Ritual And Theatre by Roger Grainger

8/12/2019 Ritual And Theatre by Roger Grainger

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Rmd outmnr is o cdaanw nc tmd Pnyoa Oetmrnpnanhikoa

Iestitutd oeb o Bnktnr nc Bivieity nc Anebne

Teivdrsity. O cnrfdr fdf`dr nc tmd Nab ik

!nfpoey" md mos spdet foey ydors pdrcnrfieh ie" oeboasn writieh o`nut" #mo$dspdord. !urrdetay md is

prncdssnr ie Rmdnanhy ot %nrtm &dst Teivdrsity" #nutm

Ocriko oeb o #deinr Pdsdorkm 'daanw ie (doatm #tubids

ot Pndmofptne Teivdrsity.



'nr Bnrdde" witmnut wmnsd potidet suppnrt oeb

deknurohdfdet tmis wnuab edvdr movd `dde writtde.



P n h d r H r o i e h d r

P I R T O A O E B R M D O R P D



!npyrihmt © Pnhdr )roiehdr

Rmd rihmt nc Pnhdr )roiehdr tn `d ibdeticidb os outmnr nc tmis wnr$

mos `dde ossdrtdb `y mif ie okknrboekd witm sdktine ** oeb *+ nc

tmd !npyrihmt" Bdsihes oeb ,otdets Okt -++.

Oaa rihmts rdsdrvdb. %n port nc tmis pu aikotine foy `d

rdprnbukdb" stnrdb ie o rdtridvoa systdf" nr troesfittdb ie oey

cnrf nr `y oey fdoes" dadktrneik" fdkmoeikoa" pmntnknpyieh"

rdknrbieh" nr ntmdrwisd" witmnut tmd prinr pdrfissine nc tmd

puàismdrs.

Oey pdrsne wmn knffits oey ueoutmnri/db okt ie rdaotine tn tmis puàikotine foy `d aioàd tn krifieoa prnsdkutine oeb kivia kaoifs

cnr bofohds.

O !I, kotoanhud rdknrb cnr tmis titad is ovoiaoàd crnf tmd <ritism

Ai`rory.

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'irst ,uàismdb 423-?8

Oustie =okouady ,uàismdrs Atb.

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!oeory &morc Anebne

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,rietdb oeb `nueb ie )rdot <ritoie



Ok$enwadbhfdets

I wnuab ai$d tn ok$enwadbhd tmd ievoauoàd mdap oeb

obvikd hivde fd `y 1nme oeb =urida Pnw`nttnf" oeb

Pn`drt #mow.



\ r d c o k d

Rmis `nn$ knekdres tmd rdaotinesmip `dtwdde knrpnrotd rituoa

oeb tmdotrd. Rmis is o su`6dkt wmikm is nctde fdetinedb ùt

rorday d5ofiedb ie oey bdptm. Rmd outmnr is oe oetmrnpnanhist

wmnsd wnr$ ie aiturhy oeb tmdotrikoa d5pdridekd mos `dknfd

wdaa>$enwe ie okobdfik kirkads" witmnut ansieh tnukm witm tmdnrbieory rdobdr tn wmnf it is obbrdssdb. Ie portikuaor" mis eofd

is ossnkiotdb witm tmd spirituoa ibdetity nc vorinus $iebs nc

tmdropdutik tmdotrd" oeb tmd oetmrnpnanhikoa siheicikoekd tmot

brofotik rituoa pnssdssds cnr mufoe `diehs dvdrywmdrd. I smoaa

`d pnietieh nut tmot `ntm tmdotrd oeb rituoa ord knffneay

rdhorbdb os pdripmdroa tn tmd rdoa stotd nc occoirs knekdreieh

mufoe aivieh oeb byiehL nptineoa d5tros@ tn tmd sdrinus

ùsiedss nc tryieh tn uebdrstoeb wmn oeb wmot wd ord. &miadbrowieh ottdetine tn tmd kuaturoa coktnrs deknurohieh tmis" I

smoaa rdaotd it tn bddpdr issuds knekdreieh mufoe vuaedroìaity

oeb tmd ifpuasd tn bisknuet tmd voaud nc rdoaitids wmikm bdcy

rdbuktine tn tmd aitdroa.

I smoaa orhud pmdenfdenanhikoaay" `dieh knekdredb witm

tmd d5ofieotine nc d5pdridekd crnf tmd iesibd.@ Ie nrbdr tn bn

tmis" I smoaa brow suppnrtivd dvibdekd crnf o roehd ncbirdktines K !mristioe tmdnanhy" bdptm psykmnanhy" oktieh

tmdnry" tmd pdrsneoa tdstifney nc tmnsd ievnavdb ie tmdotrd oeb

rdaihinus rituoa" oetmrnpnanhikoa rdsdorkm" d5istdetioa

pmiansnpmy K oaa nc wmikm knetriùtd tn oe uebdrstoebieh nc tmd

uebdrayieh eoturd nc tmd rituoa ifpuasd oeb its $iesmip witm

tmdotrd. Rmd rdsuatieh syetmdsis is paokd cnr o spirituoaay oword

brofoturhy oeb o tmdnanhy wmikm is hdeuieday df`nbidb.

Rmd cieoa port nc tmd `nn$ knekdetrotds ne tmd eorrotivdsiheicikoekd nc tmd rituoa brofo oeb tmd port tmis paoys ie tmd

d5prdssine nc rdaihinus owordedss `y kmoeedaaieh tmd

cuebofdetoa psykmnanhikoa ydoreieh cnr tmd rdaotinesmip nc



pdrsnes witmie tmd knetd5t nc mufoe vuaedroìaity. Rmd rnad nc

tmdotrd ie nvdrknfieh tmis oeb npdeieh tmd woy tn tmd fddtieh

nc pdrsnes is d5ofiedb ie bdptm ie tmd cnaanwieh tmrdd

kmoptdrs" wmikm rdvnavd ornueb tmd pivntoa oktine nc tmdotrd ie

prnvibieh o socd spokd cnr deknuetdr ie tmd cnrf nc oe oktuoa

ietdrpdrsneoa moppdeieh" o rdoa prdsdekd@ rotmdr tmoe sifpay

oe ospirotine. Ie tmdotrd oeb rituoa tmd mufoe `nby tures nut tn

`d krukioa cnr nvdrknfieh tmd òrridrs wmikm bivibd us crnf

ned oentmdr oeb crnf )nb. Rmis tmdfd cnrfs tmd òsis cnr tmd

rdfoiebdr nc tmd `nn$" ie wmikm tmd spirituoa ibdetity nc tmd

mdoaieh wmikm is ietriesik tn tmd oktine nc tmdotrd oeb rdaihinus

rituoa knfds ietn kadordr cnkus os entds tnworbs tmdbdvdanpfdet nc o tmdnanhy nc spirituoa rd>df`nbifdet wmikm

ok$enwadbhds tmd kdetroaity nc mufoe ifpuasd wmikm hivds

ìrtm tn tmdotrd.

I wnuab ai$d tn tmoe$ tmrdd pdnpad ie portikuaor cnr tmdir

port ie prdporieh tmis `nn$ cnr puàikotineL 1nme oeb =urida

Pnw`nttnf oeb Pn`drt #mow. It wos 1nme 'detne wmn cirst

turedb fy tmnuhmts ie tmis birdktine oeb Pn`drt Aof`nured

wmn iespirdb fd tn sdt o`nut writiehL nu@rd oe oktnr oeb pridstD sn ynu fust knekdetrotd ne rituoa.@ &itmnut <n`@s

iespirotineoa tdokmieh o`nut mufoe rdaotinesmips" I wnuab

edvdr movd stortdb ne o 6nuredy wmikm mos aostdb cnr moac o

kdetury. I bdbikotd tmis `nn$ tn mis fdfnry.



K m o p t d r ? Fytm oeb Fdoeieh7 Oktieh tmd [tnry

=ytms"- oeb tmd brofotik ritds wmikm df`nby tmdf" ord dssoys

ie tmd rdaotinesmip `dtwdde sofdedss oeb biccdrdekd. Rmdy

dfpany eorrotivd ie nrbdr tn birdkt nur ottdetine tnworbs otroeskdebdet stnry" nr ie ntmdr wnrbs o stnry o`nut

troeskdebdekd. It is morb tn soy wmot tmis stnry is oeb nur

ottdfpts tn bn sn neay sukkddb ie ibdeticyieh it witm tmd

eorrotivd spdat nut `y tmd portikuaor stnry wd ord knesibdrieh K

wmikm is rotmdr ai$d tryieh tn uebdrstoeb o cnrdst `y d5ofieieh

iebivibuoa trdds hrnwieh ie it. !drtoieay" wd koe adore o hnnb

bdoa o`nut tmis trdd `y fdosurieh" pdedtrotieh" knfporiehD

portikuaoray tmd aottdr" `dkousd tmdrd ord sn foey ntmdr trdds tn

knfpord tmis ned witm. Ie cokt" tmdrd ord tnn foey trdds" oeb

dokm ned biccdrdet ditmdr `y spdkids nr iebivibuoa voriotine" sn

tmot nur ibdo nc o trdd@ rd7uirds pdrpdtuoa ob6ustfdet. Neay

wmde wd pdrcnrf tmd fdetoa 6ufp nc knesibdrieh cnrdst"@ ord

wd sdt crdd crnf tmis tos$ nc knfporieh oeb kotdhnrisieh.

=ytm" oeb its brofotik rdprdsdetotine" bdpdebs ne tmis $ieb

nc dpistdfik 6ufp" oeb koe edvdr rdoaay `d uebdrstnnb `y tmnsdwmn" cnr ned rdosne nr oentmdr" bdkaied tmd nppnrtueity tn

fo$d it. It nrihieotds ie tmd eddb tn d5paoie ie oentmdr woy"

crnf o biccdrdet stoebpniet. It is o $ieb nc tmdnrisieh usdb tn

d5paoie tmd d5istdekd nc biccdrdekds wmikm bdcy d5paoeotine.

Os sukm it knestitutds o fdto>kuaturoa coktnr wmikm knrrdspnebs

tn tmd woy ie wmikm tmd fieb nrhoeisds its fdoeiehs. =ytm is

ent o stnry" ùt o $ieb nc dvibdekd o`nut stnry K its oìaity tn

pniet `dyneb itsdac" oeb tn spdo$ o`nut tmd ue$enwe ieaoehuohd wmikm koe `d rdknheisdb. It is tmd eorrotivd wmikm

? Rmis kmoptdr mos `dde rdprnbukdb crnf )roiehdr 4233?8.



krids nut cnr d5paoeotineD mdekd tmd roehd nc cuektineoaist

tmdnrids wmikm ottdfpt tn fo$d tmd biccdrdekds `dtwdde fytm

oeb fytm sddf rdosneoàd" wmdrdos ie cokt fytms pnssdss tmdir

nwe $ieb nc anhik" ned wmikm is knekdredb witm strukturoa

priekipads" ent ibdos" dvdets" nr dvde pdrsneohds to$ieh port ie

tmd stnry itsdac.

&mot" tmde" is tmis rdknheisoàd aoehuohd o`nut tmd

ue$enwoàdC@ !oe wd ie cokt koaa it o aoehuohdC It kdrtoieay

bdoas witm tmd ortikuaotine nc sifiaority oeb biccdrdekd" os

aoehuohd itsdac bnds. Its kdetroa nrhoeisieh priekipad bdpdebs

upne tmd pdrkdptine nc sifiaority witmie tmd knetd5t nc

biccdrdekd K tmd prifoa knffueikotnry hdsturd" `ntm tn sdacoeb ntmdr" ie wmikm tmiehs os ydt ued5prdssdb ord iekaubdb

witmie hroffotikoa strukturds wmikm ord oardoby cofiaior. Ot

its fnst òsik advda" aoehuohd oifs ot daukibotine" `riehieh

tmiehs nut nc bor$edss ietn aihmt@ K wmikm nc knursd is tmd

purpnsd nc tmd knbd nc knffueikotine ibdeticidb os fytm.

=ytm usds nrbieory" rdknhei/oàd tmiehs tn uebdraied tmd

siheicikoekd nc snfdtmieh sn d5tronrbieory tmot it koe neay `d

uebdrstnnb ie tdrfs nc itsdac. Rmd fytm is tmdrd tn prnfntduebdrstoebieh nc o troeskdebdet trutmcuaedss" ned wmikm koeent

`d knfpordb witm oeytmieh dasd. Ie ntmdr wnrbs" fytm bdcids

uebdrstoebieh `y oey oeoaysis nc its knestitudet ports" ened nc

wmikm koe pnssiày fdoe denuhm `y itsdac" sn tmot to$de ie

isnaotine" oport crnf tmd wmnad stnry"@ dvdry stohd ie it sdrvds

tn iekrdosd nur knecusine K o cokt wmikm stoebs nut fnst

kadoray wmde fytms to$d tmd cnrf nc brofotik rituoa" oebeorrotivd is oktdb nut os o bdfnestrotine nc tmd priekipads

nrhoeisieh oey knbicikotine nc ibdos nekd it is decadsmdb ie tmd

mufoe d5pdridekd crnf wmikm it nrihieoaay dfdrhdb. Rmd

paoy@s tmd tmieh@ soys (ofadt K tmd detird paoy" ent sifpay port

nc it. 1ust os tmd fdoeieh nc o sdetdekd su`sists ie its

hroffotikoa strukturd nc ortikuaotdb sifiaoritids oeb

nppnsitines rotmdr tmoe ie tmd sdesd nc iebivibuoa wnrbs oeb

pmrosds" sn tmd fdoeieh nc tmd fytmik skdeorin is rdknheisdb ieits df`nbifdet ie tmd moppdeieh itsdac" tmd dvdet os tmis

knfds okrnss@ ie tdrfs nc o ueicidb" iebivisiàd" syf`na nc

fdoeieh.



Pdaihinus fytm oeb tmd rituoa oktine wmikm troesfits its

siheicikoekd prdsdet o rdaotdbedss oeb knnrbieotine tn wmikm

mufoe rdaotinesmip ospirds. Rmd orhufdet is kdrtoieay ent o

edw nedL AHvi>#trouss" ie portikuaor" mos smnwe mnw tmd cnrf

nc fytm rdprnbukds o knheitivd strukturd rdaotdb tn pdrsneoa

oeb knffueity aicd `y `dieh d5prdssdb ie woys nc tmie$ieh

oeb oktieh wmikm biccdr crnf kuaturd tn kuaturd ùt edvdrtmdadss

rdvdoa o ueivdrsoa woy nc smopieh@ fdoeieh" tmus knestitutieh

oe nrbdrieh wmikm knrrdspnebs tn tmd fieb@s nwe K wmot

#kmedibdr rdcdrs tn os o kmrnenanhikoa fnboaity nc

nrhoeisotine@ 4-0" 38" ned wmikm troeskdebs oeb ot tmd sofd

tifd voaibotds mistnry `y usieh o tdfpnroa sd7udekd tnknffueikotd dtdreoa trutm. Rmd ifpuasd tn bn tmis prnkddbs"

ent crnf o portikuaor fdoeieh" ùt crnf tmd ibdo nr owordedss

nc fdoeieh itsdacL tmd pnssiìaity nc fdoeieh. =ytm is tmd

d5prdssine nc o suproaifieoa trutmcuaedss wmikm to$ds

prdkdbdekd nvdr ntmdr $iebs nc trutm ot tmd sofd tifd os

ciebieh d5prdssine oeb mistnrikoa ankotine ie tmdf" su`stitutieh

its nwe eorrotivd knetiehdeky cnr tmot nc nrbieory dvdets oeb

oppdoroekds. It is trutm bdaivdrdb crnf tmd knetiehdeky wmikmaifits nrbieory uebdrstoebieh.

Ie tmis woy fytm deoàds us tn fo$d knetokt witm tmd ibdoa"

usieh nur nwe tifd>`nueb d5pdridekd tn pniet `dyneb itsdac.

Rmd oktine nc brofotisieh dvdets edkdssoriay sdts tmdf ot o

bistoekd crnf tmd aitdroa. :vde fnrd tmoe nrbieory proktikoa@

bisknursd" brofo bdpdebs ne tmd anhik nc bissifiaority" ie tmd

sdesd tmot ai$daimnnb is usdb tn brow ottdetine tn tmd ueai$day.Ie brofo oeb rituoa K os nc knursd ie fytm K ofo/ieh tmiehs

moppde tn nrbieory pdnpad. &mot is rdoaay ofo/ieh" mnwdvdr" is

tmd knffueikoìaity nc tmd ofo/dfdet. Rmd fytm knetieuds tn

owo$d o sdesd nc owd ie ievdrsd prnpnrtine tn nur oìaity tn sdd

mnw it mos `dde put tnhdtmdr" tmd kord to$de `y tmd stnry>tdaadr

tn auaa nur suspikines uetia tmd fnfdet nc nptifoa surprisdD tmd

tmdotrikoa pdrcnrfoekd sdi/ds nur ifohieotine ocrdsm mnwdvdr

foey tifds wd movd oktuoaay sdde tmd paoy. Ort nc oaa $iebsbdfnestrotds tmd ieoìaity nc kroctsfoesmip tn pniet us tn wmot

aids `dyneb s$iaaD it bnds fnrd tmoe tmis" `dkousd nur sdesd nc

movieh fobd knetokt witm tmd ied5prdssi ad is oktuoaay



iekrdosdb `y `dieh fobd kneskinus nc tmd bistoekd `dtwdde tmd

trutm d5prdssdb oeb tmd fdoes nc d5prdssine . . .

It oppdors tmot tmd mufoe ifohieotine is oàd tn detdrtoie

tmis troeskdebdet trutm os o prdsdekd" `dkousd tmd brofotik

ifohieotine is ie o sdesd rdoa. &ritieh o`nut tmd tmdotrd" 1. <.

,ridstady soysL

'uaay tn opprdkiotd o paoy wd movd tn foietoie o bdaikotd

òaoekd `dtwdde wmot is to$ieh paokd oppordetay ne twn

biccdrdet advdas nc tmd fieb. Ne ned advda wd ord ievnavdb ie

tmd brofo" ord aivieh ifohieotivday witm its kmoroktdrs. Ne tmd

ntmdr advda wd ord de6nyieh o pdrcnrfoekd `y oktnrs ne o stohd"

`dieh cuaay oword tmot wd ord ie o tmdotrd@ 4-;?" --;8.Rmus tmd d5pdridekd" nc ibdeticyieh witm o pdrsne nr o

situotine 4nr o pdrsne ie o situotine8 birdkts nur owordedss tn

tmd kirkufstoekds ie wmikm tmis ibdeticikotine is to$ieh paokd"

wmikm ord n`vinusay knetrivdb. Ie cokt" os Oristntad nrihieoaay

pnietdb nut" it is tmd tmdotrikoaity nc tmd paoy@s prdsdetotine

wmikm oaanws us tn detdrtoie tmd rdoaity nc tmd cddaiehs it

pnrtroys" tn to$d tmdf pdrsneoaay K sn pdrsneoaay" ie cokt" os tn

`d kmoehdb `y tmdf. 1ust os tmdotrd hdts uebdr nur s$ie `ybishuisieh its dfntineoa rdoaity os ciktine" sn rdaihinus rituoas

bisorf us cnr nur deknuetdr witm )nb.

Rmis pdrmops is wmot AHvi>#trouss fdoes `y soyieh tmot"

=ytms hdt tmnuhmt ie foe ue`d$enwe tn mif@ 4-*" 08. Ic

tmdir knheitivd cuektine is tn kador o spokd cnr tmd dtdreoa tmdy

fust `d oàd tn brow ne tmd outmnrity nc dtdreity" its

troeskdebdet pdrcdktine nc fdoeieh" ie nrbdr tn bn sn.Nrbieory@ fdoeieh is ai`drotdb crnf tmd knebitines ossnkiotdb

witm tmd struhhad tn fo$d sotiscoktnry sdesd nc aicdD iestdob wd

ord prdsdetdb witm oe oe5idty>crdd d5pdridekd knukmdb ie tmd

aoehuohd nc syffdtry oeb òaoekd" sn tmot knetrost oeb

kneknrboekd" nppnsitine oeb dehohdfdet" orrivoa oeb

bdporturd" viktnry oeb bdcdot" nrbdr oeb kmons" aicd oeb bdotm ie

cokt" kmifd tnhdtmdr tmrnuhm tmd firrnrieh nc ibdos oeb

fotkmieh nc dvdets K oe owordedss wmikm is oe5idty crdd `dkousd nc tmd ossuroekd nc o cieoa fdoeieh. 'rnf sukm o

vidwpniet iebivibuoa fytms ord rdvdoadb os voriotines ne tmd



siehad tmdfd nc tmd triufpm nc wmnadedss pdrkdivdb os oe nvdr>

orkmieh fdto>stnry@ nr stnry o`nut stnrids.@

Rmd nbbedss nc tmd sdporotd stnrids knestitutieh tmd wnrab>

wibd mdritohd nc fytmnanhy" witm its ì/orrd knfìeotines nc

anhik oeb o`surbity" n`vinus sdesd oeb poapoàd ene>sdesd"

paus tmd ieskrutoìaity wmikm kmoroktdrisds tmd hderd os o

wmnad" sdrvds tn bistrokt ottdetine crnf tmd cnrfoa anhik oeb

rdosneoàdedss nc o stnry>fo$ieh ie wmikm tmd prdsdekd nc

dokm kmoroktdr oeb dvdry dvdet is outmdetikotdb `y tmdir

orroehdfdet ornueb tmd kdetroa ueicyieh eorrotivd fotri5"

eofday tmd 6nuredy ietn oeb nut nc kmons wmikm cnr mufoe

`diehs knestitutds wmnadedss.#n cor os iebivibuoa mufoe eorrotivds ord knekdredb" tmis

wiaa edkdssitotd o kdrtoie ofnuet nc orroehdfdet nc bdtoia. Nur

nwe stnry>fo$ieh" ic it is hnieh tn korry oey $ieb nc wdihmt"

wiaa movd tn knecnrf tn tmis nutaied. (drdie aids tmd foie s$iaa

ie stnrytdaaieh. Rmd prn6dkt nc knestruktieh eorrotivd oawoys

rd7uirds tmd rdorroehdfdet nc fotdrioa" ic neay `dkousd nc tmd

edkdssity tn hdt tn tmd pniet@ nc wmot is `dieh rdknuetdb" oeb

movieh orrivdb tmdrd" fo$d surd tmot it is wdaa oeb truay fobd.Rmd stnry itsdac to$ds tifd" ùt its pniet is tifdadss. Os sukm it

fust `d adb ietn oeb nut nc witm knesibdroàd kord" cnr wmot

moppdes ot tmd kdetrd knekdres fnrd tmoe tmd portikuaor pdnpad

prdsdetD it is" ie cokt" obbrdssdb tn dvdry aistdedr dvdrywmdrd.

#tnrytdaadrs wnr$ morb tn foietoie oeb tn prdsdrvd tmd

trutmcuaedss@ wmikm Oristntad kaoifdb is tmd moaafor$ nc o

hdeuieday ortistik strukturd" to$ieh kord tn d5kaubd tmiehs wmikmwnuab `d rdosneoàd ie nrbieory aicd" ùt bdtrokt crnf tmd

wnrab krdotdb `y tmd stnrytdaadr" o wnrab wmdrd pnssi ad

ifpnssiìaitids@ oktuoaay fo$d fnrd sdesd tmoe ifpnssiàd

pnssiìaitids@ 4<utkmdr" -9-8. Rmis is tmd ortistik priekipad

wmikm uebdraids oaa hdeuied stnrytdaaieh" mnwdvdr ob mnk tmd

kirkufstoekds" nr trivioa tmd su`6dkt fottdr. Biskrifieotine oeb

ifohieotine forkm tnhdtmdr tn prdsdrvd tmd troespdrsneoa

rdadvoekd nc stnrids wnrtm tmd tdaaieh" sn tmot stnrytdaadr oeboubidekd ord `rnuhmt ot tmd sofd tifd tn tmd pivntoa kaifo5"

tmd paokd wmdrd tifd stnps.



Rmis woy nc kadorieh o spokd cnr tmd trutm witmie tmd toad@

is o knheitivd tdkmei7ud ovoiaoàd cnr o wibd roehd nc usds"

crnf tdaaieh 6n$ds tn toa$ieh tn psykmntmdropists oeb auaaieh

kmiabrde tn saddp =nst kmoroktdristikoaay nc oaa" wd usd it tn

d5paoie nursdavds tn nursdavds K ent `y ievdetieh tmd post ùt

rd>writieh it ie tmd aihmt nc edw knekausines wd movd orrivdb ot

witm rdhorb tn its siheicikoekd" edw woys nc ietdrprdtieh

situotines wmikm ord stortieh tn ann$ biccdrdet. Rmis is

stnrytdaaieh os bisknvdry rotmdr tmoe ievdetine 4#orìe" -+;8D

oeb" dvde wmde tmd stnrids wd tdaa ord ent fdoet tn `d o`nut

nursdavds oeb ord tnab cnr tmdir nwe so$d"@ wd ord aioàd tn

rdknheisd nur prdsdekd ie tmdf ie woys wd mob ent ietdebdb.Os witm fytm" sn witm adss ofìtinus stnridsL fdoeiehs tnab ot

oe oehad foy `d saoetdb ie oaa birdktines.

Rmd bivdrsicidb eoturd nc fytm>fo$ieh 4puàik nr privotd8

knrrdspnebs tn tmd ievdetivdedss nc tmd stnrids wd tdaa o`nut

aicd. Rmdy ord oaa biccdrdet" oeb ydt ot o bddpdr advda tmdy ord

tmd sofd. Rmis is `dkousd tmdy ord oekmnrdb ie tmd kdetroa

trutmcuaedss tn wmikm oaa tmdir strukturieh tdebs. Rmdy ord

ifpnssiàd tn bdskri`d ie oey aitdroa woyD ie cokt tmdybdfnestrotd tmd aifits nc bdskriptine. 1ust os tmd pniet nc o

stnry is neay uebdrstnnb ene>tmdtikoaay K sn tmot tn d5paoie it is

oawoys tn àur its nutaied oeb bdtrokt crnf its cnrkd K sn tmd

fytm aivds ie oeb tmrnuhm its ietdhrity os rdvdaotnry eorrotivd"

oe dvdet rotmdr tmoe o prnpnsitine. <dkousd nc its ene>

biskursivd" nài7ud" eoturd" fytmnanhy knecnuebs ottdfpts ot

uebdrstoebieh `y oeoaysis. Its purpnsd is tn ieitiotd rotmdr tmoeorhudD tn adob us tn tmd fystdry@s dbhd oeb adovd us tmdrd.

%orrotivds bdskri`d wmot moppdedbD tmdy adovd us tn brow nur

nwe knekausines. Rmis is tmd òsik cnrf nc tmd stnry" wmikm is

edvdr o adkturd nr o sdrfneD its fdssohd is knffueikotdb

tmrnuhm ortistik d5pdridekd rotmdr tmoe aitdroa d5paoeotine. :vde

ic o stnry is `daidvdb `dkousd it is trud@ 4i.d. mistnrikoaay

okkurotd8 tmd s$iaa nc tmd stnrytdaadr is oawoys ne moeb tn mdap

us fo$d tmd $ieb nc sdesd cnr wmikm nur fytmik owordedssrdokmds nut.

Rmdrd is o fytmik bifdesine tn pdrsneoa stnrids wmikm

sdrvds tn `rieh ueity nut nc bisnrbdr oeb fdoeieh nut nc kmons.



Rmis is `rnuhmt nut ie o stri$ieh woy `y kdrtoie $iebs nc

tmdropdutik tmdotrd. Rmd brofo>tmdropy skdeorin" wmikm

knrrdspnebs tn tmd kmoroktdristik smopd nc o paoy" korrids witm it

o kador fdssohd o`nut knesuffotine tn wmikm nur iebivibuoa

stnry>fo$ieh ospirds 4)roiehdr" -98.

&mde tmd hrnup nc potidets bdciedb os succdrieh crnf

psykmiotrik tmnuhmt bisnrbdr@ wmn wdrd fdf`drs nc fy brofo

tmdropy hrnup ot tmd ankoa boy mnspitoa adoredb tn fo$d kansdr

kneedktines ie tmd woy tmdy knestrudb tmd tmiehs wmikm

moppdedb tn tmdf oeb tmd pdnpad tmdy kofd ietn knetokt witm"

it wos ot o bddpdr advda tmoe tmd oìaity tn nrhoei/d ibdos oeb

fo$d anhikoa kneedktines witmie tmd porofdtdrs sdt `y o psykmnfdtrik tdst. &mot oktuoaay `dhoe tn moppde wos ie cokt o

hrobuoa prnkdss nc `dknfieh fnrd dehohdb witm" oeb ievnavdb

ie" fdoeieh itsdac K nr nur psykmik orkmdtypd nc it. It oppdordb

tn `d tmd kosd tmot brofo>tmdropy prnkdssds wmikm mob `dde

bdai`drotday oifdb ot prnbukieh oe devirnefdet ie wmikm tmd

ossnkiotine nc ibdos" dvdets oeb pdrsnes knuab `d

systdfotikoaay fneitnrdb fdrday obbdb tn pdnpad@s knecusine

oeb sdesd nc `dieh foeipuaotdb" wmdrdos oaanwieh skdeorins tndvnavd ie tmdir nwe woy" ot tmdir nwe spddb@" crd7udetay

prnbukdb 7uitd stortaieh d5ofpads nc iesihmt" bdskri`db os

fnfdets wmde tmiehs subbdeay cdaa ietn paokd@" fo$ieh tmdir

nwe $ieb nc sdesd witmnut `dedcit nc tmdnry. Ot sukm 6uekturds

uebdrstoebieh wos d5pdridekdb os hict" witmnut oey edkdssity

tn ietdrprdt dvdets ie tdrfs nc spdkicik coktnrs witmie tmd

ietdrpdrsneoa situotine 4)roiehdr" -38.Ic ort itsdac ievnavds us ie tmis $ieb nc psykmnanhikoa

prnkdss nc pdrkdptuoa troescnrfotine" tmde its ifpaikitay

eorrotivd smopd@ wiaa rdsuat ie tmis ene>tmdtik" ibdnhropmik"

uebdrstoebieh ie ntmdr sdttiehs os wdaa. Browieh ne twdety>

sdvde iebdpdebdet stubids nc tmd oktivd iehrdbidet ie

psykmntmdropy" Ome oeb &ofpnab 4233-8 bdfnestrotdb tmot

trdotfdet pok$ohds@ knetoie knfpnedets knesibdrdb tn `d

tmdnrdtikoaay ifpnrtoet cnr prnbukieh pnsitivd psykmnanhikoakmoehd wdrd ent oktuoaay fnrd dccdktivd tmoe neds wmikm mob

en sukm tmdnrdtikoa uebdrpieeieh. &motdvdr moppdedb ie tmdsd

kosds" it wos ent snfdtmieh tmdnry bdpdebdet@D oey



uebdrstoebieh mob tn `d orrivdb ot ne its nwe tdrfs K tmot is ie

tdrfs nc dokm spdkicik dvdet os it moppdedb. =ihmt it ent movd

`dde tmd d5pdridekd nc `dieh pdrsneoaay ievnavdb ie o eorrotivd

wmikm korridb witmie itsdac iffdbiotd rdknheitine nc o supdrinr

$ieb nc sdesdMC

Rmd `dst d5ofpad nc sukm eorrotivd ievnavdfdet is

occnrbdb `y rituoa" wmikm is brofo bdvntdb tn tmd d5prdssine nc

oe owordedss tmot is d5paikitay rdaihinus. (drd fnrd tmoe

oeywmdrd dasd" ifohd rdpaokds d5paoeotine oeb tmdnry

prnkaoifs its ieoìaity tn fdbiotd d5pdridekd" ie woys tmot ord

rdoaay kneviekieh. Rmd 6nuredy ietn wmot aids `dyneb tmnuhmt@

koeent `d uebdrto$de ie tmd aoehuohd nc ibdos `dkousd it sdtsnut tn troeskdeb ibdotine. Iestdob" it fust `d knfpadtday rd>

troesaotdb ietn oentmdr knbd nc mufoe knffueikotine K o usd

nc wnrb oeb hdsturd tn d5prdss o ydoreieh tmot is spirituoa

rotmdr tmoe ietdaadktuoa" oòebneieh tmd orrnhoekd nc orhufdet

tn iffdrsd itsdac ie o stnry tnab `y tmd snua.



K m o p t d r 0 Pituoa oeb Pdaihinus Owordedss

Rmdrd is oe dfpirikoa dadfdet ie nur uebdrstoebieh nc rdaihine

tmot knesists ie tmd rdspnesd tmot fde oeb wnfde fo$d tn

rdaihinus rituoas tmot knekdre oeb ievnavd tmdf. Rmis dfpirikoadadfdet knesists nc tmd d5pdridekd nc tmnsd to$ieh port" os

bistiekt crnf tmd n`6dkts nr pdrsnes wmikm hivd risd tn tmdfD

d5pdridekds nc o rdaihinus $ieb wmikm ord mufoe oeb npde tn

oeoaysis" dvde tmnuhm tmdy ievnavd ibdos o`nut rdoaitids bdcyieh

n`6dkticikotine. )drorbus voe bdr Adduw 4-0+8 bdfnestrotdb

tmot it wos pnssiàd tn rdhorb rdaihine os o mufoe rdspnesd tn

dadfdets witmie nur eoturoa devirnefdet" eoturoa mdrd `dieh

to$de tn fdoe os port nc"@ rotmdr tmoe sifpay ie rdaotine tn"@

eoturd. Rmd rdaotineoa fnbd 4tmnu@8 is uebdrstnnb os o woy nc

`dieh wmikm stoebs oport crnf tmd n`6dktivd fnbd 4it@8L `ntm I>

Rmnu oeb I>It ord tmd tdrfs nc nur eoturoa ibdetity. Rmd wnrab"@

soys =ourikd =dradou>,nety" is oawoys oardoby tmdrdG `dcnrd

rdcadktine `dhies@L tmd tos$ nc mufoe uebdrstoebieh is tn

okmidvd tmd $ieb nc `danehieh wmikm wd spdeb sn fukm tifd

tryieh tn tmie$ nursdavds nut nc" tmdrd`y rd>okmidvieh o birdktoeb prifitivd knetokt witm tmd wnrab oeb debnwieh tmot knetokt

witm o pmiansnpmikoa stotus@ 4-;28.

&mot cnaanws is obbrdssdb tn tmnsd wmn ord knekdredb

o`nut fukm nc prdsdet boy !mristioe `danehieh" sddieh it os

succdrieh crnf o hdedroa rdbuktine nc cnrkd" nvdr>sdkuaorisdb"

nvdr>iebivibuoaisdb" `rnuhmt bnwe tn dortm `y mnfnhdeisotine

witm tmd nrbieory oeb dvdryboyL ne tmd ned moeb" aok$ieh oey

suhhdstine nc tmd firokad kneskinusedss tmot iecusds tmdoekidet td5tsD ne tmd ntmdr" n`sdssdb witm spnetoedity oeb àieb

tn sokrdbedss tmot wnr$s tmrnuhm tmd uespdktokuaor oeb tmd

cnrfoa. :vde to$ieh ietn okknuet nur eoturoa tdebdekids tn cieb



couat witm tmd prdsdet oeb" ie aied witm o cuebofdetoa

kmoroktdristik nc rdaihinus kneskinusedss" tn ann$ òk$ witm

anehieh tn nur nwe hnabde ohds"@ tmdrd bnds sddf tn movd

`dde o kmoehd ie tmd woy foey pdnpad oktuoaay d5pdridekd tmd

kdad`rotine nc tmdir rdaihinus kneskinusedss ie tmd !mristioe

aiturhy. &mdrd tmdrd is adss smopd tmdrd is adss fdoeieh K fnrd

biskursivd bdtoia" adss bdcieitine nc ifpokt" adss prnpnsitineoa

cnrkd. Os I smoaa ottdfpt tn bdfnestrotd aotdr ne" adss smopd

oasn fdoes o rdbukdb kopokity tn knffueikotd syf`naikoaay"

`dkousd tmd aoehuohd nc syf`naisf bdpdebs cnr its sdfoetik

pnwdr upne tmd kaority witm wmikm ned pnad nc tmd syf`na" tmd

iffdbiotd nr eoturoaistik" suhhdsts tmd ntmdr" tmd ied5prdssiàybivied. &mde o aiturhikoa okt `rdo$s tmrnuhm tmd rituoa crofd sn

tmot mnfnanhy oeb oeoanhy" fusik oeb siadekd" spnetoedity oeb

nrbdr `dknfd knecusdb oeb pdnpad paoy biccdrdet rnads ot

biccdrdet tifds" its oìaity tn cuektine os o ankus nc 4nr cnkus

cnr8 rdaihinus d5pdridekd foy `d hrdotay rdbukdb. &d smoaa sdd

tmot tmis is o tdkmeikoa fottdr" knekdredb witm tmd rdaotinesmip

`dtwdde knheitivd kaority oeb dfntineoa dccdkt. Nekd tmd

nutaied nc o aiturhikoa dvdet `dknfds bistnrtdb" its fdssohd isedkdssoriay fnrd knecusdb tmoe it wos cnrfdray" oeb tmis is

portikuaoray sn wmde tmd fdssohd is ned tmot is knffueikotdb

$iedtikoaay `y fdoes nc tmd rdaotine nc `nbids witmie o bdciedb

ordo.

Ie tmd edw aiturhids nc tmd Oehaikoe Oatdreotivd #drvikd

<nn$ tmd euf`dr nc oatdreotivds prnvibdb cnr tmd nrbdrieh nc

dokm sdrvikd oaanws o bdhrdd nc kmnikd ne tmd port nc =ieistdroeb knehrdhotine wmikm is aiturhikoaay boehdrnus. Ne tmd ned

moeb bdkisines foy `d kaueh netn wmdtmdr nr ent tmdy fo$d

nvdroaa aiturhikoa sdesdD ne tmd ntmdr" tmd sdrvikd foy `d $dpt

cad5iàd oeb cauib tn prnvibd fo5ifuf spnetoedity" witm tmd

rdsuat tmot en`nby $enws d5oktay wmdrd tmdy ord crnf ned

fnetm@s deb tn tmd ed5t. Ie knetrost tn tmd -;;2 ,roydr <nn$

oeb tmd Aotie =oss" tmdrd ord vdry cdw ru`riks. Rmdrd ord foey

tmiehs ynu koe bdkibd tn soy" ùt en`nby is tnab mnw tn bnoeytmieh . Rmd rituoa fnvdfdets oeb hdsturds" tmd fusikoa

iecadktines" ord biccdrdet ie dvdry paokd ie wmikm tmd ritd is

pdrcnrfdb oeb crd7udetay witmie tmd sofd paokd ne biccdrdet



nkkosines. Os fukm nc tmd psykmnanhikoa pnwdr nc tmd ritd is

tmot nc cnkusdb rdknheitine" tmis fo$ds cnr o adssdeieh nc

ietdesity. Rmd bdsird tn prnvibd os fukm crddbnf nc

ietdrprdtotine witmie tmd sdrvikd wmiad rdtoieieh its nvdroaa

siheicikoekd mos tmd dccdkt nc àurrieh tmd dbhds nc tmd dvdet

oeb fo$ieh it tmot fukm adss tmoe it is ietdebdb tn `d. Rmd

rdcusoa tn suhhdst fnvdfdet nr hdsturd d5prdssivd nc tmd ritd@s

fdoeieh" oeb tmd bdkisine tn adovd sukm tmiehs detirday tn tmd

iebivibuoa@s nwe aiturhikoa iestiekts" nr aok$ nc tmdf" movd

o`surb dccdkts" os ie tmnsd Oehaikoe porism kmurkmds witm eovd

oators" wmdrd tmd kdad`roet" movieh ievitdb us tn brow edor

witm coitm oeb rdkdivd"@ iffdbiotday troescdrs tmd knesdkrotdb `rdob oeb wied tn tmd mihm oator" woa$ieh kdrdfneinusay owoy

crnf tmd knehrdhotine.

Pnfoe !otmnaik knffdetotnrs fo$d fukm tmd sofd

kritikisfs nc tmd Pnfoe Pitd siekd tmd #dkneb otikoe

!nuekia. Rmis is ent surprisieh" pdrmops" sddieh tmot tmd

Oehaikoe vdrsine is sn hrdotay iecaudekdb `y tmd Pnfoe ned.

Ned nc tmd knfpaoiets fnst nctde mdorb"@ soys &. 1orbied

)ris`rnn$d" is tmot it aok$s o sdesd nc tmd eufienus@ 4--8.Ntmdr wnrbs usdb ord nrbieory"@ caot"@ bdprdssieh"@ iestdob nc

upaictieh.@ =ukm nc tmis mos tn bn witm tmd su`stitutine nc o

cofiaior aiehuistik knbd cnr ned wmikm wos uecofiaior" ùt

wmnsd stroehdedss wos trdosurdb. Pnfoe !otmnaiks" ai$d

Oehaikoes" ann$ òk$ enstoahikoaay ne tmd boys wmde tmd pridst

spn$d ie o stroehd" spdkioa aoehuohd. It is ent neay enstoahio

tmot prnfpts sukm o rdspnesdL tmd usd nc Aotie oeb #tuort:ehaism knetriùtdb o pnwdrcua odstmdtik bistoekd tn tmd dvdet"

aictieh it nut nc tmd knffne cau5 nc tmiehs" hivieh it o kador

nutaied os snfdtmieh tn `d uebdrstnnb oeb hrospdb. Rmis is tmd

òsik mufoe fdkmoeisf nc rituoa oeb nc oaa tmd brofo tmot

stdfs crnf it. Rn ietdrcdrd witm it `y `riehieh it kansdr tn mnfd

is tn knecusd tmd issud" tn bistoekd it ie tmd wrneh woy" `y

fo$ieh it adss bistiehuismoàd. It is ent fdrd enstoahio tmot

fo$ds us rdhrdt tmd kmoehd ùt tmd fdfnry nc d5pdridekds ncibdeticikotine oeb ievnavdfdet wmde wd adopt tmd hop oeb wdrd

troescnrfdb. O psykmnanhikoa okknuet nc mnw sukm tmiehs

kofd o`nut wiaa cnrf port nc tmis stuby nc tmd pmdenfdeo nc



rituoa d5pdridekd. Rmd pniet tn `d fobd mdrd is tmot tmd

mdihmtdedb prdbiktoìaity bistiehuismieh rituoa crnf nrbieory

snkioa `dmovinur oaanws it tn knffueikotd ot o biccdrdet advda

crnf tmot nc orhufdet" ned tmot knrrdspnebs tn =oritoie@s

ietuitine nc d5istdekd@ 4-9?" !m. -8" tmot is" tmd $enwadbhd nc

d5pdridekd wmikm prdkdbds tmot nc oeoaysis nr bdskriptine" tmd

eoturoa pmiansnpmik $enwadbhd ifpaidb ie tmd okt nc `dieh. &d

ord browe ietn rdaotine witm tmd ntmdr tmd fnrd dosiay `dkousd

tmd advdas nc owordedss ievnavdb ie nrbieory uebdrstoebiehs

ord ent iffdbiotday dehohdb. Rmd usd nc wnrbs oeb oktines

tmot kadoray oeb uefisto$oày siheicy o rdaihinus dvdet" ned

wmikm `y bdcieitine to$ds paokd ot o bistoekd crnf nrbieoryboy>tn>boy prdnkkupotines" suhhdsts o fnvdfdet nc tmd mufoe

spirit okknrbieh tn wmikm wd cieb nursdavds rdokmieh nut ie

nrbdr tn fo$d knetokt witm tmd spirituoa rdoaity wmikm knecrnets

us. <y fo$ieh tmiehs morbdr" tmd okt nc wnrsmip is fobd dosidr

K `dkousd it is morbdr tn knecusd witm oeytmieh dasd tmot fihmt

hdt ie tmd woy.

<y rdhorbieh rituoa pmdenfdenanhikoaay" wd try tn

uebdrstoeb wmot it cddas ai$d@ tn to$d port ie tmd ritd. #ukm oeopprnokm is ent priforiay knekdredb witm rdaihinus bnktrieds"

vidwdb tmdnanhikoaay" ùt witm tmd psykmnanhikoa" snkinanhikoa

oeb oetmrnpnanhikoa siheicikoekd nc sukm bnktrieds ie tmdir

rituoa df`nbifdet. Bdskriptine is fnrd rdvdoaieh tmoe

d5paoeotine" `dkousd tmd d5paoeotine wiaa ie foey kosds `d

ifpaikit witmie tmd bdskriptine" os tmd fdoeieh nc tmd ritd

su`sists ie its oktines" hdsturds oeb wnrbs. Pituoa itsdac is o woync fo$ieh sdesd nc aicd `y fdoes nc tmd smopd krdotdb `y

`nbiay fnvdfdet. Ie tmis `nn$" rituoa is to$de tn rdcdr tn tmd

$ieb nc snkioa `dmovinur tmot is spdkicikoaay rdaihinus"

d5prdssieh tmd ietdetine nc wnrsmip oeb syf`naisieh tmd

owordedss nc )nb. Pituoa is tmd df`nbifdet nc tmd rdaihinus

visine" o woy nc bispnsieh mufoe ottitubds" ietdetines oeb

oktines" wmikm ifohds cnrtm tmd prdkisd eoturd nc o rdaotinesmip

witm iecieityD it is wmot sukm o rdaotinesmip rd7uirds ie syf`naikcnrf" tmd neay cnrf ie wmikm it koe `d rdprdsdetdb. Pitds koe

`d fnìad nr stotik" ueitory nr fuatipad" enisy nr siadet"

prntroktdb nr smnrt. Iebddb" oatmnuhm tmd ueivdrsoa ietdetine tn



brow kansd tn )nb biktotds oe uebdrayieh rituoa smopd wmikm

nkkurs ueivdrsoaay" tmd spdkicik su`6dkt fottdr nc tmd ritd biccdrs

okknrbieh tn tmd portikuaor kuaturd it d5prdssds. #mopd oeb

nkkosine knetriùtd tn fdoeiehD `dkousd rituoas ord nkkosines

nc pdrsneoa ievnavdfdet oeb knffueikotd d5pdridetioaay" tmd

prnpnsitineoa knetdet nc tmd ritd is ied5trikoày cusdb witm tmd

psykmnanhikoa dccdkt it mos upne tmd iebivibuoa to$ieh port ie it.

Bnktried oeb d5pdridekd ord futuoaay siheicikoetD rituoa is

knekdredb witm tmd woy wd cdda tmd tdokmiehs nc rdaihine. Ic it

bnds ent oawoys oppdor tn `d vdry dfntineoa itsdac" tmis is

`dkousd it is o woy nc nrhoeisieh dfntine" nc hivieh cnrf tn

cddaiehs" rdueitieh tmdf krdotivday witm tmd pdrkdptines tmothivd risd tn tmdf.

Pituoa" tmde" is knekdredb tn hivd siheicikoet cnrf tn oe

ietuitine o`nut d5istdekd tmot is tmd prifoa kosd nr knebitine nc

nur owordedss nc )nb. Rn koaa it o aoehuohd@ is tn kaoif tnn

fukm nc tmd skideticik cnr itD ie itsdac it is o fnvieh pikturd

rotmdr tmoe o porohropm" o visuoa stnry rotmdr tmoe o sdetdekd

cnrfieh port nc o bdvdanpdb K nr bdvdanpoàd K orhufdet.

,rdkisday `dkousd it cuektines ot tmd advda nc prd>cnrfuaotdbowordedss" it bdfoebs cnrf ie nrbdr tn knffueikotd its

fdoeieh oeb smord its d5pdridekd. It sddfs tn fd tmot tmis

eoturoa $enwadbhd nc )nb oawoys ossufds snfd rituoa

d5prdssine ie nrbdr tn uebdrstoeb itsdac" snfd bdcieitd fdetoa

oktine nr nrhoeisotine nc cddaieh" wmikm `dknfds rdknheisoàd

os oe oktuoa ritd neay wmde it knfds ietn knetokt witm tmd

d5prdssdb ietuitines nc ntmdr pdnpad. Oktuoa knrpnrotd rituoasossufd oe oafnst iecieitd roehd nc strukturds" crnf tmd tokit

ohrddfdet tn rdfoie siadet" spdo$ieh neay wmde prnfptdb `y

tmd #pirit 4oeb tn bn sn ot tmd sofd tifd oeb ie tmd sofd paokds

dokm Anrb@s Boy8" tn tmd iffdesd rdaihinus psykmnbrofos nc

<oai nr tmd Aiturhy nc tmd Pussioe Nrtmnbn5 !murkm. Rmd

prdokmieh trobitine nc !mristioeity" fnst bdvdanpdb witm

,rntdstoetisf" is kdrtoieay o cnrf nc rituoa iesncor os it is oe

ottdfpt tn cieb d5prdssine cnr tmd prd>aitdrotd owordedss nc)nb" tn wmikm tmd ritd hivds o knffueikoàd cnrf. (drd

knffueikotine is d5paikitay prnpnsitineoa" dccdktivday tyieh ie

ibdo oeb cddaieh sn tmot tmd nccikioa K nr oe nccikioa K woy nc



bdoaieh witm rdaihinus ietuitine koe `d knffdebdb tn tmnsd

prdsdet K oeb ydt tmd knevdetine okknrbieh tn wmikm it is bned

mos o rituoaisieh dccdkt ne tmd prnkddbiehs. :vde mdrd tmd

troesfissine nc ibdos is mdoviay ìosdb `y tmd wdihmt nc

ifprdssines. Rmd nccikioa ietdrprdtotine nc tmd siheicikoekd nc

tmd prnkddbiehs is knffueikotdb os dccdktivday `y syf`naisf

os `y orhufdet. Rmd ìàd prnfiedetay bispaoydb ne tmd puapit"

tmd rdaihinus iesiheio ne tmd puapit coaa" tmd okobdfik hnwe nc

tmd fieistdr" ord oaa rdfiebdrs nc tmd eoturd nc tmd dvdet to$ieh

paokd" its d5pdridetioa siheicikoekd os o spdkicikoaay rdaihinus

moppdeieh wmikm is fnrd pdrsneoaay ifpnrtoet" korrids fnrd

dfntineoa wdihmt tmoe tmd knetdet nc d5mnrtotine oebiestruktine. %ne>rituoa coktnrs ord mdoviay ìosdb `y rituoa neds"

prd>dfptieh oey ietdrprdtotine nccdrdb `y ìàikoa rdobiehs oeb

fieistdrioa prnenuekdfdet oeb prdporieh tmd woy cnr its

okkdptoekd.

Ie wnrsmip oeytmieh koe `d rituoaisdb" oeb usuoaay is.

!morisfotik !mristioes foeohd tn rituoaisd tmd siehieh nc

myfes" tmus cnaanwieh ie tmd =dtmnbist trobitine" ùt witmnut

tmd tmdnanhikoa rihnur nc &dsady@s pndtry. Rmd fnrd iffdbiotdoeb ietdesd" tmd fnrd pdrsneoa rdaihinus d5pdridekd is" tmd

fnrd it rdokmds nut cnr df`nbifdet ie nrbdr tn troescnrf tmd

vuaedroìaity nc d5istdetioa surrdebdr ietn bdcieitd okts nc

wnrsmip oeb kdad`rotine wmikm koe `d smordb witm ntmdrs oeb

de6nydb os o knrpnrotd dvdet. Rmd sdesd nc to$ieh port ie

rdaihinus rituoa wmikm is ornusdb `y o kmorisfotik sdrvikd is

snfdwmot adssdedb `y oe n`stieotd rdcusoa tn poy ottdetine tntmd bdsihe nc sdrvikds. Rmd stubidb orroehdfdet nc dvdets"

upne wmikm rituoa bdpdebs" is nccdesivd tn pdnpad wmn sdt hrdot

stnrd upne crddbnf nc oktine oeb knecusd rdspnesivdedss witm

spnetoedity. 'nr pdnpad ai$d tmis" oe iebivibuoa wmn smnuts

OaadauioJ@ moac woy tmrnuhm o proydr okts ie o fnrd cittieh woy

tmoe tmd kmnir wmn sieh Ofde@ ot tmd deb nc it" `dkousd tmd

aottdr movd rdmdorsdb tmdir rdspnesd oeb tmd cnrfdr mos ent.

Rmd dfntineoa ifpokt nc kmorisfotik sdrvikds is o kufuaotivddccdkt" nc myfe upne myfe" kmnrus upne kmnrus" rotmdr tmoe

tmd kneskinus ottdfpt tn syf`naisd nur d5pdridekd nc )nb `y

fdoes nc oe orroehdfdet nc hdsturd" sneh" pndtry oeb



fnvdfdet" tmd wnrab nc knetrost oeb òaoekd" d5poesine oeb

knetroktine" wdo$edss oeb pnwdr" aihmt oeb smobd" wmikm

tnhdtmdr obb up tn snfd $ieb nc pikturd nc bivied pdrcdktine.

#urday" it is orhudb" wd smnuab ovnib tmis $ieb nc knetrivoekd"

wmikm neay hdts ie tmd woy nc nur uecnrkdb rdspnesd tn )nb.

#troehday denuhm" spnetoedity oeb crddbnf smnw en

iekaieotine tn smue nur dccnrts tn d5prdss nur sdesd nc tmd

bivied" en fottdr mnw fukm wd try tn desmried it ie `douticua

oeb d5prdssivd rituoas. It is ent neay nur odstmdtik sdesd tmot is

fnvdb `y tmdsd dvdets ùt nur owordedss nc pdrsneoa

ievnavdfdet" wmikm is owo$dedb `y tmd brofotik smopd nc tmd

ritd. Rmis is ent o kosd nc twn sdporotd npdrotines to$ieh paokdot tmd sofd tifd. Rmd ritd@s ibdetity os ort K os brofo K

deknurohds nur ibdeticikotine witm tmd kmoroktdrs it df`nbids.

,mdenfdenanhikoaay spdo$ieh" wd movd o sdesd nc `dieh to$de

nut nc nursdavds" nc ansieh nr cnrhdttieh nursdavds ie nrbdr tn

cieb nursdavds witm tmot smnk$ nc rdknheitine nc sdac oeb ntmdr

wmikm is d5pdridekdb os o spnetoednus okkdss nc `dieh. &d ord

bistroktdb oeb ievnavdbL tmd strukturd nc brofo prnbukds tmd

crddbnf nc rdaotinesmip. Os ,oeedeùrh soysL

tn tmd d5tdet tmot mufoe `diehs d5ist

d5nkdetrikoaay ie o prdsdekd tn wmot is ntmdr

tmoe tmdfsdavds" prdkisday os ntmdr" oeb

d5pdridekieh tmdfsdavds crnf tmot voetohd

pniet" tmd aicd>hivieh pnwdr nc tmd #pirit"

wmikm roisds tmdf o`nvd tmdir nweiecieitdedss" foeicdsts itsdac ie oe ietdesicidb

cnrf.@ 4-*3" 92?8

Pituoa d5ists tn prnvibd o fdoes wmdrd`y wd foy d5ist

d5nkdetrikoaay@ oeb sn `d npde tn deknuetdr witm wmot is ent

nursdavds" ùt rdokmds nut tn us" knffueieh witm us ie smordb

pdrsnemnnb.

&d foy soy tmot knrpnrotd rituoa is mufoe rdaotinesmip otits `dst `dkousd it sdts stroehdrs crdd tn wdaknfd ned oentmdr os

cridebs" su`stitutieh tmd iekausivd strukturd nc tmd brofo cnr tmd

d5kausivd ned nc pdrsneoa bdcdesivdedss. It sdts tmdf crdd ent



ie spitd nc its orticikioa nr knetrivdb eoturd ùt `dkousd nc it.

Pnad oeb cuektine ord systdfotikoaay bistiehuismdb tn knestitutd

tmd ritd@s strukturd" dokm knfpnedet bdpdebdet upne tmd ntmdrs

cnr its fdoeieh oeb siheicikoekd" ened knecusdb witm oeytmieh

dasd tn tmd d5tdet nc ansieh its nwe ibdetity. &mot is

rdprdsdetdb mdrd is ent bivieity K entmieh os krubd os tmis knuab

`d fisto$de cnr )nb K ùt tmot ospdkt nc mufoeity wmikm is ie

morfney witm )nb" tmd ospdkt nc iebivibuoas>ie>rdaotineD tmd

pdrsnemnnb wmikm fdbiotds )nb cnr us. Rmd ritd prnkaoifs its

ibdetity os ritd" oe ohrddfdet tn `dmovd ie kdrtoie woys

spdkioaay kmnsde `dkousd nc tmdir fdtopmysikoa ifpaikotines.

Rmd fnrd eoturoaistik sukm `dmovinur is" tmd hrdotdr tmd kmoekdnc its `dieh fisto$de cnr nrbieory aicd" ie wmikm kosd tmd

ietdetine tn prnvibd o fddtieh paokd witm )nb wiaa ture nut tn

`d o coiaurd. #pdkioa ietdetines rd7uird spdkioa kirkufstoekds. It

is ent pdnpad oeb tmiehs tmot ord tn `d ovnibdb ie tmd ritd" ùt

nrbieory ene>siheicikoet dvdryboy aivieh.

Rmis prdsdets us witm snfdtmieh nc o prnàdf. Rn rdhorb

)nb os port nc tmd cureiturd suhhdsts àospmdfy ùt tn knecusd

mif witm dvde tmd fnst `douticua nc nur knestruktines isibnaotry. !mristioe rd6dktine nc rituoa os ibnaotrnus" oe ottdfpt

tn kopturd )nb ie oe ortdcokt" strdtkmds òk$ tn tmd doraidst

ydors nc tmd kmurkm. <ut hdeuied rdaihinus rituoa ovnibs oey

suhhdstine tmot tmd aivieh skdeorin it iemoìts is o pikturd nc

bivieity ie oey ùt o striktay sokrofdetoa sdesd. Rmd orticikioa

eoturd nc tmd prnkddbiehs is oawoys kadorD tmdrd is en woy ie

wmikm nur ibdos o`nut )nb ord tn `d ibdeticidb witm )nbmifsdac. &mot wd movd mdrd is o paoy o`nut )nb ie wmikm md is

d5pdridekdb os snfdmnw `dieh prdsdet" ankotdb ie ùt ent

knecusdb witm wmotdvdr to$ds paokd. Rmd n`vinusay knetrivdb

eoturd nc tmd prnkddbiehs sdrvds tn uebdraied tmdir mufoeity.

&d ord ent bdoaieh priforiay witm tmnuhmts ùt witm pdrsnes"

paokds oeb dvdets. Ie tmd dvdet wd ord adb ietn oe d5pdridekd

`dcnrd wd hrosp oe ibdo" oeb it is ie tmd d5pdridekd tmot tmd

deknuetdr to$ds paokd" ent os snfdtmieh wd koe hrosp ùt ossnfdned wd koe fddt.

Ie rdhorbieh rituoa os o bdcdekd ohoiest tmd

ietdaadktuoaisotine nc rdaihine" wd fust `d kordcua ent tn ifpay





wd ok$enwadbhd its prifoa kaoif upne nur owordedss oeb

oaanw it tn fo$d sdesd nc us.

It is o rdaotineoa owordedss" owordedss o`nut rdaotinesmip

nrihieotieh ie oeb rdcdrrieh tn oe nrihieoa deknuetdr wmikm is

tmd tdrfs nc nur pdrsnemnnb K nrihieoa ie o sdesd tmot iekaubds

tifd rotmdr tmoe `dieh iekaubdb ie it. Ie tmd `dhieeieh"@ soys

=ortie <u`dr" is rdaotine.@ Pituoa sdts tmd skded cnr o sdac>

kneskinus rd>deoktfdet nc tmd prifoa dvdet ie wmikm tmd sdac is

fobd foeicdst ie oeb tmrnuhm its rdaotinesmip tn tmd Ntmdr. Rmd

deoktfdet is sdac>kneskinus `dkousd it is spdkioaay knetrivdbL ot

tmis tifd oeb paokd fde oeb wnfde sdt o`nut d5prdssieh oe

ietdetine tn brow kansd tn tmd snurkd nc aicd. Rmd morbdr tmdywnr$ owoy ot bdcieieh tmdir pnsitine ie o wnr$ nc d5prdssivd

ort" tmd fnrd tmdy knetriùtd tn tmd rdaotineoa eoturd nc tmd

dvdet" tmd pnaor ueity nc cddaieh@ 4<u`dr" -9*" ;*8 wmikm

kmoroktdrisds rdoa deknuetdr. Ie tmd ritd" I prdsdet fysdac os ned

wmn brows en knekausines" fo$ds en kaoifs" usieh fy ortistry

tn prdsdet trutm ent ciktine" tn rdvdoa fysdac os I ofD os"

witmnut wnr$ieh it nut nr fdbitotieh upne it" I $enw fysdac tn

`d. Ie rituoa wd prnkaoif nur aifitotine" `y rdbukieh nurknffdetieh oeb knfporieh mufoeedss tn tmd strikt nutaied nc

o wnr$ nc ort" nur eoturoa woy nc okmidvieh iffdbioky ie tmd

pdrkdptine nc wmot is ent nursdavds. %n systdf nc ibdos" en

cnrd$enwadbhd" oeb en coeky ietdrvded `dtwdde I oeb Rmnu.@

4<u`dr" -9+" --8 Rmd cuektine nc tmd ritd is tn bn oaa tmot is

mufoeay pnssiàd tmot tmis smoaa `d tmd kosd.

It is ifpnrtoet tn rdoaisd tmot tmd ritd knetriùtds tn tmdsdesd wd movd nc tureieh owoy crnf nursdavds tnworbs tmd

ntmdr pdrsne" oeb knesd7udetay tnworbs tmd Ntmdredss nc )nb.

Rmd smddr coktikity@ nc rituoa" its eoturd os o mufoe

orroehdfdet" wnr$s ie tmd birdktine nc knuetdrieh tmd

knecusine nc ibdetitids tmot iemiìts tmd fddtieh nc ntmdredss"

wmikm is tmd prifoa cokt nc rdaotinesmip. Pituoa rdsdfàds tmd

$ieb nc brofo tmot prnkaoifs its nwe tmdotrikoaity oeb" witmnut

ottdfptieh tn sdbukd tmd spdktotnr" brows mif nr mdrifohieotivday ietn tmd paoy@s oktineD it is prdkisday `y ovnibieh

sdbuktine tmot o crdd fddtieh is okmidvdb" cnr wd ibdeticy

witmnut oey cddaieh nc foeipuaotine. &d $enw it is neay o



paoy@ K wd koe sdd tmd kurtoies" tmd aihmts" tmd stohd nr tmd

ordeo K ùt tmd trutm it desmrieds is mufoe trutm.

Ie tmd ritd it is bivied trutm" oeb ent o wmit adss trud `y

`dieh neay o ritd.@ Rmd n`vinusay mufoe fnvdfdets" hdsturds

oeb snuebs bistoekd oaa tmd oktnrs" kadrikoa oeb aoy" crnf

troeskdebdekd tmot `dk$nes tmdf" bdfnestrotieh tmdir eddb tn

`d troescnrfdb. Rmd sdporotine nc tmdotrne crnf sjded is ent

sn n`vinus os ie tmd tmdotrd" ie tmot it is ent oawoys o visiàd

aied nc bdforkotine `dtwdde twn hrnups nc mufoe `diehs. Ie

rituoa tmd aied is `dtwdde pdnpad oeb )nbD ùt it wnr$s 6ust tmd

sofd woy" tureieh us tn (if oeb tn ned oentmdr. Rmis is ent tn

bdfntd )nb `y prdsdetieh (if os snfd $ieb nc d5oatdb ortistikkrdotine" nr tn kaoif o spdkicikoaay rdaihinus ibdetity cnr brofo

os o mufoe oktivity. (ufoe `diehs eoturoaay d5prdss

tmdfsdavds ie woys tmot koe `d prdsdetdb tmdotrikoaay. Os

)rnssvnhda soys" Ot tmd `dhieeieh nc tmdotrd tmdrd is fdrday

tmd okt nc tmd mufoe `dieh wmnsd hdsturd ìebs mif tn oentmdr

`dieh@ 4-;2" -+38. 'nr o pdrsne tn nrbdr mis nr mdr oktines oeb

wnrbs" nr tn okt spnetoednusay ie o brofotik woy" is cnr tmot

pdrsne tn d5prdss mdr nr mifsdac eoturoaay.@ 'nr snfdned tn `dbrowe ietn tmd oktine@ os o rdsuat nc n`sdrvieh wmot is hnieh

ne is d7uoaay outmdetik uespdkioaisdb mufoe `dmovinur.

<dkousd tmis is tmd woy wd deknuetdr ned oentmdr" it fust movd

snfd `dorieh ne tmd woy wd rdhorb nur rdaotinesmip witm o

pdrsneoa )nb. Rn okt ie ntmdr woys is ent tn prdsdet nursdavds

os wd ord. Rmus tmd brofotik eoturd nc rituoa mdaps us rdaivd tmd

ieenkdekd oeb wmnadmdortdbedss tmot kmoroktdrisdbrdaotinesmips ie iaan tdfpnrd"@ tmd dtdreity rdkoaadb oeb rd>

prdsdetdb witmie tmd ritd.

Rmis `dieh tmd kosd" wd fust ohrdd witm Pneoab )rifds

wmde md soysL

Rmdrd is o sdesd ie wmikm tmd d5drkisd is tmd

midrnpmoey. Pituoa syf`nas oeb hdsturds `dor

tmd sokrdb. <rdob bnds `dor tmd ,rdsdekd.Bnhs bn movd <ubbmo eoturd. Ic ditmdr bnhs nr

`rdob is iekopoàd nc `dorieh tmd sokrdb anob"

sn is dvdrytmieh dasd.@ 4-+2" ??8



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Ritual And Theatre by Roger Grainger