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Rick CruseRick Cruse
Iowa Water CenterIowa Water Center
Iowa State UniversityIowa State University
The Bioeconomy: Water Quality ImplicationsThe Bioeconomy: Water Quality Implications
Presented at: EPA-State Innovation SymposiumJanuary 9, 2008
VisionVision
Replace equivalent of 30% of liquid fuels Replace equivalent of 30% of liquid fuels by 2030by 2030
Derived dominantly from plant biomass – a Derived dominantly from plant biomass – a renewable resourcerenewable resource
Perlack, Robert D., Lynn L. Wright, Anthony F. Turnhollow, Robin L. Graham, BryceJ. Stokes, and Donald C. Erbach. 2005. Biomass as a Feedstock for a Bioenergy and BioproductsIndustry: the Technical Feasibility of a Billion-ton Annual Supply. DOE/GO-102005-2135ORNL/TM-2005/66. Available at: http://www.fs.fed.us/research/.
Burton C. English, Daniel G. De La Torre Ugarte, Kim Jensen, Chad Hellwinckel, Jamey Menard, Brad Wilson, Roland Roberts, and Marie Walsh. 2006. 25% Renewable Energy for the United States By 2025: Agricultural and Economic Impacts. The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Economics. http://beag.ag.utk.edu/
Future Bioeconomy and Its Impacts on Future Bioeconomy and Its Impacts on Soil and Water ResourcesSoil and Water Resources
Plant residues, feedstock for liquid fuels, are Plant residues, feedstock for liquid fuels, are renewablerenewable
Plant residue production dependent on soil Plant residue production dependent on soil and water resourcesand water resources
Soil resources are not renewable; water is Soil resources are not renewable; water is only conditionally renewableonly conditionally renewable
Plant residues required for bioindustry – Plant residues required for bioindustry – Plant residues required for soil and water Plant residues required for soil and water conservationconservation
Future Bioeconomy and Its Future Bioeconomy and Its Impacts on Soil and Water Impacts on Soil and Water
ResourcesResources
Do we have the scientific knowledge to Do we have the scientific knowledge to identify acceptable removal rates?identify acceptable removal rates?
Can we balance energy needs, financial Can we balance energy needs, financial interests, and soil/water conservation interests, and soil/water conservation in the bioenergy industry? in the bioenergy industry?
Soil Erosion ImpactsSoil Erosion Impacts
Kazemi, Masoud, L.C. Dumenil, and T.E. Fenton. 1990. Effects of accelerated erosion on corn yields of loess-derived and till-derived soils in Iowa. Final report for Soil Conservation Service, Agreement No. 68-6114-0-8, Des Moines, IA.
Primary Water Quality Primary Water Quality Impairment ComponentsImpairment Components
NitrogenNitrogenPhosphorusPhosphorusSedimentSediment
NitrogenNitrogen
Microbial transformations NOMicrobial transformations NO33--
Mobile N also plant available NMobile N also plant available N Nitrogen management considerationsNitrogen management considerations
Soil temperature (microbial activity)Soil temperature (microbial activity) Amount or loadAmount or load Crop needsCrop needs
NO3-N Concentration in the Raccoon River at Des Moines
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002
NO
3-N
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
mg
/L) Annual Max
Annual Mean
Data provided by Chris Jones Des Moines Water Works
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
NO
3-N
Lo
ad (
To
ns
N)
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
First Quarter NO3-N Load, Raccoon River at Des Moines
Data provided by Chris Jones Des Moines Water Works
PhosphorusPhosphorus
Water solubility limitedWater solubility limited Moves with soil particlesMoves with soil particles Phosphorus management considerationsPhosphorus management considerations
Soil movement/sedimentSoil movement/sediment Soil fertility/P fertilizer applicationsSoil fertility/P fertilizer applications
SedimentSediment
Dependent on soil erosionDependent on soil erosion Rainfall and runoff energyRainfall and runoff energy Soil surface cover – intercept water energySoil surface cover – intercept water energy
Water Quality Management Water Quality Management GoalsGoals
NitrogenNitrogen Reduce loadReduce load
PhosphorusPhosphorus Limit soil erosionLimit soil erosion Reduce loadReduce load
SedimentSediment Limit soil erosionLimit soil erosion Maintain surface coverMaintain surface cover
Residue Impacts on ErosionResidue Impacts on Erosion
Residue Cover (%)
Ero
sion
- %
of
Bar
e 100
0
50
30 %
Effect of Residue Cover on Soil Erosion
100%
Laflen, J. M., and T. S. Colvin. Effect of crop residue on soil loss from continuous row cropping. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 24(3):605-609. 1981.
What is RUSLEWhat is RUSLE
RRevised evised UUniversal niversal SSoil oil LLoss oss EEquationquation
A =A =RRKSLKSLCCPPA = computed average annual soil loss A = computed average annual soil loss
(T/A)(T/A)R = rainfall factorR = rainfall factorC = crop management factorC = crop management factor
Renard, K.G, G. R. Foster, G.A. Weesies, D.K. McCool, and C. C. Yoder. 1997. Predicting Soil Erosion by Water: A Guide to Conservation Pl,anning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). USDA-ARS. Agric. HandbookNumber 703.
RUSLE Annual ‘C’ Factor As Affected By Residue Removal*
*I-FARM © 2003-2007 Ed Van Ouwerkerk
Cropping System C
Perennial Grass or polyculture .02
Continuous Corn Grain only removed .04
Continuous Corn – 75% residue removed .16
Continuous Corn – 95% residue removed .55
Recommended N ApplicationRecommended N Application
Continuous cornContinuous corn Minnesota – 134 – 174 kg/ha (120 – 155 lb/a)Minnesota – 134 – 174 kg/ha (120 – 155 lb/a) George Rehm, Gyles Randall, and John Lamb. 2006. Nitrogen Guidelines For Corn: Out With
The Old, In With The New . Minnesota Crop e-News
Switchgrass New York – 56 – 84 kg/ha (50 – 75 lb/a)Joe Lawrence, Jerry Cherney, Pete Barney, and Quirine Ketterings. 2006. Establishment and
Management of Switchgrass. Cornell University Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet No. 20.
Recommended N ApplicationRecommended N Application
Hybrid Poplar – Based on leaf N concentration.
Edward A. Hansen, Daniel A. Netzer, and David N. Tolsted. 1993. Guidelines For Establishing Poplar in the North Central U.S. USDA Forest Service Research note NC-363.
Polyculture 0 - ???
David Tilman, Jason Hill, Clarence Lehman. 2006. Carbon-Negative Biofuels
from Low-Input High-Diversity Grassland Biomass. Science. 314:1598-1600.
Water Quality Management Water Quality Management GoalsGoals
NitrogenNitrogen Reduce loadReduce load
PhosphorusPhosphorus Limit soil erosionLimit soil erosion Reduce loadReduce load
SedimentSediment Limit soil erosionLimit soil erosion Maintain surface coverMaintain surface cover
Water Quality Goals - Possible
Common market for wide range of crops Multiple purpose, multiple function
Challenges and Opportunities Challenges and Opportunities To Favorable Water Quality in To Favorable Water Quality in
the Bioenergy Industry the Bioenergy Industry
Climate Change & Water QualityClimate Change & Water Quality
20% precipitation leads to 37% erosion 20% precipitation leads to 37% erosion ((Lee et al. 1996)Lee et al. 1996)
Runoff 10% - 310% for different Midwest Runoff 10% - 310% for different Midwest regions regions ((O’Neal et al. 2005)O’Neal et al. 2005)
Soil loss 33% - 274% for different Soil loss 33% - 274% for different Midwest regions Midwest regions ((O’Neal et al. 2005)O’Neal et al. 2005)
Lee, J.L., D.L. Phillips, and R.F. Dodson. 1996. Sensitivity of the US Corn Belt to climate change and elevated CO2:II. Soil erosion and organic carbon. Agric. Systems 52: 503–521.
Monte R. O’Neal, M.A. Nearing, Roel C. Vining, Jane Southworth, and Rebecca A. Pfeifer.2005.Climate change impacts on soil erosion in Midwest United States with changes in crop management. Catena 61:165-184.
Trends in PrecipitationTrends in Precipitation
Trends in PrecipitationTrends in Precipitation
Groisman, Pavel Ya., Richard W. Knight, David R. Easterling, Thomas R. Karl,Gabriele C. Hegerl, and Vyacheslav N. Razuvaev. 2005. Trends in intense precipitation in the climate record. J. of Climate. 18:1326-1350.
Conversion Process – Impacts Conversion Process – Impacts Management PracticesManagement Practices
Biological – Homogeneous feedstock; Biological – Homogeneous feedstock;
Thermochemical – Mixed feedstockThermochemical – Mixed feedstock
Barriers to a Sustainable Barriers to a Sustainable Bioeconomy/Water QualityBioeconomy/Water Quality
Land ownership profileLand ownership profile Are soil and water “resources” or are they Are soil and water “resources” or are they
a form of investment for short term profit?a form of investment for short term profit? 2006: 39% of Iowa farm land purchases 2006: 39% of Iowa farm land purchases
were by investors – not farmerswere by investors – not farmers
Farmland Ownership – Farmland Ownership – Major ObstacleMajor Obstacle
HARVESTED FARMLAND - % RentedHARVESTED FARMLAND - % Rented11
Iowa – 56% (Cash rent %: 49, 54, 69% - Iowa – 56% (Cash rent %: 49, 54, 69% - 1982, 1992, 2002 respectively)1982, 1992, 2002 respectively)
Illinois – 62% Illinois – 62% Indiana – 58%Indiana – 58%
““Nothing accelerates faster, stops quicker, or Nothing accelerates faster, stops quicker, or corners harder than a rented car” corners harder than a rented car” 22
1http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/volume1/us/st99_2_040_040.pdf
2Personal Communication – Trevor Price, Anheuser Busch ‘ethanol’ distributor. 2006.
Farmland Ownership – Farmland Ownership – Major ObstacleMajor Obstacle
"I think you have to try to be a good steward of the "I think you have to try to be a good steward of the land," said Jerry Peckumn, who farms corn and land," said Jerry Peckumn, who farms corn and soybeans on about 2,000 acres he owns or soybeans on about 2,000 acres he owns or leases near the Iowa community of Jefferson. leases near the Iowa community of Jefferson. "But on the other hand, you can't ignore the "But on the other hand, you can't ignore the price of corn."price of corn."
Peckumn grows alfalfa and natural grass on the Peckumn grows alfalfa and natural grass on the 220 or so acres he owns, but said he cannot 220 or so acres he owns, but said he cannot afford to experiment on the land he rents.afford to experiment on the land he rents.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22301669/ Corn boom could expand ‘dead zone’ in Gulf. Updated 4:45 p.m. CT, Mon., Dec. 17, 2007
Bioeconomy: Water Quality Bioeconomy: Water Quality Implications Implications