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Rise of Dictatorial Regimes. 17-2. Rise of Dictators. 1939 – only France and GB were democracies in Europe. Totalitarian Regimes. Government controls people’s lives Economic, social, intellectual, cultural Wanted to conquer minds of the people Mass propaganda and modern communication - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
17-2
1939 – only France and GB were democracies in Europe
Rise of Dictators
Government controls people’s lives◦Economic, social, intellectual, cultural
Wanted to conquer minds of the people◦Mass propaganda and modern communication
Single leader of single party Rejected idea of limited gov’t
◦Individual freedom not allowed
Totalitarian Regimes
People lose faith in democracyTurn to Fascism
◦an extreme system of gov’t◦Promise to revive economy◦Punish those responsible for hard times
◦Restore order and pride◦Attracted frustrated and angry
Consequences of Depression
Militant political movement◦Emphasized loyalty to state and obedience to a leader
◦Extreme nationalism◦Nations must struggle Peaceful states doomed to be conquered
◦Pledged loyalty to authoritarian leader Brought order to the state
Fascism
Similar to communism◦Rule by dictators Allowed only their party to exist
◦Denied individual rights◦State was supreme◦No democracy of any kind
Different from communism◦No class-less society Each class had place and function
◦Fascists were nationalists Communists wanted to unite workers worldwide (internationalists)
Basic Principles◦Authoritarianism◦State more important than individual◦Charismatic leader◦Action oriented
Cultural◦Censorship◦Indoctrination◦Secret police
Characteristics of Fascism
Social◦Supported by middle class, industrialists, and military
Economic◦Economic functions controlled by state corporations or state
Political◦Nationalist◦Racist◦One-party rule◦Supreme leader
The Rise of Mussolini in Italy
Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)
1. 460,000 soldiers killed2. Heavy debt3. Britain and France did not give Italy
the land they promised4. Governments were all coalitions that
couldn’t make decisions 5. Rising unemployment led to unrest
in cities
Problems after WWI
Italians believed that it treated them badly.
Italy had not been given the land promised at the Secret Treaty of London.
Italy’s foreign Minister Orlando left before the conference ended, feeling humiliated.
The Treaty of Versailles
• Newspaper editor• Known to change political positions to gain favor• Created Fascist Party in
1919• Once considered himself a Socialist
• Used general terms, such as “power and action” to explain political motives
Mussolini’s Background
The Fasces SymbolComes from the Latin word fasces.In ancient Rome, the fasces were cylindrical bundles of wooden rods, tied tightly together around an axe.They symbolize unity and power.
Mussolini gains powerPromised to revive the
economyPromised to rebuild
armed forcesGained support of
middle class, aristocrats and industrialists
“Blackshirts” attacked Socialists and Communists
1922 March on Rome
30,000 fascistsKing Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge in response to Communist opposition
***Mussolini obtained power legally***
March on Rome
Il Duce “Fascism should rightly be called Corporatism as it is a merge of state and corporate power.”~ Benito Mussolini
Abolished democracy
Outlawed all political parties except Fascism
Secret police – the OVRA
Outlawed strikes Controlled the economy by allying with industrialists and landowners
Censored radio stations and newspapers
Life under Il Duce
The individual had no significance except as a member of the state.The fascists were taught:◦Credere! [to believe]◦Obbedire! [to obey]◦Combattere! [to fight]
“Hail to Italy, hail to Mussolini”“Mussolini is always right”
Cult of State Worship
Mussolini never gained control like Hitler and Stalin◦Did not completely destroy old power structure Armed forces retained some control Victor Emmanuel III remained king
Compromise w/Catholic Church◦Recognized independence of Vatican City
◦Gave Church $◦Catholicism as “sole religion of the state” Church urged Italians to be Fascists
Wanted to preserve existing order Eastern Europe
◦Parliamentary systems failed No traditions of democracy
◦Rural and agrarian◦Illiterate peasants◦Dominated by landowners
Authoritarian States in the West
Democracy fails by 1931 Francisco Franco rises to power
◦1936 - Leads military forces against democratic government
◦Led to brutal and bloody civil war Franco aided by fascists in Italy and Germany
Spain
Spanish Civil War ends in 1939◦Franco establishes dictatorship Favored landowners, businesspeople, Catholic clergy
Authoritarian