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Ritual Behavior and the Origin of Modern Cognition. Model for Origins of Modern Cognition. Mount Toba Anatomically Modern Humans begin to trade New Trading Rituals Trading and Working Memory Ritual Heritability. Social Complexity and Cognitive Evolution. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ritual Behavior and the Origin of Modern Cognition
Model for Origins of Modern Cognition
1. Mount Toba2. Anatomically Modern Humans
begin to trade3. New Trading Rituals4. Trading and Working Memory5. Ritual Heritability
Social Complexity and Cognitive Evolution
-Social group size in primates is correlated with size of neocortex-Recent arguments suggest that social selection pressures were the primary reason for the evolution of human intelligence(Brain size increases, Homo expands globally, Megafauna and competitive predators are killed off- Homo is ecologically dominant)
-modernity is marked by symbolic thinking
-working memory is the key
Modern Cognition, Working Memory, and Social Selection
Shared IntentionalityDefinition: a uniquely human ability to share emotional, cognitive, and attentional states and coordinating actions relevant to those states
The Toba Eruption-at least 6 years of volcanic winter-Temperatures lowered globally-Very few survivors
Archeological Evidence of the Social Solution
-!Kung San- modern day hunter-gatherers : trading-Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH) trading 100,000 ybp-Tool Trading 70,000 ybp: represents a transformation in trade--Upper Paleolithic AMH 35,000 ybp
Why focus on Ritual?1. Ritual is seen across the animal kingdom2. Social rituals in primates are often used to build trust and
reinforce social relationships3. Many of our cognitive abilities require ritual
Rappaport’s definition of ritual- the performance of more or less invariant sequences of formal acts and utterances not entirely encoded by the performers
Elements include…1.Performance2.Formalization3.Invariance4.Rule Governance
Ritual Behavior and Modern Cognition
Ritual and EvolutionThere are 2 reasons why ritual is important for evolution1.Ritual focuses attention on a particular behavioral or sensory signal at the exclusion of competing signals2.Ritual inhibits pre-potent defensive responses long enough to allow social emotions and social bonding mechanisms time to operate
Late Pleistocene -Ritual became important for inter-group and intra-group social bonding-Ritual also became very demanding, physically and mentally (stresses)
3 Types of Emergent Rituals1. Rituals of trust building and
reconciliation2. Rituals of initiation3. Shamanistic rituals of community
and individual healing
Rituals of Trust Building-more frequent interactions between groups led to a greater need for trustExample: Yanamamo of the Amazon
Rituals of Initiation-70% of traditional societies studied have adolescent rites of passage-the danger of initiation varies, mainly according to the ecological threatsExample: Aborigines in Australia
Initiations after Toba Eruption-stress from the eruption probably led to the beginning or the intensification of initiation ceremoniesEvidence: Upper Paleolithic cave-sites (30,000 ybp) hand adolescent hand and foot printsExample: Native American “Vision Quest”-Rituals and the DLPFC
Snake Rock
Shamanistic Healing Rituals Shaman- a spiritual emissary who communicates with the supernatural in order to cure the sick, alter the weather and increase overall wellbeing of the tribe-Oldest form of religion, at least in Upper Paleolithic-Further evidence suggesting 35,000 ybp-cave art & 70,000 ybp- snake rock
-involve sensory deprivation, rhythmic drumming, psychoactive substances, dancing and chanting-modern cognition
Shamanistic Rituals
Other Filters for AMH-rituals spurred by environmental pressures of the Toba Eruption were not the only filters for AMH populationsOthers include…-Vocal and gestural communication-Social awareness--Emotional empathy
Ritual in OtogenyPerformance- the action done to gain the attention of others-begins in infancy as babies imitate their caregivers who hold their attention and engage them in early social interactions often called the infant-mother “dance”-the “dance” involves invariant sequencing and rule governance
Sequence of Exchanges1. Initiation2. Mutual Orientation3. Greeting4. Play Dialogue-protoconversations
Ritual and Social Cognitive Development
-learning to interpret emotionsExample: peek-a-boo games
-Social referencing
Infants learn to…1. Regulate their emotions2. Use their social partner as an
information source for evaluating experience
3. Use the ritual framework to interpret events and emotions
Raising Children after Toba-Adept Mothers = greater reproductive success-Children grew up and became adept Fathers and Mothers-Baldwinian Process- environmentally induced somatic modifications become heritableExample: Belyaev’s fox experiments-that which initially emerged as a somatic change became heritable