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Risk Assessment and Monitoring for Environmental Chemicals. Pramod Kumar Gupta Environmental Engineer Central Pollution Control Board Delhi INDIA. J.I.C.A. Kobe, Japan. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Risk Assessment and Monitoring for Environmental
ChemicalsPramod Kumar Gupta
Environmental Engineer
Central Pollution Control Board
Delhi
INDIA
J.I.C.A. Kobe, Japan
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
Endocrine disrupting chemicals consist of synthetic and naturally occurring chemicals that affect the balance of normal hormonal functions in animals. Depending on their activity they may be characterized as estrogen modulators or androgen modulators. They may mimic the sex hormones estrogen or androgen or they may block the activities of estrogen or androgen.
E.g. Benzo (A) pyrene, Bisphenol - A, Cadmium, DDT, Lead, PCBs, 2,3,7,8 - TCDD
Effects on wild animals by EDC
Imposex : Small shell fish, oyster, snail induced by TBT bioaccumulation.
Increased population of bi – sex fish in under – stream of sewage plant or pulp factory : alkyl phenol ethoxylates, difurans, PCBs.
Feminization of male seagull or masculization of female seagull – organo chlorine pesticides, PCBs.
Decreased population of western gull in California – organo chlorine pesticides, PCBs.
Suspected effects in human by EDC
Increased endometritis in woman – Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons.
Increased mammary tumors in women – organic chlorine pesticides, PAH.
Decreased number and concentration of sperm in men.
Increased testicular tumors in men.
Increased prostate tumors in men.
Adverse effects on development of nervous system in children.
Risk of a synthetic pesticide Workers or farmers who usually handle large amount of pesticide as profession.
High risk of direct exposure.
Ordinary people who are exposed to pesticides indirectly through foods at extremely lower levels.
Exposed to whole life.
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
ADI = Non – observed effect level / Factor of Safety
Factor of Safety = Species difference x Individual difference
= 10 x 10
= 100
When Human Risk cannot be wiped out – Committee reject to set an ADI
ADI of PCB and Pesticides
Chemical ADI (mg/kg bodyweight/day)
PCB 0.005
-BHC 0.008
Malathion 0.02
Fenitrothion 0.005
Diazinon 0.002
Legend for Standards of Pesticide Regulation
Tolerance for Pesticide Residue :
Upper most residue level of a pesticide in food to ensure the ADI.
Standard for withholding registration :
Uppermost residue level of a pesticide in food and fresh water to ensure the tolerance for pesticide residue.
Direction for safe use of agricultural chemicals :
Concentration of the chemical, frequency and adequate time for application
Guidance for safe use of agricultural chemicals in field workers :
Use of mask, hand gloves, eye glasses, long sleeve shirts
The Basic Principle of Waste Disposal Effort to minimize the amount of waste Segregated disposal Promotion of resource recovery and recycling Reduction of volume, creation of harmless waste Final treatment of residue
Final Disposal Site• Strictly controlled land fill site : Hazardous material
• Least controlled land fill site : Rubber, Plastic, glass waste
• Controlled land fill site : Live stock excreta, animal and
plant residue, sludge.
Purpose for Incineration of Waste
• Volume Reduction :Combustible Compounds CO2 ExhaustWater SteamInert Material Ash Land fill
• Deodorization :
Temperature > 700° C – Thermal decomposition of offensive odor components.
• Detoxification :
High temperature – Decomposition of PCBs, infectious organism.
Advantages of Incineration• No land requirement• Power generation• Cooling and Heating
Disadvantages of IncinerationSecondary Pollution –
• Dust Exhaust Gas treatment• HCl Waster water treatment
• SO2 Detoxification of ash
• NOX
• Dioxins• Heavy Metals
Dioxin Reduction at source
Furnace Temperature > 850° CRetention Time > 2 SecsCombustion Gas Turbulence
CO < 30 ppm
Avoid CO peak > 100 ppm
Sources of PCBTransformerCarbon free paperSealant PCBFluorescent
90% of PCB still remaining in environment
Special Control Law for Dioxins, 2000
Definition Poly Chlorinated dibenzo furan (PCDF) Poly Chlorinated dibenzo- para-dioxin
(PCDD) Coplanar poly chlorinated biphenyl
Tolerable Daily Intake – 4 pg-TEQ/kg/dayEnvironmental Quality Standards –
Water Quality – 1 pg-TEQ/l (Annual avg.) Soil – 1000 pg-TEQ/g, max Emission Standards – 0.1 ng-TEQ/Nm3
Basic Environment Law, 1993 Environmental Quality Standards:
Air Pollution Water Pollution Noise Pollution Soil Pollution
Air Pollution Air Pollution control law Road Transport and Motor Vehicle law Electric utilized industry law Gas utility industry law
Water Pollution Water Pollution control law Sewerage law Law concerning special measures for the
conservation of lake water quality
Soil Pollution Agricultural land soil pollution prevention law
Noise Pollution Noise regulation law Road transport and motor vehicle law
Production Law concerning examination and regulation
of manufacture and handling of chemical substances
Agriculture chemicals regulation law Waste
Waste disposal (Management) Law Containers and packaging recycling law Home appliances recycling law Construction Materials recycling law Food recycling law Law on recycling of end – of – life vehicles Enactment of the special measures to
process PCB
Impact of Agro – Eco system on Atmospheric and Aquatic
Environment
Excess Nitrogen (Fertilizer) causes high Nitrate in Ground water
Emits N2O, NO & NH3
Emits CH4 & CO2 – Global warming
Continuous Ambient Air quality Monitoring Station
SPMSO2
NOX
O3 (Alarm if > 120 ppb)
Radiation
Continuous Water Quality Monitoring Station
DO pH EC COD Temperature Turbidity Total Phosphorous Total Nitrogen
Visit of Minatojima Clean Center
Domestic waste incinerator Central control room Bulky waste crusher ESP Desulphurisation equipment
Environmental Standards SPM : 30 mg/Nm3
NOX : 150 ppm or below HCl : 4.8 mg/Nm3
Dioxin : 0.1 ng – TEQ / Nm3
Sewage Treatment Plant, Kobe Port Island
Screen Channel Grit Channel Equalization tank First Sedimentation Tank Bioreactors Final Sedimentation Tank Chlorination Tank Sand Filtration Sludge dewatered Incineration Environmental Standards – Compliance
(including dioxin : 10 pg/l, PCB : 0.003 mg/l)
Minamata Disease Chisso Co. : Production Acetaldehyde Methyl Mercury compound discharged in
Minamata Bay Fish contaminated with Methyl Mercury Consumption of Contaminated fish by humans Development of Minamata Disease In 1968 production of Acetaldehyde closed Dredging of contaminated bottom sediment
and reclaimed area
Visit of Kobe offshore Reclamation Disposal Site
Innovative project : No land requirementWaste Material transported by marine
transportation Iron sheet encloses the siteEffluent treatment plantCreating a new land.
Akoh Cement PlantUtilization of Waste material Tyre waste as fuel Blast furnace slag Fly ashAPCE : Bag Filter / ESP
Matsushita Eco Technology Center Co. Ltd.Law for recycling of specified Home Appliances
Recycling:
• TVs• AC• Washing Machines• Refrigerators
Sanyo Electric Company
Ni – Cd Storage Battery Cd in effluent Waste water treatment plant Contamination of rice due to effluent
containing Cd Effect on Human – ouch – ouch Disease Effluent standard for Cd – 0.1 mg/l Water quality standard for Cd – 0.01 mg/l MRL of Cd in Rice – 1 mg/kg Ambient Air quality standard – 1 mg/Nm3
Principle & Operation of Analytical instruments
pH Meter EC Meter Turbidity Meter DO Meter MLSS Meter Stack Monitor for NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 & O2
Ambient Air quality monitor for CO, SO2, NOX, HC, O3
Automobile exhaust emission monitor for CO, CO2, HC Automobile exhaust testing at Manufacturing stage
Gas Chromatograph GC – MSHigh Performance liquid chromatographLC – MSSpectrophotometerAtomic Absorption spectrophotometer
Precise Measurement of Environmental Micro-pollutants by Chromatograph
Chromatography Separation from co-existing substances
Mass spectrometry Accurate detection and identification
GC/MS Volatile, non polar and thermal stable compound Mobile phase : gas
LC/MS Non - Volatile, polar and thermal unstable
compound Mobile phase : liquid
Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Analysis of biomass in soil treated with pesticide
Rapid analysis of soil for pH ( by pH meter), electrical conductivity (by EC meter), NH4, NO3, NO2,P2O5,K2O,CaO, MgO, Fe++, Zn, Cl, SO4 (by kit)
Analysis of Cu and Zn in soil by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Analysis of Cu, Zn and Cd in soil by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer
Analysis of NO3 in spinach and komatsuna (vegetable)
Water quality examination for pH, EC, DO, COD (by Pack Test Kit)
Analysis of phosphorous ion in various water samples by Spectrophotometer.
Analysis of NO3-N in various water samples by Ion Chromatograph.
Analysis of organo chlorine insecticides in agricultural soil by GC/ECD
Sampling and analysis of soil from onion field for fenitorothion insecticide residue after 3,5,7 & 14 days of its application by GC/ECD
Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Env. Sciences
Analysis of PCB in sea sediment sample of zaimoku port area by GC/MS
Rapid analysis of PCB in Amagasaki river sediment sample by ELISA Kit method
Analysis of pesticides in spiked water sample by solid phase extraction and liquid liquid extraction method.
Analysis of VOC (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in ambient air.
Monitoring of site polluted with VOC and its analysis
Rapid analysis of cyanide, phenol and ammonia in water sample by Pack Test Kit
Determination of hardness in mineral water (bottled)
Analysis of lead and cadmium in water sample by Flame Type Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and Inductively Coupled Plasma with ultrasonic aerosol generator
Analysis of mercury in water samples
Monitoring and analysis of ambient PM10 by low volume sampler and high volume sampler
Kobe Quarantine Station Simultaneous analysis method is used to test
organo phosphorus, pyrethroid and organo compounds pesticides
Analysis of organo phosphorus pesticide residue in orange (imported from U.S.A.) and organo phosphorus pesticide residue in corn by GC – FPD
Recovery of 7 pesticides test in spiked paprika
GC-MS for qualitative analysis
Screening method followed by official method
Good laboratory practices
Pesticide level < MRL value.
Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Uses two types of proteins:
1. Antibody : High structure – recognitionImmune system of Vertebrate
Antigen – Antibody reaction
2. Enzyme : High sensitivityEnzyme reaction
Detect Atomole (10-15 M) level
Kobe UniversityAnalysis of river water sample spiked
with simetryn by ELISA method and HPLC method.
Analysis of water sample spiked with Bisphenol – A by ELISA kit (Microplate)
Analysis of water sample spiked with Bisphenol – A by ELISA kit (Tube)
Functions of my Organization
To formulate the environmental quality standards and emission / effluent standards;
Advise the Central Govt. on all pollution related matter;
Plan a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution;
Co-ordination with SPCBs;
Provide technical assistance and guidance to SPCBs Carry out and sponsor investigation and research relating to pollution;
Organize training of persons;
Organize through mass media, a comprehensive mass awareness programme on prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution;
Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to pollution;
Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents as well as for stack gas cleaning devices, stacks and ducts;
Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution and their prevention and control;
Action Plan To initiate studies on Risk Assessment of
Environmental Chemicals such as dioxins, PCB, pesticide
To introduce the ELISA method for monitoring of endocrine disruptors such as PCB, dioxin, bisphenol A. This method is cheaper in comparison to instrumental analysis & getting popularize.
To initiate effective monitoring of PCB & heavy metal in sea sediment of ship dismantling site
Environmental Management Plan to control pollution at ship dismantling site
To disseminate / share the knowledge gained during training
To make efforts to increase the utilization of waste material such as flyash, blast furnace slag, phosphogypsum and incinerable hazardous waste in cement manufacturing.
To develop environmental standards of SO2, NOX and dioxins for cement industry through National Task Force.
To promote the concept of recycling and reuse of waste material
To pursue the entrepreneurs to install continuous emission monitoring system in industries
To develop emission standards of dioxins for Bio medical waste incinerator
Custom duty rebate on import of pollution monitoring instruments such as GC-MS, ELISA kit etc.
To introduce soil pollution law. Pesticide monitoring in river water. To review the limit of PCB in sludge/waste to cover it
under Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989.
To make awareness regarding impact of agricultural field on global warming
To motivate industries to take voluntary pollution control measures
Enforcement of environmental standards including monitoring of environmental contaminants in & around cement and asbestos based industries.
Formulation / development of policy & guidelines related to industrial pollution control.
Public involvement for keeping checks of the industrial discharge i.e. surveillance activities.
Hazardous and Solid Waste Management.
Restoration and preservation of quality of rivers / lakes due to discharge of untreated / partially treated municipal waste water.
Installation and commissioning of the pollution control systems especially by a large number of small scale industries.
Ensuring proper operation and maintenance of the effluent treatment plants by the industries.
Flyash management.
Adoption of cleaner technologies.
THANK YOU