Rocky bed
2 VRC-2 587.5 Nil Nil “ 3 VRC-3 590 Nil Nil ‘’ 4 VRC-4 710 Nil Nil “ 5 VRC-5 650 Nil Nil “ 6 VRC-6 97 Nil Nil “ 7 VRC-7 630 Nil Nil ‘’ 8 VRC-8 567.5 Nil Nil “ 9 VRC-9 427.5 Nil Nil “ 10 VRC-10 447.5 Nil Nil “ 11 VRC-11 495 Nil Nil ‘’ 12 VRC-12 562.5 Nil Nil “ 13 VRC-13 525 Nil Nil “ 14 VRC-14 610 Nil Nil “ 15 VRC-15 712.5 Nil Nil ‘’ 16 VRC-16 610 Nil Nil “ 17 VRC-17 350 Nil Nil “ 18 VRC-18 495 Nil Nil “ 19 VRC-19 670 Nil Nil ‘’ 20 VRC-20 472.5 Nil Nil “ 21 VRC-21 492.5 Nil Nil “
22 VRC-22 337.5 Nil Nil ZOI corrected for bridge
23 VRC-23 532.5 Nil Nil “ 24 VRC-24 535 Nil Nil ‘’ 25 VRC-25 452.5 Nil Nil “ 26 VRC-26 460 Nil Nil “ 27 VRC-27 497.5 Nil Nil “ 28 VRC-28 507.5 Nil Nil ‘’ 29 VRC-29 510 Nil Nil “ 30 VRC-30 507.5 Nil Nil “ 31 VRC-31 477.5 Nil Nil “ 32 VRC-32 452.5 Nil Nil ‘’ 33 VRC-33 417.5 Nil Nil “
34 VRC-34 172 Nil Nil ZOI corrected for bridge
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Table 3.2 (Cont’d): Profile wise sand auditing of Vamanapuram river, Southern Kerala
35 VRC-35 372.5 Nil Nil 36 VRC-36 295 Nil Nil
37 VRC-37 552.5 5.75 Not estimated Sand occur as small patches only
38 VRC-38 630 Nil Nil
39 VRC-39 385 Nil Nil ZOI corrected for bridge
40 VRC-40 525 13.8 7245 ZOI corrected for bridge
41 VRC-41 582.5 4.88 Not estimated Sand occur as small patches only
42 VRC-42 592.5 13.5 7998 43 VRC-43 505 12.5 6312 44 VRC-44 465 11.75 5463 45 VRC-45 487.5 21.5 10481 46 VRC-46 567.5 Nil Nil 47 VRC-47 550 21.7 11935 48 VRC-48 430 12.5 5375 49 VRC-49 435 33.5 14572 50 VRC-50 422.5 14.5 6126 51 VRC-51 427.5 7.5 3206 52 VRC-52 525 Nil Nil 53 VRC-53 525 Nil Nil 54 VRC-54 512.5 Nil Nil 55 VRC-55 512.5 Nil Nil 56 VRC-56 520 Nil Nil 57 VRC-57 485 Nil Nil 58 VRC-58 452.5 Nil Nil 59 VRC-59 492.5 18.5 9111
60 VRC-60 532.5 *21.39 (45.67) 11391
*modified value-average of VRC-59, 60 & 61. Original value in bracket
61 VRC-61 547.5 Nil Nil Rocky bed 62 VRC-62 435 Nil Nil Rocky bed 63 VRC-63 440 24 10560 64 VRC-64 652.5 Nil Nil Rocky bed
65 VRC-65 509 Nil Nil ZOI corrected for bridge; Rocky bed
66 VRC-66 555 9 Not estimated Sand occur as small patches
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Table 3.2 (Cont’d): Profile wise sand auditing of Vamanapuram river, Southern Kerala
67 VRC-67 505 4.95 Not estimated Sand occur as small patches only
68 VRC-68 655 Nil Nil Rocky bed 69 VRC-69 610 Nil Nil
70 VRC-70 477.5 8.5 Not estimated Sand occur as small patch only
71 VRC-71 467.5
72 VRC-72 322.5 Nil Nil ZOI corrected for bridge
73 VRC-73 495 16 7920
74 VRC-74 562.5 *27.16 (65.5) 15281
modified value-average of VRC-73, 74 & 75. Original value in bracket
75 VRC-75 560 Nil Nil Rocky bed 76 VRC-76 520 27 14040 77 VRC-77 532.5 33 17572
78 VRC-78 427.5 Not estimated Not estimated >5m depth of water column
79 VRC-79 415 Nil Nil Rocky bed 80 VRC-80 502.5 53.5 26883
81 VRC-81 530 Not estimated Not estimated >5m depth of water column
82 VRC-82 435 12.25 5328
83 VRC-83 430 Not estimated Not estimated >5m depth of water column
84 VRC-84 225 29 6525 85 VRC-85 0 Nil Nil 86 VRC-86 0 Nil Nil
Govt. o
f Kera
la
Table 3.3: Panchayat wise estimation of river sand, Vamanapuram river
Sl.No. Name of Panchayat Estimated Volume of
sand (Cu.M)
Potential Profiles Contributing Sand to
Panchayats
1 Kallara Nil 2 Panavoor Nil 3 Pullampara Nil 4 Nellandu Nil 5 Vamanapuram Nil
6 Pulimathu 39,356 Right bank of VRC-40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51.
7 Nagaroor Nil
8 Karavaram 15,531 Right bank of VRC-59, 60, 63.
9 Mudakkal 20,607 Left bank of VRC-47, 48, 49, 50, 51.
10 Attingal Municipality 27,131 Left bank of VRC-59, 60, 63, 73, 74.
11 Vakkom 27,406 Right Bank of VRC-73, 74, 76, 77
12 Kizhuvillam-Kadakkavoor 29,247 Left bank VRC-76,77,80
13 Chirayinkeezhu 25,295 Right and left bank of 80, 82, 84.
Total volume of sand estimated = 1, 84, 573 cu.m.
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