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RISE OF THE CITIES1865-1900
IMMIGRATION
Population in 1850-23.2 millionPopulation in 1900-76.2 million“New immigration”
Late 1880sSouthern & Eastern EuropeCatholic & JewishSettled in cities
IMMIGRATION
Laws restricting immigration Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Ban on all new immigrants from China
Restriction on “undesirables” Ban on criminals & mentally/physically incompetent
Ellis Island (1882) Immigration center Medical tests Documentation Entry fee
URBANIZATION
By 1900-40% of Americans lived in cities Movement from farms
Improvements Street cars Elevated railroads & subways Steel suspension bridges-suburbs Segregation by income Sky scrapers
1885 in Chicago Only possible with invention of elevator
URBANIZATION
Ethnic Neighborhoods Immigrants kept culture
“Chinatown”, “Little Italy” Dumb bell tenements
Sanitary conditions Disease easily spread Need for water & sewage systems Expand police & fire departments
Political Machines Controlled ethnic neighborhoods
REFORMS
LiteratureHenry George
Progress & Poverty (1879) Inequalities caused by industrialization
Edward BellamyLooking Backward 2000-1887 (1888)
Envisioned a future free of poverty, greed & crime
Encouraged government regulation
REFORMS
Settlement HousesSocial services for immigrantsFirst-”Hull House”
Chicago1889Jane Addams
By 1910-400 in the nation
REFORMS
Temperance MovementAnti-saloon League (1893)
Persuaded 21 states to close down all saloons & bars
Carrie Nation of KansasRaided saloons & smashed barrels of beer with
a hatchet
RELIGION
Protestant leaders “Social Gospel”
Importance of applying Christian principles to social problems
Catholic leaders Supported organized labor-Knights of Labor
Salvation Army Established 1879 Provided basic necessities of life for the poor & homeless
Christian Science Attracted urban middle class Founded by Mary Baker Eddy Related health to religion
EDUCATION
Public Schools McGuffey Reader-education through moral
principles Compulsory attendance laws
Literacy rate rose to 90% by 1900
Tax-supported high schools College prep curriculum Focus less on agriculture & more on vocational
skills for changing society
EDUCATION
Higher EducationNumber of colleges increase
Morrill Act (1862) Western agricultural colleges
Philanthropists University of Connecticut-Rockefeller
Colleges just for women100 coeducational colleges
EDUCATION
Higher Education Introduction of electives-languagesEmphasis in social studies
Psych, sociology, anthropology, political scienceAdvance degree programsFirst generation of scholars that could
compete with European scholarsDominated by social activities
Sports, fraternities, sororities
LITERATURE
Themes Realism-greed, violence, racism Naturalism-human v. nature
Mark Twain-first realist author Huck Finn ( 1884)
William Dean Howells-unequal wealth in industry Rise of Silas Lapham (1885) A Hazard of New Fortunes (1890)
Stephen Crane Maggie: a girl of the streets (1893) Red Badge of Courage (1895)
Jack London-first naturalist author Call of the Wild (1903)
Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie (1900)
CULTURE
Painting Social Realism Ashcan School Painted scenes of life in poor urban neighborhoods
Architecture Louis Sullivan
Chicago “Form follows function”
Frederick Law Olmsted Planned city parks Central Park-New York City Grounds of US Capitol building (Mall)
CULTURE
Music John Phillip Sousa
Popular marches-outdoor bandstands African American influence
New Orleans Scott Joplin
Ragtime
Pop Culture Newspapers-less objective news & more amusement Joseph Pulitzer-New York World William Randolph Hearst Barnum & Bailey Circus Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show
SPORTS
Most popular Baseball & boxing
John Sullivan Heavyweight boxer
1909-Pres. Taft began tradition of throwing out the first baseball
Basketball Invented in 1891 First professional game (1898)
First intercollegiate football game (1869) First professional (1920s)
AFRICAN-AMERICANS
Booker T. Washington Emphasized vocational training Believed in gradualism Founded Tuskegee Institute (1881) in Alabama
George Washington Carver Shift agriculture in south
WEB DuBois Doctorate from Harvard Advocated immediate full rights for African-Americans “Talented tenth” 1909-founded The National Associated for the Advancement
of Colored People (NAACP)