Equivalence

Riski Lestiono, M.A.

chapter 2 Malmkjaer some key concepts

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Catford

Translation:

The replacement of textual material in one lang. (SL) by equivalent textual material in another lang. (TL)

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Catford

Purposes of Translation:

Give insights into an alien society

Want the TT audiences to behave in a certain way after reading the TT

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Catford

Correspondence(Con)Textual Equivalence

Translation Shift5

Correspondence (Catford)

Any category (unit, class, structure) which can be said to occupy as nearly as possible the same place of economy between SL and TL

door vs pintu6

(Con)Textual Equivalence (Catford)

(Con)Textual equivalence is any TT or portion of it which is equivalent to a certain ST or portion of it.

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Translation shift (Catford)

Any deviation from the formal correspondence in TT as a result of translating process

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Translation shift 1

Structure Shift (grammatical structure)  

ST: Your reservation has been sent via email.  

TT: Kami telah menyampaikan pemesanan anda melalui email.  

Structure Shift

If one curses his father or his mother, (if-clause)

Siapa mengutuki ayah dan ibunya, (adj clause)

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ST: He wasn’t here yet.

TT: Dia belum datang.

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ST: Only one not being told

TT: kenapa dia baru diberitahu

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Translation shift 2

Class shift (part of speech)  ST: We have a very nice

discussion.  TT: Kami berdiskusi dengan

sangat menyenangkan.

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Class shift

Sekarang pemuda, besok pemimpin

Today is young, tomorrow is a leader.

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I want from you is to smile

Yang aku inginkan darimu hanya senyuman.

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Translation shift 3

Unit shift (rank: word, phrase, sentence)  

ST: daughter, son  

TT: anak perempuan, anak laki-laki

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Dear speakers

Yth para pembicara

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Translation shift 4

Intra-system shift  

ST: This is the place for cats.  TT: Ini adalah tempat untuk kucing.  

Within a language system   SL & TL have formal equivalence, but

the translator chooses non-corresponding term in TT.  

kucing instead of kucing-kucing

Dear protocols

Yth saudara pembawa acara

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ST: Untuk apa kau lari?TT: What are you running from?

ST: audience studioTT: penonton di studio

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In IRO toilet

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Setelah Menggunakan Kamar Mandi,(adv clause = sub-clause)

Harap Disiram Sampai Bersih(imparative sentence)

>> Complex sentence = Majemuk bertingkat ------------------------------------------------------

Keep this Restroom Clean (imperative sentence)

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Eugine Nida

Two types of Equivalence

1. Formal Equivalence:focuses on both form & content; accuracy & correctness

2. Dynamic Equivalence:focuses on naturalness of expression - relevant to the local culture

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Skopos Theory – Functional Approach

Skopos theory focuses on the purpose of the translation, which determines the methods and strategies of translating, which are employed to produce functionally adequate result (Munday, 2001: 79). 24

Skopos Theory

The idea is from Pragmatics.Specialized

texts/discourses/corporaThis theory really holds for

specialized texts i.e. medical-scientific text translated for the general public (commoners).

Adequacy vs. EquivalenceThe theory proposes the term

Adequacy instead of Equivalence.

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Skopos Theory

Skopos > purpose (Greek)

The action of translating is determined by its purpose

Main tenet:

The initiator of the translation act (i.e. client) specifies the TT.

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