Rise to World Power: The U.S. Continues to Expand 1865-1917 Why
did the United States extend its influence to other regions in the
late 1800s?
Slide 2
Was the purchase of Alaska in 1867 ($7.2 million) a good idea
or a bad idea? Why?
Slide 3
American Foreign Policy Late 1800s- Began to reject previous
policies of isolationism; already practiced expansionism by
fulfilling Manifest Destiny.
Slide 4
Japan 1853: Commodore Matthew Perry travels to Japan with four
warships and requests the Japanese to open ports for trade. RESULT:
Treaty of Kanagawa- Beginning of U.S. Imperialism
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Imperialism Stronger nations extend political, military, and
economic control over weaker nations
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The U.S. felt the need to compete with European nations, which
had been establishing colonies for centuries. -Africa -Asia (China)
Japan was also becoming a world power by the end of the 1900s.
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Three factors fueling development of American Imperialism
Economic Interests- Expansion increases financial prosperity (new
resources, markets) Military Interests- follow lead of Europeans
and establish military presence Cultural Superiority- Govt,
religion or race is superior to other societies
Slide 9
In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward (Pres. Lincoln)
purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.
Slide 10
Response Seward was criticized: Polar Bear Garden and Sewards
Icebox Turned out to be bargain for U.S. Seward considered
acquiring Hawaii
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American Interests in Latin America
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The Monroe Doctrine led to flourishing trade with Latin
America. American merchants wanted to extend U.S. economic
influence in the region. 1889: Pan-American Conference in D.C.
leads to Pan-American Union.
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Imperialism in the Pacific In 1867 William Seward also acquired
the Pacific islands of Midway as an important stopping place for
American ships en route to China.
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The annexation of Hawaii Independent; ruled by monarchy.
Wealthy (U.S.) planters dominated economy. Queen Liliuokalani
-planters had too much influence 1887: U.S. naval base at Pearl
Harbor Tariffs placed on Hawaiian sugar: planters argued Hawaii
should become territory of the United States. Planters: 1893-
overthrew Queen,set up govt, requested U.S. annexation Pres.
Harrison approved treaty; sent to Senate. Cleveland becomes Pres.
& withdraws treaty. 1900- Annexation of Hawaii as
territory
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Islands of Samoa Site of US Naval Station Special trading
rights w/ US, Germany, and Great Britain; competed for power 1899:
Germany and US split and annexed Samoa Islands
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China and the Open Door Policy China weakened by war with Japan
Could not stop foreign powers that wanted to exploit its vast
resources and marketsexploit Japan and European powers carved out
spheres of influencesections of the country where the nations
enjoyed special rights and powersin China by the late 1890s.
spheres of influence
Slide 18
US Secretary of State John Hay proposed an Open Door policy
which gave each foreign nation in China rights to trade freely in
the other nations spheres of influence
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After Boxer Rebellion, foreign powers accepted Hays Open Door
policy. In July, 222 Chinese Eastern Orthodox Christians, 182
Protestant missionaries and 500 Chinese Protestants, including
women and children were killed in the Taiyuan Massacre.
Slide 20
Japan (again) Eager to expand its power in Asia, Japan attacked
a Russian fleet in Manchuria, starting the Russo-Japanese War
President Roosevelt negotiated Treaty of Portsmouth-recognized
Japans control of Korea in return for Japans pledge to halt
expansion.
Slide 21
Spanish American War Cuba -island 90 miles off of the coast of
Florida -struggled for independence from Spain - Spanish rule is
oppressive U.S. identifies with struggle. also : Economic interest
in sugarcane plantations - 1894 sugar tariff disrupts Cuban economy
- Jose Marti gathers money, arms, and men; leads rebellion from New
York
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Rebellion against Spain General Valeriano Butcher Weyler
(leader of Spanish troops) forced Cubans into Reconcentration Camps
to separate them from Cuban rebels Horrifying conditions: hunger,
starvation, diseases: 10,000s deaths (25% population)
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Americas Reaction Revolt alarms U.S. ($50 million in interests
in plantations) Yellow Journalism fuels push for war
Sensationalized news reports of atrocities in Cuba stir American
publics emotions: -The World- Pullitzer -The New York Journal-
Hearst Male Spanish officials strip search an American woman
tourist in Cuba looking for messages from rebels;touristCuba front
page "yellow journalism" from Hearst (Artist: Frederic
Remington_Frederic Remington Americans want action; President
McKinley doesnt. He demands Spains harsh treatment of Cuba
stop.
Slide 24
A Splendid Little War President McKinley sent the warship Maine
to Havana to protect American citizens and property. American
newspapers blamed Spain when the Maine exploded, which triggered
the Spanish- American war.
Slide 25
Remember the Maine!
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War at Sea: Dewey and fleet of six US ships defeat Spain at
Manila Bay in Philippines. 17,000 U.S. troops land in Cuba.
Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough Riders to victory in the Battle of
San Juan Hill.
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Shortly afterwards, the Spanish signed an armistice and the war
ended. Secretary of State John Hay called the Spanish-American War
a splendid little war.
Slide 29
Treaty of Paris October 1898 -Cuba became a protectorate of the
U.S.protectorate -Puerto Rico and Guam became territories of the
United States.territories -Spain surrendered the Philippines to the
United States for $20 million.
Slide 30
Cuba was granted full independence on the condition that their
constitution gave the United States certain rights to intervene,
known as the Platt Amendment. Puerto Rico: The Jones Act in 1917 -
territory of the United States and granted American
citizenship.
Slide 31
But the Philippines.lead to much debate Filipinos were
considered unfit for self- government and the Philippines became a
US colony, even though they believed that they were fighting for
and wanted independence. Some argued that American rule of the
Philippines went against the democratic principles on which the
United States was founded. Others felt the Philippines would
provide the United States with an important Pacific naval
base.
Slide 32
Imperialism Debate Pro-Imperialists Imperialists felt that it
was Americas right and responsibility (White Mans Burden) to take
over other lands.Anti-Imperialists believed in expansionism (trade
with other nations) but not having power over them believed that it
would weaken institutions at home, invite war, violate American
principle of self-determination (right to choose govt. without
outside interference) We should not deny others the right to govern
themselves.
Slide 33
In February 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo began a fight for
independence of the Philippines. Filipino-American War led by
Emilio AguinaldoFilipino-American War led by Emilio Aguinaldo In
the summer of 1901, the United States transferred the authority
from a military to a civilian government to prepare the islands for
eventual self-rule.
Slide 34
Does the U. S. still practice imperialism today? What is going
on in Iraq,Afaghanistan, and Libya? Does the U.S. help out other
nations (sending troops, money, etc.)? Is this an ongoing
trend?
Slide 35
a country that is technically independent, but is actually
under the control of another countrya country that is technically
independent, but is actually under the control of another
country
Slide 36
an area that is completely controlled by another country as a
colonial possessionan area that is completely controlled by another
country as a colonial possession
Slide 37
Panama Americans wanted connection between Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans in Central America to eliminate long and dangerous sea
voyage around South America. Colombia refused to negotiate with
U.S.; U.S. supports successful Panamanian rebellion. Treaty signed
with new nation of Panama ; lease canal zone for 99 years for $10
million; $250,000 annual rent US begins construction of Panama
Canal
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Policing the Western Hemisphere Roosevelt: Speak Softly and
Carry a Big Stick-Use diplomacy and military force if necessary;
avoid anarchySpeak Softly and Carry a Big Stick Monroe Doctrine: no
other nations could intervene in W. Hemisphere (Latin America)
Added Roosevelt Corollary (1904)-U.S. policeman of Latin America;
gave U.S. right to intervene whenever nations seemed unstable Used
in Dominican Republican(1905) when unable to pay foreign debts
Cuba- U.S. stopped Revolt
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Substitute dollars for bullets Dollar Diplomacy: Taft was
willing to intervene in other nations affairs if they threatened
American business interests.
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Moral Diplomacy: teach South American republics to elect good
men
Slide 44
Relations With Mexico A series of revolutions occurred between
1911-1914. President Wilson sold arms to opposition rebels in 1913.
In retaliation, troops arrested American sailors. Wilson ordered
U.S. troops to seize the port of Veracruz. Mexican leader flees,
and rebels take charge of Mexico.
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Rebel leader Francisco Pancho Villa shot 16 Americans because
of U.S. support for the Carranza government. US troops (led by Gen.
Pershing) cross border to pursue Villa