Cumulative Chemistry Practice Test - Answer Sheet1)

Determine the half-life of uranium-238 based on the graph.A) 4.5 billion yearsB) 8 billion yearsC) 15 billion yearsD) 23 billion years

Explanation:The half-life for U-238, based on the graph, is4.5 billion years. This is determined by going to the 50% mark on the graph and following it down to the horizontal axis.2) If a balloon filled with air and sealed is kept in a deep freezer for a period of time, it will shrink in size. Determine the the best reasoning for this outcome.

A)The air particles inside the balloon slow down due to lower thermal energy. As a result, fewer collisions take place per second and this leads to a lower pressure inside the balloon. The pressure on the outside of the balloon pushes the balloon to a smaller volume.

B) The air particles inside the balloon slow down due to lower thermal energy. As a result, the air particles become charged, attract to each other and take up a smaller volume. Therefore, the balloon shrinks.

C) The rubber latex of the balloon becomes colder and will resist stretching and push the air particles inward until the inside pressure equals the outside pressure and equilibrium is established.

D)The density of the air particles increases within the balloon causing some particles to escape out of the balloon. This leads to an increase in the particles and, thus, pressure outside the balloon. This causes the balloon to collapse.

Explanation:The air particles inside the balloon slow down due to lower thermal energy. As a result, fewer collisions take

place per second and this leads to a lower pressure inside the balloon. The pressure on the outside of the balloon pushes the balloon to a smaller volume.3) Which of these figures probably shows a sugar solution containing a small amount of sugar dissolved in water?

A)

B)

C)

D)

Explanation:When sugar is added to water, it gets evenly dissolved in water. Particles of sugar cannot be seen in sugar solution. Only the picture in illustration B shows no solid particles in the solution. So, most likely the picture in illustration B shows a sugar solution of water.4)

A + B + C → D + E

Describe the mass of the reactants and products given the balanced chemical reaction.

A) The mass of the products is 2/3 that of the reactants.

B) The mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products.

C) The mass of the reactants is less than the mass of the products.

D) The mass of the reactants is greater than the mass of the products.

Explanation:The mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products. This is the Law of Conservation of Matter. Do not be fooled by the larger numbers of reactants.5) Which of the these is a balanced chemical equation?

A) CO(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g)B) CO(g) + 2O2(g) → 2CO2(g)C) 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)D) 2CO(g) + 2O2(g) → 2CO2(g)

Explanation:The only balanced equation among the choices is 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g). The other equations have unequal numbers of oxygen atoms on either the left or right side of the equation.6) What type of chemical reaction is given by the following balanced equation:2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16CO2 + 18H2O

A) synthesis

B) combustion

C) decompositionD) double replacement

Explanation:Combustion is the burning of a hydrocarbon in oxygen. The products are always carbon dioxide and water.7) Lithium, sodium, and potassium are examples of ____________.

A) non-metalsB) alkali metalsC) transition metals

D) alkaline earth metals

Explanation:Lithium, sodium, and potassium are examples of alkali metals8)

Which solubility graph correctly depicts the increase of solubility associated with an increase of temperature of the solution?

A)

B)C)D)

Explanation:Graph A demonstrates an increase of solubility as a result of increase in temperature.9)

Properties of solutions

Substance Polarity Physical state at room temperature

Ammonia (NH3) Polar gas

Hexane (C6H14) Nonpolar liquid

Table salt (NaCl) Ionic solid

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Nonpolar gas

Determine the best way to increase the solubility of carbon dioxide gas.

A) Place it into a container with a water solvent at a low temperature.

B) Place it into a container with a seater solvent at room temperature.

C) Place it into a container with a bromine solvent at a low temperature.

D) Place it into a container with a bromine solvent at room temperature.

Explanation:Place it into a container with a bromine solvent at a low temperature. Carbon dioxide is nonpolar and so is bromine. Furthermore, since carbon dioxide is a gas, the best way to dissolve it more in a solvent of the same polarity is by lowering the temperature. In general, gas solubility increases in solution at lower temperatures.10) When heated a solution of carbonic acid yields carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. Classify this reaction.

H2CO3(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

A) SynthesisB) DecompositionC) Double ReplacementD) Single Replacement

Explanation:Decomposition occurs when one compound breaks down into two or more compounds.11) Predict which process listed below will lead to the greatest increase in conductivity.

A) Adding more water to a saltwater solution.

B) Adding more table salt to a saturated saltwater solution.

C) Adding table salt to a sugar water solution.D) Adding acetic acid to water.

Explanation:Adding table salt to a sugar water solution will lead to the greatest increase in conductivity. In this case, a soluble ionic compound is being added to sugar water (non electrolyte). The table salt will dissociate into ions and lead to a much higher level of conductivity than it started with.Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte. Adding salt to a saturated saltwater solution will do very little to nothing. Adding more water is dilution.12) One gram of salt in 100 liters of water could be considered a _______________________ solution.

A) concentrated

B) dilute

C) saturatedD) supersaturated

Explanation:A solution in which a small amount of solute is dissolved into a large amount of solvent is usually thought of as a diluted solution.13) To keep with the law of conservation of matter, determine the correct product for the following reaction:

PbCl2 (aq) + 2 KI (aq) → __________ + ___________A) PbI2 + KCl2B) PbI2 + 2 KClC) 2 PbI + KCl2D) 2 PbI + 2 KCl

Explanation:This reaction is a double replacement reaction involving ionic compounds. With regards to balancing charges within compounds, the correct products are PbI2 + 2 KCl. They keep the equation balanced and the compounds are neutral as well.14) Elements are arranged in groups by similar atomic structure on the periodic table. This allows for an element's properties to be predicted based on general periodic trends. One of these trends, electron affinity, increases up a group and to the right along a period and can be defined as the ______________.

A) energy required to add an electron

B) energy required to emit an electron

C) energy required to excite an electron

D) energy required to remove an electron

Explanation:Electron affinity can be defined as the atom's ability to accept electrons and the energy required to add an electron. Electron affinity increases up a group and to the right along a period. So fluorine has the most negative first electron affinity meaning that fluorine's desire to gain an electron is great to acquire an electron and complete its octet that fluorine will release energy to get the electron.15) The development of nuclear power has provided electricity for less money, but at a cost. What may be considered a "cost" of nuclear power?

A) Large amounts of energy are produced very cheaply.

B) It takes a lot of energy to run a nuclear power plant.

C) Nuclear power plants provide new jobs for a community.

D) The radioactive waste is unsafe and hard to store safely.

Explanation:The radioactive waste is unsafe and hard to store safely is the correct answer. The long half-life of the waste created by nuclear power plants is a problem, the waste must be stored in specially created storage containers and if it leaks can cause a great deal of environmental damage.16)

During which two minute time period is the temperature of the water changing fastest?A) 0-2 minutesB) 2-4 minutesC) 4-6 minutesD) 6-8 minutes

Explanation:From 2-4 minutes the temperature of the water is changing fastest.17) Which statement(s) best describes the connection between the law of conservation of matter and stoichiometry in chemical reactions.

I. Stoichiometry both describes the calculations and lack of conservation of matter in balanced chemical reactions.

II. Mass as well as matter are rarely conserved during chemical reactions and calculations. 

III. Matter can neither be created nor destroyed and require chemical reactions to be balanced prior to stoichiometric calculations. 

IV. Conservation of matter is a solely qualitative concept to describe chemical reactions.A) IVB) IIIC) I and IVD) II and III

Explanation:III

Matter can neither be created and destroyed requiring chemical reactions to be balanced prior to stoichiometric calculations.18) Use the IUPAC nomenclature rules to give the name for this compound - N2O3.

A) nitrogen oxideB) nitrogen trioxideC) nitrogen (II) oxideD) dinitrogen trioxide

Explanation:Both elements in the compound are nonmetals. So use the IUPAC nomenclature rules for covalent compounds. Don't forget to include prefix on the first element - dinitrogen trioxide.19) A compound containing sodium and chlorine, in a binary ionic compound, would be named

A) sodium chlorine.

B) sodium chloride.

C) sodium chlorate.

D) sodiide chlorine.

Explanation:When a metal and a nonmetal combine, -ide is attached to the end of the name of the nonmetal, therefore sodium chloride is the correct answer.20) The electrostatic attractions in crystalline salts, such as sodium chloride, are formed by __________ between positive and negative ions.

A) sharing electronsB) a sea of electronsC) dipole attractionsD) transferring electrons

Explanation:The electrostatic attractions in crystalline salts, such as sodium chloride, are formed by transferring electrons between positive and negative ions.21) Ladasha placed a marshmallow in a syringe for science class when she pulled the plunger out increasing the volume in the syringe the marshmallow expanded. How can this best be explained?

A) As the pressure decreased in the syringe the volume of the marshmallow increased.

B) As the pressure increased in the syringe the volume of the marshmallow increased.

C) As the pressure decreased in the syringe the volume of the marshmallow decreased.

D) As the pressure increased in the syringe the volume of the marshmallow decreased.

Explanation:As the pressure decreased in the syringe the volume of the marshmallow increased. When pressure decreases gases can expand.22)

NO

Name this compound according to IUPAC nomenclature rules.A) nitrogen oxideB) nitrogen oxygen

C) nitrogen monoxide

D) mononitrogen monoxide

Explanation:Nitrogen monoxide is the correct answer. The first element doesn't need a prefix for one; but the second element does.23)

According to this graph, a lake that has a pH level of 4A) has no fish.B) has many frogs.C) has few rainbow trout.D) is healthy and thriving.

Explanation:This chart shows that a healthy lake has a pH of about 7. As this acidity increases, the pH will decrease. A lake with a ph level of only 4 has no fish.24)

As we stand and watch the hot air balloon rise in the sky, we can imagine what is happening at the microscopic level to the gas molecules inside the balloon. As the balloon rises, the gas molecules are

A) moving faster and spreading apart.

B) slowing down and moving closer together.

C) gradually escaping from the confines of the balloon.

D) all collecting at the top of the balloon, pushing upward.

Explanation:To make the balloon rise, the gas molecules are being heated. The result of this action is that the gas molecules are moving faster and spreading apart. This results in warm air that is less dense than colder air.25) Jose makes two mixtures. Mixture one contains 10 g of salt dissolved in 50 mL of water. Mixture two contains 20 g of salt dissolved in 50 mL of water. Compare the concentrations of the two mixtures.

A) Both mixtures are equally concentrated.

B) The mixtures are of equal concentration.

C) Mixture one is more concentrated than mixture two.

D) Mixture two is more concentrated than mixture one.

Explanation:

Mixture two is more concentrated than mixture one. Both mixtures have the same amount of water, but mixture two has more salt dissolved in it.26) When car tires are on hot pavement for too long, the rubber could begin to melt. During this process, the safety of the tire is compromised since

A) the rubber particles are moving slower and deforming.

B) the volume is higher and the density is too.

C) its temperature is higher and the volume is lower.

D) it cannot retain its shape and its density is lowered.

Explanation:When car tires are on hot pavement for too long, the rubber could begin to melt. During this process, the safety of the tire is compromised since it cannot retain its shape and its density is lowered.27)

James is preparing three solutions of salt water. Each of the solutions has the same amount of water in the beaker and a different amounts of salt. In the first beaker, there is one scoop of salt in the beaker. The second beaker has two scoops of salt. The third beaker has three scoops of salt. Which of the beakers is the most dilute solution?

A) beaker 1B) beaker 2C) beaker 3

D) all the beakers are equal in concentration

Explanation:The most dilute solution is beaker 1. The most dilute solution has the least solute, salt, dissolved in the solvent, water.28)

Many people are proponents of using nuclear power instead of burning coal to generate electricity. What is an environmental disadvantage of using nuclear power?

A) Water vapor is released from the cooling towers.

B) Radioactive wastes must be stored for long periods.

C) Less carbon dioxide would be released into the atmosphere.

D) Small amounts of uranium can produce large amounts of energy.

Explanation:Using nuclear power would result in radioactive wastes that must be stored for long periods of time. Nuclear power uses uranium for the reaction that produces heat. When this uranium is spent it is still radio active and the waste must be stored.29) Where does the energy that the sun emits come from?

A) It is an essential component of helium.

B) It is converted from the loss of mass of hydrogen.

C) It is created in the balance with the gravitational force.D) It has always been present, but the heat of the sun releases it.

Explanation:The energy from the sunis converted from the loss of mass of hydrogen. This is Einstein's formula, E=mc2, showing how mass is converted to energy. In fact, the sun loses over 8 BILLION pounds of mass every second.30)

A molecule of methane gas is shown. What do the red and blue dots represent?A) Protons being shared between the atoms.

B) Electrons being shared between the atoms.

C) Protons being transferred between the atoms.

D) Electrons being transferred between the atoms.

Explanation:Electrons being shared between the atoms. Since the compound shown is a covalent compound, the electrons must be shared between the atoms in order to satisfy the octet rule.31) A potassium iodide compound is represented by which formula?

A) K2IB) K2I2

C) KID) KI2

Explanation:KI

Since this is a metal atom and a nonmetal atom this is a ionicly bonded compound. Remember that ionic naming does not use prefixes, you must look at the charges of the ions and make a neutral compound.32) A decomposition occurs when you open a can or bottle of soda. Carbonic acid, H2CO3, is in carbonated beverages. It decomposes into carbon dioxide and water. If you leave an open soda can out for a long time, it loses its fizz. Which equation represents the balanced chemical equation for this reaction?

A) H2O + CO2 → H2CO3

B) H2CO3 → H2O + CO2

C) H2CO3 + H2O → CO2

D) 2H2CO3 → 2H2O + 2CO2

Explanation:H2CO3 → H2O + CO2 is the correct equation and it is already balanced.33)

James is preparing three solutions of salt water. Each of the solutions has the same amount of water in the beaker and a different amounts of salt. In the first beaker, there is one scoop of salt in the beaker. The second beaker has two scoops of salt. The third beaker has three scoops of salt. Which of the beakers is the most concentrated solution?

A) beaker 1B) beaker 2C) beaker 3

D) all the beakers are equal in concentration

Explanation:The most concentrated is beaker3. The most concentrated solution has more solute, salt, dissolved in the solvent, water.34) Which is true of ionic compounds?

A) They are good conductors as solids.

B) They are made by sharing electrons.

C) They are made of metals and nonmetals.

D) They are electrically neutral when dissolved in a solution.

Explanation:They are made of metals and nonmetals is true of ionic compounds. They usually form between elements on opposite sides of the periodic table. Ionic compounds are only good conductors when molten or dissolved. When dissolved, they form ions, charged particles. Ionic compounds transfer electrons.35) The electrical conductivity of a substance depends on the ability of the ____ in it to move.

A) electronsB) neutronsC) protonsD) quarks

Explanation:The conductivity of an object depends on the ability of the electrons in it to move. Protons and neutrons are not involved.36)

What is the independent variable in the graph?A) Degrees CB) Amount of water

C) Temperature of water

D) Time of heating the water

Explanation:Time of heating the water is the independent variable in the graph above. This is the variable that is not being tested, the temperature of the water depends on the amount of time.37) Which type of element typically loses an electron to become an ion?

A) gasB) metalC) nonmetalD) semimetal

Explanation:A metal atom would lose an electron to become an ion. These are all located on the left of the periodic table with few valence electrons.38) Which sub-atomic particle is positively charged and found in the nucleus?

A) protonB) neutronC) electronD) beta particle

Explanation:The proton is a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of all atoms. It is what makes up the identity or Atomic Number of the atom.39) What is the chemical formula for the binary compound nitrogen dioxide?

A) (NO)2

B) 1N2OxC) NO2

D) nitro1oxide2

Explanation:The lack of a prefix on nitrogen tells you that there must be one nitrogen and the prefix di on oxide tells you that there must be two oxygen atoms. The number of atoms is denoted by its subscript. Therefore, the formula must be NO2.40)

Describe the location of non-metals on the periodic table?A) middle

B) upper left corner

C) lower left cornerD) upper right corner

Explanation:Think about metals. Metals are typically shiny (luster) and are solid. Gases obviously do not fit this description. All the common gases are non-metals which are found in the upper right corner.41) How many variables should be manipulated in a correctly performed scientific experiment?

A) oneB) threeC) twoD) zero

Explanation:In order to be a valid experiment only one variable should be manipulated. This ensures that the experiment will produce valuable data.42) While working on a pH lab, Alex spilled strong acid all over the table. What should Alex's first step be to remedy this problem?

A) Inform his teacher.B) Wipe it up with a paper towel.C) Light it on fire to burn it off the table.D) Mix it with a base and wipe it with a cloth rag.

Explanation:Alex should inform his teacher first if a spill or any other type of accident occurs in the laboratory. He will then, likely, mix it with a weak base and wipe it up.43) When magnesium (Mg2+) and fluorine (F1-) combine in an ionic bond, the resulting formula will be

A) Mg2F.B) Mg2F2.C) MgF.

D) MgF2.

Explanation:MgF2 is the correct formula because magnesium has an oxidation number of 2+ and fluorine has and oxidation number of 1-. The oxidation number tells you how many valence electrons the element is going to gain, loose, or share.44) Positively charged particles consisting of two protons and two neutrons emitted by radioactive materials are

A) beta particles.B) gamma particles.C) alpha particles.D) positron particles

Explanation:Alpha particles consist of the same number of protons (2) and neutrons (2) as a helium nucleus, but they are emitted from an atom during radioactive decay.45) One of the negative aspects of using nuclear power as an alternative energy source is

A) it pollutes the air.B) finding a fuel source.

C) the disposal of byproducts.

D) it does not produce much energy.

Explanation:Disposal of byproducts is a negative aspect of nuclear power because the waste products can remain radioactive for thousands of years.46) Americium-241 is a radioactive substance used in smoke detectors. The half life of americium is 432 years. If a smoke detector initially contains 1 gram of Americium 241, how much will remain in 432 years?

A) 0.5gB) 1.0gC) 1.5gD) 2.0g

Explanation:Since the half-life is 432 years, in 432 years half of it will have transmutated into a different substance. Therefore, half of it will be left, or 0.5g.47)

Radioactive Decay of Carbon 14

Years since death C14 atoms remaining per 1.0 x 108 C12 atoms

0 10,000

5,700 5,000

11,400 2,500

17,100 1,250

22,800 625

28,500 312

34,200 156

39,900 78

45,600 30

51,300 20

57,000 10

62,700 5

68,400 2

Use the chart to determine the half-life of Carbon-14.A) 5,000 yearsB) 5,700 years

C) 10,000 years

D) 11,400 years

Explanation:The answer is 5,700 years because the amount reduces by half from 10,000 to 5,000 particles over a period of 5,700 years. The amount of time to reduce by half is called the half-life.48) In which state of matter are the particles CLOSEST together?

A) gasB) solidC) liquidD) plasma

Explanation:Because solid particles are tightly held by one another by strong attractive forces, they are most dense, and closest together. Solid water (ice) is a rare exception to this rule.49) Which state of matter typically has the HIGHEST density? (Water is a weird exception to this.)

A) gasB) liquidC) plasmaD) solid

Explanation:The highest density would be exhibited by the state of matter which is held together the strongest. Solid particles have very strong attractions to one another, and this makes them most dense.50) Which is a gas at room temperature?

A) aluminum

B) nitrogen

C) potassiumD) sodium

Explanation:Nitrogen has weak bonds with itself and is, therefore, a gas at room temperature. All of the others are to the left on the periodic table and are metals, and solids, at room temperature.51)

The periodic table organizes elements according to INCREASINGA) atomic mass.B) energy level.C) atomic number.

D) valence number.

Explanation:Although there are many different organizations of the periodic table, the one that determines how elements will actually be placed is determined by the number of protons, or the atomic number52) Adding powdered Gatorade to water makes a tasty solution. What is the solvent in this example?

A) waterB) salt and sugar

C) Gatorade liquid

D) Gatorade powder

Explanation:The solvent is the component that does the dissolving. In this case, water dissolves the Gatorade powder. Water is sometimes referred to as the universal solvent.53)

Coca cola is similar to tomato juice becauseA) they are both bases.

B) they are both acids.

C) they are carbonated.D) they are high in fructose.

Explanation:Diet Coke and tomato juice are both acids because they test low on the pH scale. Solutions that have a pH below 7.0 are considered acids.54) Starting with 100 grams of uranium-238, after one half life has gone by, how many grams of uranium-238 will remain?

A) 12.5 gramsB) 25 gramsC) 50 gramsD) 100 grams

Explanation:100 grams divided by 2 equals 50 grams55) A carbon-12 atom has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. How many protons does a carbon-14 atom have?

A) 6B) 8C) 12D) 14

Explanation:The correct number of protons is 6. All isotopes of any element have the same number of protons.56)

Which particle has the most energy?A) iceB) waterC) steamD) there is no difference in particle energy

Explanation:The state of matter with most particle energy is steam. The faster particles move the more energy thay have, so the particles with most energy are those of the steam.57) Which nonmetal would an ion of Ca2+ MOST LIKELY ionically bond with in a 1:1 ratio?

A) one atom of neonB) one atom of carbonC) one atom of oxygenD) one atom of fluorine

Explanation:The correct choice is one atom of oxygen. Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions, therefore, calcium has a 2+ charge and is attracted to oxygen with 2- charge. The others have too much or too little of a charge.58)

Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 ---> PbCrO4 + 2KNO3

Classify the chemical reaction.

A) synthesis reaction

B) decomposition reaction

C) single replacement reaction

D) double replacement reaction

Explanation:The correct classification is double recplacement reaction. The lead and the potassium replace each other making this a double replacement reaction.59) Why do the air molecules inside a bicycle tire speed up as the temperature gets warmer?

A) because the heat is transferred to the molecules and gives them more kinetic energy

B) because the warmer air allows the particles to be free from gravitational forces

C) because the heat liberates the potential energy inside each molecule

D) because the warmer air is less dense and particles can move more

Explanation:Air molecules speed up in warmer temperatures because the heat is transferred to the molecules and gives them more kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is energy of motion.60)

Order these elements from LEAST to GREATEST atomic mass.A) Li, He N, SB) He, Li, N, SC) N, He, Li, SD) S, N, Li, He

Explanation:He, Li, N, S orders these atoms from LEAST to GREATEST atomic mass. Atomic mass is the average atomic mass of the most abundant isotopes of an element. Simply add the number of protons and neutrons.61)

Predict the energy trend as a substance changes from a solid to liquid to gas on this graph.A) It would increase from bottom left to top right.B) It would decrease from top left to bottom right.

C) It would be a horizontal line as energy would remain constant.

D) It would increase from solid to liquid, then decrease from liquid to gas.

Explanation:It would increase from bottom left to top right. Energy is added to a substance as it moves from solid to liquid to gas.62)

If there are 50 grams of U-238 on day zero of radioactive decay, how much will there be after 4.5 billion years?A) 0.0 gramsB) 10 gramsC) 25 gramsD) 50 grams

Explanation:25 grams would remain after one half-life (4.5 billion years). Find the point where percent remaining is 50% and that will tell you it is one half-life.63)

PepsiVinegarOrange Juice

What property do all three of these common household substances have in common?A) They are all acidic.B) They all taste bitter.C) They all have a pH above 7.

D) They all turn litmus paper blue.

Explanation:They are all acidic. They all turn litmus paper red, have a pH below 7 and can taste sour.64)

Lemon JuiceTums (antacid)Water

Put all of the above household items in order from lowest to highest pH.A) Lemon juice, water, TumsB) Water, Tums, Lemon JuiceC) Water, Lemon Juice, Tums

D) Tums, water, lemon juice

Explanation:Lemon juice, water, Tums is the correct order. Lemon juice is an acid with a low pH. Water has a pH of 7. And, Tums is a base with a high pH.65)

Which compound demonstrated the LEAST increase of solubility as a result of an increase in temperature?A) sodium nitrateB) sodium chloride

C) potassium iodide

D) potassium nitrate

Explanation:Sodium chloride demonstrated the LEAST increase of solubility as a result in increase in temperature. It only had an increase of solubility of about 3 g/100 cm3 over a temperature increase of 100 degrees Celsius.66)

Which compound demonstrated the GREATEST increase of solubility as a result of an increase in temperature?A) sodium nitrate

B) sodium chloride

C) potassium nitrateD) potassium chlorate

Explanation:Potassium nitrate demonstrated the GREATEST increase of solubility as a result in increase in temperature. It had an increase of solubility of about 230 g/100 cm3 over a temperature increase of 100 degrees Celsius.67)

Which phrase can accurately be placed in the middle, within both circles?A) has a pH of 7B) dissolves metalsC) ionizes in waterD) turns red litmus paper blue

Explanation:Ionizes in water is the only statement that can be used to describe both acids and bases. Acids dissociate to form hydrogen (or hydronium) ions in water, bases form hydoxide ions.68)

Alpha ParticlesBeta ParticlesGamma Radiation

Put these different types of radiation in order from MOST to LEAST penetrating.A) Alpha > Beta > GammaB) Gamma > Alpha > Beta

C) Gamma > Beta > Alpha

D) Beta > Gamma > Alpha

Explanation:Gamma > Beta > Alpha is correct. Gamma particles are light and travel at the speed of light and penetrate deeply. Beta particles are similar to electrons and can penetrate a fraction of the way in to the skin. Alpha particles are slow and heavy and are usually stopped by air itself.69)

Alpha ParticlesBeta Particles

Gamma Radiation

Put these different types of radiation in order from HEAVIEST to LIGHTEST.

A) Alpha > Beta > Gamma

B) Gamma > Alpha > BetaC) Gamma > Beta > AlphaD) Beta > Gamma > Alpha

Explanation:Alpha > Beta > Gamma is correct. Gamma particles are light and travel at the speed of light and penetrate deeply. Beta particles are similar to electrons and can penetrate a fraction of the way in to the skin. Alpha particles are slow and heavy and are usually stopped by air itself.70) What is one way that fission and fusion are similar?

A) Both processes begin with uranium.

B) Both processes produce energy from mass.

C) Both processes break nuclei into smaller particles.

D) Both processes are used to produce commercial electricity.

Explanation:Both processes produce energy from mass. Both processes use Einstein's famous E=mc2 to produce energy from a loss of mass.71) All current nuclear commercial power plants use the process of fission to produce electricity. What would be the GREATEST benefit of switching to the fusion process, when and if this becomes viable?

A) Fusion is not a radioactive process.

B) Fusion is much more easily controlled.

C) Fusion requires less money to develop.

D) Fusion does not create nearly as much radioactive waste.

Explanation:Fusion does not create nearly as much radioactive waste. The main by-product of fusion is water. The by-product of fission is radioactive fuel rods that will be with us for thousands of years.72) Carbon and oxygen, both nonmetals, bond to form a compound. What is the name of the carbon compound with one carbon and two oxygens?

A) carbon oxideB) carbon dioxide

C) carbon dioxygen

D) monocarbon dioxide

Explanation:When naming a compound with two nonmetals, the first element gets a prefix unless there is only one and the second element gets a prefix and ends in -ide. Therefore, the formula must be carbon dioxide.73)

BOTH acids and basesA) turn red litmus blue.B) are a component of soapsC) donate protons to solution.D) conduct electricity in water.

Explanation:Both acids and bases produce ions in solution, are electrolytes, and conduct electricity in solution. Although red litmus is an indicator, it does not change color in an acid, acids are proton donors while bases are proton acceptors. Soaps often contain bases, not acids.74) A person opens a 2-liter bottle of cola at a picnic. If the cap is left off the bottle, the cola will become 'flat' or lose it's carbonation. Which statement below BEST summarizes why the cap must be kept tightly in place if the cola is to remain fresh?

A) The cap prevents the liquid in the cola from evaporating.

B) The cap keeps the atmospheric gases and liquid from mixing in the bottle.

C) The cap keeps warm air from entering the two-liter bottle and raising the temperature of the cola solution.

D) The cap keeps the pressure of the gas in the bottle at a high level preventing carbon dioxide from leaving the solution.

Explanation:The cap keeps the pressure of the gas in the bottle at a high level preventing carbon dioxide from leaving the solution. By keeping the pressure high, the solubility of carbon dioxide in the solution is increased.75)

Data Analysis

Elements Density

Aluminum 2.698 g/mL

Calcium 1.54 g/mL

Iron 7.8738 g/mL

Silicon 2.3296 g/mL

Sanjay is learning about the elements that make up Earth’s crust. Ms. Richards, his Earth science teacher, gives him an element and asks him to determine which element from Earth’s crust it is. She also provides Sanjay with this table. Sanjay weighs the element and finds that it has a mass of 17.98 g. By placing the element in water, he determines the volume of the substance to be 2.2835 mL.

Based on the table from Ms. Richards, what element from Earth’s crust did Ms. Richards gave to Sanjay?A) ironB) calciumC) aluminumD) silicon

Explanation:By using the table from Ms. Richards, Sanjay can determine what element from Earth’s crust he has by finding its density. To find density, Sanjay must use the formula density = 

massvolume. The equation he will use is density = 

17.98 g2.2835 mL. Therefore, the density of this element is 7.8738 

gmL. Based on the table, the element with a density of 7.8738 

gmL is iron, which is the element from Earth’s crust Ms. Richards gave to Sanjay.76)

What can you interpret from the following solubility graph?A) As temperature increases, so does solubility.

B) Solubility is not a factor in the solubility of a substance.C) The solubility of NaCl is affected more by temperature than KBr.

D) Solubility decreases as you increase the temperature.

Explanation:From this graph, you may interpret that for solids and liquids, as you increase the temperature, the solubility also increases.77) To determine the density of an empty plastic jug, you would measure

A) it on a scale.B) it with a ruler.

C) the mass and volume.

D) the length and volume.

Explanation:To determine the density of an empty plastic jug, you would measure the mass and volume. A scale is used to measure mass, and a ruler is used to measure the length of an object.78)

What element behaves MOST like magnesium?A) SB) SiC) SnD) Sr

Explanation:Sr behaves MOST like magnesium because it is in the same family, the alkaline earth metals. Members of the same family have the same number of valence electrons; this is an important reason why they behave alike.79)

As matter changes state from gas to liquid, which of these statements is true?A) The particles speed up.B) The particles slow down.C) The particles get farther apart.

D) The attractive force between the particles decreases.

Explanation:The particles slow down as matter changes state from a gas to a liquid. You could slow down the particles by reducing the temperature of the substance.80) The majority of elements found in the periodic table can be classified as

A) gases.B) metals.C) nonmetals.D) nonreactive.

Explanation:The majority of elements found in the periodic table can be classified as metals. Metals are found to the left of the stair-step line on the right side of the periodic table. All but one metal is solid at room temperature. Metals form positive ions because they lose electrons when forming compounds.81) Gardeners understand that plants have specific pH requirements. Most plants thrive in soil with a pH that is slightly acidic, neutral, or slightly basic. Imagine your soil is very acidic, with a pH of 3.5. How can you raise the pH to an appropriate level so your garden plants will survive?

A) Add fertilizer.B) Water frequently to wash away the acid.

C) Add organic matter like peat moss or humus.

D) Add a base like limestone or calcium carbonate.

Explanation:Add a base like limestone or calcium carbonate. Acids have a pH less than 7; bases a pH greater than 7. If a base is added to an acid, the pH is raised. Adding humus will decrease the pH as it is also acidic. Adding fertilizer might help the plants but it will not change the pH; neither will watering.82) Litmus paper is made from water-soluble dyes which are extracted from lichens. This paper is used as an acid-base indicator. Which of these common household substances would turn blue litmus paper red?

A) bleachB) lyeC) soapD) vinegar

Explanation:Blue litmus paper turn red in the presence of an acid, and vinegar is the only choice that is an acid. The rest of the choices are bases and blue litmus would stay blue when dipped in them.83)

At 30 o C, exactly 95 grams of this salt dissolved completely in 100 grams of water. According to the solubility chart, the salt is

A) sodium nitrate.

B) sodium chloride.

C) potassium iodide.D) potassium chlorate.

Explanation:sodium nitrate 

Find 30oC on the X axis first. Find the intersection of 30 on X and 95 on Y. Read the line label; it is sodium nitrate.84)

Students in Dr. Lee's class were conducting solubility experiments using sucrose and water. Students began with room temperature water (22oC) and then heated the water to boiling. They calculated the amount of sugar that could be dissolved in the water as the temperature increased. Marge and Bill lost their data and were trying to graph their results from memory. Help them out! Which graph is the MOST reasonable representation of their expected data?

A)B)C)D)

Explanation:Graph A represents the most reasonable representation of their data. As the water temperature increases, we would expect the solubility of the sugar to increase. That trend is represented by graph A.85)

Iodine-131 is a radioactive isotope that is used as a medical tracer to study and treat the thyroid gland. This radioactive element emits both beta particles and gamma waves. To effectively stop both beta particles and gamma waves, scientists use a chamber composed of

A) concrete.B) lead.C) metal.D) plastic.

Explanation:To stop both emissions, the chamber should be made of lead. Notice the illustration. Only lead will stop gamma waves, although copper will stop beta particle penetration.86)

8Fe + S8 --> 8FeS

What type of chemical reaction is happening here?A) synthesisB) decompositionC) single replacementD) double replacement

Explanation:This is a synthesis reaction. All synthesis reactions end up with one product being formed from two or more reactants.87)

Common Metals

Name Melting Point Density (g/cm3)

Zinc 419.53 oC 7.134

Nickel 1455oC 8.912

Copper 1084.62oC 8.96

Silver 961.78oC 10.501

Gold 1064.18oC 19.282

Determine the identity of a cube of metal that measures 1.2 cm on each side and has a mass of 15.4g.A) GoldB) NickelC) SilverD) Zinc

Explanation:Based on the density calculation, the cube must be made of nickel. To determine the density, divide the mass by the volume. The volume = l x w x h. Since this is a cube, the volume = (1.2cm)3 = 1.728 cm3. D = mv

 = 15.4g

1.728cm3

 = 8.912g

mL, so this must be nickel according to the chart.88)

How should you change this image to represent an ionic bond between sodium and fluorine?A) Move 7 electrons from fluorine to sodium.B) Move one electron from fluorine to sodium.C) Move one electron from sodium to fluorine.

D) Nothing. The image already represents an ionic bond.

Explanation:The correct answer is Move one electron from sodium to fluorine. Non metals take electrons from metals to form ionic bonds.89) What is the chemical formula for potassium oxide?

A) K2OB) KO2

C) POD) PO2

Explanation:The correct formula for potassium oxide is K2O. First, be sure you have the correct symbols for each element. Then check the oxidation/valence number: potassium (K) is +1 and oxygen (O) is -2. Using the criss-cross method to be sure that the sum of the oxidation numbers equals zero, we have K2O.90) What is the chemical formula for aluminum fluoride?

A) Al3FB) AlF

C) AlF3

D) AlFl3

Explanation:The correct formula for aluminum fluoride is AlF3. First, be sure you have the correct symbols for each element. The symbol for fluorine is F. Then check the oxidation/valence number: aluminum (Al) is +3 and fluorine (F) is -1. Using the criss-cross method to be sure that the sum of the oxidation numbers equals zero, we have AlF3.91) What is the chemical formula for the ionic compound calcium chloride?

A) Ca2ClB) CaCl2

C) Cl2CaD) ClCa2

Explanation:CaCl2 Calcium has a positive 2 charge and chlorine has a negative 1 charge. It takes 2 chlorine atoms for every calcium in order to be neutral.92)

Volume and Density versus Water Temperature

Temperature (Celsius) Volume of 1.000 gram of water (cc or mL) Density ( g/cc or g/mL)

0 (ice) 1.0928 0.9150

4 1.0000 1.000

20 1.0018 0.9982

40 1.0079 0.9922

60 1.0171 0.9832

80 1.0290 0.9718

Water changes volume with changing temperature. Water's volume increases very rapidly between 0 degrees Celsius and 4 degrees Celsius as the water freezes and becomes ice. The percent of volume increase between these states of matter at 0 degrees and 4 degrees is

A) 1%B) 4%C) 9%D) 10%

Explanation:The answer is 9%. When water's temperature drops, its volume decreases until it reaches 4 degrees Celsius. As water freezes, its volume rapidly increases. The rate of increase can be calculated by dividing the difference between the volumes at these temperatures by the volume at 4 degrees.93) Use the IUPAC nomenclature rules to give the name for this compound - Al2S3.

A) aluminum sulfide

B) aluminum (II) sulfide

C) dialuminum trisulfide

D) aluminum (III) sulfide

Explanation:The elements in the compound are a main group metal and a nonmetal. So use the IUPAC nomenclature rules for ionic compounds with main group metals - aluminum sulfide.94) The IUPAC name for the common household cleaner, ammonia, is nitrogen trihydride. Identify the formula of ammonia.

A) NHB) NH3

C) N3HD) N3H3

Explanation:The elements involved at 2 nonmetals that will form covalent bonds. NH3

95)

Ca3(PO4)2 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H3PO4

Balance this reaction if necessary.A) balancedB) 1, 3, 3, 2C) 1, 2, 3, 3D) 3, 2, 1, 3

Explanation:1, 3, 3, 2Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 → 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4

96)

H2SO4 + NaOH → Na2SO4 + H2O

Balance this reaction if necessary.A) balancedB) 1, 2, 1, 2C) 1, 2, 1, 4D) 1, 2, 2, 2

Explanation:1, 2, 1, 2H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O97) An example of a single replacement reactions is the polishing of silverware by soaking with aluminum. Silver reacts with Sulfur, S, to become Ag2S. Aluminum replaces the silver, Ag, in this reaction. Which of these is the correct balanced chemical reaction for this?

A) Ag + Al2S →Ag + Al2S3

B) Al + Ag2S → Ag + Al2S3

C) 2Al + 3Ag2S →6Ag + Al2S3

D) 2Ag + 3Al2S →6Ag + Al2S3

Explanation:2Al + 3Ag2S →6Ag + Al2S3 is the correct balanced equation. Others are either unbalanced or have aluminum replacing silver.98) Hydrogen peroxide spontaneously decomposes to yeild water and oxygen. Balance this reaction.

__H2O2(aq) → __H2O(l) + __O2(g)

A) 1, 1, 1B) 1, 2, 1C) 2, 2, 1D) 2, 2, 2

Explanation:2, 2, 1 

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

99) Tetraphosphorus decaiodide is represented by which formula?A) P3I10

B) P4I10

C) P3I8

D) P4I8

Explanation:Tetraphosphorus decaiodide is represented by P4I10.100) Unknown element X is a metal that ionically bonds to sulfur.

Is the formula, X3S feasible? Why or why not?

A) It is feasible. The three metallic ions each receive an electron from sulfur.

B) No, it is not feasible. Sulfur cannot give three electrons to the metal since the sulfide ion has a -2 charge.

C) No, it is not feasible. The metallic ion X only has one valence electron and the sulfide ion receives two electrons.

D) No, it is not feasible. Three metallic ions cannot provide the exact number of electrons that one sulfur needs for the ionic bond.

Explanation:No, it is not feasible. Three metallic ions cannot provide the exact number of electrons that one sulfur needs for the ionic bond.One sulfide ion would receive exactly two electrons for the ionic bond. This is impossible to get from three metallic ions.