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Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 1 SouthWRAP Summary Report
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Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment SouthWRAP Summary Report
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Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 0 SouthWRAP Summary Report
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IntroductionWelcome to the Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Summary
Report.
This tool allos users of the Professional 4ieer application of the
Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 5SWRA6 eb Portal 5SouthWRAP6
to define a specific pro7ect area and summari2e ildfire related
information for this area. A detailed risk summary report is
-enerated usin- a set of predefined map products de)eloped by the
Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment pro7ect hich ha)e been
summari2ed e$plicitly for the user defined pro7ect area. The report is
-enerated in 8S W*R format.
The report has been desi-ned so that information from the report
can easily be copied and pasted into other specific plans9 reports9 or
documents dependin- on user needs. /$amples include9 but are notlimited to9 Community Wildfire Protection Plans9 ,ocal +ire Plans9
+uels 8iti-ation Plans9 :a2ard 8iti-ation Plans9 :omeoner
Association Risk Assessments9 and +orest 8ana-ement or
Steardship Plans. +ormats and standards for these types of
reports )ary from state to state across the South9 and accordin-ly
SouthWRAP pro)ides the SWRA information in a -eneric risk report
format to facilitate use in any type of e$ternal document. The
SouthWRAP Risk Summary Report also stands alone as a )iable
depiction of current ildfire risk conditions for the user definedpro7ect area.
SouthWRAP pro)ides a consistent9 comparable set of scientific
results to be used as a foundation for ildfire miti-ation and
pre)ention plannin- in the South.
Results of the assessment can be used to help prioriti2e areas in the
state here miti-ation treatments9 community interaction andeducation9 or tactical analyses mi-ht be necessary to reduce risk
from ildfires.
Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment SouthWRAP Summary Report
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The SouthWRAP products included in this report are desi-ned to
pro)ide the information needed to support the folloin- key
priorities;
Identify areas that are most prone to ildfire
Identify areas that may re
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Products/ach product in this report is accompanied by a -eneral description9 table9 chart and>or map. A list of a)ailable SouthWRAP products in this
report is pro)ided in the folloin- table.
SouthWRAP Product Description
Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) epicts here humans and their structures meet or intermi$ ith ildland fuel
WUI Risk Index Represents a ratin- of the potential impact of a ildfire on people and their homes
Counit! Protection "ones Represents those areas desi-nated as primary and secondary priorities for community protection plannin-
#urn Probabilit!Probability of an area burnin- -i)en current landscape conditions9 percentile eather9 historical i-nition patterns and
historical fire pre)ention and suppression efforts
Wildfire I$nition Densit! ,ikelihood of a ildfire startin- based on historical i-nition patterns
Characteristic Rate of Spread Represents the speed ith hich a fire mo)es in a hori2ontal direction across the landscape
Characteristic %lae &en$th Represents the distance beteen the tip and base of the flame
%ire intensit! Scale ?uantifies the potential fire intensity for an area by orders of ma-nitude
%ire T!pe ' xtree Represents the potential fire type 5surface or canopy6 under e$treme percentile eather conditions
Surface %uels Contains the parameters needed to compute surface fire beha)ior characteristics
Doer *perabilit! Ratin$ ,e)el of difficulty to operate a do2er in an area based on limitations associated ith slope and )e-etation type
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Wildland Urban Interfaceescription
The South is one of the fastest -roin- re-ions in the nation9 ith
an estimated population -roth of 1. million people per year. The
South also consistently has the hi-hest number of ildfires per year.
Population -roth is pushin- housin- de)elopments further into
natural and forested areas here most of these ildfires occur. This
situation puts many li)es and communities at risk each year.
In particular9 the e$pansion of residential de)elopment from urban
centers out into rural landscapes9 increases the potential for
ildland fire threat to public safety and the potential for dama-e to
forest resources and dependent industries. This increase in
population across the re-ion ill impact counties and communities
that are located ithin the Wildland "rban Interface 5W"I6. The
W"I is described as the area here structures and other human
impro)ements meet and intermin-le ith unde)eloped ildland or
)e-etati)e fuels. Population -roth ithin the W"I substantially
increases the risk from ildfire.
+or the Sulli+ans Island pro7ect area9 it is estimated that ,-./0
people or 01 percent of the total pro7ect area population 539@0%6 li)e
ithin the W"I.
The Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) la!er reflects housin$ densit!
depictin$ 2here huans and their structures eet or interix2ith 2ildland fuels3
W"I housin- density is cate-ori2ed based on the standard +ederal
Re-ister and ".S. +orest Ser)ice SI,4IS data set cate-ories9 lon-
considered a de facto standard for depictin- W"I. :oe)er9 in the
SWRA W"I data the number of housin- density cate-ories is
e$tended to pro)ide a better -radation of housin- distribution to
meet specific re
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In the past9 con)entional ildland urban interface data sets9 such as
"S+S SI,4IS9 ha)e been used to reflect these concerns. :oe)er9
"S+S SI,4IS and other e$istin- data sources do not pro)ide the le)el
of detail for definin- population li)in- in the ildland as needed by
Southern state W"I specialists and local fire protection a-encies.
The ne SWRA W"I %@1% dataset is deri)ed usin- ad)anced
modelin- techni0@ac @ @.@ # 3.!
1hs>0@ac to 1hs>%@ac @ @.@ 33 %.1
1hs>%@ac to 1hs>1@ac @ @.@ #3 .3
1hs>1@ac to 1hs>ac @ @.@ 11= !.0
1hs>ac to 1hs>%ac 0% 1. %0% 1.
1hs>%ac to 3hs>1ac %9(0 (%.@ ((( =0.@
BT 3hs>1ac 1#3 =. 3@ %.@
Total ,-./0 /55356 /-78, /55356
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WUI Risk Indexescription
The Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Risk Index la!er is a ratin$ of
the potential ipact of a 2ildfire on people and their hoes . The
key input9 W"I9 reflects housin- density 5houses per acre6 consistent
ith +ederal Re-ister ational standards. The location of people
li)in- in the Wildland "rban Interface and rural areas is key
information for definin- potential ildfire impacts to people and
homes.
The W"I Risk Ratin- is deri)ed usin- a Response +unction modelin-
approach. Response functions are a method of assi-nin- a net
chan-e in the )alue to a resource or asset based on susceptibility to
fire at different intensity le)els9 such as flame len-th. The ran-e of)alues is from 1 to (9 ith 1 representin- the least ne-ati)e
impact and ( representin- the most ne-ati)e impact. +or e$ample9
areas ith hi-h housin- density and hi-h flame len-ths are rated (
hile areas ith lo housin- density and lo flame len-ths are
rated 1.
To calculate the W"I Risk Ratin-9 the W"I housin- density data as
combined ith +lame ,en-th data and response functions ere
defined to represent potential impacts. The response functions
ere defined by a team of e$perts based on )alues defined by the
SWRA "pdate Pro7ect technical team. 'y combinin- flame len-th
ith the W"I housin- density data9 you can determine here the
-reatest potential impact to homes and people is likely to occur.
Class Acres Percent
( 8a7or Impacts 1 1.@
# 313 %1.
! %=0 1#.%
= =3 0.3
8oderate !%# @.1
0 0! 3.%
3 11 @.#
% 1@ @.!
1 8inor Impacts 1 @.1
Total /-971 /55356
+ire intensity data is modeled to incorporate penetration into urban
frin-e areas so that outputs better reflect real orld conditions for
fire spread and impact in frin-e urban interface areas. With this
enhancement9 houses in urban areas ad7acent to ildland fuels are
incorporated into the W"I risk modelin-. All areas in the South ha)e
the W"I Risk Inde$ calculated consistently9 hich allos for
comparison and ordination of areas across the entire re-ion. ata is
modeled at a 3@meter cell resolution9 hich is consistent ithother SWRA layers.
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Counit! Protection "onesescription
Class Acres Percent
Primary 190 0#.(
Secondary 19%3 1.1
Total ,-0:: /55356
Counit! Protection "ones (CP") represent those areas considered hi$hest priorit! for iti$ation plannin$ acti+ities3 CP&s are based on an
analysis of the Where People ,i)e housin- density data and surroundin- fire beha)ior potential. Rate of Spread data is used to determine the
areas of concern around populated areas that are ithin a %hour fire spread distance. This is referred to as the Secondary CP&.
Beneral consensus amon- fire planners is that for fuel miti-ation treatments to be effecti)e in reducin- ildfire ha2ard9 they must be conducted
ithin a close distance of a community. In the South9 the W"I housin- density has been used to reflect populated areas in place of community
boundaries 5Primary CP&6. This ensures that CP&s reflect here people are li)in- in the ildland9 not 7urisdictional boundaries.
Secondary CP&s represent a )ariable idth buffer around populated areas that are ithin a %hour fire spread distance. Accordin-ly9 CP&s ill
e$tend farther in areas here rates of spread are -reater and less in areas here minimal rate of spread potential e$ists. Secondary CP&
boundaries inherently incorporate fire beha)ior conditions.
Primary CP&s reflect areas ith a predefined housin- density9 such as -reater than 1 house per %@ acres. Secondary CP&s are the areas around
Primary CP&s ithin a % hour fire spread distance.
All areas in the South ha)e the CP&s calculated consistently9 hich allos for comparison and ordination of areas across the entire re-ion. ata is
modeled at a 3@meter cell resolution9 hich is consistent ith other SWRA layers.
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#urn Probabilit!escription
The #urn Probabilit! (#P) la!er depicts the probabilit! of an area
burnin$ $i+en current landscape conditions- percentile 2eather-
historical i$nition patterns and historical fire pre+ention and
suppression efforts3
escribe in more detail9 it is the tendency of any -i)en pi$el to burn9
-i)en the static landscape conditions depicted by the ,A+IR/
Refresh %@@# dataset 5as resampled by +PA69 contemporary eather
and i-nition patterns9 as ell as contemporary fire mana-ement
policies 5entailin- considerable fire pre)ention and suppression
efforts6.
The 'P data does not9 and is not intended to9 depict firereturn
inter)als of any )inta-e9 nor do they indicate likely fire footprints or
routes of tra)el. othin- about the e$pected shape or si2e of any
actual fire incident can be interpreted from the burn probabilities.
Instead9 the 'P data9 in con7unction ith the +ire Pro-ram Analysts
+I, layers9 are intended to support an actuarial approach to
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Wildfire #eha+ior *utputsescription
%ire beha+ior is the anner in
2hich a fire reacts to the
follo2in$ en+ironentalinfluences;
1. %uels
%. Weather
3. Topo$raph!
+ire beha)ior characteristics are attributes of ildland fire that
pertain to its spread9 intensity9 and -roth. +ire beha)iorcharacteristics utili2ed in the Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment
5SWRA6 include fire type9 rate of spread9 flame len-th and fire
intensity scale. These metrics are used to determine the potential
fire beha)ior under different eather scenarios. Areas that e$hibit
moderate to hi-h fire beha)ior potential can be identified for
miti-ation treatments9 especially if these areas are in close
pro$imity to homes9 business9 or other assets.
%uels
The SWRA includes composition and characteristics for both surface
fuels and canopy fuels. Si-nificant increases in fire beha)ior ill be
captured if the fire has the potential to transition from a surface fire
to a canopy fire.
+uel datasets re
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trees9 not of an indi)idual tree. Canopy bulk density is used
to predict hether an acti)e cron fire is possible.
Weather
/n)ironmental eather parameters needed to compute fire
beha)ior characteristics include 1hour9 1@hour9 and 1@@hour
timela- fuel moistures9 herbaceous fuel moisture9 oody fuel
moisture9 and the %@foot 1@ minute a)era-e ind speed. To collect
this information9 eather influence 2ones ere established across
the re-ion. A eather influence 2one is an area here for analysis
purposes the eather on any -i)en day is considered uniform.
Within each eather influence 2one9 historical daily eather is
-athered to compile a eather dataset from hich four percentile
eather cate-ories are created. The percentile eather cate-ories
are intended to represent lo9 moderate9 hi-h9 and e$treme fire
eather days. +ire beha)ior outputs are computed for each
percentile eather cate-ory to determine fire potential under
different eather scenarios.
The four percentile eather cate-ories include;
,o Weather Percentile 5@ E 16
8oderate Weather Percentile 51= E (@6
:i-h Weather Percentile 5(1 E (!6
/$treme Weather Percentile 5(# E 1@@6
Topo$raph!
Topo-raphy datasets re xtree
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Characteristic Rate of SpreadCharacteristic Rate of Spread is the t!pical or representati+e rate of
spread of a potential fire based on a 2ei$hted a+era$e of four
percentile 2eather cate$ories. Rate of spread is the speed ithhich a fire mo)es in a hori2ontal direction across the landscape9
usually e$pressed in chains per hour 5ch>hr6 or feet per minute
5ft>min6. +or purposes of the Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment9
this measurement represents the ma$imum rate of spread of the
fire front. Rate of Spread is the metric used to deri)e the
Community Protection &ones.
Rate of Spread Acres Percent
on'urnable =9%!# !3.@
@ 5ch>hr6 !! @.(
1@ 5ch>hr6 10 1.!
1@ E 1 5ch>hr6 1@ 1.%
1 %@ 5ch>hr6 1@@ 1.%
%@ 3@ 5ch>hr6 1! %.@
3@ @ 5ch>hr6 30 =.%
@ 1@ 5ch>hr6 191#% 13.#
1@ F 5ch>hr6 @ @.@
Total .-707 /55356
Rate of spread is a fire beha)ior output9 hich is influenced by three
en)ironmental factors fuels9 eather9 and topo-raphy. Weather is
by far the most dynamic )ariable as it chan-es fre
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Characteristic %lae &en$thCharacteristic %lae &en$th is the t!pical or representati+e flae
len$th of a potential fire based on a 2ei$hted a+era$e of four
percentile 2eather cate$ories. +lame ,en-th is defined as the
distance beteen the flame tip and the midpoint of the flame depth
at the base of the flame9 hich is -enerally the -round surface. It is
an indicator of fire intensity and is often used to estimate ho much
heat the fire is -eneratin-. +lame len-th is typically measured in
feet 5ft6. +lame len-th is the measure of fire intensity used to
-enerate the response inde$ outputs for the SWRA.
%lae &en$th Acres Percent
on'urnable =9%!# !3.@
@ % ft 10( 1.!
% 0 ft %3% %.!
0 # ft =#! #.@
# 1% ft 19%0@ 10.0
1% %@ ft ( @.1
%@ 3@ ft @ @.@
3@ F ft @ @.@
Total .-707 /55356+lame len-th is a fire beha)ior output9 hich is influenced by three
en)ironmental factors fuels9 eather9 and topo-raphy. Weather is
by far the most dynamic )ariable as it chan-es fre
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Characteristic %ire Intensit! Scaleescription
Characteristic %ire Intensit! Scale (%IS) specificall! identifies areas
2here si$nificant fuel haards and associated dan$erous fire
beha+ior potential exist based on a 2ei$hted a+era$e of four
percentile 2eather cate$ories. Similar to the Richter scale for
earth
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Since all areas in the South ha)e fire intensity scale calculated
consistently9 it allos for comparison and ordination of areas across
the entire re-ion.
+ire intensity scale is a fire beha)ior output9 hich is influenced by
three en)ironmental factors fuels9 eather9 and topo-raphy.
Weather is by far the most dynamic )ariable as it chan-esfre
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Class Acres Percent
on'urnable =91!3 !1.#
1 ,oest Intensity 1( 1.#
1. 3% @.0
% ,o #! 1.@
%. 0 @.
3 8oderate =1% !.1
3. #3 1.@
0 :i-h 190@3 1=.3
0. 1 @.@
:i-hest Intensity @ @.@
Total .-707 /55356
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%ire T!pe > xtree
Surface %ire
A fire that spreads throu-h surface fuel ithout consumin-
any o)erlyin- canopy fuel. Surface fuels include -rass9
timber litter9 shrub>brush9 slash and other dead or li)e)e-etation ithin about = feet of the -round.
Passi+e Canop! %ire
A type of cron fire in hich the crons of indi)idual trees
or small -roups of trees burn9 but solid flamin- in the
canopy cannot be maintained e$cept for short periods
5Scott D Reinhardt9 %@@16.
Acti+e Canop! %ire
A cron fire in hich the entire fuel comple$ 5canopy6 is
in)ol)ed in flame9 but the cronin- phase remains
dependent on heat released from surface fuel for
continued spread 5Scott D Reinhardt9 %@@16.
There are to primary fire types E surface fire and canopy fire. Canopy fire can be further subdi)ided into passi)e canopy fire and acti)e canopy
fire. A short description of each of these is pro)ided belo.
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%ire T!pe Acres Percent
on'urnable =91=1 !1.!
Surface +ire %901 %#.1
Passi)e Canopy 1# @.%
Acti)e Canopy @ @.@
Total .-707 /55356
%ire T!pe ' xtree represents the potential fire t!pe under the extree percentile 2eather cate$or!3 The e$treme percentile eather
cate-ory represents the a)era-e eather based on the top three percent fire eather days in the analysis period. It is not intended to represent
a orst case scenario eather e)ent. Accordin-ly9 the potential fire type is based on fuel conditions9 e$treme percentile eather9 and
topo-raphy.
Canopy fires are )ery dan-erous9 destructi)e and difficult to control due to their increased fire intensity. +rom a plannin- perspecti)e9 it is
important to identify here these conditions are likely to occur on the landscape so that special preparedness measure can be taken if necessary.
The +ire Type E /$treme layer shos the footprint of here these areas are most likely to occur. :oe)er9 it is important to note that canopy
fires are not restricted to these areas. "nder the ri-ht conditions9 it can occur in other canopied areas.
+or all Southern states9 e$cept +lorida and Te$as9 this dataset as deri)ed from updated fuels and canopy data as part of the %@1@ SWRA "pdate
Pro7ect recently completed in 8ay %@10. +or Te$as9 the %@1@ Te$as risk update data is portrayed. +or +lorida9 the %@1@ +lorida risk assessment
update data is shon.
The fire type e$treme map is deri)ed at a 3@meter resolution. This scale of data as chosen to be consistent ith the accuracy of the primary
surface fuels dataset used in the assessment. While not appropriate for site specific analysis9 it is appropriate for re-ional9 county or local
plannin- efforts.
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Surface %uelsescription
Surface fuels- or fire beha+ior fuel odels as the! are technicall!
referred to- contain the paraeters needed b! the Rotherel
(/0:,) surface fire spread odel to copute surface fire beha+iorcharacteristics- such as rate of spread- flae len$th- fireline
intensit!- and other fire beha+ior etrics3 As the name mi-ht
su--est9 surface fuels only account for the surface fire potential.
Canopy fire potential is computed throu-h a separate but linked
process. The Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment accounts for both
surface and canopy fire potential in the f ire beha)ior outputs.
Surface fuels are typically cate-ori2ed into one of four primary fuel
types based on the primary carrier of the surface fire; 16 -rass9 %6
shrub>brush9 36 timber litter and 06 slash. There are to standard
fire beha)ior fuel model sets published for use. The +ire 'eha)ior
Prediction System 1(#% +uel 8odel Set 5Anderson9 1(#%6 contains
13 fuel models and the +ire 'eha)ior Prediction System %@@ +uel
8odel Set 5Scott D 'ur-an9 %@@6 contains 0@ fuel models.
The SWRA Surface +uels ha)e been updated to use the +'PS %@@
0@ fuel model set from the ,A+IR/ %@1@ products9 supplemented
ith additional enhancements obtained throu-h calibration
orkshops ith the Southern states. +lorida uses +'PS 1(#% fuel
models deri)ed based on spectral classification of ,andsat Thematic
8apper 5T86 satellite ima-ery deri)ed as part of the +lorida +orestSer)ice fuels mappin- and risk assessment pro7ects. Te$as fuels
represent %@1@ updates conducted as part of a stateide fuels and
canopy mappin- effort.
+or the remainin- 11 Southern states9 the recently completed SWRA
"pdate pro7ect produced a ne surface fuels dataset based on %@1@
,A+IR/ products. A detailed fuels calibration process as
undertaken that in)ol)ed collaboration ith Southern state fuels
and fire beha)ior specialists supported by federal partner
in)ol)ement. Workshops ere held to re)ie the ,A+IR/ fuels
product and calibrate the data by modifyin- specific fuels classes to
better reflect local knoled-e and input. A key component of this
calibration task in)ol)ed usin- ima-e processin- technior forb type6
BR@1Brass is short9 patchy9 and possibly hea)ily -ra2ed. Spread rate moderateG flame
len-th lo.=1 @.!
BR@%8oderately coarse continuous -rass9 a)era-e depth about 1 foot. Spread rate hi-hG
flame len-th moderate.% @.@
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Surface %uel Description Acres Percent
BR@34ery coarse -rass9 a)era-e depth about % feet. Spread rate hi-hG flame len-th
moderate.@ @.@
BR@08oderately coarse continuous -rass9 a)era-e depth about % feet. Spread rate )ery
hi-hG flame len-th hi-h.@ @.@
BR@ense9 coarse -rass9 a)era-e depth about 1 to % feet. Spread rate )ery hi-hG flame
len-th hi-h.@ @.@
BR@= ryland -rass about 1 to % feet tall. Spread rate )ery hi-hG flame len-th )ery hi-h. @ @.@
BR@#:ea)y9 coarse9 continuous -rass 3 to feet tall. Spread rate )ery hi-hG flame len-th
)ery hi-h.190%% 1=.
BR@(4ery hea)y9 coarse9 continuous -rass to # feet tall. Spread rate e$tremeG flame
len-th e$treme.@ @.@
@rass>Shrub %uel T!pe ?odels 5mi$ture of -rass and shrub9 up to @ percent shrub co)era-e6
BS@1Shrubs are about 1 foot hi-h9 lo -rass load. Spread rate moderateG flame len-th
lo.33 @.0
BS@%Shrubs are 1 to 3 feet hi-h9 moderate -rass load. Spread rate hi-hG flame len-th
moderate.@ @.@
BS@38oderate -rass>shrub load9 a)era-e -rass>shrub depth less than % feet. Spread rate
hi-hG flame len-th moderate.@ @.@
BS@0:ea)y -rass>shrub load9 depth -reater than % feet. Spread rate hi-hG flame len-th
)ery hi-h.@ @.@
Shrub %uel T!pe ?odels 5Shrubs co)er at least @ percent of the site9 -rass sparse to none$istent6
S:@1,o shrub fuel load9 fuelbed depth about 1 footG some -rass may be present. Spread
rate )ery loG flame len-th )ery lo.@ @.@
S:@%8oderate fuel load 5hi-her than S:@169 depth about 1 foot9 no -rass fuel present.
Spread rate loG flame len-th lo.@ @.@
S:@38oderate shrub load9 possibly ith pine o)erstory or herbaceous fuel9 fuel bed
depth % to 3 feet. Spread rate loG flame len-th lo.@ @.@
S:@0,o to moderate shrub and litter load9 possibly ith pine o)erstory9 fuel bed depth
about 3 feet. Spread rate hi-hG flame len-th moderate.@ @.@
S:@ :ea)y shrub load9 depth 0 to = feet. Spread rate )ery hi-hG flame len-th )ery hi-h. @ @.@
S:@=ense shrubs9 little or no herb fuel9 depth about % feet. Spread rate hi-hG flame
len-th hi-h.%@ @.%
S:@!4ery hea)y shrub load9 depth 0 to = feet. Spread rate loer than S:@9 but flame
len-th similar. Spread rate hi-hG flame len-th )ery hi-h.1 @.@
S:@#ense shrubs9 little or no herb fuel9 depth about 3 feet. Spread rates hi-hG flame
len-th hi-h.@ @.@
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Surface %uel Description Acres Percent
S:@(ense9 finely branched shrubs ith si-nificant fine dead fuel9 about 0 to = feet tallG
some herbaceous fuel may be present. Spread rate hi-h9 flame len-th )ery hi-h.% @.@
Tiber>Understor! %uel T!pe ?odels 5Brass or shrubs mi$ed ith litter from forest canopy6
T"@1+uelbed is lo load of -rass and>or shrub ith litter. Spread rate loG flame len-th
lo.@ @.@
T"@%+uelbed is moderate litter load ith shrub component. Spread rate moderateG flame
len-th lo. @.1
T"@3+uelbed is moderate litter load ith -rass and shrub components. Spread rate hi-hG
flame len-th moderate.!% =.!
T"@+uelbed is hi-h load conifer litter ith shrub understory. Spread rate moderateG
flame len-th moderate.@ @.@
Tiber &itter %uel T!pe ?odels 5dead and don oody fuel litter beneath a forest canopy6
T,@1,i-ht to moderate load9 fuels 1 to % inches deep. Spread rate )ery loG flame len-th
)ery lo.@ @.@
T,@% ,o load9 compact. Spread rate )ery loG flame len-th )ery lo. 13( 1.=
T,@3 8oderate load conifer litter. Spread rate )ery loG flame len-th lo. 10 @.%
T,@08oderate load9 includes small diameter doned lo-s. Spread rate loG flame len-th
lo.@ @.@
T,@:i-h load conifer litterG li-ht slash or mortality fuel. Spread rate loG flame len-th
lo.@ @.@
T,@= 8oderate load9 less compact. Spread rate moderateG flame len-th lo. 3 @.0
T,@#8oderate load and compactness may include small amount of herbaceous load.
Spread rate moderateG flame len-th lo.@ @.@
T,@(4ery hi-h load broadleaf litterG hea)y needledrape in otherise sparse shrub layer.
Spread rate moderateG flame len-th moderate.@ @.@
Slash>#lo2do2n %uel T!pe ?odels 5acti)ity fuel>slash or debris from ind dama-e6
S'@1 ,o load acti)ity fuel. Spread rate moderateG flame len-th lo. @ @.@
S'@%8oderate load acti)ity or lo load blodon. Spread rate moderateG flame len-th
moderate.@ @.@
S'@3:i-h load acti)ity fuel or moderate load blodon. Spread rate hi-hG flame len-th
hi-h.@ @.@
Custo %uel T!pe ?odels (all states except %lorida)
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Surface %uel Description Acres Percent
(PP, ,on-needle 5pine litter9 plantations6 ith a hi-h load = @.1
BR@1h Pasture and hayland %1 @.%
on>burnable %uel T!pe ?odels 5insufficient ildland fuel to carry a ildland fire under any condition6
'@1"rban or suburban de)elopmentG insufficient ildland fuel to carry ildland fire.
Includes roads.#%# (.=
'@3 A-ricultural field9 maintained in nonburnable condition. 1% @.1
'@# *pen ater 9%1@ =@.=
'@( 'are -round %13 %.
/0., %ire #eha+ior Prediction S!ste ' *&B USD %*R %&*RIDA ASSSS?T
+8 1 Short -rass @ @.@
+8 % Timber -rass and understory @ @.@
+8 3 Tall -rass @ @.@
+8 0 Chaparral @ @.@
+8 'rush @ @.@
+8 = ormant brush @ @.@
+8 ! Southern rou-h @ @.@
+8 # Compact timber litter @ @.@
+8 ( :ardood litter @ @.@
+8 1@ Timber 5understory6 @ @.@
+8 11 ,i-ht lo--in- slash @ @.@
+8 1% 8edium lo--in- slash @ @.@
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Doer *perabilit! Ratin$escription
The Doer *perabilit! Ratin$ (D*R) expresses ho2 difficult it is to
operate a doer in an area based on l iitations associated 2ith
slope and +e$etation
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ReferencesAnderson9 :. /. 51(#%6. Aids to determinin- fuel models for estimatin- fire beha)ior. "SA +or. Ser). Ben. Tech. Rep. IT1%%.
obson9 H. /.9 /. A. 'ri-ht9 P. R. Coleman9 and '.,. 'haduri. ,andScan; a -lobal population database for estimatin- populations at risk. Remotely
Sensed Cities /d. 4. 8ese)9 ,ondon; Taylor D +rancis. %@@3. %=!%#1.
+ire Pro-ram Analysis 5+PA6 System and "S +orest Ser)ice 8issoula +ire Sciences ,aboratory9 %@10@3@!9 'urn Probabilities for the Conterminous
"S 5%!@m BRI6 from Calibrated +Sim Runs for the %@10 +PA Submissions JbpK%@10@3@!L;9 +ire Pro-ram Analysis 5+PA6 System9 ationalIntera-ency +ire Center9 'oise9 I.
ational Wildfire Coordinatin- Broup 5WCB6. 5%@@#6. Blossary of Wildland +ire Terminolo-y. Publication 8ana-ement System document P8S
%@.
Radeloff9 4.C.9 R.'. :ammer9 S.I Steart9 H.S. +ried9 S.S. :olcomb9 and H.+. 8cMeefry. %@@. The Wildland "rban Interface in the "nited States.
/colo-ical Applications 1; !((#@
Scott9 H. :.9 D 'ur-an9 R. /. 5%@@6. Standard +ire 'eha)ior +uel 8odels; A Comprehensi)e Set for "se ith RothermelNs Surface +ire Spread
8odel. +t. Collins9 C*9 Rocky 8ountain Research Station; "SA +orest Ser)ice9 Ben. Tech. Rpt. R8RSBTR13.
Scott9 H. :.9 D Reinhardt9 /. . 5%@@16. Assessin- the Cron +ire Potential by ,inkin- 8odels of Surface and Cron +ire 'eha)ior. +t. Collins9 C*9
Rocky 8ountain Research Station; "SA +orest Ser)ice9 Research Paper R8RSRP%(.
Scott9 Hoe. o)ember %@@=. *ff the Richter; 8a-nitude and Intensity Scales for Wildland +ire. A nonpublished hite paper prepared for the A+/
+ire Con-ress9 o)ember %@@=9 San ie-o9 CA.
Thompson9 8. P.9 . /. Calkin9 8. A. +inney9 A. A. A-er9 and H. W. Bilbertsonay. %@11. Inte-rated ationalScale Assessment of Wildfire Risk to
:uman and /colo-ical 4alues. Stochastic /n)ironmental Research and Risk Assessment %;!=1!#@.
8ore information about the +ire Pro-ram Analysis pro7ect is a)ailable from
http;>>.forestsandran-elands.-o)>W+IT>applications>+PA>inde$.shtml
8ore information about the *ak Rid-e ational ,aboratory ,andScan data is a)ailable from
http;>>eb.ornl.-o)>sci>landscan>landscanKdocumentation.shtml
8ore information about the ".S. +orest Ser)ice SI,4IS data is a)ailable from http;>>sil)is.forest.isc.edu>maps>uiKmain
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