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RICHARD NIXON: The Man Behind The Mask by Gary Allen

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Page 1: RICHARD NIXON: The Man Behind The Mask by …cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/conspiracy/Gary Allen - Nixon...RICHARD NIXON: The Man Behind The Mask by Gary Allen Released by RareReactor

RI CHARD NI XON: The Man B ehi nd T he Ma sk by G ar y A l le n

Cathy
Released by RareReactor
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Liberals Get The Action,

Conservatives Get The Rhetoric Whi l e i n a pa r t i cu l ar l y expans i ve mood o ne d ay, Ri char d N i xon' s Senate f l oor l eader , t he ver y Li ber al H ugh S cot t of Pe nnsyl va ni a, boaste d t o a r eport er : " We [ Lib er als ] g et t he ac t i on an d t he Conser vat i ves g et t he r het or ic . " ' T hi s y east y a dmi ssio n o f th e N ix on Admi ni st r at io n' s Li ber ali sm in a ct i on d oubt l ess woul d have co me as a di st in ct s hoc k t o most of t he 32 m i ll i on c i t i zens w ho vot ed f or Ri char d Mi lh ous Ni xon fo r P re si dent of th e U ni te d S ta t es i n 1968. T hey expect ed Conser vat i ve act io ns t o f ol l ow t he la udabl e C onse r vati ve r het or i c of t he ca mpai gn. T he Ni xon campai gn l anded ma ny a st r ong ver bal cl out o n t he sn out o f squis hy-s of t Li ber ali sm, whose pe r mi ssi ve p ol i ci es at h ome and ab r oad ha d b ro ught th e c ount r y to t he br i nk of a ner vous br eak down f r om f r ust r at i on, i f n ot f i nanci al , mor al, a nd mi l i t ar y c ol la pse. Whi l e st umpi ng t he husti ngs, ca ndi dat e N i xo n p ro mi sed agai n and a gai n "n ew l eader shi p" t hat woul d r es t or e la w a nd o r der, s t op a i d an d t ra de w i th our Co mmuni st e nemi es, te r mi nat e t he cease l ess wa r i n Vi et nam, s cu t t l e unwork abl e so ci ali st s pendi ng pr ogr ams, da sh v i ru l ent i nf l ati on, r est or e f i sca l s ani t y, st uf f t he g eni e o f bi g g ov er nment b ack i nto t he bot t le , a nd, i n-g enera l , " t hr ow th e r asca l s ou t . " Li bera l c ol umni sts , w i del y b el i eved t o b e Mr . N ix on' s i mpl aca bl e enemie s, h ave s eemed b oth s urp r i sed and hi ghl y pl eased a t t he " New Ni xon, " w ho gi ves t he C onser va t i ves t he rh et or i c and t he L i ber al s t he act i on. One o f t he t i p-o f f s came e ve n b ef or e t he e l ec t i on in a n amazi ng col umn b y t he l ate Ral ph McGi l l, f ormer l y a st aunch e nemy o f Ri chard N i xo n. M cGi l l , edi t or of t he A t l ant a C onst i t uti on an d a n at i onal l y s yndi cate d c ol umni st, w as a member o f t he se mi-s ecr et Co unci l on F or ei gn Re l at io ns, c al l ed " t he CFR, " ot her wi se kn own a s " t he i nvi sib l e go ver nment " or t he "E ast er n Li bera l E st abl i shment . " ( The CFR wi ll b e deal t wi t h in g r eate r d et ai l i n C hapt er Th r ee.) M cGi ll , o ne o f A mer i ca' s m ost vocal a nt i -a nt i -Communi st s, wr ot e in a co l umn ti t l ed " Al l Ci vi l iz ed P ers ons Ar e I ndebt ed T o Ni xon" : An i mpor t ant change h as come t o R i char d Ni xon. Th e n at i on, an d, f or th at m att er , c i v i l i ze d p er sons ev er ywher e, ar e i n hi s d ebt . Ni xon has c hanged hi s o nc e r ig i d v i ews a bout t he neces si t y to mai nta i n r ela t i ons a nd a di alo gue w it h t he C ommuni st wor l d, i nc l udi ng Red Ch i na, wh en th at n ow chaot i c c ount r y has a go ver nment t hat c an b e r esponsi ve. He d id s o b ec ause t he f ac t s ha ve c hanged. Ni xon bui l t hi s po l i t i cal c are er o n opposi t i on t o C ommuni sm. H e had ma de h i msel f t he d arl i ng of t he Bi r ch-t ype ment al it i es, and o f al l t he va r i ous ext r eme r i ght-w i ng nut o r gani zat i ons th at ca r r y o n wi t ch hunt s and c har acte r a ssas si nat i on i n t he name o f ant i-C ommuni sm. The Ne w Ni xon p oli cy w as made publ i c be f or e hi s n omi nat i on a t Mi ami. H e s ai d i n a p r ess c onf er ence t hat he h ad " r evi sed" so me of h i s ear l ie r v i ews, l ar gel y be cause t he Co mmuni st w orl d i ts el f h as s hif t ed i n n ew d i r ect i ons. Ni xon suggest ed fu r t her t hat t he e r a of "c onf r ont at i on" w i t h t he Communi st w orl d h as e nded. I t has b een r epl aced, he b el i eves, wi t h an er a of n egoti at i ons. Whoeve r i s Pr esi dent , h e sai d, i n t he n ext f our and ei ght y ear s, " must pr oceed o n t he a ssu mpt io n t hat negot i at i ons w i th t he So vi et wor l d, n egoti at i ons e vent ual ly w i t h t he l eaders o f t he n ext s uper power,

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Communi st C hi na, must t ak e p la ce. T hi s i s a c hange t hat h as come about , and th er ef ore , y our p ol ic y m us t c hange. " Ni xon sai d, wi t h admi r abl e c andor , th at hi s 1 960 accept ance speech , w i t h i t s i nf l exib l e po si t i on again st any t al ks wi t h th e Communi st w or l d, " woul d be i rr el evant t o t he p r obl ems of t oday. " " As th e f acts c hange, " he s aid , " any i nt el l i gent man does c hange hi s ap pr oaches t o t he p ro bl ems. I t do es no t m ean t hat he i s an opport uni st . I t me ans o nl y t hat h e is a pr agmati st . " 2 The "N ew Communi st s" p r oc eeded t o e mbar r as s t he " New Ni xon" by shor tl y t here af t er b r eaki ng th ei r n on-a ggr es si on tr eat y wi t h Cz echo-Sl ovak i a a nd i nvadi ng t hat c ount r y to b r ut al l y cr ush an a ppar ent move t oward i ndependenc e. Shor tl y a f t er t he el ect io n, L i ber al col umnis t s we r e g l oat i ng t hat Ni xon coul d do mor e f or Li bera l i sm si mpl y because h e was a Re publi can who wa s w i del y b el i eved t o b e a C onse r vati ve. R ober t J . D onov an of t he Los An gel es Ti mes obser ve d i n an a r ti c l e t i t l ed " Ni xon Wi l l Pr ot ec t t he Cent er F r om t he Le f t a nd Ri ght " : He k nows h e cannot m ake st r i des a t ho me un t i l h e get s r i d o f t he bur den o f t he w ar. H e h as p r omi sed to e nd t he w ar . H is a ssoci at es say he i s awar e t hat i n o r der t o do s o he m ay have to m ake u npopul ar conces si ons t hat onl y a n ew Pr esi dent a nd onl y one w ho, l ik e h i mse l f , f eel s saf e ag ai nst c har ges o f bei ng " sof t on c ommuni sm" w ould r i sk maki ng. As o ne o f h is c l os est f ri ends expl ain ed re cent l y, " The A mer ic an people k now Di ck Ni xon wo ul dn' t s el l t he count r y out t o t he Communi st s. " O r as Se n. J aco b K . Javi t s ( R. -N . Y. ) was q uot ed as h avin g sai d t he o t her d ay , " I ' m confi dent th at Ni xon w il l e nd t he wa r . . . i f Humphr ey w oul d d o what Ni xon i s g oi ng t o do o n Vi et nam, H umphr ey woul d be s hot o r im peach ed. N ix on wi l l e nd t he war . " 3 Wi dely s yndic at ed Li ber al c olu mni st Sydney H ar r is w as not e xa ct l y downca st a t t he th ought of a Ni xon Ad mi nis t r at i on: I t i s pr obabl y b et t er f or t he nat i on t hat Ni xon was el ect ed t han Humphr ey, f or s oci al r eal i t i es w i l l f or ce Ni xon t o d o pr et t y much t he same t hi ngs Humphr ey w oul d h av e d one, b ut Ni xon wi l l encounte r l es s bi t t er ness an d o pposi t i on t han H umphr ey wo ul d h av e Look magazi ne' s Washi ngto n c or r espondent Ri char d Wi l so n w r ote i n hi s ne wspaper c olu mn: A r ath er i mpr essiv e l i st has accumula t ed of t hi ngs t hat a r e not goi ng t o b e done i n t he Ni xon admi nis t r ati on: The Of f i ce of E conomi c Op por tu ni t y (p overt y p r ogr am) i s n ot t o b e abol is hed. The 10 p er ce nt in come su r t ax i s n ot t o be d r opped. The Jo hnson budget i s n ot t o b e cut s ubst ant i al l y. Sout her n p ubl i c sc hool s ar e no t t o be p ermi t t ed t o s qui r m out o f endi ng s egr egat i on t hr ough f re edom of c hoi ce p l ans. A s i gni f i cant r i se i n t he r ate o f u nempl oy ment is n ot t o b e encour aged as a co ncomi ta nt of a r r est i ng i nf la t i on. Consumer-p r ot ec t i on ac t i vit i es a re n ot t o b e abandoned. The "s ecur i ty g ap" i n n at i onal d ef ens e i s not f ound to b e a s wi de as i t appeare d l as t O ct ober .

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I f s uc h p ol ic y d ec i s i ons seem at v ari ance wi t h Ni xon's s t ance i n t he pr esi dent i al campai gn, i t i s b ecause so m any people h ad fo r med a di f f er ent i dea o f what th e N ix on a dmi ni str at i on woul d be l i ke . I f t her e i s t o b e no s i gni f i ca nt c hange in b udget ar y pol i cy, no s i gnif i cant change i n t ax p oli cy, n o si gni f i cant change i n ec onomi c pol i cy , t hen much o f what w as s aid d ur i ng t he campaig n c an b e c l assi f i ed as t he usual pol i ti cal b ombast. s Col umni st W il son not ed th at "t he a gony i n Ni xon's e arl y d ays i s among Republi cans who t hi nk th ei r l egi t i mat e i nte r ests a r en't b ein g pr ot ec t ed, wh i l e t he e cst asy i s among Li ber al s a nd D emocr at s who h ave di scov er ed th at Ri char d Ni xon i sn' t hal f as b ad as t hey e xpec t ed." 6 St ewar t A l sop, o ld w ar hor se of t he Fa bi an Soci ali st Am er i cans f or Democr at i c Ac t i on ( ADA) , t ol d hi s N ewsweek r eader s i n a c ol umn t it l ed " The,D emonste r i zat io n o f Ni xon": Someth i ng v er y i mpor t ant has happened d uri ng R i ch ar d M. N i xon' s f i r st mont h as P re si dent: a gr eat m any p eopl e w ho suppos ed o r at l east s usp ect ed t hat Mr . Ni xon w as a so r t o f human monste r h ave di sco ver ed t hat he i sn't . Al l th ese a ss ort ed Ni xonophobes now f i nd t hemsel ves puzzl ed a nd di scomf i t ed. For wher e is t he Ri chard N i xo n t hey so ha ppi l y hat ed? They may f i nd h i m agai n, of co ur se - honey moons al ways e nd. Yet t he su dden, shar p f adi ng of Ni xonophobi a seems to b e mor e t han a f uncti on of t he usual Pr esid ent i al honey moon. I t c oul d b e a b asi c a nd per haps e ven a p er manent change i n pu bl i c at t i t udes to war d th e n ew Pr esid ent . . . . I t i s i nt er es t i ng t o s pec ul ate o n t he r eas ons f or t he change. F or one th i ng, Pr esi dent N i xo n, as a s usp ect ed m onst er , g et s a l ot o f cr edit f or no t b ei ng a mo nst er . H e ge t s cr edi t fo r n ot d oi ng al l sor t s of t hi ngs t hat a Pr esi dent H umphr ey, f or exampl e, w oul d h ave got no cr edit a t a ll f or not d oi ng - not abandoni ng th e c ause o f school i nt egr at i on; not i nst i t ut i ng a wi t ch-h unt in g " c l ean-o ut " of t he St at e Depart ment ; not de mandi ng " cle ar-c ut su per i ori t y" i n n ucle ar we apons as a c ondi t i on of n egot i at in g w it h t he Russia ns. P re si dent N i xon, i n shor t, g et s cr edit f or no t d oi ng t hin gs ca ndi date N i xo n h i nte d h e mi ght do. Lat er, A l sop was t o j oyousl y cr own Mr . N ix on " The G r eat P r e-Empt or " : The Pr esi dent ' s ba si c p ol i t i ca l t echni que i s n ow ent ir el y obvi ous. H e appeas es t he r i ght w i t h r eassu r i ng rh et ori c, c ons er vat i ve appoin t ment s and such g es t ur es a s t he u nle ashi ng of Vi ce Pr esid ent Spi r o T. A gnew a nd t he ve t o of t he HE W bil l . A t t he sa me t i me, h e busi ly p r e-e mpt s, p ur l oi ns, or f i l ch es ai r t he maj or i ssues of hi s nat ura l e nemi es, t he l i ber al Democr at s. Ther e ar e p le nt y of e xampl es of t he Pr esid ent i n act io n i n hi s r ol e as T he G re at P r e-E mpt or . A n at i onal m i ni mum i nc ome w as j ust bur geoni ng fo r t h as a m aj or li ber al Democr at i c is sue when t he P r es i dent snat ch ed i t away. The d ra f t lo t t er y bor e t he K ennedy br and be f or e t he Pr esid ent c apt ur ed i t , an d s o di d t ax r efo r m. T he " New F eder al is m" w as t he br ai nchil d o f Rober t F. Ke nnedy, but i t h as now be en l egal l y adopte d b y th e P re si dent. A nd so o n.8 Si nce Mr . A ls op is a L i ber al , he n atu r al ly f ound al l t hi s h ig hl y pr ai se wor t hy as he c ont in ued:

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. . . I n s hor t , Mr . N i xon h as t ur ned out t o b e a f ar be t t er pol i ti c i an th an mo st p oli t i cal j our nal i sts ( again , i nc l udi ng t hi s one) t hought h i m t o b e a y ear ago. He may t ur n out t o be a bet t er Pr esi dent , t oo. To b e a good Pr esi dent it i s f ir st ne cessary t o be a g ood pol i ti c i an. Mor eov er , t he i ssu es t hat Mr . N ix on ha s p r eempt ed f r om th e l i bera l s a r e good i ssues - t hey i nvol ve d oin g t hi ngs t hat b adly n eed t o be d one. P erh aps, t o b e f ai r , t hat is a l so a r eas on wh y T he Gr eat Pr e-Empt or h as pr e-e mpt ed t hem. Al sop was a ls o p le ased th at Co nser vat i ves ar e neutr al i zed t hr ough t hi s pol i cy of g iv i ng t he r het or i c to t hem whi l e t he Lef t g et s t he act i on: " The r heto r i c h as h ad a mar ve l ousl y s ooth i ng ef f ect on t he Republ i can ri ght ; t her e has be en h ard l y a peep fr om Senat or s Gol dwat er , Tower, T hur mond an d c ompany. " Af t er a l l , what can t hes e men s ay? They went f ar o ut on a l i mb to s uppor t M r. N i xo n i n 19 68 an d t hey ar e now i n a h i ghl y e mbar r ass i ng p os i t i on. Few ha ve g ush ed ov er t he New Ni xon as h as t he n at i onal l y syndic at ed co l umni st R osc oe Dr ummond, a me mber of t he Council o n For eig n R el at i ons Est abli shment . D r ummond began even bef or e Pr esid ent -el ect Ni xon t ook of f i ce, by de cl ar i ng R MN t o b e a " sec r et l ib er al " : The mo st s i gni f i ca nt p oli t i cal f act of t he h our i s n ow s o e vi dent i t c an' t b e ser i ousl y d is put ed: Pr esid ent R ic har d M. N i xo n i s a " secr et li ber al ." He may n ot we l come t he de scr ip t i on. He r es i st s la bel s and s ees hi msel f a s a pr agmat i s t , a p ro bl em-sol ver - nei th er l i ber al nor conser vat i ve - who want s to d o what n eeds to b e d one. But Ni xon i s al r eady p r ov i ng hi msel f a l ib er al-i n-a ct i on i f n ot a l i bera l -i n-t heory - and t hi s i s what count s. The ev i dence: Lyndon J ohnso n i ni t i at ed and Congr ess a ppr oved t he la r gest vol ume of s oc i al l egi s l at i on o f any pr esi dent i n hi st ory . A nd N i xon pr epar es t o c ar r y f orw ar d ever y ma j or Johnson measu r e. Dur i ng t he ei ght Ei senhower ye ar s 4 5 new wel f ar e pr ogr ams w er e passed. D ur in g t he E ve Jo hnson y ear s some 435 w el f ar e pr ogr ams wer e passed a nd Ni xon i s n ot pr opos i ng t o di smant l e t hem. He i s pr opos i ng t o bui ld o n t hem and h i s go al is t o mak e s ur e t hey achi eve t heir p ur pos es mo r e e f fe ct i ve l y. Fi nall y, N i xo n h as c ommit t ed hi s a dmi ni str at i on t o a bi g o pen-ended i ncr eas e i n Soci al Se cur i t y benef i t s b y advoc at i ng t hat t hey b e booste d r egul ar l y t o matc h h ig her l iv i ng cost s. But th e f act r emai ns t hat N i xo n i s no t g oi ng t o di sr upt , d ecr ease or d is mant l e t he vast , he l p-p eople , h el p-t he-s t at es p r ogra ms he i nheri t ed f ro m t he G r eat Soci et y any m ore t han D wi ght E i se nhower di d t hose he i nher i t ed f r om t he Ne w Deal. I ke ac cept ed t he r ef or m of t he N ew Deal as p ar t of t he f abr ic o f modern s oci et y a nd c i t es as hi s p r oudest . pr esi dent i al a chi ev ement t he ext ens i on o f Socia l S ecur i t y t o c over m or e t han 1 2 mi l l i on m or e people . 9 Si x mo nt hs la t er , af t er Mr . Ni xon a nnounce d h i s Fami ly A ssi st ance Pl an, a t hi nl y d is gui sed Guara nt eed Annual I ncome, w hi ch h e had op posed dur i ng t he ca mpaig n, t he dumbf ounded Dr ummond w as p r edi ct i ng t hat Ri char d N i xon, o f al l peopl e, mi ght g o d own i n hi st ory a s t he F DR of t he 19 70s: What ev er h appened t o c ons er vat i ve R ic har d Ni xon?

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Her e he i s in t he l ead fo r t he m ost f ar-r angin g, g r oundbre aki ng, dar i ng s oci al-w el f ar e r ef or m s in ce t he ear ly y ear s of th e N ew Deal . The Pr esi dent has s ei zed t he i nit i at iv e o n th e mos t c r uci al l y needed d omest i c re f or m an d h as s t ol en t he best cl ot hes o f t he Democr at i c li ber al s. St r ange t o co nt empl at e bu t t he t i me may co me w hen p eopl e w i ll t hi nk of R i ch ar d M. N i xon a s t he R epubl i ca n F r ank l i n D. Roosev el t o f t he 19 70s! But no ne o f t hi s al t er s t he fa ct t hat c ons er vat iv e R ic har d Ni xon i s a ct i ng t o car ry o ut an i mmensel y l i bera l c once pt an d l i ber al pr ogra m. How li ber al ? I f yo u d ef in e moder n l ib er ali sm as a w i ll i ngness t o use th e f eder al go ver nment t o ac hi eve maj or soci al ends, t he Pr esid ent ' s new Pr ogr am i s v er y l i ber al . . . . 10 Dr ummond a l so t old h i s so phi st i cat ed Li ber al r eader s i n s uch papers a s t he n oto r i ously L eft i s t W as hi ngt on P ost t o i gnor e t he fa ct t hat Democr at s h av e t o de nounc e N i xon as a Co nser vat i ve f or p oli t i cal pur pos es: Despit e e pi th et s f r om l ib er als , t he r ecord o f t he N i xo n admi ni st r at io n t hus f ar i s o n t he p ro gr ess i ve s id e i n bot h po l i cy and act i on. I t i s much mo r e mi dr oad t han conser va t i ve and p er haps even a l i t t le l ef t of c ent er . The la bel s do n' t mat t er . What does is w het her t he P r es i dent i s act i ng w i sely a nd ef f ecti vel y. I t i s doubt fu l i f Ni xon's D emocr at i c cr i ti cs a r e doi ng t hemse l ves much good p ol i t i ca l l y. It d oes n' t d o t he admi ni st r at io n a ny har m t o b e cal l ed c onser vat iv e b y i t s o pponent s, p art i cula r l y w hen i t i sn' t ver y conser vat i ve. A nd t he c onser va t i ves have no p l ace t o go e xcept t o Ni xon. 1 1 Dr ummond a l so b ull doggedl y n ot ed t hat M r . Ni xon on V ie t nam, cont ra r y t o al l pa st p r omi ses, h as se i zed t he E ugene McCar t hy p l ank o ut of t he 1 968 Democr at i c Na t i onal C onve nt i on: The ar eas o f agr eement be t ween t he re spons i bl e do ves and Pr esid ent N ix on ar e f ar g re at er th an ma ny r eal i ze. Thi s i s r eveal ed by t wo f act s. Al l th e l eadi ng De mocr ati c d ov es v ote d f or t he mi nor it y V i etn am pl ank at t he 1968 Democra t i c Nat i onal C onv ent i on. Today Ni xon i s c ar r y i ng out ev er y p ro vi sio n o f th at pl ank a nd - at p oi nt s - mor e. The do ve-s uppor t ed D emocr at i c p l ank a dv ocat ed " phas ed w i th dr awal " of a ll f or eig n t ro ops f ro m Vie t nam. Ri char d N i xon h as gone fu r t her . . . . 12 Mar y McGr or y, L i ber al f emme fa t al e of t he Washi ngt on St ar , no t ed ear l y i n t he game ( i n t he F ebr uar y 11 , 1 969 is sue) th at lo yal Republ i can Co ngr es smen we r e in f or sh or t shr i f t : I nnoce nt l y , [ Republ i cans] a ssu med t hat t hey w ould h ave t hei r pi ck of c hoi ce j obs f or t hei r f r i ends a nd i nsta nt a cce ss to t he Whi t e House. They ar e g ett i ng f ewer pl ums and f ewer c al l s . . . . T he Re publi can member s [ of Congre ss] h av e n ot y et ad dr ess ed t hemsel ve s t o th e f ir st pol i cy m oves of th e P r esi dent whi ch seem l i kel y t o p le ase t he A mer i cans f or De mocr ati c A ct i on mor e t han S t r om Thur mond.

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Mi ss McGr or y was al so a ll a t wi t t er at t he f act th at a Re publi can had do ne t he unt hi nkabl e and appoi nte d a n of f i cer o f t he u l tr a-L ef t is t Amer ic ans f or D emocr at i c Act io n, D ani el Pa t r i ck Moynih an, a s a Pr esid ent i al advis or . S he w r ot e: " Moy ni han . . . knows t hat hi s ba si c i dea about th e p oor , m oney, wo r k a nd f ami ly i s now o n i t s wa y, r espec t abl e Republ i can do ct r in e a t la st . " 13 I t w as t he Fa mi l y Assi sta nce Pl an, dr af t ed l ar gel y b y Moyni han, t hat evoked t he gr eat est sur pr i se a nd t he l oudest c heer s f r om t he por t si de p ont i f i ca t or s. The Washi ngto n S ta r ' s C ar l T. R owan, a fo r mer JFK ap poi nt ee, w ro t e: I magin e s omeone te l l i ng you 20 y ear s ago t hat a Republ i can pr esid ent w oul d as k t he f edera l g over nment t o g uar ante e a m in i mum annual i ncome t o ever y fa mi l y. You wo ul d h av e l aughed yo ur in f or mant o ut of t own. Especi al l y if h e t ol d y ou t hat t hi s Republ i can wo ul d advocate a wel f ar e p r ogr am th at c ove r ed 25 mi l li on Amer i cans i nst ead o f 10 mi l l i on and co st $ 10 bi l li on i nst ead of $ 5 bi l l i on. Yet , af t er mo nt hs of d ebat e wi t hi n hi s a dmi ni st ra t i on, P r esid ent Ni xon went on na t i onwid e t el ev i s i on t o make j us t s uc h a r ev ol uti onar y pr opos al t o t he Amer i can peopl e. l a Ear l ie r R owan h ad poi nt ed o ut: " Ri char d M. N i xon i s cl ear l y not what he s ai d he wa s, n ot what Democra t s fe ar ed he w as, n or ev en wh at Republ i cans hoped he w as d ur i ng t he pr esi dent i al campai gn. 1 5 Even t he N ew Republ i c, fo r f if t y y ear s t he v oi ce of in t el l ect ual soci al i sm, wa s g le ef ul to w elc ome N ix on an d h i s Fami ly A ssi st ance Pl an to t he r anks of t he c r eepi ng so ci al i st s: . . . Pr esi dent Ni xon i nf or med t he Ne ander t hal m en t hat he h ad accept ed a nd would a ssert c r eepi ng so ci ali sm, t he p r in ci pl e of t he Federa l G over nment g uar ant eein g a m in i mum i ncome t o al l d i sadvanta ged Amer ic ans. 16 Even Joseph Kr af t, p r obabl y th e most f ar -o ut Le f t i s t among syndic at ed co l umni sts , h as h ad wo r ds of p r ais e f or R MN' s Li ber al i sm. Kr af t, a m ember of t he Es t abli shment' s C ounci l on F ore i gn R el at i ons a nd a man who r ec ent ly p r ai se d L eni n a s havi ng " t r ans mi t te d t o th e Communi st w or l d th e i deal s o f equal it y a nd p r ogre ss an d p eace , " 1' w as par t i cu l ar l y i mpr es sed b y t he Pr esi dent ' s hypocr is y i n r epudia t i ng campai gn p r omi ses: . . . t he A dmi ni st r at i on' s s lo w s t art h as made it p oss i bl e to f ob gent ly o f f in t o ob l i vi on some of t he l east e nl i ght ened t hi ngs s aid a nd done dur i ng t he ca mpai gn. A t ta i ni ng nu cl ear superi or i t y over t he Russia ns h as been r epl ace d b y goi ng f or "n ucl ear suf fi c i ency. " C ru de not i ons o f tr adi ng a l i tt l e mo r e u nempl oyment f or a li t t l e le ss i nf l at i on a re o nly a n e ch o. So i s n on-e nf orc ement of t he l aws agai ns t segr egat i on. And " l aw a nd or der " sounds l i ke a q uai nt s lo gan of t he same v i nt age as "5 4-4 0 o r Fi ght " and " Ti ppeca noe and T yle r , To o. " 1 8 Rank and f i le R epubl i cans w oul d b e mo st sh ocked at t he c onsis t ent pr ai se h eaped u pon M r . Ni xon by t he New Yo r k T i mes' ho use s av ant , James Rest on. R esto n, al so a me mber of t he CFR, i s r egar ded as t he of f ic i al " unoff i c i al spokes man" fo r t he E ast er n L ib er al E st abli shment, n ow t hat Wal t er L i ppmann ha s r et ir ed af t er f if t y ye ar s o f l aunder i ng t he mi nds

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of t he A mer ic an pu bl i c . Rest on p r ai se d t he P r esid ent f or " wip i ng out t he ol d p ol it i cal st er eot ypes of R i ch ar d Ni xon th e p ar t i san pol i ti c i an, t he da r l i ng of t he p r of essio nal a nt i -c ommuni st s. " 19 Rest on l at er wr ote a c olu mn co ngr at ul at i ng t he Pr esi dent , af t er hi s f ir st fi ve mont hs in o f f i ce , o n " a g ood b egi nni ng." A mong t he t hi ngs t hat par t ic ul ar l y pl eas ed t he Li ber al s age o f t he P oto mac wer e Ni xon' s a ppoi nt ment s, w hic h h e t er med nei th er " pol i t i ca l n or i deolo gi cal ." R est on d esc r i bed t hese men as " compet ent m odern pr agmat i st s, who may n ot be ve r y i magi nati ve, b ut w ho ar e mor e i nt ere st ed in t he f act s and th e n at io nal i nt er est s, th an i n t he conser vat i ve t heor i es o r pol it i cal in t er ests o f t he R epubl i ca n p ar ty . " zo Thi s nat ur all y i gnor ed th e f ac t t hat most peopl e i n vo t i ng fo r Mr . Ni xon d id s o bel i evin g t hat t hey wer e vot i ng f or Conser va t i ve t heori es t o cur e t he d i sa st r ous e f f ec t s of t he Li ber al t heori es th at had he l d s way f or ne ar l y fo r t y year s. Of c our se, ma ny Re publ i ca ns fa i l t o u nder st and w hy Democra t i c Admi ni st r at io ns h ave t he pr i v i le ge of bei ng par t i sa n a nd o f b ui l di ng t he De mocra t i c P ar t y at e ver y t ur n, whi l e t he R epubl ic ans m us t b e const ant l y non-p ar t is an a nd al way s make conces si ons i n t he d i r ect i on of t he Li bera l s. I n t he s ame col umn Rest on t old h i s mo r e so phi st ic at ed r eaders t hat t he n ame o f t he g ame i s " The C onser va t i ves get th e r heto r i c, t he Li bera l s g et t he act i on": Ni xon has, of c our se, s ai d a l ot o f t hi ngs t hat pl ease th e h awks, t he Re publ i ca n c onser vati ves, and t he a uth or i t ari ans who w ant t o be mi l i ta nt i n Vi et nam and on t he c ampus es an d i n th e c it i es, bu t h e has act ed pr udent l y , and s t uc k t o hi s p ri or i ti es o n endi ng t he wa r , cont ro l l i ng t he in f l at i on a nd mov i ng t owar d an a cc ommodat i on wi t h Moscow o n t he c ont r ol o f mi l it ar y a rms a nd t he re ducti on o f mi l i ta r y budget s. Even hi s s uppor t of t he ant i bal l i s t ic m i ss i l e s ys t em, whi ch l ooked s o h awki sh, w as pr obabl y a m ov e t owar d a n ar ms cont r ol accommodat i on w i th t he S ovi et U nio n . . . . Rest on a l so pr ovid ed u s wi t h an a naly si s - i n th i s c ase a n accura t e o ne - of wh y t he countr y c onst ant ly m oves t o th e L ef t, r egard l ess of w het her R epubl ic ans o r Democ r at s ar e i n of f i ce: Pr esid ent E is enhower a cqui esce d i n al l t he N ew Deal r ef orms t he Republ i cans oppose d i n th e 3 0s a nd 40 s, an d [ so di d] Ni xon as h i s deputy . H e ca me to o f f i ce a s a m i nori t y pr esi dent , a cc used of b ein g a war-m onger w ho wa s i ndi f f er ent t o t he i nt er nal s oci al a nd economi c pr oble ms o f t he ci t i es an d t he r ace s, bu t h e is n ow ar gui ng f or peace, and so ci al ju st i ce - t al ki ng l i ke a co nser vat i ve but a cti ng li ke a pr ogre ssi ve. Ar t hur S chl es i nger S r . ma kes t he s ame p oin t i n hi s s tu dy o f " The Ti des of N ati onal Pol i t ic s. " The c hie f l ib er al ga i ns of t he past , he says, " gener al l y r emai n o n th e s ta t ut e bo oks when t he c ons er vat iv es r ecove r p ower . . . l i ber al i sm g r ows const ant l y mor e l i ber al, a nd by t he sa me t oke n, co nser vat i sm gr ows co nst ant l y l es s c onser vati ve . . . . " Thi s may n ot be tr ue o f t he co nser vat i ves l i ke Ge or ge Wal l ace who ar e ou t o f po wer , but i t seems t o b e t r ue of N i xo n. He i s z ig-z aggin g t o t he l ef t . 21 I f L ib er al s l i ke Rest on can co nvi nce Conse r vat i ve s t hat i t is somehow u ngent l emanl y ( "y ou ca n' t t ur n t he c l ock back" ) t o un do th e

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damage d one by p re vi ous L ef t i st ad mi nis t r at i ons, th en t he Republ i cans ar e do omed to m eek l y p r omi s i ng t o a dmi ni st er s oci al i sm mor e ef f i ci ent l y. Thi s, o f c our se, i s e xac t l y what i s happeni ng an d t he Li bera l s l ove i t . Obser ve d R es t on: Al l th e P r esi dent' s a mbig uous and e ve n c ont r adi ct or y s ta t ement s of f or ei gn an d d omest i c pol i cy h ave been anal yzed h ere w i t h t he gr eate st c are . O ne d ay he i s sayi ng t he Vi et nam war ma y b e on e o f our " f i nes t h ours , " an d t he next he i s wi t hdra wi ng Amer i ca n t r oops f ro m t he bat t le f i el d. One day h e i s s ubmi t ti ng t o t he co nser vat i ve i nst i nct s o f t he Amer i can Medic al A sso ci ati on o r pl acat i ng t he s out her n se nat or s o n t he sc hool in t egra t i on gu i deli nes, an d t he n ext he i s support i ng wel f ar e s t ate p oli ci es he h ad opposed o ver t he la st 20 y ear s. 2 2 Li ke ot her Li bera l s, R es t on was e cst at i c over Ni xon's g uar ant eed annual i ncome p l an: The ma i n t hin g a bout P r es i dent N i xon' s p ro posal s f or deal i ng wi t h pover t y i n Amer i ca i s t hat h e re cogni zes t he g ove r nment' s r esponsi bi l it y f or r emovi ng it . H e ha s b een d enounci ng t he " wel f ar e st at e" f or 20 y ear s, b ut he is n ow sa yi ng t hat po ver ty i n A mer i ca i n t he mi dst o f spect acul ar pr osp er i t y i s i nt ol er abl e a nd m ust be w ip ed out . . . . A Republ i can pr esi dent ha s c ondemned t he wor d " wel f are , " emphas i zed "w or k" and " tr ai nin g" a s co ndi ti ons o f publi c a ssis t ance , sugges t ed t hat t he s t at es a nd t he c it i es be g i ven m ore f edera l m oney t o deal wi t h t hei r so ci al an d e co nomi c pr oble ms, b ut s t il l c omes o ut i n t he en d w i t h a p ol i cy o f spendi ng mor e money f or r el ie f o f mo r e po or people t han t he w elf ar e s ta t e De mocr ats e ver d ar ed t o pr opose i n t he past . Thi s i s b egin ni ng t o b e t he st or y o f Ameri can p ol i t i cs . . . . . . . And n ow o n t he most c ont r over si al qu est i on of do mest i c pol i cy , h e ch anges t he rh et ori c, t he phi lo sophy and th e a dmin i st ra t i on, but pr oposes mor e wel f are , m or e p eopl e o n publ i c assis t ance, whi ch w i l l t ake mor e f eder al f unds t han any o t her p re si dent i n th e h i sto r y of t he Republ i c . . . . Nevert hel ess, N i xo n h as t aken a g r eat s t ep f or war d. He h as c l oake d a r emar kabl y p r ogr essi ve wel f ar e p ol ic y i n conserv at i ve l anguage . . . . 23 Rest on c onclu ded t hi s c ol umn by c l aim i ng t hat N ix on be l i eves t hat Amer ic ans f av or th e Mar xi an co ncept of r edi st r i but i ng t he w eal t h: He h as r epudi at ed hi s o wn p art y' s r ec or d on s ocia l p ol i cy a t home and ev en h i s own hawki sh at t it udes ab r oad, a nd th i s te l l s u s somet hi ng bot h about th e P re si dent and t he c ount r y. For he h as ob vi ous l y c onc l uded t hat t he Amer i can peopl e a r e f or peace abr oad and f or a mo r e de cent di st r ib ut i on of w eal t h a t home, a nd t he ch ances ar e th at t his w i ll p r ove t o be b ot h good pol i cy and go od pol i ti cs. Act ual l y m ost A mer i cans r eal iz e t hat by "p eace ab r oad, " M r . Rest on m eans f ur th er a ppeasement o f t he Co mmuni st s' gl obal p ower g r ab, and th at t he poor can o nl y b e hel ped t hr ough g ain f ul empl oyment , whi ch t he pl an p r omi ses, b ut wh i ch nobody ser i ousl y t hi nks i t w i l l del iv er . The ot her s id e

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of t he " wel fa r e st at e" co i n at h ome i s t he a ccept ance of a so f t er at t i tu de t owar d Co mmuni sm a br oad, o n t he b as i s th at i t i s s omehow changi ng a nd has mel l owed. R es t on w ro t e in t he Au gust 6, 1 969 L ong Beach Pr ess-T el egr am: The ti de i s goi ng out . Th e P re si dent i s tu r ni ng ar ound, w avin g t o t he ri ght o ne d ay and t o t he l ef t t he n ext - but t he overw hel mi ng i mpr es si on in t he capi t ol i s t hat h e i s co nsci ous l y zi g-z aggin g t owar d peace i n V i et nam and a n accommodat i on w i th M oscow . . . . Washin gt on is m ore s ensit i ve t han N ew Y ork o r o th er pl aces to t he genera l d i r ec t i on of P r es i dent s a nd pol i ti cs. I t i s mor e in t er es t ed i n t he ov er-a l l te ndencie s o f Pr esi dent s t han i n t he day t o day Wh i t e House st at ement s, and i t seems t o f eel t hat N i xon i s now e ngaged i n a del i ca t e r etr eat f r om h is h awki sh a nd a nti-C ommuni st r ec or d of t he past . By S ept ember 30, 1970, Mr . R esto n, in w hat may ha ve b een a n ef f ort t o g et L i ber al s to l ook a t w hat N ix on d oes a nd not w hat h e says, was te l l i ng r eader s o f th e P re ss-T el egr am t hat M r . Ni xon was desper at el y at t empt i ng to " l ib er at e hi msel f f r om hi s conser va t i ve and ant i -C ommuni st p as t " : . . . I t i s t r ue t hat N ix on ro se t o power as a n ant i -C ommuni st , a hawk on V i etn am, and a n opponent o f t he Ne w Deal, b ut once he a ssu med t he re sonsi bi l i t ie s o f th e p re si dency , h e began movi ng t oward p eac e i n Vi et nam, c oex i st ence w i th t he Communis t w or l d o f Moscow a nd Pe ki ng, a nd despit e a l l hi s po l i t i cal r ese r vat i ons, ev en t owar d ad vocacy of th e wel f ar e s t ate a t home. Ni xon' s p ol ic i es t owar d Soci al S ecuri t y , wel f ar e payment s, ar ms cont ro l a nd coexis t ence wi t h t he C ommuni st w or l d ar e qui t e di f f ere nt f r om t he p oli ci es he s uppor t ed w hen he w as a c ongr essman, a senato r a nd v i ce pr esi dent u nder E i se nhower . H e has be en s t ru ggl in g b et ween hi s pol i ti cal p re j udic es o f t he pa st a nd hi s r esponsi bi l it i es a s Pr esi dent , and he h as mo ved i n t he l ast t wo y ear s t owar d an a cco mmodat i on wi t h hi s ol d ad ver sari es bo t h a t home and a bro ad. Thi s has n ot been easy. He i s st i l l t or n bet ween hi s ol d ant i -C ommuni st c ol d w ar i nst in ct s and h i s new pr esi dent i al dut i es. H e has be en a r gui ng f or a r ms c ont r ol , he h as been su pport i ng t he nonpro l i f er at i on of n ucle ar we apons, he ha s b een suppor t i ng t he r econc i l i at io n o f t he Wes t G er mans an d t he S ovi et s, he h as be en appr ov i ng . mor e tr ade b et ween t he Wes t er n and t he C ommuni st wor l ds - most of t he t i me agai nst t he pr ej udic es of m ost of t he c onser vati ve Republ i cans who su ppor t ed h i s bi d f or t he' pr esi dency i n t he f i r st pl ace. The li kel i hood i s t hat Ni xon i s g oi ng t o be P r esi dent f or t he next s i x y ear s. He i s a t a c ri t i cal poi nt i n h i s car eer . H e has be en t r y i ng t o l ib er ate h i msel f f ro m h i s conse r vat i ve a nd ant i Communis t past , and w or k t owar d a pr ogre ssi ve pol i cy a t h ome a nd a p oli cy of r econc i l i at io n w it h t he Communi st s ab r oad . . . . Al t hough t her e w er e h i nts d uri ng t he 1968 campaig n t hat t hi s was what Mr . N i xo n w as u p t o, o nly t he mo st sophis t i cat ed c ons er vat iv es, who we r e f ami l i ar wi t h Mr . N ix on' s ba ckgro und a s a s omet i me member o f t he Ea st er n Li bera l E st abl i shment ' s CFR, coul d in t er pr et t he messa ge. Most of t he campai gn r het or i c deal t wi t h st r ength eni ng A mer ic a i n i t s deal in gs w i th t he Communi st s and a cast i = gat io n o f th e p ol i c i es of past i nadequat e le ader shi p, wh i ch h ad l ed us f r om o ne di saste r t o

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anot her . B ut i n 19 70 R est on wa s t el li ng us : " . . . it w oul d pr obabl y be w is e t o fo l l ow t he a dmi ni st r at i on' s s lo gan: `W at ch what we d o r at her t han what w e say.' " 2 4 Even Davi d Br oder of t he Washi ngt on Post , j ust ab out t he most Lef t wi ng d ail y t hi s s i de of th e I r on Cur ta i n, h as h ad pr ai se f or Ni xon. Br oder , w ho descri bes h im sel f as a "r adi ca l l i ber al , " chast is es .M r . Ni xon f or n ot h avi ng b r ought or der t o t he f eder al gover nment 's c haot i c bur eaucr acy: . . . i f w e ar e fa t ed t o be go ver ned by co nser vat i ves, t hi s i sn' t t he wo r st s et w e coul d ha ve, by a l ong s hot . They ar e r ath er st uf f y an d o cc asi onal l y so ur , b ut o n t he substa nt i ve questi ons t hey' r e no t n earl y a s bad a s t hey mi ght be. We coul d have co nserv at i ves who ar e h ell-b ent on f at te ni ng t he m il i t ary ; t hese men h av e p ut t he Pe nt agon o n it s l eanest ra t i ons i n year s. W e, mi ght have c onser va t i ves det ermi ned to r emove c ommuni sm f r om ever y vi l l age i n Vi et nam; Mr . Ni xon wa nt s mai nl y t o g et o ut , t hough h e someti mes s ca r es you o ut of yo ur w i ts w i th a C ambodi an o per at i on i n t he pr oces s. The ha r shest susta i nabl e i ndic t ment of t hese R epubl i ca ns i s t hat t hey l ack t he o ne vi r t ue conse r vat i ve s a re s uppos ed t o be b or n wi t h: compet ence as m anager s. Despit e t hr ee m ajo r r eorg ani za t i ons and a massiv e i ncre ase i n t he Whi t e House st af f, t hi s Admi ni st r at io n i s st i l l a " pit i f ul , hel ple ss g i ant , " s t umbl in g o ve r i t s own fe et . I ts r eco r d i n handli ng C ongr ess, t he ec onomy, th e c ampuses and t he ot her t r oubl e spot s i s c ons i st ent l y o ne o f ar r i v i ng b r eat hl ess, s hor t l y a ft er th e cr i sis h as oc cur re d. 2 5 Those whom we h ave q uot ed ( wit h t he except i on o f Mar y McGr ory ) r epr es ent t he e l it e, t he cr i me d e l a cr i me o f t he E ast er n L ib er al Est abl i shment ' s co t er i e of i nt el l ectu al co mment at or s. They ob vi ous l y appr ov e o f Mr . N ix on a nd ar e t r y i ng t o t el l t heir r eader s t o f or get what Mr . N i xo n s ay s i n or der t o p acif y t hose w ho vot ed f or hi m, an d p ay at t ent i on t o what he d oes . T hi s i s al so g ood ad vi ce fo r C onser vati ves. Whi l e t he Was hi ngt on p r es s c or ps o f hack cor r espondent s h ave t r adit i onal ly n eit her l ik ed no r t r ust ed Ri char d Ni xon, t hey ar e bl i nded by p as s6 s t er eot yp es a nd t heir o wn kn ee-j er k Li ber ali sm. The D r ummonds , Al sops , K r aft s, Br oder s a nd R est ons a re i n a n ent ir el y d if f er ent c l ass . They ser ve as a tr ansmi ss i on bel t f or t he Li ber al e l it e i n an d o ut o f t he go ver nment , th e f oundat i ons, t he communi cat io ns in dust r y and t he academy. T he f act t hat fo ami ng-a t -t he-mout h col l ege r adi cal s, psychot i c bl ack mi l i t ant s, neur ot ic p r of essor s, a nd pol i t ic al l y mot i vat ed Li ber al Democr at s c ont i nue t o d amn Mr. N i xon as wh at t hey c ons i der a " r i ght -wi ng-c api ta l i st-p i gexp l oi t i ng-i mperi al i s t " ser ve s o nl y t o en hance and pr ot ec t M r . Ni xon' s r eput at i on w i t h t he so-c al l ed s i l ent m ajo r i t y . I t doesn' t h ur t hi m, i t i s a n ece ssi t y t o k eep t hose w ho vot ed f or th e Pr esid ent f ro m r eal i zi ng t hat candi dat e Ni xon a nd P r es i dent Ni xon ar e as d if f er ent as Dr . J ekyl l a nd M r . Hy de. I t i s not , on l y th e p hi lo sopher -k i ng i nt el l ec t ual s of t he Est abl i shment w ho have no t ed t hat " Shi f t y Di ck" has sh i f t ed Lef t . Even t he pu bl i cati ons i n t he " mi ddl e o f th e r oad" ( a posi ti on w hic h h as b een shi f ti ng L eft war d f or g oi ng on f our decades) h ave t ake n n ot ic e. An e ye-openin g a r t ic l e in t he Do w J ones C or por at io n' s Nat i onal O bse r ver of Jul y 21, 1 969, t it l ed " Two P os i t i ons: L i ber al a nd L ess L i bera l - The Conser vat i ves F i nd T hemse l ves Boxed I n, " s t at ed t hat al l t he Conser vat i ves c oul d e xpec t f ro m t he Ni xon Admi nis t r ati on w as

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" meani ngl ess baubl es. " Na t io nal Obser ver c orr espondent Ju de Wanni ski cont in ued: The mo st i mpor t ant t hi ng t o un der st and a bout t he i deol ogi cal chur ni ng i n t he Ca pi t ol i s t hat i t is t aki ng p l ac e w it hi n a n ext re mel y nar r ow r ange of de bat e. And th at r ange h as b een c i r cumscr i bed b y congre ssi onal l i ber al s of b oth p ar t ie s. Unl i ke e ar l ie r c onf l i cts o f i deol ogy i n Was hi ngt on, t her e is n ow no f undamenta l d is put e ov er co mmi t ment s, onl y a nar r ow h aggli ng ov er t echni que. Th er e ar e a r ti f i c ia l " l i ber al " posi t io ns an d " l ess l i ber al " posi ti ons, wi t h th e p ul li ng an d h auli ng la r gel y bet ween S enat e Democra t s an d t he Whi t e House, but t he c ons er vat i ves ha ve be en f or ecl osed fr om de bat e. Becaus e t he l i bera l s h ave b een s ur pri si ngl y ef f i ci ent i n or gani z i ng t he lo yal o pposi ti on, C ongr ess i onal conser vat i ves h ave n o c hoi ce but t o j oi n i n s uppor t of t he so mewhat " l es s l ib er al " Whi t e House . . . . Her e w e have Sen. St r om Thur mond, w ho woul d l i ke an a bru pt h alt t o al l f eder al desegr egat i on m oves, l i ght l y appl audi ng th e n ew a ppr oach to s chool-d esegr egat i on g uid el i nes because t hey woul d gi ve a f ew s ch ool di s t r i ct s a l i t t l e ext r a t i me. Her e ar e ot her conserv at i ve s, S en. J ohn T ower of Te xas a mong th em, a ppr ovin g t he Ni xon vot i ng-r i ghts p l an becaus e i t ap pl i es t o t he n ati on a ci vi l -r i ghts f or mul a t hat n ow appl ie s o nl y t o th e S outh . I f Mr . N ix on la t el y has be en s een i n t he c ompany o f conserv at i ve s i t is o nly b ecaus e t hey have moved on t o li ber al t er r ai n i n or der t o s uppor t hi m. Conser vat i ves w ho l ooked f or war d t o abol is hi ng th e O ff i ce o f Economi c O ppor t uni t y h ave f ound t hemsel ves i n t he o dd posi t io n o f pr omot i ng r enai ssa nce o f t he a gency a l ong n ew l i nes, t he l i ber al s def endi ng t he s t at us q uo. O l d guar d Republ i cans who la st y ear t hought r azin g w as t oo go od fo r t he Job Co r ps c amps th i s y ear passio nat el y def end t he Admi ni st r at io n' s deci s i on t o keep h al f t he camps open . . . . T he co nser vat i ves wa nt to m er ely d oubl e t he f eder al commit ment to f eedi ng t he p oor . T he l i bera l s w ant t o t r i pl e t he commit ment . On t he e nt i re r ange o f do mesti c i ssues t her e i s scar ce l y one on w hi ch conse r vat i ve s a re n ot oc cupyi ng i deol ogic al g r ound th at was he l d by l ib er al s onl y a y ear or t wo a go . . . . T he "c onser vat i ve" campus-u nr est b i l l t hat was b l oc ked i n t he House Educati on an d L abor Commit t ee l as t m ont h w as so mi l d a s t o b e meani ngl ess, b ut as m i ld a s i t w as t he le gi sla t i on wa s o pposed by t he Pr esi dent . . . . On f or ei gn-pol i cy i ssues , t oo, t he debate f al l s wi t hi n a n ar r ow r ange, t he ol d guar d conserv at i ve s m ovin g t o t r adi ti onal l i ber al t err ai n t o suppor t Mr . Ni xon. Th e P re si dent wi l l v i si t Communi st R umani a i n t he ki nd of east -w est br i dge-b ui l di ng t hat P r es i dent K ennedy a nd P r esid ent Johnson t al ked a bout. B ut her e ar e t he l i bera l s cr i t i c i zi ng th e t r i p because i t mi ght upset Moscow. A nd her e comes th e O ld G uar d - t he Mundt s, Tower s, Hr uska s, D i rk sens - gal lo pi ng to M r . Ni xon's d efe nse. The co nser vat i ves seem c omfor t able e nough a r gui ng f or M r . Ni xon' s Saf eguar d a nt i -b al l is t i c m is si l e syst em, b ut even he r e th e g r ound h as shi f te d. A ye ar ag o t he Ri char d R usse l l s and S t ro m Thur monds wante d not hin g l ess t han an A BM net t o p r ote ct Am er i can ci t ie s a gain st at t ack whi l e ma ny l i ber al s woul d have consi der ed th e S af eguar d def ense o f t he U. S. nucl ear det er r ent s a t r iu mph o f r easo n a nd peace . . . . N owher e, i t s eems, h as t he spect ru m s hi f t ed mo r e th an i n t he Vi et nam debate . Senato r s w ho t wo year s ag o w er e s t i ll t alk i ng a bout bo mbi ng Hanoi and Hai phong a r e pushi ng d i se ngagement . Sen. John S te nni s of M i ss i ssip pi , chai rman o f t he Ar med S er vi ces C ommit t ee, onl y ei ght mont hs ago wa s st i l l not r ul i ng out t he possi bi l i t y of em pl oyi ng n ucl ear w eapons i n

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Vi et nam. N ow he is e ndors i ng t he encl ave t heor y o f Gen. James Ga vi n, a t heory w hi ch seemed a p anacea t o d ove s i n 1967 . . . . Per haps t he l i bera l s s houl d be h appie r w it h t hi s condi t i on th an t hey ar e. B ut i n f act t hey s eem mor e f r ust r at ed t han t hey e ve r w er e i n t he Jo hnson er a. As m uch gr ound as t hey c over i n se eki ng an i ss ue, M r. Ni xon f ol l ows, y anki ng th e O ld G uar d wi t h hi m. But at l east t he l i ber als s houl d f eel p r id e o f au t hors hi p, ser vin g t he nat i on w el l i n l eadi ng th e l oy al o pposi t io n a s vi gor ousl y as t hey h ave. I f t hey h ad b een i n di sar r ay , u nabl e t o br i ng f or cef ul pr essu r es o n t he Whi t e Ho use f or n ece ssary p ol i cy c hanges a t home and a bro ad, Mr . N i xo n w oul d h ave b een f or ced t o move e ve n mor e caut io usl y th an he h as. The Wal l S t re et Jo ur nal , whi ch t r i es t o st ay i n t he mi ddl e of t he r oad, has c onsi ste nt l y ca l l ed at t enti on, usual l y appro vi ngl y, t o Mr . Ni xon' s " Li ber al is m i n ac t i on. " J ourn al co r r espondent Al an Ot t en wr ot e ear l y i n t he game on Marc h 4 , 1969: " . . . T here w i ll c l earl y b e no bi g cu t backs i n Go ver nment s pendi ng; i n fa ct , al l s i gns a r e t hat spendi ng w i ll r i se p r et ty m uch o n L yn don Johnson' s s ch edul e . . . . " Ot t en quot es an un named Whi t e House st af fe r t hat " t he Ni xon Admi ni st r at io n t al ks q uit e c onser vati vel y much of t he t i me, yet en ds u p act i ng w i t h compar at i ve l i beral i sm." O t t en al so not es t hat a R epubl i can who ha s a C onser va t i ve im age can g et away wi t h th i ngs no L i ber al coul d. " . . . T he same pr oposal w oul d s ound l i ke a not her a la r mi ng st ep down t he ro ad t o st at e soci ali sm" comi ng f r om t he D emocr ats , w r i te s O tt en. 26 Thi s i s, o f cour se , t he ver y r oad Mr. N i xo n i s tr avell i ng, an d t he f act t hat a R epubl i can i s n ow l eadi ng t he way ser ves t o n eut r al i ze m uch o f t he op posi t io n t o i t . C onser va t i ve co r r esp ondent Wal te r T r ohan o f t he Chi cago T r i bune sa dl y w ro t e on O ct ober 1 5, 1 969: Conser vat i ves s houl d b e r eal is t i c e nough t o r ecogni ze t hat th i s countr y i s go i ng deeper i nt o soci al is m and w i l l see ex pansi on o f f edera l p ower , w het her Re publi cans or D emocr at s ar e in p ower. T he onl y comf or t t hey may have i s t hat t he p ac e w il l b e sl ower under Ri chard M . Ni xon t han it m i ght h ave been under Hubert H . H umphr ey . Conser vat i ves a r e goi ng t o h av e t o re cogni ze t hat t he Ni xon admi ni st r at io n w il l e mbra ce mo st o f t he so ci al i sm o f t he D emocr ati c admi ni st r at io ns, whi l e pr of ess i ng t o i mpro ve i t . . . . Conser vat i ve acqui escence i n t he b asi c t heor y o f Mar xi sm t hat " socia l i sm is i nev i t abl e" s eal s t he doom of l i ber t y in A mer ic a. Even such a st aunc h a nd l ong-t i me Ni xon ad vocat e a s Tr ohan, w ho i s t he C hi cago T ri bune' s senio r p ol it i cal wr i t er, h as conf ess ed i n pr i nt t hat , " mor e i n s orr ow th an i n anger, t hi s comment at or i s begi nni ng t o f i nd hi mself p uzz l ed b y Ri char d M . Ni xon' s s t art i n t he Pr esid ency. " He ad ded: "T her e woul d seem t o b e so me ca use f or uneasi ness. " One t hi ng th at ma de T r ohan un easy wa s " . . . t he pr ais e Ni xon heaped on th e S t ate D epar t ment st aff w hen he c al l ed o n hi s r ound of f eder al es t abli shments . N o l ess en t husi ast i c pr ai se h as be en he aped on o th er s o f t he ent r ench ed De mocr ati c p ar t y. T hi s a ls o c ontr ast ed shar pl y w i t h hi s cal l f or c hange dur i ng t he campai gn. " 27 , Col umni st R al ph de T ol edano, an e r stw hi l e Ni xon suppor t er w ho once wr ot e a l audat or y bi ogr aphy o f t he Pr esi dent , c ompl ai ned: Whi l e Pr esi dent Ni xon h as b ask ed i n t he ap pr ovi ng s mil es o f t he l i bera l e st abl i shment , a cl oud once no b i gger t han a m an' s le f t h and

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has be gun t o gr ow dar ker on Washi ngto n' s pol i t i ca l h or i zon. That c l oud has a st or m pot ent i al w hi ch co ul d b adl y ro ck M r . Ni xon' s s hip a s he moves t owar d t he 1970 a nd 1 972 e l ecti ons. I t i s no l onger po ssi bl e t o ig nor e t hi s , or n ot t o c omment on i t s s i gnif i cance. I t adds u p t o on e i mpor t ant f act : The co nser vat i ves won t he el ect i on f or Ri char d Ni xon - and t hey a re l osi ng t he el ect i on t o hi m. I t c an no l onger b e denie d t hat t hose t o t he r i ght o f ce nt er' who car r ie d N ovember 6 f or Mr . N ix on ha ve g ott en le ss t han t he back of h i s hand f or t hei r e ff or t . Obvi ousl y t he s poi l s a r e goi ng t o t hose wh o d i d t hei r wor st , or best , t o s ee Ni xon' s o pponents t r i umph. In f act , a k in d o f po l i t ic al al l i ance b etw een t he p r es ent admi ni st r at io n a nd t he a nt i -N i xon coal it i on s eems to b e i n t he maki ng.2 8 A n erv ous J ames Ja ckson Ki l pat r i ck, a f ormer e dit or of t he Ri chmond N ews L eader , g av e a s hi s t ent at iv e j udgment t hat " Mr. N ix on, t hus f ar , d is appoi nt s. " What concer ned t he c ol umni st most w as t hat : Mr . Ni xon h as n ot cl eaned h ous e. T o be s ur e, a ne w c abi net is i n of f i ce , b ut what of t hat? B ure aucr acy i s a k i nd of r oot v eget abl e; w hat counts i s u nder gro und. It i s at t he t hi r d and f our t h l evel s t hat memora ndums ar e dr af t ed, r egul at i ons enf or ced, sp eeches p re par ed, and pol i ci es s haped. I f M r . Ni xon f ai l s t o d ig d own t o t hese l eve l s, and t o put in n ew men w it h n ew i deas, h e w il l h ar vest th e s ame o l d t hi ng. 2 9 Wi l l ia m Loeb of th e Manch est er ( N. H.) U nio n L eader d id n' t t ak e what he t hought wa s N i xon' s do ubl e-c r oss qui t e so g ra cef ul ly . L oeb accuse d N i xon o f " t hr owin g i t away" and no t ed, qu ot i ng a n i nf or mant , a l ong-t i me Washi ngt on ob ser ver: " Had Mr . N i xo n a nd h i s ca bi net o f f i ce r s ex posed t he wr ongdoin g o f t he Ke nnedy and Jo hnson Admi ni st r at io ns in t he va r i ous d epart ments a nd i n t he b r anch es of t he go ver nment i n Washi ngt on - and t hr oughout th e wor l d - Pr esi dent Ni xon coul d ha ve co nsol i dat ed hi msel f i n o f fi ce an d bui l t t he R epubl ic an p art y u p so i t woul d be s t ro ng fo r y ears t o come. " I nste ad, " ou r f ri end c oncl uded, " Mr. N i xo n i s at t empt i ng a cour se o f a ct i on whi ch ne ver i n t he hi st or y o f po l i t ic s o r go ver nment has be en s ucc essfu l . H e i s f av or i ng h i s enemi es a nd of f endi ng hi s f r i ends. " 3 0 By J anuar y 24 , 1 970, H uman E ve nt s, th e s ta unch Co nserv at i ve weekly n ewsle t t er f r om Washi ngt on, wh i ch voci f ero usl y support ed Mr Ni xon i n 1 968, h ad i t self b eco me l arg el y di s i l l us i oned w i t h t he Pr esid ent ' s act i ons . S ur veyi ng t he scene af t er one y ear , t he p aper st at ed: . . . i t s eems t o us t hat t he Pr esi dent ig nor ed most of h i s own r het or i c d uri ng th e f i r st y ear . I nste ad of r ut hle ssl y exami ni ng exi sti ng d omest i c l egi sla t i on and e li mi nat i ng t he u nnecessary , h e kept al l th e K ennedy-J ohnso n p r ogr ams, cal l ed f or i ncr ease d f undi ng of t hem i n s ome i nsta nces and e ve n d re amed up a ne w wel fa r e sc heme wh i ch he acknowl edges wi l l cost mo r e th an t he exi st i ng w el f ar e set -u p. The Pr esi dent c an be s een e mbr aci ng t he vi ews o f l i ber al l epr ec haun Da ni el Moyni han o ne m or nin g a nd t hen t hat af t er noon s id i ng wi t h t he c ons er vat i ve A rt hur Bur ns. Ni xon condemns t he a nt i -p overt y pr ogra m as a waste , b ut t hen pushes f or it s e xt ensi on f or a t l east t wo year s. H e p er mi t s At t y . Gen. Mi t chell t o lo bby f or t he Whi tt en a nti-school-b usi ng a mendment i n t he House, b ut wh en it p asses , t o and

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behold , h e be nches M i t chel l an d s ui ts u p Fi nch, who si nks i t i n th e Senate . . . . I t h as b ecome a tr ui sm un der Li ber ali sm th at o l d subsi di es ne ver di e, and, a s Human Ev ent s po i nt ed o ut , Ni xon has m ade " no e f f ort - no ef f ort a t a ll - t o ro l l b ack t he bur eauc r acy. I ndeed s ome o bserv er s mi ght concl ude t her e w as an ef f or t to e ntr ench es t abli shed pr ogr ams [ emphasi s i n or i gi nal ] . " Admin i st r ati ons come a nd g o, whi l e mi l l io ns of govern ment wo r kers g o r ig ht on f ol din g, sp i ndl i ng, a nd m ut i la t i ng. A s t he Ch i cago Tr i bune o bser ved, quot i ng t he Fr ench pr ove r b, " The mor e i t changes, t he mor e i t r emai ns t he s ame. " Among t he mos t a rt i cul ate C ons er vat iv e c ri t i cs of M r . Ni xon has been t he Republi can Bat t l e Li ne, t he p ubl i cat i on o f t he Amer i can Conser vat i ve Uni on. I n it s F ebr uar y-Mar ch 1969 is sue, Bat t l e Li ne bl untl y t ol d i t s r eadei s wi t h r egar d t o Ni xon' s appoin t ment s: " Slo wl y but su r el y it h as f i nal ly d awned o n Republ i can pa r t y r egula r s ac r oss t he na t i on th at th ey h ave b een t aken. " T he n on-p ar t is an a ppr oach t o f i l l in g a ppoi nt ment s w as a c onveni ent e xcu se f or r et ai ni ng De mocra t i c hol dov er s a nd m ovi ng L i ber al Democr at s i nt o i mpor t ant sl ot s. Thi s i s not ex act l y what Republ ic ans had b een l ed to e xpect . A cc or di ng t o Bat t le L i ne: . . . candi dat e Ni xon a dmi t t ed p ubl ic l y , as w hen he sp oke t o Republ i can de l egat es i n caucus a t M ia mi Be ach l as t A ugust , th at on e o f t he gr eat est f ai lu r es o f t he Ei senhower ad mi ni str at i on w as th e c ompl et e l ack of W hi t e House ac t i on i n b uil di ng up t he Republ i can Par t y or gani zat i on. I t appear s t hat GOP h is t or y not o nl y r epeat s it sel f, i t s t ut te r s b adl y. Lat er, i n J une 1 970, B att l e Li ne w as t o no t e o f Mr . Ni xon' s own per sonal s t af f : . . . Per usin g a n or ganiz at i onal char t of t he Whi te H ouse st aff , t he tr adi t i onal Re publ i ca n i s st r uck by th e p r ese nce of s o fe w a vo wed conser vat i ves i n any c apaci t y, a nd th ose f ew a r e assig ned n on-pol i cy maki ng j obs . . . . Bat t le L i ne i n F ebr uar y had wa r ned th at th e A dmin i st ra t i on wa s st r ayin g a way f r om i t s t ra di t io nal r ol e a s t he C onser va t i ve pa r t y: Si nce i t s f oundi ng t he Re publi can P ar t y ha s g ener al l y hel d it sel f out to b e t he r esp onsi ble p art y c once r ni ng n at i onal ec onomi c pol ic y. The Re publ i ca ns ha ve f ought th e " budget bu st i ng" Democ r at s who i n t heir pr of li gacy "t ax, spend an d e le ct . " Li mi t ed g overn ment, b al anc ed budget s, l ower t ax es h ave a l ways b een G OP wat ch wor ds. T hat al l ma y b e changi ng n ow. Concer ni ng Ni xon's d omest i c po l i ci es, t he Amer i ca n C onser vati ve Uni on concl uded in t he June i ssue of B at t l e L in e: One sh oul d st ar t wi t h t he o bvi ous h is t or ic al p r emi se t hat a lm ost ever y maj or domest i c p oli cy th eme t he P r es i dent has ad opt ed dur i ng h i s t er m of o f f ic e h as f avore d n ot j ust t he li ber al s i de, but a t t i mes , t he ul t r a-l i bera l . N i xo n h as h ear ti l y em br aced wel fa r e p r ogr ams t hat wo ul d have made D wi ght Ei senhower bl ush. He h as champio ned bi g s pendi ng t o t he tu ne o f bi l l io ns a nd budget c ut s i n n ame o nl y. O ne of t he l ar gest i ncr eases e ver i n t he nat i onal d ebt h as j ust pa ssed t he H ouse and t he Ni xon budget , d esig ned

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as a model of f i sc al r ect i t ude, h as dr owned i n a swi rl o f r ed i nk and i nf l at i on. I n F ebr uar y of t hat s ame year ( 1970) t he ACU n ewsl et te r h ad comment ed: Not on l y d oes N i xo n s eek new ways t o spend F edera l t ax m oney, h e has gr eat l y i ncr eas ed sp endi ng f or pr ogr ams s t ar t ed b y Kennedy a nd Johnso n. S ecr et ary o f H EW Fi nc h' s d epar t ment w i ll get $6 b i l l io n mor e t han t he $52 b i ll i on i t s pent l ast y ear , al t hough al l bu t $ 1 bi l l i on o f t hi s r es ul t s fr om in cr eases a l re ady w ri t t en i nt o l aw - Socia l S ecur i t y boost s, wel fa r e, M edi care , e t c. Never t hel ess , anot her b i l li on do l l ar s goes t o H EW. " Cons i der i ng t he t i ght budget , " sai d an H EW of f i ci al , " we d i d ver y we l l . " I t s houl d b e r emember ed t hat t he v ast m ajo r i t y of R epubl i can Senato r s a nd Congr essmen whole hear t edl y op posed t hese Kennedy-J ohnso n Soci al i s t p ro gr ams when t hey wer e o ri gi nal l y b efo r e Co ngr ess. A s Bat t l e Li ne r emar ked: I f i t wer e no t s o t r agi c i t wo ul d s eem humor ous - a R epubl i can Admi ni st r at io n t os si ng aw ay bi l l i ons of ta x d ol la r s fo r s ocia l i sti c schemes t hat make t he N ew Deal l ook l i ke a p enny ant e game . . . . The Co nser vat i ve Republ ic an gr oup a ls o p oi nt ed ou t t hat t he Par t y was ab andonin g, pa r t i cula r l y w it h r ef er ence t o V i et nam, i t s t ra di t io nal ant i -C ommuni st p os i t i on, a p os i t i on o nce champi oned by R i ch ar d N ix on hi msel f . B att l e Li ne o bse r ved i n D ece mber 1969: What wor r i es many i s t hat t he Pr esi dent ma y h ave abandoned ev en a r emote i nt ent i on of w i nnin g t hi s c ostl y s tr uggl e agai ns t C ommuni sm; t hat our g oal o f v i c t or y has been r epl aced w i t h wi t hdr awal an d accept ance of d efe at . I f t hat i s s o, al l t hat r emai ns i s t o pl ay out t he tr adi t i onal As i an g ame o f savi ng f ace. I n t he N i xon Admin i st r ati on "a ppear ances ar e e ver yt hin g, " conclu ded B at t l e Li ne i n Augus t 1 969. T he Conserv at i ve s g et t he r het or i c . . . . I n J une 1970 Bat t l e Li ne poi nt ed o ut: Al l th i s i s not to s ay th at th e w or ds h ave n ot be en th er e. Bet ween h i s [ Ni xon' s] o wn mi ld er u t te r i ngs a nd th e c ons er vat i vesoundi ng r het or i c o f Vi ce Pr esi dent A gnew, m os t R epubl i cans h av e b een abl e t o assuage t heir c ons ci ences w i th t he va cant t hought t hat " t hey s ur e do s ound g ood. " As w e' ve sai d many ti mes bef ore , c onse r vati ves g et t he wor ds, l i ber al s g et t he act i on. Ni xon' s " New Leader shi p" has v i r t uall y r emoved th e C onser vati ve v i ewpoi nt f ro m t he c ongre ssi onal s pec t r um. T he Au gust 1969 Ba t t l e Li ne mour nf ul l y no t ed: The tr ut h i s t hat Pr esi dent Ni xon' s advoca cy o f al l so r t s o f l i bera l d omes t i c and f ore i gn pol i c i es seems t o h ave f ore cl osed conser vat i ves f r om d ebate . M any c onse r vati ve R epubl i ca ns i n Congre ss, especi al l y in t he House, have adopt ed w hat h as no w b ec ome t he Pr esid ent ' s own st andar d opera t i ng pr ocedur e; t hey t al k c onse r vati ve but go a l ong wi t h t he l ib er alis m t he P r esid ent has b een e spousi ng mor e and mo r e e ach w eek . T he vot e on t he sur t ax p r opos al fo und many

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Republ i cans r evers i ng t hemselv es a s t hey suppor te d t he P r esid ent 's back-t ur nin g o n a campai gn i ss ue. Demands f or " uni t y" do wo nder s as mor e and more l egi sl ato r s f oll ow th ei r P re si dent d own t he l i ber al r oad i n s pi t e o f pr i or conserv at i ve r ecord s a nd c ampai gn pr omi ses i n th e past el ect i ons. Pol i ti cal c ommenta t or s fr om Le f t , R ig ht , and t hat n onexi st ent i deolo gi cal posi ti on k nown a s t he " Cent er" a l l ag r ee th at th e N i xon Admi ni st r at io n i s f ar m or e L ib er al th an it p r et ended i t w ould b e dur i ng t he 19 68 c ampai gn, t hat Conser vat i ves r ece i ve o nl y " meani ngle ss bauble s; " a nd t hat t he ad mi nis t r at i on t alk s C onse r vati ve a nd act s Li bera l . T he Ni xon A dmi ni st r at i on, mo vi ng L eft war d, has pu l l ed th e Republ i can Pa r t y wi t h i t. The he ad o f t he Amer i can Conse r vat i ve U nio n, C ongr essman J ohn Ashbro ok o f Ohi o, has p oi nt ed out t hat t he N i xon Admin i st r ati on is usi ng t he e xc use of " part y u ni t y" t o hi gh-p r essu r e C ongr essmen i nto suppor t i ng i ncr eas ed go ver nment s pendi ng and po wer . As hbr ook s t ate d: A f ew mont hs af t er a h ard-f ought a nd cl ose nat i onal e l ec t i on, i t appear s t hat some Republi can l eader s would m ake you be l i eve t hat i t i s a q ues t i on of " not s uppor t i ng" t he Pr esi dent o r t he par t y wh en y ou vot e agai nst h i m when he f ail s t o ca r r y out h i s campai gn pr omis es. I wi l l suppor t hi m st eadf as t l y i n h i s ef f ort s t o br i ng about t he ch anges he p ro mi sed t he Amer i can peopl e. I wi l l ju st a s v i goro usl y oppose h i m if h e endeavor s t o go i n t he op pos i t e di r ect io n. I am not one of t hose Republ i cans - and t hey a re a ppar ent l y i n th e maj or i t y - who co ul d v ie w wit h a l arm u nder J ohns on la st y ear a nd poi nt wi t h pr i de t o t he s ame t hi ng under Pr esid ent N ix on th i s y ear . T her e a r e al way s changi ng f act or s t o c onsi der but s ome t hi ngs a re c l ear l y c ent r al and basi c t o o ur Republ i can phi l os ophy. I f a s a p ar t of ou r b asic phi l os ophy we o pposed s omet hin g l ast year, i t s houl d st i l l be w r ong t hi s year . If i t was r i ght l as t y ear, i t shoul d be r ig ht t his y ear . 3 1 But ap par entl y m any Republ i cans have deci ded S am Rayburn w as r i ght when he s aid , " To get al ong, go a l ong. " M os t R epubl i can Congre ssmen have gone a lo ng in w hat Republ i can Ba t t l e Li ne re f er s t o a s " l egis l at i ve amnes i a. " Ba t t l e Li ne in O cto ber 1 969 s ai d t hat: . . . t he Republi can Par t y in C ongr ess, l ong a b ast io n f or conser vat i sm, s eems t o be s uff er i ng f r om l egi s l at i ve amnesi a. G OP l eader s d on't l ead a nd th ei r member s, f or t he mos t p ar t , s eem p ara l yzed by t he p r esence of a R epubl i ca n i n th e Whi t e H ous e. Co ngr essmen wi t h l ong vot i ng r ecord s b ased o n sound GOP c onser vati ve pr i nci ple s n ow f or got t en h av e f ol l owed l i ke sheep as t he Ni xon Admi ni st r at io n h as pr opos ed n ew l egis l at i ve confi r mat i on f or many li ber al D emocr at pr ogra ms f i rs t e nact ed un der Kennedy and Johnson. The po l i t i cal p r oof i s in t he vot i ng. T he ef f ects o f t he g o-al ong-t o-g et-a l ong, p ar t y-u ni t y-a bove-p r i nci pl e p ol i cy has s hown u p i n t he vo t i ng re cor ds o f R epubl ic an C ongr essmen. T he Wash i ngt on St ar of Febr uar y 1 2, 1970, r eport ed: Amer ic ans f or C ons t i t ut io nal Act i on, whose r at i ngs o f congre ssi onal v oti ng r eco r ds ar e f r equentl y r el ie d u pon a s a measu r e o f conser vat i ve i nf lu ence in t he House and Se nat e, says t her e ha s b een " a di st in ct d r op" i n conserv at i sm i n b ot h h ouses, pa r t i cu l ar l y among Republ i cans . . . .

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I n a st at ement a cc ompanyi ng th e r at in gs, ACA P r es i dent C har le s A . McManus s ai d: " There i s n o quest i on t hat w e ar e d is appoi nt ed at t he r at i ngs r eceiv ed b y a n umber o f member s o f Co ngr es s, m ost l y Re publ i ca ns, and par t ic ul ar l y as t he ne w r at in gs fa l l f ar bel ow t he hi gh-w at er mar k achi ev ed i n t he AC A r at in gs by t he co nserv at i ve member s o f Co ngr es s coveri ng t he f i nal s essio n ( 1968) o f t he l i ber al Johns on admi ni st r at io n. " ACA Pr esi dent M cManus f ur t her st at ed: The ne w f i gur es re veale d t hat m any conse r vat i ve R epubl i cans h ave t aken posi t io ns on r ol l ca l l vo t es c ont r ary t o t hei r fo r mer po si t io n o n s i mi la r l egis l at io n, s ome f or t he f ir st ti me i n t hei r l egi sla t i ve car eer . T heir v oti ng r eco r ds i n 1 969 r eveal s uppor t of s ome l i bera l Kennedy-J ohnso n A dmin i st ra t i on pr ogr ams c onti nued by t he Ni xon Admi ni st r at io n. 32 The ex t ent to w hic h many Republ i can Congre ssmen who wo ul d h av e f ought H ubert H umphr ey to ot h and n ail h ave b een neut ra l i zed by t he Ni xon Admi nis t r ati on i s r eveal ed b y t he AC A t abul at i ons. T he Conser vat i ve vot in g i ndic es of n umero us GOP l awmaker s dr opped pr ecip i t ously . F or e xampl e, th e l at e Congr essman James U t t , a l ong-t i me champi on o f Conser vat i sm t hr ough t hic k a nd t hi n, t hr ough v i ce a nd si n, had a cumul at i ve Conser va t i ve vot i ng r ecor d wi t h t he ACA of n i net y-f i ve per ce nt . H is r eco r d i n t he 91 st C ongr ess, b el i ev e i t or n ot, w as s i x t y-s even per c ent . Th i s i s an i nc r ease f r om vot i ng Li bera l f i ve per cent of t he t i me t o v ot in g L ib er al ne ar l y t hi r t y-f i ve per c ent o f t he t i me - an in cr ease o f al most seven hundr ed p er cent . The vo t i ng re cor ds of o th er C ali f or ni a R epubl i can C ongre ssmen w er e t ypi ca l o f th e i ncr easi ng Li ber al i sm and d ecr easi ng Conse r vat i sm o f GOP l egi sl ato r s acr oss t he co unt ry . D on Cl ause n f el l f r om seventy-n i ne t o f i f ty-n i ne per ce nt ; C har l es S. G ubs er , f r om s ev ent y-t wo to f or t y per cent ; Wi l l ia m S. Ma i l l ar d, f r om f i ft y-t hr ee t o t went y-n i ne per c ent ; R ober t Mat hia s, f r om s eve nt y-o ne to f or t y-s even per cent ; B ur t T al co t t , f r om ei ghty t o f or t y-s even per cent ; C har l es Te ague, f r om ei ghty t o f if t y pe r cent ; Char l es Wi ls on, f ro m e ig ht yt wo t o fi f t y-f our per c ent ; a nd C r ai g Hosmer , f r om sevent yf i ve t o fi f t y p er c ent . Concer ni ng th e d is ast r ous e f fe ct s o f t he Ni xon Ad mi nis t r at i on o n GOP vo t i ng re cor ds , B at tl e L in e s t ate d: Nowher e h as th e P re si dent' s l ib er al i sm h ad a mor e depre ssi ng r esult t han among Republi cans i n C ongr ess. C ongre ssi onal Q uar t er ly i n i t s 19 69 y ear-e nd st udy o f t he vot i ng habi ts o f c ongr ess i onal Republ i cans f ound a d ecid ed mo ve t o t he le f t . M os t o f t he N ix on congre ssi onal v i ct or i es di d no t r esul t f ro m t he t r adit i onal conser vat i ve coali t i on of a ma j or i t y of th e G OP pl us t he b l oc o f sout her n D emocr ats . R at her N ix on most o f te n w on wi t h a l i bera l -domi nat ed c oal i t io n i nclu di ng East ern G OP members , m any D emoc r at s out sid e t he Sout h pl us j ust e nough " nor mal ly " c onse r vati ve R epubl i ca ns who ar e w i l li ng to g o a lo ng wi t h l i ber al bi l l s be cause t he Pr esi dent want s t hem. 33 Davi d Br oder, w r it i ng i n t he Washi ngt on Po st s aid : Thi s f act s hows mo st c l ear l y i n t he f i gure s o n in di vid ual member s ' suppor t of th e P r esi dent. W i t hin e ach p ar t y t he st r onges t

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suppor t f or t he Ni xon p ro gr am was t he E ast . . . [ al th ough] hi gh on t he l i s t of h i s Democr at i c ba ckers w er e such l i ber als a s Democr at i c Nat i onal C ommi t t ee C hai rman Fr ed H arr i s of O kl ahoma an d R ep. Mo r r i s K. Udal l of A r iz ona. Rep. Pe t er Fr el i nghuysen, R epubl i can o f N ew J ers ey, anot her l i ber al , l ed a l l House R epubl i cans i n s uppor t of t he Pr esi dent . . . and t he R epubl i can f oes of t he Pr esi dent we r e th e u l t ra-conser vat i ves i n t he H ous e l ed b y n one ot her t han Re p. H. R. G r os s o f I owa, who v ot ed ag ai nst t he Re publ i ca n P re si dent 64% of t he t i me. 34 Bat t le L i ne comment ed f ur t her: I nt ere st i ngly b y compar is on, t he 1 969 a nnual c ons er vat i ve r at i ngs by A mer i cans f or Const i tu t i onal A ct io n ( ACA) g ave R ep. F r el i nghuysen, Ni xon' s m ost f r equent G OP s uppor t er , a r at i ng o f onl y 20% cons er vat i ve. Re p. Gr oss, Ni xon's m ost f r equent G OP opponent , r at es 100% co nserv at i ve wi t h ACA. 3 s I n o th er w ord s, th e N i xon A dmi ni st r at i on has p r ov en to b e a n absolu t e d i sa st er i n t he f i ght a gain st so ci al i sm a t home a nd C ommuni sm abr oad. T he Ni xon Admi nis t r ati on, f or a l l i t s c ampai gn p r omis es an d pat r io t i c C onser va t i ve rh et ori c, i s not pa r t o f t he so l ut i on, i t i s par t of t he pr oble m. G r as s-r oot s Republi cans and G OP Congr essmen m ust now s wal l ow t hei r pr i de a nd r eal i ze t hat t hey h ave been conned by a smooth t al k i ng a uto mobi l e sal es man f ro m Whi t t i er , and must h eed S t. Paul 's r ecommendat i on t o t he Ephesi ans: "F ol l ow not a mul t i tu de to d o evi l ."

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The UN-Free Agent I t m us t s eem a g re at i r ony t o many th at as t he Ni xon Admi ni st r at io n mov es L eft , t he c ountr y a s a w hole i s movi ng Ri ght. T hat t hi s i s t r ue i s at t est ed by th e f act t hat t he P re si dent o f t en r eso r t s t o C onser vati ve rh et or i c and uses V ic e P re si dent Spi ro A gnew a s a t ool t o p la cat e Co nserv at i ve sent im ent i n t he nat i on. On N ov ember 5, 1 968, o ver 7 3 mi l l i on Ameri cans tr amped t o t he pol l s and e le ct ed Ri chard N i xo n P r esi dent wi t h 43 p er cent of t he vot e. On t hi s b asis A mer i ca' s powerf ul L i ber al pundi t s and soci al savant s announced i n a s hr i l l c hor us t hat M r. N i xo n w as a m i nor i t y Pr esi dent , and th at i n or der t o g ove r n pr oper l y he sh oul d fo r m a sor t of c oal i t i on govern ment to i ncl ude " th e a li enat ed ur ban p oor and th e d i ssi dent yout h. " W hen John Kennedy w on a s queaker ov er Ni xon i n 1960, t hanks t o c i v i c-m i nded v ot ers f r om t he Gr eat Beyond i n C hi cago an d T ex as, t hese same soot hsay er s t r umpete d t hat t he r et urn s w er e a " mandat e" f or t he mar ch t o a Ne w F ro nt i er of t he L ef t . Not one s out hpaw scr i be suggest ed t hat Ri char d Ni xon u nder t ake a " dia l ogue," m uch l ess seek a c oal it i on govern ment , wi t h t he a l ie nat ed, d i saf f ecte d, a nd di ssi dent te n m il l i on who ha d p ut t hei r X o n th e b al l ot b es i de t he n ame o f Geor ge Cor l ey Wal l ac e. U nli ke th e B l ack N ati onal i st s a nd N ew Le f t i es , t he t en m i l l i on Wal l ac e s uppor t ers w er e deemed t o b e beyond t he pol i ti cal a nd i deolo gi cal pal e - awf ul c r eatu r es t o b e is ol ate d a nd t r eate d a s l epers . The Li ber al pundit s i gnor ed th e f act t hat Ni xon and Wal l ace pol l ed a c ombi ned 57 p er cent of t he vot e, w hi ch const i t ute d t he gr eate st f our-y ear shi f t of v ote r s enti ment agai nst a n i ncumbent p ar t y i n t he n at i on' s hi st or y. Led by L yndon J ohnson in 1 964, t he Democr at s got 61 p er ce nt of t he vo t e ag ai nst Bar r y Gol dwat er . Four y ear s la t er t hey wer e s wamped when mo r e th an 18 p er c ent of t he e l ecto r at e changed t hei r mi nds. The Ni xon-Wal l ac e 5 7 pe r c ent r epre sente d a c le ar Conser vat i ve maj or i t y. Th i s, of c ours e, ma kes i t al l t he more s t ra nge t hat t he P r es i dent s hould p r ov e t o be a Li ber al i n a ct i on. I t i s cer t ain l y no t t hat t he Pr esi dent i s unawar e of th e meani ng of t he 1 968 cont es t , f or one of h i s campai gn a ssi st ant s h as del i ve r ed t o h im a n e xh austi ve b r eakdown o f n at i onal v ot i ng m oods a nd pat t er ns. Kevi n Phi l l ip s, Mr . N i xon' s pr i nci pal " vot e p at te r ns" and " tr ends" anal ys t a nd S peci al As si sta nt t o Ni xon campaig n manager Jo hn Mi t chel l dur i ng t he ca mpaig n, a sse mbl ed t he re sul ts o f h is s t udy i n a book, T he Emer gi ng R epubl i ca n Maj or i t y. The c oncl usi on o f Mr . Ph i l l i ps t hat Conser vat i vis m i s t he r eal w av e o f th e p ol i t i cal f ut ur e i s par ti cul ar ly s i gnif i cant , si nce t hi s gr aduat e o f t he Ha r var d Law Sc hool is f ar f r om bei ng a C onse r vati ve o n many i ssues. As on e w ho wal ks car ef ul l y al ong t he ce nt er st r i pe, P hi l li ps ca nnot be a ccu sed o f l et ti ng h i s per so nal pr ej udi ces co l or hi s c onc l usio ns - a c har ge w hi ch re vi ewers a ppl i ed t o s i mi la r c oncl usi ons o f th e b ri l l i ant M. St ant on Evans at t he t i me he publ is hed T he F utu r e o f Conser vat i sm i n 19 68. A ct ual ly t he Ph i l l ip s book, wr i t t en a f te r t he el ecti on a nd based o n a car efu l s cr ut i ny of t he r et urn s, p r ov es t hat M r . Evans was le ss a pa r t i sa n t han an ac cur at e anal ys t a nd shr ewd f or eca st er of t he t emper o f th e A mer i can t r end. Republ i can Ba t t l e Li ne, i n S ept ember 1969, c al l ed t he Phi l l ip s book " no l ess t han a b l uepr i nt f or Re publi can P ar t y co nt r ol of t he Whi t e House f or th e r emai nder of t he centu r y. A nd i t i s b ased o n a mass of m aps, c har t s, el ect i on t r end st at is t i cs an d h is t or i cal f act s t hat i n co mbi nati on re f l ect t he aut hor ' s d eep s ens e o f sc hol ar shi p an d k een a naly t i c mi nd. "

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The "P hi l l i ps S t ra t egy" i n a nut shell i s t o b ui ld a Re publ i ca n pr esid ent i al maj or i t y b as ed up on c ombi ni ng t he He ar t la nd ( Mid west) , t he Sun Be l t ( f ro m Char l est on, S .C . , a cro ss th e S outh west t o S out her n Cal i fo r ni a) , and t he West . T he t wenty-f i ve st at es t hat compr i se t he Hear tl and, f or ex ampl e, cast 223 o f t he 270 e l ec t or al v ot es needed t o el ect a P r esi dent of t he Uni te d S t ate s. Wh er eas Ni xon car r i ed o nly 1 7 of t hese i n 1960, i n 1 968 h e car r i ed 21. The " Phi l l i ps S t r ate gy" abandons t he Nor th east , sayi ng i n e ff ect , " Ther e' s n o way, ba by. " Phi l li ps h as sent Li ber al s i nt o a bsol ut e conni pti ons, and t hey have damned hi s pl an a s " t he Sout hern S t ra t egy. " Act ual l y, it i s not a " South er n S tr at egy , " b ut a n at i onal s t r ate gy t hat i ncl udes th e S out h. Unf ort unat ely , L ib er al s have not p syc hol ogi cal l y r e-a dmi tt ed t he South i nt o t he U nio n. Th ey l ove t he si dewal ks of N ew Yo r k, not t he subur bs o f At l ant a. W hat t hey h at e most about it , o f cour se, i s t hat t he " Phi l l i ps St r ate gy" i s a C onser vati ve st r at egy t o bu i l d a coal it i on o f Republ i cans, Cat hol i cs, and South er n D emocr at s. F oll owi ng t he 19 70 mi d-t er m el ect i ons, Li ber al s, i ncl udi ng Democr at i c ch i ef ta i n L awr ence O' Br ie n, f ell a l l over th emsel ves a nnounci ng t hat t he " Sout her n st r ate gy" h ad f l opped, si nce many G OP c andi dat es had gone d own t he dr ai n i n D i xi e. But t he m i sn amed " Sout her n St r at egy" i s a P r esid ent ia l s t r ate gy, n ot a gu ber nato r i al or c ongr essi onal st r at egy. C ert ai nly t he GOP wo ul d l ik e t o el ect govern or s, se nat or s, a nd congr essmen i n th e Sout h, a nd so meday t hey may, but t he f acts o f t he m att er a r e t hat many Sout her ner s vot e f or C ons er vat i ve D emocr at s i n th ese r aces. Howeve r , t hi s does n ot m ean t hey wi l l swal l ow a H uber t H umphr ey , E dmund Mus ki e, or T eddy K ennedy i n a p re si dent i al ra ce. They w il l e it her v ot e Republ i can, i f t he c andid at e i s a C onser va t i ve, or t hey wi l l vot e fo r a t hi r d par t y candid at e l i ke Gover nor G eor ge Wall ace i n a n at t empt , a t th e v er y l east , t o t hr ow t he el ect i on i nt o t he H ouse of R epr es ent at i ves, wher e t hey co ul d bar gai n. " Ah, " say t he L i ber al s, " but you d on' t b ui l d a pa r t y by r eadi ng people o ut of i t . You b ui l d a par t y by b ri ngi ng people i nt o i t . We m ust at t r ac t t he young, t he po or , and t he bl ack . " O f cour se , n o pa r t y shoul d excl ude p eopl e b ec ause of r ace , a ge, or ec onomi c st atu s, b ut t he Republ i can Pa r t y shoul d excl ude s ocia l i st s - be th ey m i ll i onai r es o r wel f ar e r ecip i ents . I t is t r ul y t r agi c t hat m any of th e y oung, t he poor , and t he b l ac k h ave been convi nc ed th at t hei r e co nomi c sal vat i on l i es i n s ocia l i sm - t he pr i mar y cause o f t he p r obl ems th ey ha ve. T he Republ i can Pa r t y must not ca t er t o t heir m i st ak en id eas. Th e c li ch6 t hat soci al is m i s t he c ancer of l i ber t y an d h as never wor ked i s tr ue. Fol l owi ng t he p ath o f t he w elf ar e s ta t e wi t h i t s i ncre asi ng number s o f people o n t he d ole , h i gh t axes , a nd per pet ual i nf l at io n i s no t o nl y im mor al a nd th e r oad t o na t i onal d i sas t er ; but i t i s no t e ven pol i ti cal l y expedi ent . Ph i l l ip s, r ely i ng on s t ark s t at i s t i cs, s hows t hat no a mount o f Republi can concer n f or Negr o we l f are c an ga i n th ei r mass suppor t. H e poi nt s t o r et ur ns wh i ch show t hat n ei t her M i ch i gan ex -Govern or G eor ge Ro mney no r I ll i noi s Senato r C harl es Pe r cy g ot m ore t han 19 o r 20 p er cent of t he bl ack v ot e, despi t e t hei r a ll-o ut ef f or t to wi n it . P hi ll i ps adds: "I ndeed, t he Negr o-D emocr at i c mu t ual i denti f i cat io n w as a m ajo r s our ce o f Democ r at ic l oss . . . i n many par t s of t he count r y . . . " and c onv er sel y, t he l ack of G OP-Negr o i denti f i cat io n h el ped t he R epubl i cans n ati onwi de. Wi t h an i mpre ssi ve a r r ay of vo t e s t at i s t ic s c ul le d f ro m Nor t heast er n and ur ban pr eci nc t s, P hi l l i ps d emoli shed t he L i ber al Republ i can ar gument t hat t he GOP must c ate r t o bi g c it y L i ber al s t o gai n vot es. He c al l s t his " one o f t he g r eat est po l i t ic al m yth s o f t hi s

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decade - a p ro duct of l i ber al s el f -i nt ere st . . . t he a ct ual demogr aphi c and po l i t i cal f act s c onve y a ver y di f f er ent m es sage. " T he " Bi g Ci t y s tr at egy " ai med at t he Nor th east , as a dv ocat ed by GOP L i ber al s, assur es o nly a Republ i can de bacle . T he bi g ci t i es ar e l os i ng t hei r po wer . Th e r eal gr owth o f A mer i ca i s i n t he su bur bs and pa r t i cula r l y i n t he suburb s o f t he f ast -g r owin g a r eas o f t he S out h-S out hwest a nd West - t ar get ed b y Phi l li ps a s t he ba se o f hi s em er gi ng Republ i can maj ori t y . T he e l ec t or al vot es of t he Sun Bel t a lm ost t r i pl ed i n th e h al f centu r y b etw een 1920 and 19 70, o ut st r ip pi ng th e d ec l i ni ng ur ban N or t heast in t he pr ocess . Equall y i mpor t ant, t he Re publi can s har e of t he su bur ban v ot e i s on t he i ncr ease. ' Ri chard C . W ade o f t he U ni ver si t y o f Chi cago w r ote : " The gr eat gr owt h ar ea of t he count r y i s t he su bur bs - and t hey a re g oin g t o be f or a l ong t i me . . . t he su bur bs ar e li kel y to s t ay s t r ongl y Republ i can. "• H owever , th e d ec i s i ve t ur nin g p oi nt h as come ju st r ecent l y . A r eport b y t he R epubl i can Nat io nal C ommi t te e o n th e 1 966 el ecti ons s ta t ed: " The ba l ance o f p ol i t i ca l p ower i n t he n ati on' s maj or met r opol i t an ar eas h as sw ung shar pl y i n th e d i r ec t i on of t he subur bs i n t he pa st f our y ear s. " I n hi s book, Co nserv at i sm and th e G OP, Fr ank W. Mezek Jr . w ent o n t o s ay: I n 1 962 t he met r opol i t an ar ea vot e wa s a bout e venl y di vi ded bet ween t he c i t i es a nd th ei r subur bs, but in f our year s t he s ubur ban vot e gr ew b y mor e t han 12 p erc ent w hi l e th e u r ban v ote d ecl in ed 11 . 5 per cent . Thus, i n t he 1966 el ect io ns, t he s ubur ban shar e of t he t ot al met r opol i t an vot e r ose to 5 6 per cent! . . . . [ Emphasi s i n th e or i gin al ] U. S. News & Worl d R epor t t ol d u s in i t s June 2, 1 969 i ssue: " Four-f i f t hs o f t he n ati onal gr owt h wi l l be f ound t o ha ve ta ken p la ce i n t he s uburb s, wh er e n ear l y 20 m i l li on pe opl e ha ve be en a dded i n a decade. " Phi l li ps a sse r t ed t hat a l ar ge s egment o f t he D emocr at i c el ect or at e i s i n th e p r oce ss of b r eaki ng aw ay. T he o l d ur ban-l abor coal it i on w hi ch ha s s er ve d t he D emocr at i c par t y so f ai t hf ul ly a nd wel l in t he past is b r eaki ng do wn. " The D emocr at i c coal it i on i s now a b asket c ase . I t s body i s e maci at ed, a nd it s a rms o r l egs a re b r oken, o r par al yz ed, or s l i ce d r ig ht o f f, " w ro t e S t ewar t Al sop. 3 T heodor e Sor enson, t he l at e Pr esid ent K ennedy' s c hi ef a dvi ser , sai d: " The ol d u rb an c oal i t i on h as sp l i t t o s mi th er eens. T he uni ons c an no l onger d el i ver t hei r member s, t hei r p re acher s can no l onger d el i ver t he Ne gr oes and th e w ar d capta i ns c an n o l onger del i ve r t he pr ecin ct s. " 4 The ch i l dr en of th e masse s o f f i r s t - and second-g enera t i on Amer ic ans, wh o w er e o f t en i gnor ant or i l li t er at e and cr owded i nt o l ar ge c i t i es , w here t hey w er e dependent on t he Democ r at i c pr ecin ct c apt ai n f or vi t al s er vi ces o r j obs, ha ve n ow moved t o t he s ubur bs. Fr ank Mezek not es: . . . t he l abor i ng m an is b eco mi ng af f l uent , s ubur bani zed, conser vat i ve and Republ ic an - usual l y i n t hat or der . The Amer i can wor ker i s no l onger R oosevel t ' s " fo r gott en man" o f t he D epr essio n, a nd he w oul d p r obabl y be i nsu l t ed i f t his w ere i ns i nuat ed t oday . . . . 5 Addr es si ng th e Wes t er n St at es Democra t i c Conf er ence in L os Angele s o n Au gust 26, 1 967, Po st maste r G ener al La wr enc e F . O' Br i en,

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r ef err i ng t o " Amer i can wo r kers w ho li ve in t he su bur bs , p ay t axes, suppor t c hurc h a nd c ommuni t y act i v i ti es an d h ope t o se nd t hei r c hi l dr en t o c ol l ege, " went on t o say, " We a r e makin g a s er i ous er r or i f w e l ook at u ni on member shi ps a s i f t hey w er e l i v in g back i n t he 1930' s. T oday t he pa r t y t hat f or get s th at ab out 5 0 per ce nt o f uni on f ami l ie s a re i n t he $7 , 500 to $ 15, 000 r ange do es s o at i ts p er i l. " 6 Pat Br own, th e f or mer D emocr at i c G ove r nor of C ali f or ni a, s aid af t er hi s 1 966 l os s t o Ro nal d Reagan: " Wor ker s u se d t o as k a bout wor kmen' s c ompensa t i on an d d is abi l i ty i nsu r ance. Not t hi s t im e. Th e wor ker s h ave become a r i st ocr at s, t hey b eca me R epubl i ca ns. " ' As l abor i ng f ami li es m ove t o t he s ubur bs, and o ne-h al f of a l l l abori ng f ami l i es and 7 5 per ce nt o f uni on member s under age 40 n ow li ve i n s ubur bi a, t hey do n ot aut omat i call y d es er t t he D emocr at i c Par ty f or t he Re publ i ca n. It i s m or e a pr ocess of at t r i t i on. A s t hey pa y p ro per t y t axes, b ecome more c l osel y o ri ent ed t o t hei r l oca l g ov er nment , a nd a r e i nf l uenced by t he pr oxi mi ty o f Conser va t i ve and R epubl ic an t hought , t hey t end t o become C onse r vati ve a nd Republ i can t hemse l ves. The ri se o f t he su bur bs r ef l ec t s a gr owi ng m i ddle-c l ass and g ro wi ng af f l uence in t he Un i t ed St at es. S t udie s b y t he A FL-C I O ha ve s hown t hat a s people move t o t he suburb s t hey gr adual l y be come mor e Co nserv at i ve, l ooki ng t o t he fe der al govern ment no t a s a b enef act or , b ut as a menace. They become a war e not of w hat gover nment can "g i ve" th em, but o f what i t c an t ake away. $ Whi l e Phi l l ip s, Ev ans, an d Mezek a l l ag r ee t hat l abor is b ecomi ng i ncr easi ngl y sympat het i c t o co ur t i ng by Co nser vat i ves, t he 19 70 Congre ssi onal e l ec t i ons showed t hat l abor t ends t o r et ur n t o t he womb when t he e conomy sour s an d t he s pecte r o f unemplo yment r i ses. N i xo n' s r ef usa l t o c ont r ol i nf l at i on -b y c ut t i ng go ver nment s pendi ng a nd ta xes doubtl ess c os t t he R epubl i cans d ear i n t he o f f-y ear el ect i ons, de spi t e t he fa ct t hat h e was b asi cal ly f ol l owi ng Phi l l i ps ' c ampai gn r ecommendat io ns an d makin g a Conser va t i ve appeal. Anot her f acto r i n f av or o f f or gin g t he " New Consensu s" is t hat t he nu mber of b l ue-c ol l ar w or ker s i s decr eas i ng as a p er centa ge o f t he t ot al popul at i on. I ncr eas ed ed ucat i onal op por t uni t i es and t he f orc e o f an i nc r easi ngl y sc i ent i fi c a nd t echnol ogic al s oci et y ar e c hangi ng t he makeup o f t he w ork f or ce. T her e a r e now si x a nd a h alf m i l l io n mor e whi t e-c ol l ar t han bl ue-c ol l ar w or ker s i n our c ount r y. 9 A majo r s egment of t he "N ew Consensus " i s t he S out h, wher e cent ur y-l ong at t achment s t o t he Democr at i c pa r t y ar e b r eaki ng down. Phi l l ip s p eers a t hi s e l ec t i on st at i st i cs and d ete r mi nes t hat t he whol e f ut ure o f t he R epubl i can par ty l i es i n mov i ng f ar e nough t o t he Ri ght t o per su ade S out hern W al l ac e v ot er s, who ar e mostl y D emocr at s, t o get o f f t heir d onkey a nd mount t he el ephant . H e wr i te s: The co mmon de nomin at or of W all ace' s suppor t , C ath ol i c or Pr ot es t ant , i s a li enat i on f r om t he De mocra t i c par t y an d a st r ong t r end - shown i n o th er ye ar s a nd o t her c onte st s - t owar ds t he GOP. Al t hough most of W al la ce' s vot es came f r om Democr at s, h e pr i nci pal l y won th ose i n mot i on b eween a D emocr at i c past an d a Republ ic an fu t ur e . . . . Thr ee quar t er s o r mor e of t he Wal l ace e l ecto r at e r epr ese nt ed l ost Ni xon vot es. t o I n a n i nt er vi ew wi t h H uman E ve nt s o n Augus t 1 6, 1969, Phi l l ip s f ur t her e l abor at ed o n t he Wall ace v ot e:

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. . . of t he st ate s Wal la ce ca r r i ed, f our of t hem h ad been am ong t he si x t o vo t e fo r G ol dwat er i n 1964. Obvi ous l y mu ch o f t he Wal l ace el ecto r at e th er e, and b ey ond t hose st at es as w ell , w as a G old wat er el ecto r at e. And to t hat ext ent i t c ame f ro m v ot er s w ho h ad be en in a Republ i can vo t i ng pat t ern . But yo u c an go b ey ond t hi s a nd y ou ca n l ook at a re as t hat w ere showin g a t re nd to t he Re publi cans in 1 960 t hat was qu i t e s har p an d t hen r ol l i ng up a heavy Wal l ac e v ot e i n 19 68. T he i ndi cat i on i s th at a n awf ul l ot o f t hese v ot ers , a lt hough Democr at s b y par ty i denti f i cat i on, wer e exact l y t he segment of t he Democra t i c el ect ora t e th at i s i n t he pr oces s o f br eakin g a way . . . . Thi r d par t ie s h ave al mos t a l way s s er ved a s way st at i ons bet ween t he par t ie s, a nd t hese Wal l ac e v ot er s s eem def i ni t ely t o be i n a t r ansi t i onal p hase. Loyalt i es t o t he Democr at i c Par t y t hat we r e bu i l t i n t he Sout h af t er t he C iv i l Wa r a r e bei ng di spl ac ed as t he De mocra t i c P ar t y be comes mor e and more t he cr eat ur e o f t he E as t er n Li ber al E sta bl i shment . Phi l li ps o bse r ved: What you h ave i n t he w ork s p ol i t i call y i s a d et er i or ia t i on of Democra t i c t ra di t io n a mong p eopl e, o ft en ve r y c ons er vat i ve p eopl e, whose l oyal ty t o t he D emocr ati c p ar ty i s based on o l d Democra t i c par t y cul t ur al , r egi onal a nd et hni c l oyal ti es. And a s t hose det er io r at e and f al l a par t , t hei r co hesi on st art s t r ans f er ri ng i t sel f t o t he GOP. Mai nl y becaus e t here a r e many as pects o f t he Republ i can pa r t y, whet her i n f or ei gn pol ic y o r so ci al pol i cy or economi c p oli cy, t hat a re m ore a ppeal i ng t o t hese p eopl e o nce t hei r o l d t r adit i onal l oyalt i es b ec ome t o t hem obsol escent and no l onger pur pos ef ul . . . , 11 Howeve r , i t i s d oubt f ul i f m any o f th ese pot ent ia l p ac hyder ms have been c onver te d b y th e a ct i ons of t he Ni xon Admi ni st r at io n, de spi t e t he oc casi onal " meani ngle ss ba ubl e" t hr own t hei r way. Li ber al S t ewar t Al sop sees Mr . N ix on movi ng Le f t ( f or h i s " New Consens us" ) be cause t hat i s w her e h e bel i ev es m ost o f t he v ote r s li e: Thi s t wo-w ay ni bbl i ng expla i ns w hy t he Pr esi dent wh o u nl eashed Agnew and n omi nate d C l ement F. H aynswor t h Jr . a nd G . Har r ol d Car swel l i s t he s ame Pr esid ent w ho f i r st pr oposed a f lo or u nder i nc omes an d a mul t ib i l l i on-d ol l ar a t t ack o n pol l ut io n. Ju dgi ng by t he p ol l s and ot her evi dence, t he n i bbl i ng is g oin g s o we l l th at t he Pr esi dent is m uch c l oser t o c re at i ng h i s ma j or it y t han would h ave seemed l i kely a ye ar ago. I f t he maj or it y i s t o b e sol i d and l as t i ng, m ost of t he v ot es wi l l have t o come f r om th e D emocr at ic c ent er r ath er th an t he Wal la ce r i ght, b ecaus e t hat i s wh er e most o f t he vot es ar e. Th i s i s why th e Ni xon t echniq ue of p r e-e mpt io n o f th e l ib er al De mocra t i c i ssues i s h i s chi ef pol i t ic al in st r ument . He h as us ed it s o f ar w i th c onsummat e sk i l l . . . . Hi s o bj ect i s t o cr eat e a s ol id m ajo r i t y fo r t he R epubl i can Par t y and R ic har d Ni xon, whi ch w i l l be t he m i r r or i mage o f th e Democr at i c ma j or it y c r eat ed by F r ankl i n Roose vel t . Roosev el t ' s maj ori t y s t re t ched f r om t he ou t er e dges of t he pr o-Communi st l ef t t o t he o ut er ed ges o f t he har d-c or e Republ ic an ri ght . Mr . Ni xon' s maj ori t y i s desi gned t o st r etc h f r om t he edges of t he

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Wal l ac e r i ght t o t he e dges o f t he h ar d-c or e li ber al D emocr at i c l ef t . And he i s n ib bl i ng a way at b ot h e dges j ust a s h ar d a s he c an. 1 2 Mr . Ni xon o bv i ousl y w ould l i ke t o b e al l t hi ngs t o a ll p eople . Li bera l s i n genera l , a nd Li ber al R epubl i ca ns i n par t ic ul ar , have t r i ed t o c onv i nce Republi can pol i t i cia ns th at t he count r y i s over whel mi ngl y L ib er al an d t hat t he wor d " Conserv at i ve " h as a p ois onous i mage. F or th em it d oes. But not t o t he Amer i can publi c. T he t r uth i s t hat " Conserv at i ve " h as f ar mo r e a cce pt anc e - by as m uch as a t wo-t o-one ma r gi n - t han does t he t er m "R epubl i can. " Cur re nt s urv eys r eveal t hat bar el y one-q uar te r o f th e A mer i can people n ow co nsi der t hemsel ves Republ i cans, but a f ar hi gher per cent age, up t o one-h al f of t he el ecto r at e, t hi nk of t hemsel ve s a s Co nserv at i ves. I n a 1 963 Gal l up Pol l , v ot ers w er e asked, " Suppose th er e w er e t wo maj or par ti es i n t he Uni t ed S t at es , o ne f or li ber al s a nd one fo r c onse r vati ves, wh i ch one woul d you b e most l i kel y t o pr ef er ?" Fi f ty-o ne pe r cent answer ed Li bera l , f ort y-n i ne per cent answer ed C onser va t i ve. ' 3 I n oth er wo r ds, t he Co nser vat i ves woul d onl y have t o pr ose l yt i ze one per cent of th e Li bera l s t o achi ev e p ar it y. I n a Sept ember 1 966 i nt er vi ew Gal l up admit t ed t hat C onser vati ve st r engt h i n Amer ic a s eemed t o be o n t he in cr ease, a nd added: " The countr y i s sp l i t al most evenl y bet ween ` conser va t i ves' and ` l i ber al s. ' St r angel y e nough, t he w or d ` co nser vat i ve' doesn't c arr y t he onus t hat t he wo r d ` Republ ic an' d oes. " A Harr i s s urv ey in 1 964 f ound Conserv at i sm o n a key nu mber of i ssues t o b e not mer el y st r ong b ut ov er whel mi ng. H ar ri s c oncl uded t hat vot ers a gr eed w i th G ol dwat er on p r aye r i n t he s ch ool s ( 88 p er c ent ) , govern ment se cur it y r egul at i ons ( 94 per ce nt ) , th e d emor al i zi ng ef f ect of g ov er nment w elf ar e p ro gr ams ( 60 pe r c ent ) , a nd t he gener al i ncr ease of g ov er nment p ower ( 60 p erc ent ). T he fa ct th at t hes e s ame v ot er s w er e pr epar i ng t o cast t hei r bal l ot s a gain st th e c andi dat e who r epr esent ed t hei r own v ie ws on t hese quest i ons, and in f avor of th e c andi dat e who oppose d t hem, i l lu st r at es t he di f f i cu l t y of p ut ti ng a st r i ctl y i deolo gi cal i nt erp r et at io n o n any g iv en se t o f el ect io n r esul t s . I f t he 1964 el ecti on h ad been r un o n i ssues i nste ad of T V a ds s howi ng S oc i al Securi t y c ard s b ei ng t orn u p and l i tt l e gi r l s v apor i ze d i n mu shr oom cl ouds , G ol dwat er woul d have won. B ut f ormer C ens us B ure au ch i ef Ri char d S cammon ob ser ved t hat many vo t er s t hought J ohnson w as t he Conser vat i ve candi dat e an d G ol dwat er t he " r adi cal " o ne. H ar ri s f ound t hat al most hal f t he v ote r s po l l ed by h i s or ganiz at i on c hose t he desi gnat i on " r adic al " r at her t han " conse r vat i ve " t o descr ib e Gol dwat er ' s posi ti on. ' 4 I f t her e a r e mor e Conserv at i ve s t han i s ge ner al ly b eli eved, t hen why ha ve t hey l ost s o many p re si denti al el ect i ons t o Li ber als ? T he chi ef answer, a cco r di ng t o E va ns, i s t hat Amer i ca n e le ct i ons ar e not i deol ogi cal p le bi sci t es b ut h i ghl y c ompl i cat ed a f fa i r s i n w hi ch p opul ar sent im ent i s di vid ed b y many ot her fa ct ors . A l so, i t i s d i f fi cul t t o det ermi ne c ause an d e f f ec t , be cause pol i ti c i ans most of t en do n ot conduc t t heir c ampai gns i n t er ms r ele vant t o i deol ogy. Eq ual l y i mport ant i s t he f act t hat C onser vati ves over t he y ear s h ave been out cla ssed by t he Li ber al s i n pr esent i ng t hei r ca se to t he pu bl i c. B ut Ri char d N i xon p r ov ed i n 1968 t hat a candid at e c oul d ru n a s a Conser vat i ve and wi n. Mr . Ni xon, a f i r m r eal i s t w hen i t co mes t o p ol it i cs, obvi ous l y r eal iz es t hat d esp i t e t he h owl s o f Re publi can L ib er als , M essr s. Phi l li ps, E va ns, and Meze k k now what t hey ar e t al ki ng about . Republ i can

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campai gn s t ra t egy i n 1 968 a nd 1970 re f l ect ed a n awar eness t hat t hose who ha ve c ome t o be k nown a s " t he si l ent maj or it y" ar e a l ar ge an d pol i ti cal l y f or cef ul g r oup. Th i s d oes n ot mean th at th ey a r e wel l in f or med Conse r vat i ve s w ho h ave st udie d p ol it i cal phi l oso phy, economi cs, or h i st or y f ro m o th er t han t he Li ber al p oin t o f vi ew. These peopl e, f or t he m ost p ar t , at t ended t he s ame i nst it ut i ons o f hi gher l eanin g a nd r el y f or t hei r i nf or mat io n o n t he s ame E st abl i shment -cont ro l l ed sl i ck magazi nes a nd t el evi si on comment at ors a s t he L i ber al s. But th ey a r e i nt ui t i ve Co nserv at i ves who l ook a ro und and se e t he r eal wor l d as i t i s. I nnat el y t hey ar e a ppal l ed at c ri me, r io t i ng, i nf l at i on, hi gh ta xes, an d a n Amer i ca-l ast f or ei gn pol ic y. W hat R i ch ar d Ni xon r eal i ze s i s t hat mo st of t hese peopl e h ave short m emori es an d basi ca l l y w ant t o f or get about p ol i ti cs an d g o ba ck t o mi ndi ng t hei r own bu si ness af t er t he el ect io n. M ost o f t hem are l ull ed t o s l eep by t he co nt i nuin g C onser vati ve rh et or i c and don' t no t i ce t hat th e L ib er al s ar e ge t t i ng t he li on' s sh ar e of t he act i on. Doubtl ess M r. N i xo n w ould l i ke t o c ar r y on t hi s char ade t hr ough t he '7 2 e l ect i on. Af t er t hat i t w i l l be "K at y b ar t he door . " Unt il t hen, t he r eal i t ie s o f th e P hi l l i ps st r ate gy m ust b e obser ved - t hough of f i ci al l y de ni ed. S i nce wr i ti ng h i s book, T he Emer gin g R epubl i can Maj ori t y , M r. P hil l i ps ha s b ec ome o ffi c i all y a n un -p er son. N ow t hat he i s n o l onger wi t h t he N ix on Ad mi ni str at i on, w hen hi s name i s menti oned, t op pa r t y l eader s say, "K evi n who?" Col umni st s Ev ans and N ova k d et ai l ed i n t he L os An gel es T i mes of Se pt ember 3 0, 1969, how th e Whi te H ous e h as deci ded t o handl e t hi s hot p ota t o: Pr esid ent N ix on' s hi ghl y cr i ti cal a ns wer at F r i day' s pr ess conf er ence wh en as ked a bout Ke vi n P hi l l i ps ' " The Emerg i ng R epubl ic an Maj ori t y" w as n o snap r es ponse b ut ha d b een c ar ef ul l y pr epare d i n advanc e a s pa r t of a c onc er t ed Whi t e House ef f ort t o d is avow t he b ook and mu zzl e th e a ut hor . A f ew days be f or e t he P re si dent ' s p ubl i c r ej ect io n o f t he l il y -whi t e st r at egy i mpl i ci t i n t he b ook, t he muzzl e was ap pl i ed. I t wa s made c l ear fr om on h i gh i n t he A dmi ni st r at i on t hat P hi l l i ps, a 29-y ear -ol d sp eci al assi st ant t o At t y. G en. John N. M i t ch el l , ought t o c ur t ai l hi s pu bl i c ap peara nces. As a r esul t , he qu i et l y bowed out o f a schedul ed d ebat e on N BC's T oday s how l ast Wednesd ay mo r ni ng . . . . Ear l y i n S ept ember , a s eni or Whi t e Ho use ai de ( not D ent ) pr epar ed a h i ghl y c r it i cal memor andum on t he book f or M r . Ni xon. I t re commended t hat , when as ked, t he P re si dent s houl d s ay h e h ad n ot r ead th e b ook b ut s t i l l i ndi cat e c le ar l y th at he d oes not ag r ee w it h i t ( advi ce h e f ol l owed a t Fr i day ' s p r es s confe r ence). 1 5 Evans and N ov ak re por t ed t hat Phi l l ip s h ad b een t hor oughl y muzzle d b y th e A dmi ni st ra t i on unt i l he l ef t h i s j ob as M i t chel l ' s ai de. But yo u c an be c er t ai n th at Mr . N i xon a nd At t or ney G ener al Jo hn Mi t chel l , w ho w i ll r eport edl y manage Mr . Ni xon' s campaig n o nc e a gain i n 1972, have vi r t ual l y m emor i zed e ver y chart , t able , a nd g r aph i n Th e Emer gi ng R epubl i ca n Maj or i t y. Bat t l e Li ne poi nt ed o ut i n D ece mber 1969: . . . i f c ons er vat i ves ar e p le ased wi t h th e w or ds o f Agnew an d Mi t chel l , t hey s houl d not lo se s i ght o f t he many l ib er al ac t i ons t he Ni xon A dmi ni st r at i on has been t ak i ng. I t i s f ai r ly o bvi ous t hat t he P r es i dent a nd hi s p ol i t i cal advis or s h av e u nder st ood a nd accept ed t he t hesi s a dvanced i n K evin P hil l i ps ' book The Emer gi ng R epubl i ca n Maj or i ty . B ei ng p r agmat ic , t hey nat ur al l y t end t o d o wh at eve r t hey f eel necessa r y to w i n th e s uppor t of t his new na t i onal conse r vat i ve m ajo r i t y . . . .

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You ca n a l so be ce r t ai n t hat t he D emocr ats w i l l cooper at e b y nomi nat i ng a " super -L i bera l " w ho wi l l f r i ghte n many Amer i cans i nto r el uct ant l y suppor t i ng Mr . N ix on a nd hi s seemi ngl y m or e moder at e soci al i sm. It w i ll b e t he o l d " l esser o f t wo e vil s" fl i m-f l am once agai n. A nd wh y n ot ? I t wo r ks! And i t wi l l cont i nue t o wor k un t i l Amer ic ans r eal i ze t hat th e c hoi ce t hey a r e g iv en - bet ween t aki ng th e f r eeway t o so ci ali sm and goi ng b y w ay o f t he b ack a l le ys - i s a f al se al t ern at i ve. Bot h l ead to t he same de st i nat i on; one ro ut e mer el y get s t her e sl i ghtl y l at er t han t he ot her . Numero us r ati onali zat i ons a r e of f er ed f or t he c onf l i ct b et ween what Mr . N i xo n d oes a nd what he s ays. O ne maj or excuse i s t hat h e does not co nt r ol Congre ss. T hi s i s t r ue fr om a numer ic al st andpoin t , bu t i t woul d be q uit e p os si bl e t o f or ge a n i deolo gi cal maj ori t y w i th a Republ i can-S out her n D emocr at coal i ti on. I f h e want ed t o, t he P r es i dent c oul d t ake gi ant s t eps t owar d r educi ng s oci al i st i c c ont r ol s over th e c it i zens of t hi s countr y w i t hout th e a ssis t ance o f a s i ngle s enato r o r congr es sman. M any of t he m ost di c t at or i al l aws t hat h av e p ar t i al l y ensla ved A meri cans wer e not p ass ed by C ongre ss at a l l . These ar e " Executi ve O r der s, " whi ch ar e en t er ed i nt o t he F eder al Regi st er b y t he E xec ut i ve D epart ment and at t he e nd of t hir t y d ays h ave t he fo r ce of l aw. Nowher e i n t he Consti t ut i on wi l l you f in d a gr ant of p ower t o ma ke " Exe cut iv e O r der s. " Hi st or i cal l y, p r es i dent s i ssued t hese " Exe cut i ve Or der s" t o cover t hi ngs l i ke hol i days a nd wor ki ng s chedul es f or go ver nment e mpl oyees. But Fr ankl i n Del ano R oose vel t per vert ed th i s h arml ess mechani sm in t o a weapon f or es t abli shi ng o ne-man ty r anni ca l r ul e b y by passi ng C ongr ess. For ex ampl e, t he r eason you ca nnot ow n g ol d i s no t t hat C ongr ess passed a l aw agai nst i t , but t hat F DR i ssued a n " Executi ve Or der . " Mr . Ni xon has sa i d much ( and d one not hin g) a bout r et ur ni ng t he power of gover nment t o t he pe opl e. By " th e p eopl e, " he d oes not mean i ndi vi dual s, but s t at e an d l oc al g ove r nment s. M r. N i xo n c ould t ake a gi gant i c s t ep t owar ds i nc r easi ng i ndi vi dual l i ber t y si mpl y by syst emat i call y r epeal i ng l i t er al l y th ousands o f un-C onsti t ut i onal "E xecut i ve O rd er s" t hat ar e o n t he b ooks. I nst ead, M r . Ni xon has i ncr eased t hei r nu mber an d s tr engt hened so me o f t he mo st d anger ous ones. The co ncept t hat t he f eder al gover nment is a F r ankenst ei n monst er r un am uck, wh i ch cannot be c ont r ol l ed, i s anot her o f t-u sed excuse f or t he co nt r adic t i on bet ween N i xo n' s p ro mi ses a nd hi s p er f or manc e, as i n t hi s exampl e by th e Wal l St r eet J ourn al ' s Al an Ot t en: . . . t her e's t he possi bi l i t y, s ur e t o b e r ej ecte d b y conser vat i ve phi lo sophers , t hat t he Pr esid ency si mpl y f or ce s a man t o be mor e l i ber al - t hat once in o f fi ce, f ac i ng t he magni t ude a nd i nt ens i t y o f unsol ved p ro bl ems a nd th e t re mendous b ack l og o f unmet needs, a m an conce r ned ab out hi s p l ac e i n hi st ory a l most i nev i t abl y becomes a n ac t i vis t , r eady o r even ea ger t o o r der new a nd bi gger Federa l p r ogr ams. Gr eat er a cti on b y t he pr i vat e sect or and st at e a nd l oca l g over nment s m ay be f in e c ampai gn t hemes, and Mr . Ni xon wi l l su r el y push fo r s uc h a ct io n i n t he mont hs ahead. But th e l evers a nd mo ney t he P r es i dent a ct ual l y co ntr ol s ar e F eder al power an d Federa l f unds , a nd m or e and mo r e h e uses t hese to m eet t he pr obl ems h e f eel s must be m et. 1 6 Cer t ai nl y i t t akes c our age t o r educe gover nment , because e ver y bur eau, e very s ubs i dy, ev er y pr ogr am r epre sent s st r ong v est ed

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i nt ere st s. B ut publ i c senti ment is , i n gener al , s tr ongl y i n f av or o f cut t in g b ack t he expensiv e g iv eaways - many of w hic h c oul d b e abol is hed by c ancel l i ng t he " Execut i ve Or der s" t hat cr eat ed t hem. I nste ad, Mr . Ni xon i s m ovi ng in j ust t he op posi t e di r ec t i on, addi ng ont o New Deal , Fai r Deal , Ne w F ro nt i er , and Gr eat So ci ety p r ogra ms as w el l as c re at i ng " New Ni xon" gi veaways o f hi s own. Anot her r at io nal iz at i on of f ere d f or Mr . Ni xon' s seemin gl y i ncons i st ent Li ber al a cti ons i s t hat he is p r event ed by p ubli c o pi ni on f r om doi ng ot her wi se. But t his i s j ust t he r eve r se o f t he t r ut h. As t he Febr uar y 1 970 B att l e L i ne o bse r ved: Nor ca n i t be p l ausi bl y ar gued t hat Ni xon i s s i mpl y be i ng a s conser vat i ve as pu bl i c op i ni on w i l l al l ow. Q ui t e t he opposi te . H e i s obvi ousl y s uggesti ng t o t he pu bl i c th at he i s m or e c onser vati ve th an i s act ual l y t he case - i mply i ng t hat p ubl i c o pi ni on woul d not onl y counte nance mor e r i ght war d a ct i on b ut i s ear nestl y i n want of i t . I f t he ad mi ni str at i on' s o bje ct i ve i s t o move t hi ngs as mu ch t owar d t r adit i onal is m as possi bl e, it s hould b e wi l l i ng t o be a t l east as conser vat i ve as it s a dver t i sin g s ays i t is . The o bv i ous qu est io n i s : Why is N i xon l eadi ng i nto s oci al i sm? He campai gned as a Co nser vat i ve, vi r t ual l y li f t i ng Geor ge Wal l ac e' s campai gn t heme l oc k, s t oc k, an d b ar re l . Th er e w as h ard l y a di me' s wor t h of d if f er ence b etw een a Ni xon campaig n s peech a nd a Wa l l ace campai gn speech , e xcept f or W al l ac e' s mor e c ol or f ul c ol l oqui ali sms. Th e l ong-st andi ng a r gument over wh et her a m an can wi n t he Pr esi dency by campai gni ng as a Conser va t i ve has f in al l y been se t t l ed. N ow mi l l io ns a r e . wonder i ng why Ni xon' s act i ons a s Pr esi dent shoul d be so di f f er ent f ro m h is c ampai gn pr omi ses. W hat m ot i ve c oul d h e ha ve? Ever y amat eur p syc hi at r is t a nd " pop" psych ol ogi st f r om Bur bank t o Bost on h as be en tr yi ng fo r t wo a nd a hal f decades t o di scover t he " r eal" N i xon. I t i s a p as t i me al most as popul ar a s pl ayin g Monopol y, or mi ni -s ki r t wat chin g. Th eor i es abound l i ke ant s at a mi dsummer ' s pi cni c. We s hal l n ot spend t i me on a ny o f t hese th eor i es f or we b el ie ve mo st o f t hem ar e i nco nsequent i al, e xce pt t hat f r ie nd a nd f oe unani mousl y agr ee t hat Mr . Ni xon i s f ir ed by a n a ll consu mi ng am bi t io n. W e t hi nk Mr . N ix on i s s ummed u p i n an u nguar ded r emar k he made t o an a cquai nt anc e o f our s when he w as f i r st r unni ng f or Congr es s i n 1946, bef ore h e h ad a cqui r ed t he co ol r eti cence o f t oday: " Look, you dr ove u p t o t his m eet in g i n a beauti f ul n ew Cadi l l ac. I c ame h er e i n a bat t er ed s eco ndhand Chevr ol et . But al l o f th at is g oi ng t o ch ange. I ' m go i ng t o get mi ne, no m att er what i t t akes . " Th i s i nor di nat e a mbit i on has b een b oth M r . Ni xon's gr eate st a sse t a nd, f r om t he count r y ' s po i nt of v i ew, h i s Achi l le s' heel . Thi s fe r v i d desi r e t o sc r at ch hi s wa y t o th e t op o f t he p oli t i cal heap has d r iv en hi m t o sp end count l es s h our s p r epar i ng h i msel f f or t he pr esid ency. I t d ro ve h i m t o to ur t he count r y t i re l essl y, n ot onl y i n hi s own be hal f bu t f or o t her Republ i can candid at es. I t a ll owed hi m t o r i se f r om t he a shes l i ke a p hoeni x af t er hi s d efe at in t he 19 62 Cal i fo r ni a gu ber nat or i al el ect i on, in w hic h v i r tu al l y ever y observ er i n t he na t i on ha d r ead N i xon' s po l i t i cal e pit aph. Ri chard Ni xon i s f ar f r om bei ng th e f ir st m an t o ha ve b orn e t he s car s of ch i l dhood p ove r t y and ha d t hem t ur n i nt o a mania o f a mbi t i on f or we al t h or p ower . Mr . Ni xon became a p ol i t i c i an q uit e b y ac ci dent ( as we s hal l s ee l at er ) , much as a m an m i ght f al l i nt o a c ar eer in a dvert i s i ng o r a s a st ockb r oker . Had he n ot become a p oli t i c ia n h e mi ght have b ec ome a r eal l i ve Cash McCal l , or a not her Joe K ennedy. But s uc h w as n ot hi s f at e.

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One ca n r eadi l y un der st and h ow a m an of in or di nat e a mbi t i on may become a n o ppor t uni st o r , a s Mr . N ix on is m ost of t en cal l ed, a pr agmat i st , i . e. , one w ho d oes w hat appear s t o be p r ac t i cal wi t hout r egard t o a ny s et of p r in ci ple s. Whi l e Ni xon's m ost v oci fe r ous backers h ave f or th e mos t p ar t been Conser vat i ve, h e does n ot h i msel f p ro f ess t o b e a C ons er vat iv e. Wh en asked wher e he s to od o n t he id eol ogic al sp ect r um, M r . Ni xon r epl ie d, " I ' m per haps at de ad c ent er . " 17 B ein g " at d ead cent er , " h owever , i s a conveni ent , a p r agmat i c posi ti on. O ne c an move in e i th er d i re ct i on f r om t her e, v er y qui ckl y a nd wi t hout a t tr act in g g r eat a t te nt i on. But , as w e have sai d b ef or e, t he " mi ddl e of t he r oad" i s a t ot all y u nsta bl e posi ti on. I t i s th eor et ic al l y a p osit i on bet ween compet i t i ve f r ee ent erp r i se on t he r i ght and re vol ut io nar y Communi sm on t he le f t . The " cente r " i s no t t he pl ace of m oder at io n i t s adhere nt s c la i m it t o b e. As t he w or l d' s g re at est economi st , Lu dwi g von Mis es, has s hown, "T he mi ddle o f t he r oad l eads t o so ci al i sm. " In e ver y el ect i on c ampai gn t he " mi ddl e o f th e r oader s" have t o p r omi se mo r e a nd mor e " f r ee" g overn ment goodie s t o th ose begui l ed i ndi vi duals w ho bel i eve t hat t her e i s su ch a t hi ng as s omet hi ng f or no t hi ng. A nd i n e ac h e l ect i on we e nf ra nchis e mor e and more p eopl e w ho do no t w or k f or a l i v i ng a nd t her efo r e do n' t pay th e t axes t hat f i nanc e t he " f re e" g ove r nment h andout s. Thi s is w hy t he "m i ddl e of t he r oad" has been s te adi ly s hi f ti ng Le f t war d si nce t he el ecti on o f FDR. Many c ent r i st g oal s t oday ( such as a guar ant eed annual i ncome) w ould h ave b een consid er ed ul t r a-L ef t wi ng l ess t han a d eca de ago. M any, i f not mo st , A mer i cans c onsi der t hemselv es "m i ddl e of t he r oader s" b eca use t hey f eel i t i s a se nsi bl e p osit i on bet ween ext re mes. A p oli t i c i an can r un a s a " cent r i s t " and at t r act suppor t f r om most people o n t he p oli t i cal spectr um, f or egoin g t he al le gi anc e o nl y of t hose who a re t ermed " ext r emis t s. " Th i s fa l se c oncepti on o f what t he pol i ti cal s pect r um i s h as b een t he se cr et weapon of th e F abia n Soci al i s t s , who wo ul d b ri ng th e t heor i es of M ar x t o fr ui t i on one pai nfu l s t ep at a t i me. By t he m i ddle ' 50s t he la t e o l d-t i me soci al is t Nor man T homas c oul d l ook ar ound a nd pr ocla i m t hat p r ac t i cal ly a l l of t he pl anks of t he Soci ali st Pa r t y p la t f orm o f 1 932 h ad b een adopte d b y t he De mocr ats a nd Republi cans. I n A pr i l 19 57, T homas, si x-t i me candid at e f or P r es i dent of t he U. S. on t he Soci ali st ti cket , s t at ed t hat " t he U ni t ed St at es i s m ak i ng g re at er st r i des t owar ds s oc i al is m under Ei senhower t han u nder Ro osevelt . " ' 8 And N or man Thomas, who l i ked I ke, woul d be a bso l ut el y del ir i ous ov er Ri char d Ni xon. The co ncept t hat Mr. N ix on i s a " cent r i s t ," a "m i ddl e of t he r oader , " a "p r agmat i st " - empty t er ms t hat sound meanin gf ul - i s wi del y pr omot ed b y t he pr ess. Al an Ot t en, in t he Wal l St r eet Jour nal , expr es sed w hat i s gener al l y ac cept ed as th e l ack of an y g ui di ng phi l os ophy wi t hi n th e a dmin i st ra t i on wh en he w r ot e: " . . . t he N i xo n Admi ni st r at io n a ppear s to h ave n o c onvi cti ons a t al l - t o be m er ely hol din g i t s f i nger t o t he p oli t i cal wi nds and s wayi ng back an d f or t h, " and he f ur t her o bs er ves t hat t he P r es i dent " i s ab ove al l a pr agmati st , addr es si ng hi mself m at t er-o f -f act ly a nd no n-p hi l os ophi cal l y to t he domest i c a nd f or ei gn p r obl ems f aci ng t he count r y and t he p oli t i cal pr oble ms f aci ng hi msel f and hi s p ar ty ; t hat h e wi l l se ek a ggr essiv el y t o c ommand as m uch o f t he m i ddl e o f t he ro ad a s possi bl e; an d t hat t hi s means he w i ll p r obabl y zi gzag back an d f or t h . . . " '9 C ol umni st Rober t Semple o f t he N ew Yor k Ti mes woul d ha ve us b el i ev e t he s ame t hi ng: Yet in t he en d o ne s uspec t s th at t he under l y i ng cause of m uch o f t he co nf usi on i s t he absence o f any fi r m i deol ogic al t hru st in M r . Ni xon' s m i nd or in t he mi nds of h i s pr i nci pal a ss oci at es. " A pol it i cal

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man, " he i s f ond of c al li ng hi msel f , and t hat i s what he i s: a c re at ur e of t hat e xt ra or din ar i l y shapel ess h er i t age k nown as "m oder ate Republ i cani sm, " a c ent r i st wh ose pr i nc i pal p ol i t i cal ambit i on i s t o occupy n ei t her t he r i ght nor t he l eft , b ut t o e nl ar ge t he m id dl e. Hence he z i gs a nd he z ags , a nd i f h e i s zi ggi ng r i ghtw ar d t oday - and no o ne sh oul d be s urp r i sed b y t hi s, in v i ew of h is c ampai gn pr omis es - t hen he may zag i n t he ot her di r ecti on to mor r ow. I nt ell ect uall y s uppl e a nd p oli t i cal ly s ens i t i ve, he is t r y i ng t o bui l d a c ompl i cat ed p l at f or m fr om whi ch h e can pr esi de - and wi n a gai n. 2° Max Fr ankel put fo r t h t he s ame Est abl i shment l i ne on t he Pr esid ent : " . . . t he Pr esi dent a bhor s co nt r over sy an d k eeps t r yi ng t o embr ac e a l l poi nts o f v ie w . . . " 21 The Wal l S t re et Jo ur nal 's E dwar d B ehr p r edi ct ed on J ul y 1 7, 1969, t hat appar ent i deol ogi cal c onf usi on wi l l cont i nue t o r ei gn th r oughout Ni xo n' s f i r st ad mi nis t r at i on: I t m ay w el l be . . . t hat n o one a cti on wi l l m ean m uch , t hat t he of t-c onf us i ng c ro sscur r ent s mar kin g t he Pr esid ent ' s f i r st si x m ont hs wi l l per si st i ndef i ni t ely a nd t hat ev en by J anuar y 1 973 t he Ni xon r egi me wi l l show no c l ear-cu t p at t er n or p hil osophy. You ca n b et a c l ear -c ut pa t t er n wi l l emer ge af t er January 1 , 1973. On J anuar y 24 , 1 970, H uman E ve nt s i nt er pre t ed Mr. N i xo n' s a ct i ons i n muc h t he same way: We d on' t a ccu se th e N i xon A dmi ni st r at i on of b ei ng t r ul y l i ber al , or e ve n b li ndl y mi ddl e-o f -t he-r oad. Mor e of t en t han n ot , i t appears conf us ed a nd at cr oss p ur poses w i t h i t self . T oo f r equent l y it s eems a s i f t he P r esid ent has n o r eal phi l osophy, t hat h is e nti r e g oal i s t o t r anqui l i ze t he el ect or at e r at her t han t o l ead it i n a cer ta i n di r ect i on. Wh en th e c onse r vati ves g et u ppi t y , S pi r o Ag new c omes to t he f or e wi t h a ll h i s har d-l i ne r het or ic . B ut a s t he l i ber al s be come i ncens ed, A gnew fa des o ff st age a nd th e s pot l i ght suddenl y f oc uses on Robert F i nch, w ho has b een p at i ent l y wai tin g i n t he w in gs wi t h h i s l at est l i bera l s pect acula r . Whi l e super fi ci all y i t ap pears t hat Mr . Ni xon w oul dn't t ake a st and on w hat t i me i t i s wi t hout c ons ul t in g a h at f ul of w at ch es an d i s wi dely r egard ed as A mer ic a' s f or emost pol i ti cal w eat herv ane, th i s me r el y ser ves t o mas k w hat i s re al l y happeni ng. Th e p ol i t i cal wi nds a r e bl owi ng t o t he R i ght , a nd Mr . Ni xon acknowl edges t hi s whi l e at t he s ame t i me movi ng Lef t war d. C ongr ess man Robert N i x (R . -P a. ) commente d: " . . . t he Na t i on [i s] be i ng a sk ed to do t he ' Nix on fo xt r ot ' - one st ep f or war d, t wo st eps backward , t hen t hr ee st eps s i deways a nd t ake a 1 5-mi nute b r eak. " W e t hi nk t wo st eps Lef t and o ne st ep Ri ght i s a mor e a cc ur ate i f l es s c ol or f ul descri pt i on. I n Ma r xi st t er min ol ogy t hi s i s k nown a s di al ecti cs. Esta bl i sh ment ari an Ma x L er ner o f t he N ew Y ork T i mes would h ave us bel i ev e N i xon m ay not k now what h e is d oin g: I f s ome l eader s go ver n by l ove a nd so me by f ear , Mr . Ni xon genera t es n ei t her but g ov er ns by p uzz l ement a nd i ndi re ct i on. He ru ns f or eig n p ol ic y a nd suf fe r s d omest i c pol i cy, b ut i n b oth h i s chi ef qual it y i s a shr ewdness whi ch keeps hi s op ponents c ons t ant l y of f bal anc e b y ti mi ng, c ompro mi se and d iv er sio n a nd al so t he q ual i t y of

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det ach ment wh i ch enabl es hi m t o u se a H enr y K i ssi nger and D ani el Moynih an as w ell a s a Spi r o Agnew and a Mi t chel l f or p ur pos es th at n one of t he f our may un der st and - i f in deed th e P re si dent hi mse l f unders t ands t hem. 22 But we t hi nk t here i s m et hod i n t hi s madness. A s Al an Ot t en not ed: " . . . t o a l ar ge e xte nt h i s [ Ni xo n' s] po l i cy has b een o ne o f s t udie d a mbig ui t y. " 23 We t hi nk t he "s t udie d a mbig ui t y" i s a smokes cr een behi nd w hi ch Ni xon c an co nt i nue t he same pol i c i es o f ta ki ng t he c ount r y Lef t war d t hat w ere p r acti ced by R oose vel t, T r uman, E is enhower , K ennedy, and Jo hnson. The f aces ch ange, b ut th e p ol i c i es never do. I n i t s Febr uar y 1 970 i ssu e B at tl e L in e o bser ved: What i s t he i deolo gi cal s i gnif i cance of al l t hi s? I t i s s uggest ed t hat Ni xon' s pol ic y i s a ki nd of f abi ani sm i n r ev er se - an in chi ng back t oward t r adit i onal G OP pr i ncip l es, in w hic h N i xon m ove s a s fa r t o t he r i ght as c ondi t i ons w i l l per mi t . . . . th i s i s obvi ousl y n ot t he case. What has t r anspi re d i s no t a movement t owar d conser vat i sm, b ut cont in ued moment um a l ong t he pat h o f l i bera l i sm, al beit a t a s l ower p ace t han mi ght ha ve be en e xpect ed i f Hubert H umphr ey ra t her th an Ni xon w er e i n t he Whi t e Ho use. The Ni xon A dmi ni st r at i on i s no t F abia ni sm i n r eve r se, i t i s Fabi ani sm i n second g ear f or war d. N ix on se es h i msel f as a m oder n Di sr ael i , a man wi t h a Co nserv at i ve i mage who i mpl ement s so ci ali st p r ogr ams. A l an Ot t en wr ot e concer ni ng Mr . N ix on, i n t he Wal l St r eet J our nal o f August 20, 1969: . . . He h ad been r eadi ng a l i fe o f D is r aeli , t he conser vat i ve [ si c] Pr i me Mi ni st er w ho pushed t hr ough so me o f Br i t ai n' s e ar l i est l aws t o i mpr ove sl um co ndi t i ons, pr ot ect f act or y w or ke r s an d e xt end t he f r anch i se. Bo t h ap pr ai sin g D is r ael i and pa r aphr as i ng one o f hi s quot at i ons, Mr . Ni xon sai d he r eal i zed it w as " Tor y men wi t h l i ber al pr i nci pl es wh o e nl ar ged democr acy. " . . . But t he N i xo n c omment do es c all a t te nt i on t o a n of t -f or got t en f ac t o f pol i t ic al li f e: C onser va t i ves pur sui ng a li ber al cour se c an on o cca si on su cceed b et t er t han l i ber al s co ul d have, wh i l e l i bera l s o n occasi on c an advance a co nserv at i ve cause bet t er t han conser vat i ves c oul d. The co l d, h ar d f ac t s a r e t hat Mr . N ix on is n ei t her a Li ber al, n or a C ons er vat iv e, no r a " pr agmat i s t , " nor a " cent ri st , " al t hough a t t i mes he c an p r et end t o be a ny of th ese. He i s s i mpl y a man wi t h al l -consumi ng a mbi t i on. A nd as a pr of essi onal pol i t ic i an, nat ur al l y a man wi t h hi s d esi r e to g et to t he t op o f t he heap w oul d se ek t he ul t im at e i n p ol i t i cal power - t he Pr esi dency. But M r . Ni xon c oul d no t h ave become Pr esid ent unl ess he h ad b een wi l l in g t o wo r k wi t h o r j oi n t he ol i gar chy t hat h as t he po wer t o make or br eak t hose wi t h p r es i dent i al aspi ra t i ons. Af t er l osi ng t o Pa t B r own i n t he C ali f or ni a g uber nat or i al r ac e i n 1962, Ni xon had un i ver sal l y be en c ons i gned t o t he p oli t i cal t r ash heap. He l ef t h i s pr acti ce a s an a tt or ney i n C al i f or nia a nd went to N ew Yor k, wher e he move d i n as a ne i ghbor o f Ne l son Rockefe l l er, t he ma n w ho i s suppos edl y hi s a rc henemy, i n a $ 100,0 00-a-y ear apar t ment i n a b ui ld i ng owned by R ock ef ell er . T hen Mr. N i xon went t o w ork f or t he l aw f i rm o f Mr . Ro ckef ell er ' s per sonal a tt or ney, and i n t he next s i x y ear s s pent most of h i s t i me t our i ng t he count r y and t he w orl d, fi r s t r ebui l di ng

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hi s po l i t i cal r eput at i on and t hen c ampai gni ng t o get t he 1 968 Republ i can no mi nat i on. At t he same ti me, accor din g t o hi s o wn f i nanci al s t at ement s, hi s ne t w or th m ult i pl i ed many t i mes and he b ecame q uit e weal th y. N els on Ro ckef ell er , t he man who hel ped make Ni xon ac cepta bl e t o C onser vati ves by a ppear in g t o oppose hi m, and h is c oll eagues of th e East er n L i ber al Es t abl i sh ment, r escued h im f r om pol i ti cal o bl i v i on a nd made hi m Pr es i dent o f t he U nit ed S t at es. Does i t not make s ense th at Mr . Ni xon, th e man o f p as si onat e a mbi t i on whose car eer h ad su nk to t he bot t om, h ad to m ake s ome deal s i n o r der t o r each hi s go al ? A nd d i d he not ac qui r e massiv e p ol it i cal debt s i n r et ur n f or b ein g made Pr esi dent by t he E ast er n L ib er al Es t abli shment? The Pr esi dent i s obvi ousl y a n un-f r ee agent . Mr . Ni xon g et s t he gl or y, g et s t o l i ve i n t he Whit e H ouse , f li es a cro ss th e n at io n a nd t he wor l d i n a gi ant j et , a nd m ake s n umer ous deci s i ons a nd a ppoin t ment s, but th e r eal power l i es wi t h a c l i que b ase d i n Ne w Yor k. T his c l iq ue i s i nt ere st ed in b uil di ng an a l l-p owerf ul g ove r nment t hat i t w i ll c ont ro l . Thi s i s t he r eal r eason Mr . Ni xon mov es Le f t w hil e t al ki ng li ke a Conser vat i ve. H e has n o choi ce . D espi t e hi ghl y co nvi nc i ng s ta t ement s about cut t i ng s pendi ng an d d ec ent r ali z i ng gover nment , al most every t hi ng he d oes i ncre ases gover nment spendi ng and c onc ent ra t es m or e a nd m or e power i n t he f eder al g ove r nment . C ert ai nly i t i s not excl usiv el y a o ne-way st r eet . That woul d be t oo obvi ous . T he " Ni xon F ox Tr ot " t wo st eps Lef t , one s te p R ig ht - ser ve s t o di sguis e t he r eal i nt ent and di r ect i on of t he Ni xon Admi nis t r ati on. A s Bat tl e L i ne poi nt ed o ut i n Fe br uar y 1970: For th ose w ho h ave w at ched t he P r esid ent 's c ar eer i n pol i t i cs t he pa st y ear s houl d r eal l y be n o s ur pr i se . N i xon h as al ways pr i ded h i msel f o n bei ng a p r agmat i c " centr i s t . " What was s urp r i s i ng in 1968 was t hat s o many s ta unch Republi can conser va t i ves s hould h ave gr ante d Mr . Ni xon t he n omi nati on, w hi ch th ey s ure l y ha d t he power t o deny, wi t hout g ain i ng s ome a ss ur ance t hat hi s p re si dent i al po l i cie s woul d at l eas t r ef l ect el ement al c ons er vat i ve t endenci es. I ndeed t he mass of c onse r vati ve m i nded vo t er s wh o e le ct ed Ri chard N i xon can be f or giv en t hei r l ac k o f po l i t ic al s ophi st ic at i on. They hear d what candid at e N ix on sa i d a nd t o th em i t sounded c onse r vati ve, m at ched t hei r s t at e of m i nd, a nd s o t hey el ecte d h i m. Many key C ons er vat i ves we r e gi ven p ri vat e assur ances dur i ng t he campai gn t hat t he Ni xon Admi ni st r at io n w oul d b e ver y Conser va t i ve. B ut t hi s was s i mpl y ba i t . M r. N i xo n w as al r eady f i r ml y c ommi t t ed t o car r yi ng o ut t he wi l l o f t he c l i que t o w hos e member s we s hal l her ein af t er r ef er t o a s t he In si der s, w ho had r es ur r ec t ed h im f r om pol i ti cal o bl i v i on. I f t hi s i s tr ue, and i t i s, th e o bvio us qu est i ons a r e: W hat i s t hi s myst er io us cl i que, and wh y a r e i t s me mber s i nt ere st ed in b uil di ng a s oci al i s t gover nment ?

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The Establishing Of Establishments The wo r d " Est abl is hment " i s ba dl y o ve r used a nd mi sused t oday, t hanks t o t he y oung p eopl e w ho e mpl oy i t t o c at egor i ze p ar ent s, t eacher s, p ol i cemen, a l l gover nment empl oy ees, al l b us i nessmen, an d v i r t ual l y a ny one who h as dr i ft ed a cro ss th e magic al ag e l i ne of t hir t y . Thi s i s u nf or t unat e, f or t here i s i n t he count r y what t r ul y amount s t o an E st abl i shment . As w e use th e w or d i n th i s b ook , i t means people a nd or gani zat i ons c onnect ed wi t h t he i mmensely p owerf ul an d h i ghl y s ec r et Counci l o n Fo r ei gn R el ati ons - t he CFR. One of t he ex t r emel y i nfr equent a r t ic l es concer ni ng th i s C ounci l t hat have a ppear ed i n t he n ati onal pr ess was p ubl i shed i n t he C hri st i an Sci enc e Monit or of S ept ember 1, 1 961. I t began th i s wa y: On t he w est s i de of f ashi onabl e P ar k Avenue a t 68 t h S t r eet [ i n New Yo r k C i ty ] s it t wo ha ndsome b ui ld i ngs acr oss , t he way f ro m eac h ot her. O ne is t he Sovi et Embas sy t o t he Un i t ed Na t i ons . . . . D ir ect l y opposi t e o n t he so ut hwest c orn er i s t he Co unci l on F or ei gn Re l at io ns - pr obabl y o ne of th e most i nf lu ent i al s emi-p ubl ic o r gani zat io ns i n t he f i el d of f ore i gn pol i cy. Al t hough t he f or mal m ember ship o f t he C FR i s c omposed of f our t een hundre d o f th e mos t e l i te n ames i n th e w or l ds o f gover nment , l abor , busi ness, f in ance, c ommuni cati ons, th e f oundat i ons, an d e duca t i on - and despit e t he f act t hat i t has st af f ed al mos t e very k ey posi t io n o f ever y admi ni st r at io n s i ne FDR' s - i t is d oubtf ul th at o ne Ameri can i n a h undr ed so m uch a s r ecogni zes th e C ounci l ' s name, o r t hat o ne i n a t housa nd k nows a ny t hi ng at a ll a bout i t s s t ru ct ur e or p ur pose. I ndi ca t i ve of t he CFR' s power t o mai nta i n i t s anony mi t y is t he f act th i s wr i t er di scove r ed a ft er po r i ng over decades of vo l umes of t he R eader s' Gu i de t o Per io di cal Li t era t ur e: t hat , despi te i t s havi ng been oper ati ve at t he hi ghest l evel s f or f if t y year s, a nd ha vi ng f r om th e b egi nni ng count ed a mong i ts m ember s t he f or emost l i ons o f t he c ommunic at i ons media , t he CFR ha s b een t he subj ec t o f on l y on e a r t ic l e in a m ajo r n at i onal j our nal - and t hat o ne i n H ar per ' s, har dl y a m as s-c i r cul at i on p eri odi cal. S i mi l ar l y, onl y a handfu l o f ar t i c le s o n th e C ounci l ha ve ap pear ed i n th e n at io n' s gr eat newspaper s. Such anonymit y - at th at l eve l c an h ar dly b e a mat t er o f mer e chance. St r angel y, if y ou wr i t e t o t he C FR as ki ng f or i nf or mat i on, yo u wi l l r ecei ve an e xpensi ve l y p r in t ed Annual Report w hi ch l i sts o f f i ce r s, member s, p ubl i cati ons, an d e xp enses f or th e p r evi ous year . Bu t t hi s i s j ust about al l y ou c an le ar n about th e C FR. W e do n' t know who r eal l y set s i t s p oli cy, and i t s meeti ngs a re s ecr et . I n f ac t , th e b yl aws c al l f or th e e xpul si on of a ny member w ho di scus ses i n publi c w hat goes on a t CFR meet i ngs. . The Ch r i st i an S cie nce Moni t or di d n ot e i n t he a rt i c l e of Sept ember 1 , 1961, t hat : I t s ro st er . . . cont ai ns n ames d i sti nguis hed i n t he f i el d of di pl omacy, g ov er nment , b us i ness , f i nance, sci ence, l abor , j our nal is m, l aw an d e duca t i on. W hat uni t ed s o w id e-r angin g a nd di spar at e a member shi p is a pa ssi onat e c oncer n fo r t he d i r ect i on of A meri can f or eig n p ol ic y.

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The CF R' s p as si onat e c onc er n f or t he di r ec t i on of A mer i can f or eig n p ol ic y h as a mount ed to a n a tt empt - hi ghl y s ucce ssf ul - t o ma ke cer t ai n t hat Ameri can f or ei gn pol i cy conti nues ma r chin g L ef tw ar d t owar d Wor l d Gover nment . The. CFR was cr i ti c i zed f or pr eci sely t his b y t he R eec e C ommi t t ee, a Specia l Commi t t ee of t he House of R epr esenta t i ves e st abl i shed i n 1 953 t o i nv est i gat e a buses b y t ax-f r ee f oundati ons. I n t he case of t he Counci l o n Fo r ei gn R el ati ons, t he C ommi t te e f ound t hat " i t s pr oduc t i ons ar e no t o bj ec t i ve but a re d i re ct ed ov er whel mi ngly a t pr omot in g t he gl obal i sm c oncept. " Despit e n earl y i nc r edi ble p r es sur e to r emai n s i le nt , t he R eec e Commit t ee d is cl ose d t hat t he CFR h ad i n fa ct c ome t o be a l mos t a n empl oy ment ag ency f or k ey a r eas o f th e U .S . G over nment - " no doubt car r yi ng i t s i nt er nat i onal is t b ia s w i t h i t . " The i nv est ig at i on al so showed t hat t he CF R' s i nf l uenc e w as so g re at t hat i t had a l most comple t el y us ur ped t he pr escri bed a ct i v i ti es o f t he U. S. S t at e Depart ment . The Ch r i st i an S cie nce Moni t or ar t i c le c onf i r med t hi s conclu si on as f oll ows: Becaus e o f th e C ounci l ' s si ngl e-mi nded d edi ca t i on t o s t udyi ng and del i ber at i ng Ameri can f or ei gn pol i cy, t her e i s a const ant f lo w o f i t s member s f r om pr i va t e t o publ ic s er vic e. Al most ha l f of t he Co uncil member s h ave been i nvi t ed t o assume of f i ci al g ove r nment posi t i ons o r t o act as c onsul t ants a t o ne t i me o r a not her. [ Emphasi s added. ] The po l i ci es pr omot ed b y t he CFR i n t he fi el ds of d efe nse a nd i nt ern at i onal r ela t i ons become t he of f i c ia l p ol ic i es of t he Uni t ed St at es G overn ment wi t h a r egul ar i t y t hat def i es t he l aws o f chance. As Li bera l c ol umni st Joseph Kr aft , h i mse l f a member of th e C FR, not ed o f t he Co unci l i n H ar per ' s of J ul y 1 958: " I t has b een t he s eat of . . . basi c gover nment deci s i ons, ha s s et t he co nt ext f or ma ny m ore , a nd h as r epeat edl y se r ved a s a r ecr ui ti ng gr ound .f or ra nki ng of f i ci al s. " Kr af t, i nc i dent all y, a ptl y t it l ed h is a r ti c l e o n t he CFR, " School f or St at es men" - an ad mi ssi on t hat t he me mbers o f t he C ounci l a re d r il l ed wi t h a " l i ne" o f s t r at egy t o be c ar ri ed ou t i n Washi ngt on. As t he C hr i sti an S cie nce Moni t or admit s, a l most ha l f o f t he member s o f th e C FR h ave ser ved i n t he g ove r nment under o ne admi ni st r at io n o r anot her . T her e a r e CFR member s who ser ve in Democr at i c ad mi nis t r at i ons a nd C FR members w ho se r ve i n R epubl i can r egi mes. T her e i s a gr eat g ame o f musi cal c hai r s w hen a ne w admi ni st r at io n t ak es o f fi ce, al t hough n o mat t er who is i n p ower , many member s s eem t o st ay o n i n k ey p osi ti ons, par t i cu l ar ly i n t he S t at e Depart ment . Si nce t he p ubl i c knows no t hi ng o f t he C FR, i t a cc ept s t he publ i c r el at i ons i mage t hat many of t hese m en ar e p ol i t i ca l e nemi es, not re al i z i ng t hat t hey ar e in f act al l pa r t s o f t he same p ower-s eekin g or gani zat i on. So c ompl et ely h as t he C FR d omi nat ed t he St at e D epar t ment o ver t he past t hi r t y-e i ght year s t hat ever y Se cr et ary o f S ta t e ex cept Co r dell Hul l , James Byr nes , a nd Wi l l ia m Roger s h as b een a C FR member. A nd t hough R ogers h i msel f i s not CFR, P ro f esso r H enry K i ss i nger , t he Pr esid ent ' s chi ef f or ei gn p oli cy a dvi sor , came to t he j ob f ro m t he st af f of t he Counc i l o n Fore i gn Rel at i ons. The CF R h as one pr i mar y goal : t he a bol i t io n o f th e U ni t ed S ta t es. Thi s i s n ot an e xa gger ati on, al t hough i t i s h ar dl y t he w ay th ey ex pr ess i t . Ou r F oundi ng Fat her s set up a s ov er eig n U ni te d S ta t es. Th e C FR want s t o a bol i sh t he s ove r ei gn U nit ed St at es an d s et u p a wor l d govern ment . That i s w hy t he CF R was f ounded i n 19 19. The C FR makes n o

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bones about wor l d gover nment bei ng it s g oal . " Stu dy No . 7 , " publ is hed by t he C FR on N ove mber 25 , 1 959, o penl y ad vocat es " bui l di ng a n ew i nt ern at i onal o r der [ whi ch ] m ust be re sponsiv e t o wor l d aspi ra t i ons f or peace [ and] f or so ci al an d e co nomi c change . . . an in t er nati onal or der . . . i ncl udi ng st at es la bel in g t hemsel ves a s ` Soci ali st ' [ Communi st ] . " To a cc ompl i sh t his , t he CFR sa ys, w e must " gr adual l y i ncr ease t he aut hor i t y o f t he UN" u nti l i t becomes t he of f i c ia l g ov er nment o f t he wor l d. ' S i nce y ou cannot have sover ei gnt y at t he nat io nal l ev el an d a t t he in t er nati onal, U N l ev el at t he s ame t i me, t he C FR i s advocati ng th e a boli t i on of t he Uni te d St at es a s a sover eig n g over nment . Ri char d R over e, in h i s ha l f-k i ddin g a nd whol ly-i n-e ar nes t t r eati se c all ed Th e A meri can Est abl is hment , r ef er r ed t o t he CFR as t he Amer ic an " Pre si diu m. " T hi s i s an a ccu r at e descr ip t i on, f or li ke th e Russia n P r esi di um, t he CF R o nl y p r esi des. It i s t he E sta bl i shment , but not th e i nner c ore , o r "i nner st eer in g c ommi t t ee" a s Geor ge Or well cal l ed i t , of t he Est abli shment . F ort unate l y, s omeone who h as b een o n t he in si de, or v er y c l ose t o i t , h as wr i tt en a bo ok ab out i t. H e i s D r . Car r ol l Q ui gl ey, p ro f essor of hi st or y at t he F or eig n S er vi ce Sc hool of Geor get own Un i vers i t y. He f ormer l y ta ught at P r in cet on a nd Ha r vard a s wel l as a t th e A rmy a nd Navy War C oll eges. P r of es sor Qui gl ey' s monument al bo ok, Tr agedy and Hope, 2 cont ai ns a maz i ng r evel ati ons co ncern i ng t he c l iq ue o f k i ngmaker s wh o r un i nt ern at i onal p oli t i cs and i nt ern at i onal f i nance. W. C l eon S kous en, Ph. D. , who se r ved fo r s ix t een year s i n t he FBI ( i ncl udi ng se ver al year s as p ers onal assi sta nt to J . Edgar Hoover) , a nd w ho no w t eaches at B r ig ham Young U ni ver si t y, s t at ed i n h is r ecent l y pu bl i shed, 1 30-p age r evi ew of Q ui gl ey ' s book: Pol i ti cal c onspi ra ci es al so ha ve a wa y o f r eachin g t he p ubl ic , becaus e s omeone on t he in si de i s w i ll i ng t o t el l t he st or y. I h ave wai t ed f or th i r t y year s f or so mebody on th e i nsid e o f t he moder n pol i ti cal p ower st r uct ure t o t al k. At l ast , s omebody has. 3 Dr . Sk ousen, who cal l s hi s r ev i ew T he N ake d C apit al i st , b egin s b y comment i ng: When Dr . Q uig l ey deci ded t o wr i t e h is 1 , 300 p age book cal l ed Tr agedy a nd Hope, he k new h e was d eli ber at el y e xp osi ng o ne of t he best kept secr et s i n th e w or ld . A s one o f t he el i t e "i ns i der s, " he k new t he scope of t his p ower c ompl ex an d h e kn ew th at i t s l eader s ho pe t o eventu al l y at t ai n t ot al gl obal c ont ro l . Fu r t her mor e, Dr . Q uig l ey makes i t c le ar t hro ughout h i s book t hat b y and l ar ge he w arml y s uppor t s t he goal s and p ur poses o f t he " net wor k. " Bu t i f t hat is t he case, why wo ul d h e want t o e xpose th i s wor l d-w i de c onspi r acy a nd di sc l os e many o f it s m os t s ecre t o per at i ons ? Obvi ousl y, di sc l os i ng t he e xis t ence of a mammot h power n et wor k w hi ch i s t r y i ng t o t ak e o ve r t he wor l d coul d not he l p b ut ar ous e t he v i goro us r esi st ance of t he mi l l i ons o f peopl e who ar e i t s i nt ended vi ct i ms. S o why di d D r . Qui gle y w r i te t his b ook? Hi s an swer ap pears i n a number o f p la ces but i s especi al l y f or cef ul a nd cl ear o n p ages 97 9-9 80. He s ays, i n ef f ect , t hat i t i s now t oo la t e f or t he l i t t l e people t o t ur n b ac k t he t i de. I n a sp i r i t of k i ndness h e i s t her ef or e ur gin g t hem not t o f i ght t he noose whi ch i s al r eady a r ound t hei r n eck s. He f eel s cer ta i n t hat t hos e w ho do w il l onl y choke th emsel ves t o death . . . . 4

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Qui gle y' s q ual i f ic at i ons f or wr i t i ng about t he in t er nat i onal conspi r acy ar e a s i mposi ng as a r e t hose of e x-F 131 man S kousen, aut hor of t he n at i onal be st s ell er Th e N aked C ommuni st , f or exposi ng t he r eal i mport o f T ra gedy and H ope. Qu i gl ey says of t hi s I nsid er c ons pi r ac y: 1 k now o f t he o per at i ons of th i s n etw or k because I h av e s t udi ed i t f or t wenty y ear s a nd was pe r mi t t ed f or t wo y ear s, i n t he ear l y 1960's , t o ex ami ne i t s pa per s and s ec r et r ecor ds. I ha ve n o aver si on t o i t o r t o most o f i t s a i ms a nd have, f or mu ch o f my l if e, b een c l os e t o i t a nd t o many o f i t s i ns t r ument s. I have o bj ect ed, b ot h i n t he p as t and re cent l y, t o a f ew of i t s pol i cie s . . . b ut i n ge ner al my c hi ef di f f er ence of o pin i on i s t hat i t w i sh es to r emain u nkn own, an d I bel i ev e i t s r ol e i n h i sto r y is s i gnif i cant e nough t o be k nown. [ Emphasi s a dded. ] 5 Skouse n o bser ves: Dr . Qu i gl ey admi ts h e i s t el li ng more t han h i s co mr ades-i nar ms woul d car e to h ave d i sclo sed. They wa nt th ei r c onspi ra t or i al subve r s i on t o b e kept a secre t . D r . Qui gl ey t hin ks it i s t im e p eopl e k new who w as r unnin g t hi ngs . . . . The re al v alu e o f Tr agedy a nd Hope i s n ot so mu ch a s a " his t or y of t he w or l d i n ou r t i me" ( as i t s s ubt i t le s ugges t s) , but r at her as a bol d and b oas t f ul admi ssi on by D r . Qu i gl ey t hat t her e act ual l y e xis t s a r el at iv el y smal l bu t p ower f ul gr oup whi ch has succeeded i n acqui r i ng a ch oke-h ol d on t he af f air s o f pr act ic al l y th e ent i re h uman r ace. Of c our se, we s houl d b e qui ck t o r eco gni ze t hat no s mal l g r oup coul d wi el d such gi gant ic p ower u nl es s m il l i ons of p eopl e i n al l wal ks of l if e w er e " i n on t he t ake" and w er e w il l i ng to k nuc kl e down t o t he i r on-c l ad r egi ment at i on o f t he r uth l ess bo sses behi nd t he scenes Who is b ehi nd t his c onspi r acy t o c ont r ol t he w orl d? Sk ousen wr i t es : He [ Qui gl ey) poi nt s o ut t hat dur i ng t he pa st t wo centu r i es wh en t he pe opl es of t he w or l d wer e gr adual l y w i nni ng t hei r po l i t i cal f r eedom f r om t he d ynast i c monar ch i es, t he maj or ba nki ng f ami li es o f Eur ope a nd Amer ic a w er e act ual l y r ev er sin g t he t r end by s ett i ng up n ew dynast i es of p ol i t i cal contr ol t hro ugh t he f ormat i on o f i nt er nat i onal f i nanc i al combin es. Dr . Qu i gl ey poi nts o ut th at th ese b anki ng dynasti es ha d l earn ed t hat al l g ove r nment s m ust h ave s our ce s o f r evenue f r om whi ch t o bo r r ow i n t im es o f emer gency. Th ey ha d a l so l earn ed t hat b y pr ovi din g s uc h f unds f r om th ei r own p r iv at e r esour ce s, th ey c oul d mak e b ot h k i ngs a nd democr at i c le aders t r emendousl y s ubse r v i ent t o th ei r wi l l . It h ad pr oven t o b e a mos t e f f ec t i ve means of c ont r ol l in g p ol i t i cal appoin t ment s and deci di ng p oli t i cal i ssues . ? Qui gle y r eveal s th at t hes e i nt er nat io nal banki ng dynas t i es est abl i shed a v ast n etw or k t o contr ol g ove r nment t hr ough th e c ontr ol of money. Q ui gle y w ri t es: The gr eat est of th ese d yn ast ie s, o f cour se , w er e t he descendant s of M ey er A msc hel Rot hschi l d (1 743-1 812) of F r ankf ort , w hose m ale descendant s, f or at l east t wo gener at i ons, g ener al ly m ar r ie d f ir st cousin s o r ev en ni eces. Rot hsc hi l d' s f i ve sons, est abl i shed at b ra nches

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i n V ie nna, Lo ndon, N apl es , a nd P ar i s, a s wel l a s Fr ank f or t , cooper at ed t ogeth er i n ways whi ch ot her i nt er nat i onal b ankin g d yn ast i es copie d b ut r ar ely e xcel le d. The na mes o f some of t hes e [ ot her ] ba nki ng f ami li es ar e f ami li ar t o al l of u s a nd s houl d b e mor e so. T hey i ncl ude B ar i ng, Lazard , E r l anger , War burg , S ch r oder , Sel ig man, th e S peyer s, Mi r abaud, Mal l et , F ould , a nd a bove al l Rot hschi l d an d [ J . P. ] M or gan. 8 We s houl d h er e c aut i on th e r eader t hat w e ar e n ot t alk i ng a bout hi s pe r sonal banke r d own on th e c or ner , wh o h as not hin g t o do w i th t he i nt ern at i onal i ntr i guer s we ar e d i scu ssi ng. S ecre cy ha s a l way s b een t he byword o f t he i nte r nat i onal ba nker s. Acc or din g t o Qu i gl ey : The in f l uence o f f i nancia l c api t al i sm a nd of t he i nt er nat i onal banker s w ho cr eate d i t wa s e xe r c i sed bot h on b usi ness and o n govern ment s, but coul d ha ve do ne n eit her i f i t ha d n ot b een abl e t o per suade b oth o f t hese to a cce pt t wo " axio ms" o f i t s own i deol ogy. B ot h of t hese w ere b ase d o n th e a ss umpt i on t hat p ol i ti c i ans w er e t oo we ak and to o s ubje ct to t empor ar y popul ar pr ess ur es to b e t r ust ed wi t h cont ro l o f th e money s yst em . . . . To d o t hi s it w as necessa r y to conceal , o r even t o m i sle ad, bot h g ov er nment s and pe opl e ab out t he nat ure o f m oney an d i t s met hods o f op er ati on. 9 The ai f ns o f t hi s st eal th y c re w a r e spel le d o ut by Q ui gl ey: I n a ddi t i on t o t hese p r agmat ic g oal s, t he power s of fi nanci al capi ta l i sm ha d a not her fa r -r eachi ng a i m, n oth i ng l es s t han t o c r eat e a wor l d syst em of fi nanci al c ont r ol i n pr i va t e h ands a bl e t o do mi nat e t he pol i ti cal s ys t em of e ach count r y a nd t he economy of th e w or ld a s a whol e. T he sy st em was t o be co nt r ol le d i n a f eudal i st f ashi on b y t he cent ra l b anks o f t he w orl d a ct i ng i n concer t , by s ecr et ag r eement s ar r i ve d a t in f r equent pr i vate m eet in gs an d c onfe r ence s. t o Thr ough t hi s syste m t he i nt ern at i onal b ank er s h ope t o gai n cont ro l o ver t he wor l d' s nat ur al r eso ur ces , f i nance, t r anspor t at io n, and co mmer ce. I n or der to d o t hi s t hey must f i r st el i mi nat e t hei r compet i t or s. The onl y w ay t hey c an do i t i s by g ai ni ng co nt r ol o f g ov er nment a nd est abl i shi ng s oci al i sm. To accompl i sh th i s on a w orl d-w i de basi s yo u n eed a w or l d go ver nment - a soci al i s t w or l d go ver nment . Mo st p eopl e ca nnot un der st and w hy ma ny of t he su per -r i ch l i ke t he R ock ef el l er s, Ke nnedys, a nd For ds ar e soci al i s t s . " They have fa r m or e t o lo se un der s oc i al is m t han I , " i s a t ypi ca l c omment . Peopl e make t hat s ta t ement b ecause th ey b eli eve t hat soci al i sm i s r eall y w hat t he super-r i ch want t hem t o bel i eve s oci al i sm i s, i. e. , a movement t o di v i de t he we al t h. B ut if t hes e s uper-r i ch i nt ern at i onal b ank er s w ant ed t o d i vid e t hei r w eal t h th ey c oul d d o i t r i ght now. Th er e i s n o la w a gai nst th e R oc kef el le r s gi vi ng aw ay th ei r bi l l io ns. I ns t ead, t he s uper -r i ch al most t ot all y a void p ayi ng t he t axes t hat f i nance t he soci al is t i c gi veaway p r ogr ams th ey fo r ce o n t he mi ddle-c l ass. T hey hi de t hei r we al t h i n f oundat io ns w her e i t compounds t ax-f r ee. The c oncept t hat so ci ali sm i s a d i vi det he-w eal th p r ogr am i s hel d by r evol ut i onar i es, vi sio nar y ut opi ans, a nd mi sgui ded id eal is t s , who ar e p r omot i ng, i n t he n ame o f f ig ht i ng t he su per -r i ch, t he soci al i sm t he I nsi der s wa nt . Soci al is m i n pr act ic e i s not a shar e-t he-weal th p r ogra m but a c ons ol i dat e-a nd-c ont ro l -t he-w eal th p r ogra m. Wh en you un der st and t hi s, t he seemi ng p ara dox of t he pr omot i on o f socia l i sm

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by t he p ower-h ungry s uper-r i ch descr i bed b y Qui gl ey , b ec omes no p ara dox at a ll . M ost peopl e m i sta kenly b el i ev e t hat w ealt hy pe opl e ar e conser vat i ve, t hat t hey bel i eve i n f re e e nt er pr i se a nd ar e o pposed t o govern ment co nt r ol s. I n many cases th i s is t r ue, but i t i s no t t ru e o f t he su per -r i ch car t el monopol i st s who wa nt t o cont ro l t he wor l d. T hese people a r e no t o n t he R ig ht , but o n t he Le f t . T hey d on' t w ant compet i t i on, t hey wa nt mo nopol y. T hey w or k t hr ough t he Lef t because t he . Lef t pr omote s g ov er nment c ont r ol s , and on l y b y govern ment co nt r ol s c an t hese monopol i s t s el i mi nat e th ei r c ompet it i on. Robert B ar t le y o f t he Wal l S tr eet J our nal, w hi ch does not consid er i t sel f C onser vati ve, has o bse r ved: " Today t he Est abl i shment h as unquest i onabl y a dopt ed l i ber ali sm . . . . "" T he Est abl i shment o pposes C onser va t i ves becaus e C onse r vati ves o ppose govern ment co nt r ol s a nd a w orl d s uper-s t at e. T he Le f t ad vocat es cont ro l s a nd a w or l d g ove r nment. T his i s w hy t hes e b i l li onair es w ork and fi nance r evolu t i onary m ove ment s whose obj ecti ve is o st ens i bl y t o dest ro y t he super-r i ch. Qui gl ey a dmi t s i n ef f ect t hat t her e i s a conspi r acy bi gger t han th e C ommuni st consp i r acy. He wr i t es: Ther e does exi st , a nd has ex i st ed f or a gener at i on, an i nt ern at i onal A ngl ophi l e net wor k w hic h o per at es, t o so me e xte nt , i n t he way th e r adic al Ri ght b el i eves t he Co mmuni st s a ct . I n f act , t hi s net wor k, w hic h w e may i dent i fy a s t he R ound T able G r oups, h as n o aver si on t o c ooper at in g w it h t he Communi st s, or a ny o t her gr oups, a nd f r equent l y do es so . 12 Why ha s t hi s Est abl i shment c onspi r acy n eve r b een expos ed? Many people h ave t r i ed t o e xpose it . T he chi ef weapon used t o s t op t he exposu r e i s r i di cu l e. N obody l i kes to b e ri di cul ed. I f one cal l s at t ent i on t o t he st r ange al l ia nce b et ween t he i nt er nat i onal banker s a nd t hei r cohor ts , a nd t he Le f t , t he r eto r t is u suall y a sneer i ng, " Obvio usl y yo u b el i eve in t he conspir acy t heor y of h is t or y. " I n mo st cases t hat st ops t he p ers on w ho i s t r yi ng t o ex pose th e c onspi r acy . T he connot at i on i s t hat a p er son who b eli eves t her e i s a conspi ra cy se eki ng f i nanc i al a nd p oli t i cal cont ro l o f th e w or l d i s a p ara noi d wh o b el i eves t hat ever y Li ber al c ol l ege p ro f essor get s hi s o rd er s f or t he day i n a specia l m or ni ng te l egr am f r om conspir acy headquar t er s. S i nce sneer i ng at t he i dea of a conspi ra cy is f ashio nable , m i l li ons of w el l-m eanin g people w ho kn ow ab sol ut el y n ot hi ng ab out i t r epeat t he s neeri ng st at ement s of r i di cul e. Nobody t r i es t o re f ut e th e f act s. They ca nnot be r ef ut ed. And wh y t r y when r i di cule w ork s s o ef f ecti vel y? But ri di cul e i s on l y h alf o f t he E sta bl i sh ment ' s weapon s yste m t o avoi d exposur e. Th e E st abl i shment ' s medi a si mpl y never di scuss t he exi st ence of t he in t er lo cki ng or gani zat i ons and i ndi vi dual s wi t hin t he CF R' s or bi t . CFR member s cont ro l s uch mass medi a as t he N ew Yo r k Ti mes, Lo s A ngel es Ti mes, Washi ngt on Post , Li f e, Ti me, Newsweek, a nd t he Col umbi a B ro adcasti ng Sy st em an d N at i onal Br oadc ast i ng Company. T he E sta bl i shment ha s a l so s pent enor mous a mount s of m oney t o st eer hi st ori ans away f ro m s ubj ect s i t f eel s a r e danger ous. Pr of es sor H ar r y El mer B ar nes wr ot e in h i s The S tr uggle A gai ns t t he Hi st or i cal Bl ackout I t m ay b e s ai d, wi t h g r eat r es t r ai nt, t hat n ever si nce t he Da r k and Mi ddl e A ges, h ave t her e b een so ma ny p ower f ul f or ces or gani zed an d al er te d a gain st ti l e a sse r t i on a nd ac cepta nce o f hi sto r i cal t r ut h . . . . T he Rockefe l l er Foundat i on and t he Counc i l o n For eig n R el at i ons . . . i nt end t o p re vent, i f t hey c an, a r epet i ti on o f what th ey c all i n t he

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ver nac ul ar th e d ebunki ng j ourn al i s t ic c ampai gn fo l l owi ng Worl d War I . . . .1 3 Whi t ta ker C hambers , t he man wh o e xpos ed Al ger H is s ( CFR) a s a Sovi et s py, . made t hi s ob ser va t i on: No o ne w ho ha s, ev en o nce , l iv ed c l os e t o t he mak i ng of h i st or y can ev er a gai n s uppose th at it i s m ade t he w ay th e h is t or y bo oks t el l i t . Wi t h r are e xce pt i ons such books ar e li ke p hot ogr aphs. T hey c at ch a sur f ac e i mage. O ft en a s not , t hey d is t or t i t . T he s ecr et f orc es wo r k i ng behi nd a nd be l ow t he h i st or i ca l s ur f ace t hey sel dom c at ch. 1 4 But pe opl e do n ot r ej ect al l conspi ra ci es. T hey can be l i eve busi nesses co nspir e t o fi x p ri ces. Th ey ca n b el ie ve in t he co nspir acy of o rg ani zed cr i me - Cosa Nost r a. I t i s n ot t hat t hey r ej ect conspi ra cy per se , t hey j ust r ej ect t he i dea th at th er e i s an in t er nati onal conspi r acy th at us es t he Communi st s and ot her L ef t wi ng m ovement s, and wor ks t o g ain c ont r ol o ve r g ov er nment s. Co sa N ost r a is a n e xa mpl e of how pe opl e wi l l ac cept co nspir acy i n one ar ea o f human a ct i vi t y wh i l e t hey r ej ect i t i n anoth er . U nt i l Jo seph Va l achi s ang t o a Congr ess i onal commit t ee s ome y ear s a go, p eopl e k new s o l i t t l e about Cosa No st r a t hat t hey di dn' t even know i ts n ame. T hey cal le d i t th e Maf i a, a nd m any people v ehement l y deni ed t hat such an o r gani zat io n exi ste d. What i s t he di f f er ence be t ween C osa Nost ra m an Lu cky Luci ano and, say, Nel son Rockef el l er ? The onl y e ss ent ia l d i f fe r ence i s t hat Rockef el l er had we al t h, backgr ound, and ed ucat i on. T ot al l y cu nni ng a nd absolu t el y ru t hl es s, L uci ano scr at ched h is w ay t o th e t op of t he C osa Nost ra h eap. Though a l t oget her d espic abl e, h e w as a n abl e, am bi t io us, and ta l ent ed man. I f L uci ano had b een b orn t o a pat r ic i an f ami l y, had at t ended s wank p ri vat e ac ademi es a nd t hen mat r i cu l at ed a t H ar var d, posses si ng th e s ame b r i lli ant mi nd a nd a mor al p ers onali t y , h e would have come t o an in escapabl e co ncl usio n: Wh y s pend y our t i me pushin g number s, d r ugs, an d d ames , w hen y ou can ge t i nt o gover nment wher e t he r eal money an d p ower a r e? A so ci al i st g ove r nment contr ol s p eopl e, and when one co nt r ol s peopl e o ne has ab sol ut e power o ver t hei r economi c act i vi t y t oo. T he advance o f Soci al is m i n t he w or l d is n o n at ur al phenomenon, as t he I nt ern at i onal i s t s pr ete nd. L ik e d epr essi ons, it i s a s i ni st er p r omot i on b y t he I nsi der s an d t hei r a l li es. The O ld T est ament i s f ul l of co nspi r ac i es, most of t hem f or po wer over gover nment . Even a cur sor y s t udy o f Rome o r At hens s hows t he r ol e pl ayed b y n umer ous c onspi r acie s. A s we c li mb t he hi sto r i cal l adder t o modern t i mes, t he number of po l i t i cal c ons pi r acie s i ncre ases; but we ar e no t t o be l i eve , t hat any ar e o per at i ve t oday - t hat i s t he " consp i r acy t heory o f h is t or y. " W hat i s a conspir acy? Li ber al s w oul d have us b el ie ve th at C ons er vat i ves co nj ure u p mys t er io us m en i n lo ng bl ack over coat s an d s l ouc h h at s w ho meet i n c l ose t s an d myste r i ous l y i ssue or der s or ex change i nf or mat i on. H ere i s t he r i di cul e te chniq ue i n act i on! A l l a c ons pi r acy i s , i s m en pl anni ng t oget her f or a n unl awf ul pur pos e. " Conspi ra t or i- al i sts " - t hose w ho ho l d th e " cons pi r ac y t heor y o f hi st ory " - agr ee wi t h FDR, w ho s aid , " Noth i ng j ust h appens i n p oli t i cs. I f s omet hin g happens y ou can be s ur e i t w as p l anned t hat w ay." T he i dea of " smoke-f i l l ed r ooms" s uggest s se cr et pl ans bei ng made, does i t n ot ? There a r e onl y t wo t heor i es of h i st or y - ( 1) t hat t hi ngs h appen because t hey wer e pl anned t hat way, and ( 2) t hat e ver yt hi ng happens b y acci dent a nd nobody m akes any pl ans. The la t t er is t he i dea th at ou ght t o be r i di cu l ed, fo r i t consi der s th e o bser vable r eal it y - t hat Amer i ca h as

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been movi ng Lef t f or t hi r ty-f i ve year s, t hat we h ave per si st ent i nf l at i on, th at we f i ght endle ss " no-w i n" war s, an d t hat f or t wenty-f i ve year s we h ave b een consta nt l y lo si ng t o t he Communi st s - t o be a t ot al acci dent . As f or mer S ecr et ar y of D ef ense Ja mes For r esta l o nc e r emark ed, " Consi st ency ha s n ever b een a m ark o f s t upi dit y. If t hey wer e mer ely s t upid t hey w oul d occas i onal ly m ake a m i st ake i n o ur f avor. " 15 Abr aham L i nco l n ob ser ved i n hi s " Hous e D iv i ded" speech : We c an n ot ab sol ut el y k now t hat a l l t hese exact adapta t i ons ar e t he re sul t of p r ec oncer t. B ut when we s ee a l ot of f ra med t im ber s, di f f er ent p or t i ons o f w hi ch we k now have been g ot t en out a t di f f er ent t i mes and p la ces and b y di f f er ent w or kmen St ephen, F ra nkl i n, Roger and James, f or in st anc e - and when w e see t hese ti mbers j oi ned t oget her , and se e t hey exact l y m ake t he f r ame of a house or a mi l l , a ll t he t enons a nd mo r t i ce s e xact l y fi t t i ng, and al l t he l engt hs a nd pr opor t i ons of t he d i f f er ent pi eces exactl y adapte d t o th ei r r especti ve pl aces , a nd not a pi ece t oo ma ny o r t oo fe w - not omi t t i ng e ven scaf fo l di ng - or , i f a s in gl e pi ece be l ack i ng, we c an see t he p l ac e i n t he fr ame e xa ct l y f i t t ed and pr epar ed t o yet b r in g s uc h p i ece i n - i n such a c ase, we fi nd it i mpossi bl e t o no t b el ie ve th at S t ephen and Fr ankl i n a nd Roger a nd Ja mes al l u nder st ood o ne anot her f r om t he begi nni ng, an d a ll w or ked u pon a c ommon pl an o r dr af t dr awn up b ef or e t he fi r s t l ic k w as s t r uck . 1 6 The ve r y e sse nce of a c onspi ra cy i s t hat i t s per pet r at or s must convi nce t he publ i c t hat i t d oes n ot ex i st . Thi s, o f c our se, necess i t at es l y i ng. I n or der t o b e a consp i r at or one must b e a l ia r - and a convi nc i ng one, w ho c onv eys s in cer it y i n wh at eve r h e sa ys. The conspi r acy al so mu st m ask i t s goal s i n or der t o g et i deal i st s t o d o i t s wor k f or i t , and i t d oes so by u si ng humani t ar i an t erms l i ke " seek i ng soci al j ust ic e, " " endi ng pover t y, " an d " br i ngi ng about w or l d peace . " Those who t hi nk th ey a r e hel pi ng t he poor ar e o nl y s ol i di f yin g t he power of t he r i ch. T he g r eat hi sto r i an Os wal d Spengle r r eal i zed t hi s hal f a c ent ur y a go, a nd wr ot e i n h i s monument al Decl in e a nd Fal l of t he West : Ther e i s n o pr ol et ar i an, not even a Communi st , mo vement , t hat h as not op er at ed i n th e i nt er est s of m oney, in t he di r ecti ons i ndic at ed by money, a nd fo r t he t i me bei ng per mi tt ed by m oney - and t hat w it hout t he i deali st s a mong it s l eader s ha vi ng th e s li ght est suspi ci on of t he f act . Qui gle y p i cks u p t he t hre ads of t he t wo-c ent ur i es-o l d mo vement t o cont ro l t he wor l d by d i sc ussin g t he r ol e of C eci l R hodes i n Engl and dur i ng t he la t t er par t of t he l ast ce nt ury . R hodes, wo r k i ng as a f r ont man fo r L or d Rot hs chi l d, had conquere d S out her n Af r i ca w i t h i t s enor mous m i ner al weal t h. Rhodes' f r ie ndl y bi ogr apher , Sar a Mi l l i n, r eveal s h i s goal : " The g overn ment of t he wor ld w as Rh odes' s i mple desi re . " W i th a wo r l d g ov er nment u nder t hei r c ont r ol , Rhodes and hi s i nt ern at i onal b ank er p art ner s woul d cont ro l t he weal th o f t he w orl d. Qui gle y n ot es : I n t he m i ddle 1 890' s R hodes ha d a p er sonal i ncome of a t l east a mi l l io n p ounds s te r l i ng a y ear ( t hen about f i ve mi l l io n d ol la r s) whi ch was sp ent s o f r eel y f or hi s my st er i ous p ur poses t hat he w as usuall y over dr awn o n hi s account. T hes e p ur poses cent er ed o n hi s d esi r e to f edera t e t he Engli sh-s peaki ng p eopl es and t o b r i ng a l l t he h abi t abl e por t io ns o f t he wo r l d u nder th ei r c ont r ol. 1 7

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Fr ank Aydel ot t e, a f oundi ng me mber of t he CFR, in h i s book, Amer i ca n R hodes S ch ol ars hi ps, t el l s of R hodes wi l l s ett i ng up a " secre t s ocie t y" : The se ven w il l s wh i ch C ec i l Rh odes m ade b et ween t he a ges of 2 4 and 46 [ Rhodes d ie d a t ag e f or t y-e i ght] c onsti t ut e a k i nd of sp i r i t ual aut obi ogr aphy . . . . B es t k nown a r e t he f i r st (t he Se cr et So ci ety W i l l . . . ) , a nd t he l ast , wh i ch est abl is hed t he R hodes Sc hol ar sh i ps . . . . I n h is f i r st wi l l R hodes st at es hi s a im s t i l l mor e speci fi cal ly : " The ext ensio n o f Br i t i sh r ule t hr oughout t he w or l d . . . t he f oundat i on of s o gr eat a power a s t o her eaf t er re nder war s im possi bl e and pr omot e t he in t er ests o f humani ty . " The "C onf essi on of F ai t h" e nl ar ges u pon t hese i deas. T he model f or th i s p r oposed secr et socie t y w as t he Soci et y of Je sus, th ough he ment io ns a l so t he Masons. [ Emphasi s added. ] Aydelo t t e t el l s us , " I n 1888 Rhodes made hi s t hir d w il l . . . l eavin g e very t hi ng t o L or d R ot hschi ld . " Ap par entl y f or s t r ate gi c r easons, L ord R oth schi l d was subsequent l y r emoved f r om t he fo r ef ro nt o f t he sc heme. Pr of es sor Q ui gl ey r eveals t hat L or d Roseber y " r epl aced h i s f at her-i n-l aw, Lor d R ot hschi l d, i n Rhodes' s ecr et gr oup a nd w as made a Tr uste e u nder R hodes' n ext ( and l ast ) wi l l . " Pr ofe ssor Qu i gl ey w r i t es of t he f or mal i zati on o f Rhodes ' " secr et so ci et y": They wer e r emar kabl y s ucc essfu l i n th ese ai ms b ec ause Engl and' s most sensat io nal j our nali st Wi l l i am T. S te ad ( 1849-1 912), a n a rd ent soci al r ef ormer an d i mper i al i s t , br ought t hem i nt o associ at i on wi t h Rhodes . T hi s assoc i at i on was f or mal ly e sta bl i shed o n Febr uary 5 , 1891, when Rhodes and St ead o rg ani ze d a s ec r et soci et y of wh i ch R hodes had been dr eami ng f or si xt een y ear s. I n t hi s secr et soci et y R hodes w as t o be l eader ; St ead, Br et t ( Lor d Esher ), a nd [ Al f r ed] M il ner w er e t o f or m an e xe cut i ve commi t t ee; Ar t hur ( Lor d) B alf our , (S i r ) Har r y Jo hnsto n, Lor d Rot hschi l d, Al ber t ( Lor d) G r ey, and ot her s wer e l i s t ed as pot ent i al m ember s of a "C i r cle o f I ni t i ate s, " w hi l e t her e was t o be a n out er ci r c l e known a s t he " Ass oci at io n o f Hel pers " ( la t er o rg ani ze d b y Mi l ner a s t he R ound T able o r gani zat io n) . 18 The "s ecr et soci et y, " w hi ch fi t t ed in t o th e s t r uc t ur e of t he much ol der I l l umin at i , was o rg ani ze d o n th e p at t er n of " cir cle s w it hi n c i r cle s, " a s was t he O r der o f t he I ll umi nat i i t se l f . The R ound T abl e or gani zat i on, w hic h w as not pa r t o f t he in ner most c i rc l e o f t he Gr eat Conspi r acy, was la t er t o spawn t he Co uncil o n F or ei gn Rel at io ns. Dur i ng Wor l d War I t he Ro und Tabl e gr oup and it s a l l ie s a ct ual l y pr omot ed a nd f i nanced t he R uss i an R ev ol uti on, d es pi t e t he f ac t t hat Russia u nder t he Czar a nd u nder K er ensky was a n al l y of B r i ta i n an d t he U. S. The C ommuni st s h ad made a d eal wi t h t he G ermans t o make peace i f t hey t ook o ve r a nd t her eby t o f r ee t he Ger man ar mi es t o f ig ht th e Amer ic ans a nd B r it i sh o n t he West er n f r ont . T here f or e any e nc our agement by E ngl i shmen o r Amer i cans o f t he C ommunis t t akeover of R ussi a w as c l earl y t r eas on. Possib l y t he best sour ce of in f or mati on on t he fi nanci ng o f t he Russia n R evol ut i on i s C za r i sm and t he R evo l ut i on by an i mport ant Whi t e Russia n n amed A r se ne d e Goul ev i t ch, f ounder i n Fr ance of t he Uni on o f Oppr es sed P eopl es. I n t hi s v ol ume, wr i t t en i n F re nch and s i nc e t r ansl at ed in t o En gl i sh, de Go ul evi tc h n ot es:

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The ma i n p urv eyors o f f unds fo r t he r evolu t i on, howeve r , w ere nei t her t he cr ackp ot R uss i an mi l l i onai r es nor t he a r med b andi t s of Leni n. T he "r eal " money pr i mar i l y c ame f ro m c er ta i n Br i t i sh and Amer ic an c i rc l es whi ch fo r a l ong t im e p as t h ad l ent t hei r suppor t t o t he Ru ssi an r evolu t i onary c aus e . . . . De G oul evi t ch r eve al s t hat M il ner , th e k ey m an in t he secr et Round Tabl e or gani zat i on, w as i n R uss i a at t he ti me of . t he Communi st Revolu t i on an d w as d eeply i nvo l ved. A f oot not e to t he pr evi ous quot at i on c ont ai ns th i s cr i t i cal addit i on: On A pr i l 7 , 1917, Gener al J ani n made t he f ol l owin g e nt r y i n hi s di ar y ( " Au G. C. C. Russe" - at Ru ssi an G. H. Q. - Le Mo nde S la ve, Vol . 2 , 1927, pp. 2 96-2 97) : Long in t er vi ew wi th R . , who conf ir med w hat I had p r ev i ousl y b een t ol d by M . Af t er r ef er ri ng to t he Ger man h at r ed o f hi msel f and hi s f ami l y , he t ur ned t o t he s ubj ect of t he Re vol ut io n w hi ch, h e cl aim ed, w as e ngi neer ed by th e E ngli sh an d, mor e pr eci sel y, by S i r Ge or ge Buchanan a nd L or d [ Al fr ed] M il ner . Pet r ogr ad a t t he t i me w as t eemi ng w it h E ngl i sh . . . . H e c oul d, he assert ed, n ame t he s t r eet s a nd t he nu mbers o f t he h ous es i n whi ch Br i t is h a gent s w er e q uart er ed. T hey wer e r epor t ed, d ur i ng t he r i si ng, t o h av e d i str i bute d money t o t he s ol di er s a nd i nc i te d t hem t o mu t i ny. The ma n w ho appare nt l y wa s t he m aj or f i nanci al co nt r ib ut or to t he over th r owi ng of Ke r ensky ( r emember , t he Cz ar h ad al r eady b een over th r own) was Ja cob S ch i f f of t he Rot hsc hi l d-c onnec t ed b anki ng f i r m of K uhn, L oeb a nd Company i n N ew Yor k. T he Ne w Yor k J ourn al-A mer ic an not ed on F ebr uar y 3, 1 949: " Today i t i s es t i mat ed b y Jacob' s gr andson, John Schi f f , t hat t he o ld m an sank ab out 20, 000,0 00 do l l ar s f or th e f i nal t r i umph o f Bol shevi sm in R ussia . " At t he t i me of t he C ommuni st R evo l ut i on i t wa s w i del y k nown a nd r eport ed b y Amer ic an, B ri t i sh, F r ench , a nd D ut ch j ourn al i s t s and i nt ell i gence men i n R ussi a t hat t he i nt ern at i onal b ank er s w er e bankro l l i ng t he Bo l shevik s. Wh at w as not under sto od wa s t he r eason. T he i nt ern at i onal b ank er s h oped t o get a f ul l-b l own wor l d govern ment ou t o f Wor l d War I , but f ai l i ng t hat, a t l east th ey c oul d o bt ai n a geogra phi cal base f or t hei r op er at i on. W het her th ese i nt er nat i onal banker s t oday a ctu al l y co nt r ol R ussia o r whet her t hey j ust co opera t e wi t h t he S ovi et s i s a moot p oi nt . B ut o bvi ousl y t hey d o not f ear t he Communi st s. Qui gle y a dmit s, as n ot ed ear li er , t hat " th i s n etw or k, whi ch we may i denti f y as t he Ro und Tabl e Gr oups [ i nc l udi ng t he C FR1, h as n o aver si on t o cooper at i ng wi t h t he C ommuni st s, o r any ot her gr oups, a nd f r equent l y do es so . " ' 9 We k now t hat af t er t he B ol shevi k R evol ut i on t he I ns i der s c ont r ol le d R ussi a. It i s d oubt f ul t hat t hey woul d al l ow t hemse l ves to l ose c ont ro l . If t hey have s omehow done so , i t has n ot a l te r ed t hei r at t i t udes a nd pol i ci es to war ds hel pin g C ommuni sm. Evi dence r eve al ed i n t he t hr ee-v ol ume wor k, The Uni t ed St at es a nd Sovi et E conomi c De vel opment , by A nt ony S ut t on o f St anf or d U ni ver si t y ' s Hoover I nst it ut i on f or Wa r , Re vol ut io n a nd P eace, s hows t hat CFR member s b egan i n 1919 t o t ra nsf er Amer ic an t ech nol ogy a nd know-h ow to t he So vi et Un i on; t hey co nt i nue t o do s o t oday, wi t h t he b l es si ng of t he Ni xon A dmi ni st r at i on. R uss i an C ommunis m i s th e h ammer a nd F i nance Capi ta l i sm is t he anvi l . Wi t h t hese t wo in st r ument s th e w or ld i s t o b e pounded i nt o one uni f i ed mass r un b y an el i t e g ro up of i nt ern at i onal c i v i l ser vant s s er vi ng th ei r mast er s, t he I nsi der s. Fo r mer FB I -man W. Cl eon Skousen, c omment i ng o n t he Q uig l ey book, st at es:

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. . . I n a nu t shel l , D r . Qui gl ey h as under t aken t o e xp ose what ever y i nsi der l i ke h i msel f h as k nown al l al ong - t hat t he w or l d hi er ar chy o f t he dynast ic s uper -r i ch i s o ut t o t ak e o ver t he ent i r e pl anet , d oi ng i t wi t h S oc i al is t i c l egi s l at i on w her e po ssi bl e, b ut havi ng n o r el uct ance t o use Co mmuni st r evo l ut i on wher e n ece ssar y.2 ° The Co mmuni st s a re m er ely t he " hat chet m en" o f an e vil c onspi r acy t hat i s f ar mor e s i ni s t er a nd di aboli cal t han C ommunis m i t sel f . Communi sm d id n ot cr eat e t he Conspi ra cy, but t he Consp i r acy cr eate d Communi sm. An d t he m en at t he t op o f t he Conspi r acy ar e n ot C ommuni st s i n t he s ense t hat t he p ubl i c under sta nds t he w ord . T hey a r e not lo yal t o Mos cow o r Pekin g o r th e U ni t ed S ta t es. They ar e l oy al t o t hei r own gr oup of I nsi der s, w ho ar e s eeki ng to t al wor l d co nt r ol . T he l at e Dr . Bel l a Dodd, a f ormer me mber of t he Nat i onal C ommi t t ee of th e C ommuni st Par t y USA, wh o l at er b eca me an a ct i ve a nti-C ommuni st , to l d Dr . S kous en: " I t hi nk t he Communi st co nspir acy i s mer el y a b ra nch of a m uc h b ig ger conspi r acy! " 2' Sk ousen adds: Dr . Do dd s aid s he f i r s t became a war e o f so me my st er i ous s uper-l eader shi p ri ght af t er Wo r l d War I I when t he U . S. C ommuni st Par t y had di f f ic ul t y ge t t i ng i nst ru ct i ons f r om Mosco w o n se ver al v i t al mat te r s r equir i ng i mmedi at e a t t ent i on. T he Amer i ca n C ommuni st hi er arc hy wa s t ol d t hat a ny t i me t hey h ad an e mer gency of th i s k i nd t hey s hould cont ac t a ny one of t hr ee desig nat ed per sons a t th e Wal dor f To wer s. D r . Dodd not ed th at wh enever t he Par t y ob t ai ned i nstr uct io ns f r om a ny of t hese t hr ee men, Moscow al ways r at i fi ed th em. What puzzl ed Dr . Dodd w as t he fa ct th at n ot one of t hese t hre e cont ac t s w as a R us si an. Nor we r e a ny of th em Communi st s. I n f act , al l t hr ee wer e ex t r emel y w eal t hy Amer i can c api t al i sts ! Havi ng t he Co mmuni st w orl d a s an " enemy" pr ovi des a n excuse f or est abl i shi ng ever hi gher t axes and e ve r m or e c ontr ol s at h ome. W e ar e kept f i ght i ng " t he p er pet ual war f or per pet ual pe ace," j ust as i n Or well ' s 1 984. ( Orwel l , i nc i dent al l y, w as a C ommuni st Par t y member w ho became a war e t hat t he C ommunis t m ovement was m ere l y a pawn in a conspi r acy of ga ngst ers . ) "B usy g id dy mi nds w it h f or ei gn qu ar r el s, " o ne of S hakespear e' s char acte r s re commends. Ev ent uall y, in t he no t f ar di s t ant f ut ur e, Am er i cans w i ll b e b egui l ed i nt o accept i ng a wor l d govern ment to " sav e u s fr om Communi sm" a nd e nd th e e ndl ess Vi et nam-t ype war s. I t i s t he ol d t hr ow-Br ' er-R abbit-i nt o-t he-b r i ar-p at ch pl oy. The In si der conspi r at or s had hoped to a chi eve t hi s w or l d govern ment as a re sul t of W orl d War I , u nder t he League o f Na t i ons . B ut whi l e Pr esi dent Wo odr ow Wi l son w as do i ng hi s b est t o re st r uctu r e th e wor l d at V ers ai l le s, t he anest hesi a i nduce d b ack home by i nt ern at i onal i s t pr opaganda wa s r apid l y we ar i ng of f . As t he negoti at i ons r eveal ed t hat o ne s i de had be en a bout a s gui l t y as th e ot her, a nd al l t he g l i t te r o f t he " mor al cr usade" e vapora t ed w it h Wi l son' s v aunt ed " Four t een P oi nt s, " t he "r ubes ba ck on M ai n St r eet " began t o s t ir a nd wake. Reacti on a nd di sil l usi onment set i n. Amer ic ans h ar dl y want ed t o g et i nt o a Worl d G over nment wi t h doubl e-d eal in g E ur opean cr ooks whose speci al t y wa s s ecr et t r eat y hi dden b ehi nd s ecr et t r eat y. The g ues t o f honor , so to s peak, s t al ked out of t he ba nquet b ef ore t he poi soned meal c ould b e ser ved. And wi t hout A meri can par t i c ip at i on t her e could b e n o ef f ec t i ve Wor l d Govern ment . Ar ouse d p ubli c o pi ni on ma de it obvio us t hat t he U. S. Se nat e dar ed not ra t i f y a t r eat y s addl i ng t he c ount r y wi t h s uc h a n i nt er nat i onal i st

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commit ment . The Amer i can publi c h ad somehow t o be s old t he id ea of i nt ern at i onal i sm and Worl d G ov er nment , a nd i t w as f or pr eci se l y th at pur pos e t hat t he CF R was made t o o r der . When t he member s of t he Round Tabl e gr oup saw t he h andwr i t i ng o n t he wa l l , t hey d ec i ded to f orm a n etw or k of f r ont o r gani zat io ns in t he maj or West ern n ati ons t o " educ at e" th e n at i onal is t i c boobs to a cce pt wor l d gover nment . Thi s l ed to t he fo undin g o f th e C ounci l on F ore i gn Rel ati ons a s a p ar t o f th i s ne t wor k. Accor di ng to P r of essor Qui gle y: At t he e nd of t he war o f 1914, i t b ec ame c l ear th at th e or gani zat i on of th i s s yst em [t he R ound T abl e G r oup] ha d t o be g r eat l y ext ended. O nc e a gai n t he t ask was e ntr ust ed t o L io nel Cur t i s who est abl i shed, i n En gl and and ea ch d omi ni on, a f r ont o rg ani zati on to t he exi sti ng R ound T abl e G r oup. Th i s f r ont o rg ani zati on, cal l ed t he Ro yal I nst it ut e o f I nt er nat i onal A ff ai r s , had as i t s nu cl eus i n e ac h ar ea t he exi sti ng s ubmer ged R ound Table G r oup. I n New York i t was k nown a s t he Counci l o n Fo r ei gn R el ati ons, and w as a fr ont f or J . P. M or gan a nd Company i n as socia t i on wi t h th e v er y small A mer ic an Ro und T abl e Gr oup. The Amer i can or gani zer s wer e domi nate d b y t he l ar ge number o f M or gan " exper t s, " in cl udi ng L amont an d B eer, w ho had g one t o t he P ar i s Pe ace Conf er ence an d t her e b eca me cl ose f ri ends wi t h th e s im i l ar gr oup of Engl is h " exper t s" whi ch had be en r ecr ui t ed b y t he M i ln er g r oup. In f act , t he o ri gi nal p l ans f or t he Ro yal I nst i t ut e o f I nt er nat i onal Af f air s a nd t he Co unci l on F or ei gn Re l at io ns w ere d r awn u p at P ari s. The Co unci l of R II A ( whic h b y Cur t i s' s e ner gy c ame t o be h ous ed in Chat ham House , a cr oss S t. J ames' s S quar e f r om t he A sto r s, a nd w as soon known by th e n ame of th i s h eadquart er s) an d t he b oar d of th e C ounc i l on For eig n R el at i ons have ca r r i ed e ver s i nce t he mar ks of t hei r or i gi n. 22 As t he d ecades h av e p asse d, th e Mor gan g ro up h as f aded i n st r engt h a nd been r epl ace d b y t he R oc kef el l er s, whose number o ne busi ness n ow i s no t o i l , but banki ng. B ut al l o f t he maj or i nt ern at i onal b ank i ng f ami l i es a r e re pr ese nt ed in t he CFR a nd h ave b een s i nce i t s f oundi ng. T hese f ami l i es in cl ude s uch f ami li ar n ames a s t he Rockef el l er s, t he Mor gans , t he L amont s, th e L ehmans, t he S chi f f s, t he War bur gs, t he K ahns, a nd t heir h i r eli ngs. Thei r sci ons w er e of t en c l osel y l i nke d t oget her by b us i ness and fa mi l y ti es bo t h h ere a nd i n Eur ope. Q ui gl ey sa ys: . . . t he r el at i onshi p be t ween t he fi nanci al c i rc l es of L ondon and th ose o f t he east er n Uni te d S t ate s . . . r efl ect s one o f t he most powerf ul i nfl uence s i n tw ent ie t h-c ent ur y A meri can and w orl d h is t or y. The tw o e nds of th i s E ngl i sh-s peaki ng a xis h ave s ometi mes been c al l ed, per haps f acet i ousl y, t he Engli sh a nd Ameri can E st abl is hment s. Th er e i s, howeve r , a co nsi der abl e degr ee o f t ru t h be hi nd th e j ok e, a tr ut h whi ch r ef l ec t s a ve r y re al p ower s tr uct ur e. I t i s t hi s power s t r uct ur e whi ch t he Ra di cal Ri ght i n t he Uni te d S t ate s h as b een at t ack i ng f or y ear s i n t he be l i ef th at th ey a r e at t ac ki ng t he C ommunis t s. T hi s i s par t i cu l ar ly t r ue when t hese at t acks ar e di r ect ed, a s t hey s o f r equent l y ar e, at " Har va r d S oci al i sm, " o r at " Lef t-w i ng newspaper s" l i ke T he N ew Yor k Ti mes and t he Wash i ngt on Post, o r a t f oundat i ons . . . . 23 Ther e i s a st r ong i nte r l ockin g d ir ect or at e b et ween th e C FR a nd t he so ci al i sm-p r omot i ng R oc kef el l er , Fo r d, and C arn egi e Foundat i ons. These and many o th er f oundat io ns h ave b een w or kin g f or d ecades t o br i ng soci al i sm t o Ameri ca a nd t o pr omot e concept s o f wor l d gover nment . I n doi ng so t hey h ad no a ver si on t o e mpl oyi ng m en wi t h Co mmuni st

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backgr ounds, unt il a C ongr essi onal in vesti gat i on f or ce d t hem t o re pl ace Communi st -l i nked L ef t is t s wi t h E sta bl i sh ment Le f t i st s. Q uig l ey admi t s: I t w as t hi s gr oup of p eopl e [t he E ast er n Est abl is hment ] , w hose weal th a nd in f l uence s o exceeded t hei r e xp er i ence a nd under st andin g [ si c], w ho pr ovi ded much of th e f r amewor k of i nfl uence w hi ch t he Communi st s ympat hi zer s an d f el l ow t ra vel er s t ook over i n t he U nit ed St at es i n t he 1 930' s. I t must be r eco gni ze d t hat t he power th at th ese ener get i c L ef t -w i nger s e xerc i sed was n ev er th ei r o wn p ower o r Co mmuni st power but w as u l ti mat el y t he power of t he i nt er nat i onal f i nanci al cot eri e, a nd, o nce t he an ger and s usp i ci ons of t he Amer ic an p eopl e we r e ar ouse d, a s t hey wer e b y 1950, i t w as , a f ai r l y s i mple m at t er t o get r i d of t he Re d s ympat hi ze r s. [ Emphasi s a dded. ] 24 Thi s, of c our se, r ai ses t he qu est i on of ju st w ho i s us i ng w hom? I t i s al ways assumed t hat i t i s t he Communis t s w ho dupe ot her s i nt o doi ng t hei r wor k. I n most c ase s t hi s i s un doubt edl y tr ue; h owever, i t s t r ain s c r edul i t y t o b eli eve t hat m en w ho ar e t he w orl d' s s hr ewdes t busi nessmen and ba nker s can be p er enni al sucker s i n de al i ng wi t h Communi st s. Cl earl y t her e a re I ns i der s ma ni pul at i ng bot h e nds o f t he show. The Re ece C ommi t te e a t t empt ed t o i nve st i gat e t his m att er . N or man Dodd, chi ef i nvest i gat or f or t he C ommi t t ee, w as t ol d by t he t hen-Pr esid ent o f t he For d F oundati on t hat t he pur pose o f hi s F oundat io n " was t o s o al t er Amer ic an s oci et y t hat i t could b e c omf or ta bl y m er ged wi t h t hat o f t he Sovi et Uni on. " D odd was t hen t ol d t hat t hi s was bei ng done on " or der s fr om t he Whi te H ouse. " Q ui gl ey sa ys of t he Re ece Commit t ee' s i nvest i gat i on o f t ax-e xempt f oundat i ons : I t s oon b ecame c le ar t hat p eopl e o f i mmens e w ealt h w oul d b e unhappy i f th e i nv est i gat i on went t oo f ar and t hat t he " most r espect ed" newspaper s in t he count ry , c lo sel y al l i ed wi t h th ese men o f weal th , woul d not g et e xci t ed e nough about an y r ev el at i ons t o mak e t he publ ic i t y w or t h wh i l e, in t erms o f vo t es or c ampai gn cont r i but i ons . A n i nt ere st i ng r eport s howin g t he L ef t -w i ng associ at i ons of t he i nt erl ocki ng nexus o f t ax-e xempt f oundat i ons w as is sued i n 1 954 r ath er qui etl y. 2 5 Dodd mai nt ain s t hat w hen t he i nvest i gat i on b egan pr obi ng i nt o " t he s o-c al l ed l egi ti mat e wor l d" t hat i s t he r eal ner ve cent er o f t he Co mmuni st m ove ment , t he in vest i gat i on was q uashed. Dan Smoot , li ke Sk ousen a f ormer F BI agent , r eveal s th at Communi st s ha ve op er at ed wi t hi n t he CFR it sel f : Among t he mos t i nf l uent ia l o f CFR member s dur i ng t he l at e 1 930' s and ea r l y 1 940' s, when th e C FR c abal was t ak i ng cont ro l o f po l i cy-maki ng f uncti ons i ns i de t he fe der al govern ment , wer e such p eopl e as Al ger Hi ss an d L auchl i n Cur r ie , l at er i dent i f i ed as So vi et es pi onage agents ; a nd Owen Lat t i mor e, la t er i dent i fi ed a s a " consci ous, ar t i cu l at e in st r ument o f t he Sovi et i nt ern at i onal c ons pi r acy. " I d o not i nte nd to i mpl y t hat t he C ounci l on F ore i gn Rel at i ons ever was a co mmuni st o r gani zat i on. Bo ast in g a mong i t s past members f our Pr esid ent s of t he Uni t ed St ate s ( Hoov er , Ei senhower , Kennedy, N i xo n) and ma ny o t her h ig h o f f ic i al s, b ot h c i v i li an a nd mi l it ar y, th e C FR c an be t er med, by t hos e w ho agr ee wi t h it s o bj ect i ves , a " pat r i ot i c" or gani zat i on. The fa ct , h owever , t hat c ommuni st s wor ked f or many y ear s as i nf l uent i al member s o f th e C FR i ndi ca t es somet hin g a bout t he CFR's

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obj ect i ves. The ul t i mat e ai m of t he Counci l o n Fo r ei gn R el ati ons ( howev er w ell-i nt ent i oned many of i t s member s m ay be) is t he sa me as t he ul t i mat e ai m of i nt er nat io nal c ommunis m: t o cr eate a o ne-w or l d soci al i s t s ys t em and make t he Uni t ed St ate s a p ar t o f i t . 26 The CF R s er ve s a s a g i ant l obby w i t hi n t he g overn ment, t he f oundat i ons, banki ng, b ig b usi ness, communi cat i ons, an d t he academy t o pr omot e i t s o ne-w or l d desi gns . I t does th i s by p r omot i ng i ncr ease d a id and tr ade w it h t he C ommuni st count r ie s, di sar mament , i ncr ease d f or ei gn ai d, endl ess no-w i n wa r s, a nd t he sur r ender i ng o f s ov er eig nt y t o wor ld or gani zat i ons . T he p r i mar y v ehi c l e is t o be t he Uni t ed N at i ons, whi ch wi l l ser ve to r un t he I ns i ders ' w or ld m onopol y. The UN i s l ar gel y t he cr eatu r e o f t he CF R ( somet i mes c al l ed t he Council F or Revol ut i on). For t y-s even CFR member s at t ended t he S an Fr ancis co C onf er enc e t hat f ounded t he UN, an d t he Ro ckef ell er f ami l y d onat ed t he N ew Yor k Ci t y la nd up on w hic h t he U N bui l di ng w as const r uct ed. Dan Smoot , co nsi der ed b y many t o b e t he mo st s ound a nd penetr at i ng r esear cher an d r epor t er of o ur t i me, publi shed a book cal l ed T he In vi sib l e G ove r nment . I n hi s fo r ewor d Mr . S moot w r ot e: . . . I a m co nvi nc ed t hat t he Council o n For ei gn Rel at i ons, t ogeth er w i th a gr eat n umber of o t her a sso ci at ed t ax-e xempt or gani zat i ons , c onst i t ute s t he i nv i si bl e gover nment wh i ch s et s t he maj or pol i cie s o f t he f eder al gover nment ; exer cis es contr ol l i ng i nf l uence o n gover nment of f i ci al s w ho i mpl ement t he po l i ci es; a nd t hr ough massi ve an d s k i ll f ul pr opaganda, i nf l uenc es Co ngr ess and t he publ ic t o s uppor t t he p ol i c i es . I a m convi nce d t hat t he obj ect i ve o f t hi s i nvi sib l e go ver nment i s t o c onver t A mer i ca i nt o a soci al is t s ta t e a nd t hen make it a un i t i n a one-w or l d soci ali st sy st em. 27 CFR member s have v i r t uall y r un t he ad mi nis t r at i ons o f Fr ankli n D . Roosev el t , Ha r r y Tr uman, Dwi ght E i senhower , J ohn Kennedy, L yn don Johnso n, a nd Ri char d N i xo n. Th i s i s t he r eal r eason w hy " t her e i sn' t a di me's w or t h of di f f er enc e" - why despi t e campai gn p ro mi ses o ur po l i cy of a ppeasi ng t he Communis t s ne ver c hanges. A s t he C hic ago T ri bune not ed, i n r ef er r in g t o th e N ix on S t at e D epar t ment : " The mor e i t changes, t he mor e it r emain s t he s ame." One of t he pr i mary g oal s of th e C ounc i l on F or eig n R el at i ons has al ways b een t o mak e t he Democr at a nd Republ i can par t ie s a s mu ch al i ke i n t hei r a ctu al po l i ci es as po ssi bl e. T he game is t o make t he t wo par t ie s a ppear t o t he p ubl i c t o be d i f f er ent whi l e th ey ac t t he same - t he re al c ont r ol bei ng hi dden i n t he i nner s anctu m o f t he C FR headquar t er s i n Ne w Yor k. I s i t n ot nat ura l t hat consp i r at ors w oul d t r y t o c ont r ol bo t h, or a l l , s i des o f t he c onf l i ct , pol i ti cal o r ot her wi se? Thi s has a l ways b een t he st r at egy o f t he Mar xi sts , a nd i t w as a l so f ol l owed b y t he J. P. M org an i nt ere st s i n Ameri ca e ven b efo r e t he f oundi ng o f t he CFR. A cc or din g t o Pr of es sor Q ui gl ey: . . . t hey [t he Mo r gan pa r t ner s] e xpect ed t hey wo ul d be a bl e t o cont ro l b ot h pol it i cal pa r t i es e quall y. In deed, some of t hem i nt ended t o c ont r i bute t o bot h a nd t o al l ow an a l te r nat i on o f t he t wo par ti es i n publ ic o f f i ce i n or der to c onc eal t hei r ow n i nf lu ence . . . . 28 Qui gle y a dds:

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Mor e t han f if t y ye ar s a go t he Mor gan f i r m deci ded t o i nf i l t ra t e t he Le f t-w i ng pol i t i ca l m ov ement s i n th e U ni te d S ta t es. Th i s wa s r el ati vel y ea sy to d o, si nce t hese gr oups wer e st ar ved f or fu nds and eager f or a voi ce t o r eac h t he p eople . W al l S t r eet s uppl i ed b oth . T he pur pos e w as not to d est ro y, do mi nat e or ta ke o ver . . . . 29 The pu r pose was to g ui de t he Lef t i nt o d oi ng w hat t he I nsi der s want ed. M any of th ese mov ement s w er e l at er a bsorb ed in t o t he Democ r at i c Par t y, a nd wh en th i s h appened t hei r Wal l St r eet -i nt ern at i onal b ank er connec t i ons went wi t h t hem. "T he a sso ci ati ons b et ween Wal l St r eet and t he Le f t . . . a re r eal ly s urv i val s of t he a ssoci at i ons b et ween th e Mor gan B ank and th e L ef t. T o Mor gan al l po l i t i cal p art i es w er e s im pl y or gani zat i ons t o be u sed, and th e f i r m was car ef ul t o ke ep a fo ot in al l ca mps. " 3o When t he E ngl i sh Round Ta bl e Gr oups st ar te d t he Counci l o n For eig n R el at i ons i n c onj uncti on w i th t he Mor ganRockef el l er or gani zat i ons , t hi s p ol ic y b ec ame s ta ndard o per at i ng pr ocedur e f or t he CFR. The Mor gan p ar tn er s have d iv i ded t hemsel ves bet ween t he Democr at i c and Re publ i ca n p ar t i es. The Ro ckef ell er s have t ra di t io nal l y been Republ i cans, whi le o t her i nt er nat i onal b anki ng fa mi l ie s a ct iv e i n t he CFR, l i ke t he S chi f f s, Wa r burg s, K ahns, , Lehmans , a nd H ar r i mans, h ave been Democr at s. CFR member s i nc l ude s uch Democ r at i c par t y power s as Dean Acheson, G eor ge B all , W il l i am Bent on, C heste r B owl es, Mc Georg e Bundy, E l l swor t h Bunker , David D ubi ns ky, Henr y Fo wl er, J ohn Kennet h Gal bra i t h, Ar t hur Gol dber g, Hu ber t Hu mphr ey, N i chol as Ka t zenbac h, Eugene M cCart hy, t he l ate W alt er R eut her , Wal t W. R ost ow, D ean R us k, Ar t hur S chl es i nger J r . , St uart S ymi ngt on, Cyr us Vance, A dam Yar mol i nsky, and t he l ate b r ot her s Ro ber t and J ohn K ennedy. Among t he CFR member s who ar e maj or m ove r s an d s hake r s of t he Re publi can p ar t y ar e Cl i f f or d Case, T homas E . Dewey, Paul Hof f man, J aco b J avit s, Og den Rei d, Davi d, John, a nd Ne l son Rockefe l l er, a nd Ha r ol d St assen. C FR member s i n on e p ar t y a r e supposed t o be th e mor ta l p ol i t i cal enemi es o f t hose i n t he ot her par t y. I t i s l i ke goi ng t o t he t heate r t o see a pl ay. I n t he cast ar e h er oes and v i ll ai ns and w e become e moti onall y i nvolv ed, c heer i ng f or th e g ood g uys and year ni ng f or t he b ad g uys t o get th ei r j us t d es er t s. But af t er t he p l ay i s o ve r t he w hol e c as t g oes out to h ave pi zza t oget her . Th ey a r en' t re al l y en emi es , t hey ar e f r i ends. T hey w ork f or th e s ame s cr ip t w ri t er , th e s ame d i r ec t or , and t he sa me f i nanci al " angel s" be hi nd th e s ce nes. An d, of c our se , y ou b uy a t i ck et t o see th e p l ay. T he CFR p la y h as been sh owi ng i n Was hi ngt on f or fo r t y y ear s, and t he t i cke t s h ave b een v er y expens i ve i n bot h money and bl ood. Th e C hi cago Tr i bune' s e dit or i al o f D ec ember 9 , 1 950, on t he CFR st i l l a ppl i es: The me mber s of t he C ounci l [ on F or eig n R el at i ons] a r e per sons o f mor e t han a ve r age i nf l uence in t he co mmuni t y. T hey h av e u sed t he pr esti ge t hat t hei r w ealt h, th ei r s oc i al posi t i on, a nd t hei r educa t i on have gi ven th em to l ead t hei r count ry t owar d b ank r uptc y a nd mi l i ta r y debacl e. T hey s houl d l ook a t t hei r ha nds. Ther e i s bl ood on t hem - t he dr i ed bl ood of t he l ast war an d t he f r esh bl ood of t he p r esent o ne [ t he Kor ean War ] . The ti cket s t o t he C FR pl ay in V i et nam hav e c ost Ameri ca n ear l y 350, 000 d ead and wounded i n th at " no-w i n" war .

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As i n many pl ays, t he a ct or s can, i f need be , p la y i nt erc hangeabl e ro l es. An e xampl e o f CFR bi par t is anshi p w as cont ai ned i n a n excl usi ve in t er v i ew g i ve n t o U. S. Ne ws & Wo r l d Repor t shor tl y af t er t he e le ct i on b y D emocr at i c P r es i dent L yndon J ohnson, wh o s ta t ed: I a m ver y p ro ud of t he co nt r i but i ons made t o t he Admi ni st r at io n by s o many ou t st andi ng go od Re publ i ca ns . . . s uc h a s Secr eta r i es McNamar a a nd Di l lo n ( Secr et ary o f D ef ense Rober t S. Mc Namar a and Secr et ar y o f t he Tr easury D ougl as D il l on), C I A Di r ecto r J ohn McCone, Specia l A ssis t ant f or Nat i onal S ecu r i t y Af f ai rs M cGeor ge Bu ndy, an d di st in gui shed R epubl i can busin ess a nd c ommuni t y l eader s s uch as Jo hn McCl oy a nd Ro ber t Ander so n. Al l th e R epubl i cans m enti oned by L BJ wer e members o f t he Communi st -a ppeas i ng C ounci l on F ore i gn Rel at i ons. Nat ur al l y , none of t hese appease ment-m i nded R epubl i cans c oul d suppor t t he ant i-C ommuni st posi ti on o f Senato r B ar ry G old wat er dur i ng h i s ca mpaig n a gain st LB J. The CF R, u nkn own t o a l l but a compara t i ve handf ul o f Amer i cans, has ma de a tr agi co medy ou t o f Republ ic an v s. Democ r at p ol i t i cs a t t he Pr esid ent i al l evel . T he CFR ha s c once nt r at ed o n t he ex ecut i ve b r anch, and co mpet i ti on be t ween par t ie s a t th e c ongr essio nal l evel is m uch m or e r eal . When so meone p oi nts o ut t hat th er e i s n ot a d i me' s w ort h o f di f f er ence bet ween t he Democ r at s an d t he R epubl i cans , e ven i n th i s i nf l at i onar y age, t hey me an at t he ap ex of t he pa r t y, not t he g r as s r oot s. A t t he g r as s-r oot s l evel t he Re publ i ca n P ar t y i s basi ca l l y conser vat i ve and t he D emocr at Par t y ( out si de o f t he So ut h) is b asi cal ly l i bera l . I f you go t o a Young Republi can meet i ng and t hen a Young Democr at m eet i ng, you w on' t ha ve t he f eeli ng t hat t her e i sn't a di me' s wor t h of d i ff er enc e! B ut as yo u g o up t he pol i t ic al la dder fr om th e gr ass r oot s of b ot h p ar ti es, t hey b ec ome mor e a nd mor e si mi l ar u nt i l t hey mer ge be hi nd t he s ce nes at t he t op. Gr ass-r oot s Republi cans and D emocr at s m ay hack and k i ck a t each o th er al l th ey w ant , b ut t he po l i cie s a t th e t op n ever change. The ty pi cal Amer ic an g ets e xci t ed d ur i ng an e l ect i on by c ampai gn pr omis es l i ke N i xo n' s t o br i ng " new l eader shi p, " because " we can't b e l ed in t o t he ' 70's b y t he m en who s tu mbl ed a nd bu mbl ed a nd fu mbl ed t hei r way t hr ough t he 6 0' s. " But a f te r t he e l ecti on wh en t he same di sast r ous po l i cie s a r e f ol l owed, M r. T ypi cal s hr ugs h is s hould er s and r et urn s t o hi s T V set w it h t he f adi ng h ope t hat t he ne xt a dmi ni str at i on wi l l somehow br i ng t o g ov er nment a s much common sense as i s f ound among t axi -d r i ver s. H e does not r eal i ze t hat t he e l ec t i on pr omi se s w er e bai t and th at h e i s r eal l y b ein g g i ven t he choi ce bet ween e x-C FR member Tweedl e-D i ck and p r es ent CFR member Tw eedl e-D umphr ey. A s f ar as t he el ecti on g oes , i t made li t t l e di f f ere nce t o t he nat i on a s a whol e, becaus e t he CFR hi er ar chy i s goi ng to c ont i nue to c all t he sh ot s; but i t m ade an e nor mous am ount of d i ff er ence t o Mr . N i xon a nd Mr . H umphr ey . Whi l e Mr . N ix on li ved t he l i fe o f a k i ng ( wi t h th e r es ponsi bi l i t ie s o f a k i ng, t o be s ure ) a nd accept ed t he per qui s i t es of th e o f f ic e, Mr . Humphr ey w as f r eez i ng h is t oes o f f as a te acher at M aca l est er Col le ge i n M in nesot a. S erv i ng a s Pr esi dent fo r t he C FR is m uch l i ke bei ng t he st udent b ody pr esi dent of a hi gh s chool . Nobody ser i ousl y b el i eves t hat t he hi gh s chool st udent body pr esi dent r eal l y r uns t he h i gh school , b ut he d oes h ave some power a nd l ot s of g lo r y a nd pr est i ge. Be i ng Pr esi dent of t he U ni t ed S t at es s ure b eat s t each i ng Pol i -S ci I t o s mar t -a l eck sophomor es at M aca l est er Col le ge. ( Mr. H umphr ey, of co ur se, has no w escaped t he gr eat unwashed a t Macal es t er and r etu r ned t o t he Senat e,

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wher e he c an once agai n be a fi er y r adi cal f or t he d ownt r odden i nt ern at i onal b ank er s b ehi nd t he C FR. ) Mr . Ni xon j oi ned t he C ounci l on F or ei gn Re l at i ons i n 1960. (T hey ask yo u t o jo i n, you d on' t a sk t hem. Tr y wr i t i ng t o t he C FR sa yi ng t hat yo u h av e h eard t hey a re a v ery d emocr at i c or gani zat i on and you w oul d l ik e t o jo i n. Oh, d o t hey di scr i mi nat e! ) Accord i ng t o f or mer F BI man Da n S moot , M r. N i xon was a member o f t he CFR un t i l 1 964. Ni xon' s of f i ci al a t ti t ude about t he CF R a nd hi s fo r mer member shi p in i t was e xpr esse d i n a ver y def ensi ve fo r m l ett er wh i ch hi s st af f s ent i n answer t o in qui r i es d uri ng t he 1968 pol i t ic al campai gn. T he f oll owi ng i s a quot at io n f ro m t he l et t er : Mr . Ni xon h as n eve r a t t ended a meet in g o f t he C ounci l on F ore i gn Rel ati ons. He i s not c ur r entl y a m ember , al t hough s ev er al ye ar s ago h e shar ed m ember shi p wi t h fo r mer Pr esi dent Ei senhower , fo r mer Pr esi dent Hoover , a nd a h ost o f o th er di st i ngui shed Amer i ca ns . . . . The Co unci l on F or ei gn Re l at io ns . . . i s pur el y and s i mpl y a gr oup whi ch suppor t s i ndependent r esear ch i n wor l d af f ai rs . I t ta kes no posi ti ons. It i s not a po l i cy-maki ng b ody. I t ad vocat es n oth i ng b ut r esear ch o f f or eig n a f f ai r s as a c ont r i but i on t o publi c o pi ni on. The i ndi vi dual me mber i s i n no w ay b ound t o an y s uch f i ndi ngs. 31 The st andar d def ense o f t he CF R i s th at it i s a n or gani zat i on whose members hi p has i ncl uded some of o ur most we al t hy , f amous, an d powerf ul m en. T his , o f co ur se, b egs t he qu est i on. I t i s a l so passe d o f f as a mer e a dv i sory b ody, but t hi s i s mi sle adi ng. As ul t r a-l i bera l col umni st J os eph Kr af t , hi msel f a m ember , admi t te d i n hi s " School f or St at es men" ar t i c le i n H ar per s i t i s much mor e t han t hat , a nd " has been t he se at o f . . . basi c govern ment de ci sio ns, h as s et t he c ont ext f or many mor e, an d h as r epeat edl y ser ved as a r ecr ui t in g g r ound f or r ankin g of f i ci al s. " 32 The id ea t hat t he CFR " advocat es n oth i ng but r ese ar ch" i s absolu t el y un t r ue. I t s "S t udy No. 7 ," p ubl i shed i n A St r at egy f or t he Si xt ie s, m ake s v er y c l ear t he f act th at it a dvoca t es an e xt re mel y r adi ca l pr ogra m o f ac commodat i on wi t h t he C ommunis t s. I t i s tr ue t hat a member i s n ot t ech ni cal ly bound by a ny of th e C FR's f i ndi ngs, and th er e a re a ha ndf ul of m ember s who ha ve r ebel l ed agai nst t he br ai nwash; but t he Est abl i shment ' s cont ro l g oes f ar beyond t he me r e b yl aws o f t he CFR. Ni xon' s C FR member shi p be came an i ssu e i n 1962, dur i ng h i s Republ i can gu ber nat or i al pr i mar y c ont est wi t h J oe S hel l i n Ca l i f or ni a. Af t er t hat Mr . N ix on e i th er dr opped out of t he CF R o r went un der gr ound. The CF R a dmit s t hat i t is s omet i mes necessar y f or i t s me mbers t o g o underg r ound. On pa ge 4 2 of i ts 1 952 Report , t he CFR st at ed: " Member s o f t he Co unci l ar e so met i mes o bli ged, by t hei r a ccept ance o f g ov er nment post s i n Wash i ngto n a nd el sewher e, to c urt ai l o r suspend f or a t im e t hei r par ti c i pat i on i n Counc i l a cti vi t ie s. " N ot i ce t hat M r. N i xo n' s f or m l et t er ment io ned n o r easo n f or hi s ha vi ng dr opped o ut of t his or gani zat i on t hat he s o st aunc hl y d ef ends. W as th e r eason p ol i t i ca l expedi ency? He h as n ever r epudi at ed t he CF R a nd suppor t s a l l of i t s pol i ci es. H e al so wr ot e an a rt i c l e in O cto ber 1 967 f or t he 45 t h Anni ve r sar y I ssue of t he CFR's p ubl ic at i on, F or ei gn Af f ai r s Quar te r l y. The ar t i c l e was en t i t l ed " Asia a f t er Vi etn am, " an d w as a n o bv i ous at t empt t o co ur t t he L i ber al i nt el l ec t uals w ho re ad F ore i gn A ff ai r s, f or in i t h e sai d t hi ngs t hat wer e cl ear ly d i f f er ent f r om h is s t andar d campai gn r het or i c. T he ar t i c le f ol l owed th e C FR l i ne 100 p er cent, cal l in g f or " t he evol ut io n o f a n ew wor l d or der " based o n " re gi onal

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appr oaches to d eve l opment n eeds. " T hese p r oposals l at er became k nown a s " t he Ni xon do ct r in e. " Whet her o r no t M r. N i xon i s a secr et member o f th e C FR i s a moot poi nt. H e i s obvio usl y mu ch fu r t her up t he E st abl i shment l adder th an mer e CFR member shi p w ould i ndi cat e. The pr oof o f t he pol i t i ca l p uddi ng i s i n t he a ppoi nti ng, a nd M r . Ni xon's a ppoi nt ment s show t hat h is admi ni st r at io n i s as m uch d omi nat ed by t he C ommuni st ac commodat i ng, o ne-wor l d-p r omot i ng C FR a s t hose of h i s l ast fi ve pr edecess or s. As o f Januar y 1 971, M r . Ni xon had appoin t ed t o hi gh pol i t ic al po si t i on no le ss t han 1 07 members o f t he CFR. I n f act , Mr . N ix on se ems t o be go i ng f or t he r ecor d. I magi ne, Mr . Ni xon appoi nt s 1 07 m ember s o f an o r gani zat i on f ro m whi ch h e appare nt l y dr opped o ut f or re asons of p ol i t i cal expedi ency - because h i s member shi p in i t was a po l i t ic al h ot pot at o. To i ll ust r ate t he ex t ent of C FR power i n Was hi ngt on a t t he pr esent t i me, c ons i der so me of t hese i mpor t ant CF R a ppoi nt ment s ma de b y Pr esid ent N ix on: Henr y A. K i ss i nger , C hi ef f ore i gn p ol i cy advi sor ( di re ct l y fr om t he pa i d s t af f o f t he C FR) ; Henr y Cabot Lodge, c hi ef negot i ato r a t th e P ar i s P eac e T al ks; Char le s Y ost, A mbassador t o th e U ni te d N at i ons (a l so a p ai d st af f member o f t he C FR) ; Ar t hur B ur ns, c hai r man of t he Feder al R ese r ve B oar d; Har l an C l evel and, U. S. Am bassa dor t o NATO; Geor ge B al l , f or ei gn p oli cy co nsul t ant ; Robert M ur phy , s peci al co nsult ant o n i nt er nat i onal a ff ai r s ; Dr . Pa ul M cCr acken, c hi ef e conomi c ai de; El l swor t h B unker , U. S. Am bassa dor t o Sai gon; Gen. Andr ew J. G oodpast er , c hi ef m i li t ar y pol i cy advis or ; Dr . Gl enn T . Seabor g, c hai r man o f t he A t omi c Ener gy commis si on; Joseph J . S is co, Assi st ant S ec r et ar y of St at e f or t he Mi ddl e East and So ut h A si a; Jacob Beam, Ambass ador to t he Sovi et Uni on; a nd Ger ald S mi t h, d i re ct or of t he Ar ms Co nt r ol a nd Di sar mament Agency .

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The Elephant That Brays Cont ro l o ver t he GOP b y t he Es t abl i sh ment I nsi der s i s not someth i ng n ew o r ephemera l ; it d at es back at l eas t t o 1936. The Est abl i shment h as cont r ol l ed t he P ach yderm P ar t y by wh eel i ng and deal in g t o co nt r ol i t s Pr esi dent i al nomi nat i on. Ever y Republi can convent i on pi t s th e C onse r vati ve C ongr essi onal wi ng ag ai nst t he Est abl i shment-c ont ro l l ed Pr esi dent i al wi ng. Nat ur al l y , t he medi a t ry har d t o make i t ap pear th at th e C onse r vati ves, al ways dubbed t he " Ol d Guar d, " a r e a m i nor i t y pi t t ed agai nst t he " pr ogre ssi ve" or " moder at e" wi ng of t he par t y, w hi ch r epre sent s t he gr ass-r oot s " l i t t le p eopl e" o f t he in t er nati onal banki ng f r at er ni t y. The st or y b ehi nd t hi s w heel i ng a nd de al i ng t o k eep t he n omi nat i on i n t he c ont ro l o f t he E st abl is hment i s o ne o f g re at im por t ance . I f r eal Republ i cans ar e ev er t o r ecove r t heir p art y, t hey m ust u nders t and t he powers t hey ar e de al i ng wi t h. As t he 1 920's r oar ed o n, t he st ock ma r ket cl i mbed t o di zzy hei ght s, f uel ed by e ver -i ncr easi ng am ounts o f p aper mo ney p umped i nt o c i r cul at i on by t he Fe der al Reserv e, w hic h h ad b een est abl i shed f ol l owi ng a n enormous l obbyi ng c ampai gn by C ol onel E dwar d M. House , a f ounder o f th e C ounci l on F ore i gn R el at i ons; F eli x War bur g, a c har t er CFR member ; and ot her W al l S tr eet I ns i ders . T he Federa l R eser ve wa s suppos ed t o make Amer i ca depre ssi on-p r oof, a nd to r epr esent a g i ant s t ep f or war d i n "d emocr ac y. " Just w hy n umer ous in t er nat i onal banke r s wer e so i nt er est ed i n " de- mocr ac y" w as not expl ai ned. In t he su mmer of 1 929, a ft er e i ght y ear s o f easy money pr omote d by a n ar t i f ic al l y l ow i nt er est r at e set by t he Federa l R eser ve, t he " Fed" r ev er sed i t self a nd, i n o rd er t o st op r unaway i nf la t i on, b ounce d t he i nt ere st ra t e s ky hi gh. T hi s i n e ff ect s t uck a p i n i nt o t he s t oc k m ar ket b al l oon, w hi ch began i t s cr ash i n Oct ober 1 929, p r ovi ng th at A mer i ca i ndeed was no t " depr essio n-p r oof. " Popula r m yt hol ogy has i t t hat t he s to ck ma r ket cr ash was a gr eat bl ow t o Wal l S t r eet . To t he va st ma j or i t y of pa t r i ot ic a nd honest banke r s and br oker s i t w as , s i nce Wall S t r eet b eca me a wh i ppin g b oy d ur i ng t he ' 30' s. B ut if y ou ar e a n I nsid er , m or e money i s made f ast er dur i ng a depr es si on th an at a ny ot her t i me. In si der s w ho got ou t o f th e mar ket at i ts h ei ght , i n t he m id dl e of 1 929, w ere a bl e t o b uy s t ocks b ack a t an 8 0 per c ent d is count f our year s l at er . Ot her s m ade enormous w eal t h by b ei ng " shor t " i n t he mar ket a nd ri di ng t he D ow-J ones-a ver age t oboggan d own t o gr eat pr of i ts . I n 1 932, t he Democ r at s el ect ed F r ankl i n D. R oosev el t t o o f f ic e o n one of t he mo st Co nser vat i ve pl at f orms e ve r w r i tt en by a ny p ar t y i n th e hi st or y o f th e U ni t ed S ta t es. Of c our se, t he p l at f or m was m er e p re t ense - " di al ect i cs, " a s t he C ommunis t s w oul d c al l i t . FDR ,h ad b een a Wa l l St r eet b anker , a nd h e w as p r opel l ed i nt o of f i ce by t he I ns i der s, who saw a chance t o ca pi t al iz e o n t he c haos t hey h ad caused. W hen FDR i n hi s fi r esi de chats r ai l ed a gai nst t he " mal ef act or s o f gr eat weal th , " bui l di ng t he di ale ct i cal i mage t hat he w as " a t ra i t or t o h i s cl ass , " h e was re al l y th r owin g t he I ns i der s i nto t he br i ar pat ch, r i ght where t hey want ed t o b e, l i ke B r ' er Rabbi t i n th e U nc l e R emus s to r i es. FDR be gan def i ci t s pendi ng, whi ch over a p er i od o f year s ha s r es ul t ed i n h undr eds of b il l i ons of d ol l ar s of i nte r est pr of i ts t o b anker s. T he bu l k of t hese pr of i ts h ave g one t o a handf ul of Ne w Yor k b anks. I n o rd er t o per pet uat e de f i cit s pendi ng an d l aunc h a n " Amer ic a l ast " f or ei gn p oli cy, t he I nsi der s ha d t o asser t t he

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same cont r ol over t he R epubl ic an P art y t hat t hey al r eady p oss essed o ver t he De mocr at Par ty . I n 19 36, i n a c onf i dent i al me et i ng i n k eepi ng wi t h t he po l i t i cal l egend o f t he sm okef i ll ed ho t el r oom, a gr oup of I ns i der s l ai d l ong-r ange pl ans t o c ont r ol th e R epubl i can P ar t y. W e know o f t he meet in g f r om an ac count by D r. G l enn Fr ank , p r esi dent of t he Uni ve r s i t y of W is consi n, w hom t he In si der s m i sta kenly b el i ev ed th ey c oul d t ru st . ' The pr esi di ng I nsi der a t t hi s secr et meeti ng i n t he ro yal s ui t e on t he 21st f l oor of t he Wal dor f-A st ori a H ot el i n New York w as Thomas Lamont ( CFR), s eni or p art ner i n J. P. Mor gan & Company. Accord i ng t o Pr ofe ssor Qui gle y, L amont wa s t he most i mpor t ant c onnect i on b etw een t he i nt ern at i onal b ank er s a nd t he har d-c or e Lef t i n Ameri ca. Q ui gl ey st at es t hat t he c hie f e vi dence agai ns t t he Lamont f ami ly . . . can b e f ound i n t he f i le s o f HU AC wh i ch s how T om L amont , hi s wi f e F l or a, an d h i s son Co r l i ss as s ponsor s and fi nanci al a ngel s t o al most a s cor e o f ext r eme L eft o r gani zat io ns i ncl udi ng t he Co mmuni st Par t y i t sel f . . . . D uri ng th i s w hol e p er i od o f over t wo d ec ades, Cor l is s L amont , wi t h t he f ul l support o f hi s p are nt s, was o ne o f t he chi ef f i gur es i n " f el l ow t r ave l er " ci r c l es a nd on e o f t he c hi ef spokes men f or t he Sovi et poi nt o f v ie w . . . . 2 Si x ot her p ro mi nent f i nanci ers a nd in dustr i al i sts w ere a l so pr esent . T he pur pose o f t he me et i ng was to " decid e" wh o t he Republ i can nomi nee f or Pr esid ent s houl d be. A t t he me et i ng i t w as g enera l l y agr eed t hat t hei r su pport w oul d be th r own to G ove r nor Al f r ed M. La ndon of Kansas , w ho, of co ur se, never st ood a c hance t o wi n, because t here w as no b eat i ng Ro oseve l t i n 1936. Support o f Landon by t he L amont c l iq ue was si gni f i ca nt . I nf l uent i al Li ber al Republ i cans such as " Ogden Mi l l s [ CFR] ; E ugene Mey er [ CFR, f in anc i er and o wner o f t he Was hi ngt on P ost ] , Wi nt hr op A l dr i ch [ CFR; a Rocke f el l er r el at i ve] , r ecogni zed th at . . . Landon m i ght be adapte d t o th ei r own p urp oses. " 3 L andon ha d b oast ed, " I h ave cooper at ed wi t h t he N ew Deal t o t he best of m y abi l it y, " a nd h ad even i ssued publ ic p r ai se o f New Deal d esi gner Re xf ord G uy Tu gwell , d evot ed ra di cal soci al i s t . 4 When Landon went down t he e l ec t or al dr ai n, t he Ne w Deal w as saf e f or f our m ore y ear s. T he I nsi der s h ad h ad no t hi ng t o l os e e it her way. Ni nete en f ort y w as a c r uc i al year f or t he I nsi der s. Thr ough appeas ement of H it l er , wh o h ad b een f i nanc ed a nd pr ote ct ed by t he Round Tabl e cl i que, t he wor l d was be i ng maneuver ed i nto a wa r . T he I nsid er s know t hat i t i s in a t i me o f cr i si s dur i ng w ar or d epr essi on t hat di c t at or i al power c an be c onc ent ra t ed i n t he f eder al gover nment . I t wa s essent i al t o t he I ns i ders t hat t he "A mer ic a l ast" i nte r nat i onal pol i ci es a nd wel fa r e s t at e d ef i c i t sp endin g b e co nt i nued. H owever, t her e was c onsi der abl e do ubt as t o wh et her t he Amer i ca n p ubli c w oul d accept a n u npr ecedent ed t hi r d t er m fo r F DR. T here f or e, i t w as n ece ssar y t o t ak e c ontr ol of t he Re publi can p ar t y aw ay f r om t he r eal Re publi cans and ma ke s ure t hat t he 19 40 Pr esi dent i al candi dat e w as a m an accept abl e t o t he I ns i der s. The I nsi der s f ound t hei r man i n Wendel l Wi l l k i e. The ma n b ehin d Wendel l Wi l l k ie w as th e l at e R usse l l Da venport , a Democr at w ho bel onged t o such wor l d-s t at epr omot in g o ut f i t s as t he Wor l d Ci t i ze nshi p Counci l , A t la nt i c Uni on Commit t ee, an d F eder al Un i on, and ser ved o n t he c ounci l o f a dvi sor s of S t udent F eder ali st s, wh i ch l at er mer ged w i t h Uni t ed Wor l d Feder al i s t s. D ave npor t was as soci ate d w it h Amer ic ans f or D emocr at i c Act io n ( ADA) a nd was l at er a f ounder o f Republ i can Ad vance , t he ADA of t he Re publi can P ar t y. s Davenpor t wa s o ne of t he f ounder s of F or t une ma gazin e f or t he la t e H enr y L uc e ( CFR) . A

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Lef t is t f r om t he begi nnin g, he f el t hi s id eas c oul d be s ol d t o busi nessmen t hr ough t hi s sl i ck m agazi ne. 6 Af t er t he 19 40 e l ec t i on Davenpor t s et d own h i s ph i l oso phy i n For tu ne. H is a r ti c l e, "U SA: T he Per manent R ev ol uti on, " wa s w id el y s yn di cat ed i n t he p r ess as "t he A mer i can cr edo." I t was a cl ever at t empt t o sel l t he id ea t hat A mer i can ca pi t al i sm had l ost i t s fi ght and t hat o urs w as now a " mi xed economy" - hal f soci ali st an d h al f f r ee. T o D av enpor t th i s r epr es ent ed a g r eat " soci al ac hi evement . " Boi l ed down, h i s ar gument w as t hat Amer i ca can pr evai l over Russi a onl y i f i t bor r ows m any of Russia ' s i deas a nd a ppl ie s t hem t o Amer i ca . D avenpor t appl auded th e f act t hat " ev er y year m or e b us i nessmen s ee t he li ght a nd s ome f ew of t hem become mi ssio nar i es [ f or t he n ew c onc ept o f capit al i sm]. T he r esult i s t hat A mer i can busi ness i s er ecti ng a so ci al st r uctu r e th at many a s t at e pl anner w oul d e nv y. A tr ue in dust r ia l d emocr acy i s emer gi ng. " (" I ndus t r i al democr acy" is a c ode p hra se f or socia l i sm among Mar xis t s. ) Mu ch of w hat we k now o f th e I ns i der s' maneuver i ng of Wi l l k i e i nt o t he R epubl i ca n n omin at i on c omes f r om t he a ut obi ogr aphy of Davenpor t ' s wi f e, publ i sh ed in 1 967. Mar ci a D avenpor t t el l s us t hat h er husband was ho l di ng sessio ns o f a d i sc ussi on gr oup k nown as th e " For tu ne R ound T abl e" ( was t he c hoi ce o f wor ds a coi nc i dence?) , wh ose par t ic i pant s wer e chosen f or t hei r "e mi nence" i n t heir c hosen f i el ds. The ro und t abl e gr oup i nc l uded " l eadi ng in dust r ia l i sts , b anke r s, f i nanc i er s, schola r s, l abor un i on l eader s, s oci ol ogi st s, e conomi st s a nd t echni cal s peci ali st s. " Mr s. Davenpor t w ri t es: "R ussel l c ame home f r om hi s Ro undt abl e meet i ng an d w al ked i nt o t he h ouse sayin g, ` I 'v e met t he man wh o o ught t o be t he next Pr esi dent o f t he U nit ed St at es. ' " H is name was Wendel l Wi l l k i e. ' I n descr ib i ng Wi l l k i e, M arc i a D ave nport says: Some peopl e cal l ed h i m [Wi l l ki e] t he advoc at e o f f r ee ent er pr i se; some, t he s pokesman o f bi g b us i ness agai ns t t he govern ment . These wer e most ly m i st ake n s ummat i ons o f Wendel l Wi l lk i e. H e was an o l d-f ashio ned, hel l -r ai sin g, h ard-w r angl i ng l ib er al . . . . H e was a De mocra t , a ma n of t he p eople . . . . 8 Wi l l ki e w as i n f ac t a r egi st er ed D emocr at who o nl y f iv e y ears ear l ie r h ad been el ect ed by Ta mmany Hal l t o t he N ew Yor k Count y Democr at i c Co mmi tt ee . 9 As a st udent at In di ana Uni ver si t y he h ad b een a member o f t he So ci al i st C l ub. 1 0 Wi l l k ie , t he hi gh-sal ari ed h ead o f a l ar ge ut i li t y c ompany, had n ev er do ne a nyt hi ng i n o r f or th e R epubl i can p ar t y and was c ompl ete l y u nkn own out si de hi s own l i mi te d b ut hi ghly i nf l uent i al c i r cle s. Wh at a ppar entl y s ol d t he Est abl i shment I nsi der s on W i ll k i e w as , a s Mr s. Da venpor t p uts i t , t hat he w as " out sp oken i n o pposi t io n t o wh at wa s t hen a c la ssi c is ol ati oni st posi ti on i n t he Republ i can par t y. " " M r s. D ave npor t c l ai ms t hat t he Wi l l ki e f or Pr esid ent i dea o cc ur r ed t o a number of i ndi v i dual s s i mult aneousl y, in cl udi ng " Har r y [ Henr y ] Luce an d o th er m ember s of Ti me, I nc. , who me t h i m i n o ur h ouse. " 1 2 Accor di ng to M r s. Davenpor t , t he l eader shi p f r om t he f in ancia l c ommuni t y was " headed by T homas W. Lamont . " S he adds: Wi l l ki e d i d not ju st h appen to t he Re publi can p ar t y . . . . Severa l t i mes e ach w eek we h ad p eople t o di nner , somet i mes by c are f ul pl an, when it b est s er ved t he pur pose t o e nc l ose th e o cc asi on i n t he f or m of a n ag r eeabl e s oci al me et i ng . . . . 13

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The Es t abl i sh ment wor ked har d t o s ell W i ll k i e t o t he Amer i can publ ic t hr ough a gi gant ic p ubl i c i t y spr ee, w hi ch col umni st Ge or ge Sokols ky c all ed "t he a dve r t i si ng a gent ' s hol i day. " T hro ugh t hei r f i nanc i al a nd o t her c onta ct s t hr oughout th e c ommuni cat i ons me di a, t he I ns i der s m ade i t appear t hat t her e wa s s pont aneous p ubl i c i nt er est i n Wendel l W i l lk i e. Wi l l k i e was cat apult ed in t o t he pol it i cal ar ena by a n ar t i cl e i n th e S at ur day Evenin g P os t , w hic h w as f ol l owed by a r t i cl es sugges t i ng Wi l l k ie f or th e R epubl i can n omi nat i on t hat suddenl y bl osso med i n l eadi ng n ewspaper s a nd magazi nes. Hi s p ic t ur e " spont aneousl y" ap pear ed on th e c over s o f Ti me an d o th er p opul ar magazi nes, an d t he u nknown l awyer myst er io usl y appeare d a s an a uth or in Sunday m agazi nes. He w as gi ven p r esti ge in b usi ness ci r c l es by a l audat or y a rt i c l e i n F ort une, and i n popul ar c i rc l es by a f eat ur e ar t i cl e i n Li f e (L i f e, Fo r t une, a nd Ti me wer e a ll L uce p ubl ic at i ons) . The Wi l l k i e boom was e ngi neer ed b y t op ad ver t i si ng ex ecut i ve s f r om Madi son Avenue, w ho pl ant ed n ews a r ti c l es in m agazi nes and newspaper s, s t i mul at ed pe t i t io ns, c hai n le t t er s, adver t i sement s, t el egr ams, an d f und r ai si ng, and s t ar t ed Wi l l k i e cl ubs a nd Wi l l k ie mai l in g c ommi tt ees. Se ven weeks be f or e t he R epubl ic an c onv ent io n, t he Gal l up P ol l r eport ed t hat W i ll k i e w as t he f avor it e o f onl y 3 per cent of R epubl i can v ote r s. As t he c onvent i on appr oac hed, one b ig s t umbl i ng bl ock r emai ned f or Wi l l k i e - Senat or R ober t A. T af t , t he c hoi ce o f par ty Conser vat i ves . F ear i ng th at pe r haps t hey mi ght no t b e abl e to p ut Wi l l ki e o ver af t er a l l , t he In si der s decid ed t o make an a t t empt to b uy Taf t . The w eek b ef or e t he c onv ent i on opened, S enat or and Mr s. T aft w er e i nv i te d t o a New Yor k d in ner par ty g i ven by Og den R ei d ( CFR) , p ubl i sher of t he N ew Yo r k He r al d Tr i bune, a nd Mr s. Rei d. Th e d et ai l s of t he di nner p ar t y ar e set f ort h i n One Man: W endel l Wi l l k ie , b y C. N els on Spar ks . T he maj or f act s have been t hor oughl y c orr obora t ed b y bot h Robert T af t and Wendel l Wi l lk i e. Pr esent a t th i s di nner pa r t y wer e T homas Lamont ( CFR), s eni or par t ner o f J. P. Mo r gan & Company, a nd M r s. L amont ; L or d L ot hi an of t he Round Tabl e, t hen Ambassa dor t o t he Uni t ed S t at es f r om Gr eat Br i ta i n; Mr . an d Mr s. John Pi l l sbur y of t he Mi nneapol i s mi l l i ng f amil y; a nd Mr . and Mr s. W endel l Wi l l k i e. F oll owi ng t he di nner Lo r d Lo t hi an, a member of t he B r i t is h L ib er al Pa r t y who h ad accompani ed socia l i st Ge or ge Ber nar d S haw i n hi s l ovin g p il gr i mage t o Moscow, was asked to m ake a f ew re mar ks . 14 The s ubs t ance o f h is s peech w as t hat i t w as t he dut y o f t he Un i t ed St at es t o g o al l ou t a t on ce to a i d Br i t ain i n t he w ar. T hi s was in J une 1940, a y ear and a h al f bef ore P ear l Har bor . L amont wa s t hen cal l ed on, an d e xpre ssed hi mself a s bei ng wh ol l y i n a cco r d w i th Lor d Lot hi an. W i ll k i e w as c all ed o n next . He e nth usi as t i cal ly e ndor sed ever yt hi ng th at Lo r d L oth i an and L amont ha d s ai d, mai nta i ni ng t hat i t w as our du t y t o go t o war a t once t o a i d Engla nd. By t hi s t i me, t he pl ot wa s p re t t y c le ar to T af t . He r eali zed t hat h e had be en i nvi t ed t o t he Rei d di nner f or th e p ur pose of a scert ai nin g whet her h e wa s w il l i ng to p ay t he p ri ce to g et th e s uppor t of t he I ns i der s f or t he Republ ic an no mi nat io n - namel y, a n al l-o ut wa r decl ar at i on t hat woul d sa t i sfy t he Ne w Yor k ba nki ng i nt ere st s a nd t he Br i t is h A mbas sador . T af t knew t hat if h e endor sed t he r emar ks o f Lot hia n, L amont , and Wi ll k i e, he w oul d a ut omat i ca l l y become accept abl e t o t he f i nanc i al i nt er est s a nd t her eby g re at l y im pr ove h i s ch ances o f wi nnin g t he nomi nat io n. Ta f t , h owever, w as a man of r ar e pr i nc i pl e, and he d ec l i ned t hi s oppor t uni t y t o w i n t he su ppor t of t he I ns i der s. When cal l ed o n, he s i mpl y o bse r ved t hat he c oul d a dd not hin g t o hi s r emar ks i n t he S enate , w her e h e had de cl ar ed t hat Amer i ca ns di d n ot want t o go

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t o w ar t o b eat a t ot al i ta r i an syst em i n Eu r ope if t hey w er e t o g et soci al i sm her e w hen i t wa s a ll o ver . A f ew d ays l at er, t he Ne w Yor k Her ald T r i bune a nnounced i t s unequi vo cal suppor t f or Wi l l k i e, w i th a t hr ee-c ol umn a ppeal t o t he d ele gat es o n t he f r ont page ca l l i ng Wi l l ki e " Heave n' s g if t t o t he n at i on i n i t s t i me of c r i si s. " When t he R epubl i ca n n at io nal conventi on co nvened i n Ph i l adelp hi a, Wi l l ki e h ad onl y 105 d ele gat es . E ven t he Gal l up ( CFR) Pol l re por te d t hat Wi l l k i e was t he f avo r i t e of a me r e 17 p er cent of R epubl i cans . Onl y t he p oli t i cal l y n aiv e c oul d b eli eve t hat h undr eds o f d el egate s suddenl y w ent o ver boar d f or Wi l l k i e out of s heer f asci nat i on wi t h " t he bar efo ot b oy f r om Wal l St r eet. " S ome Republ i cans saw t hr ough t he publ ic i t y b li t z , and f ort y R epubl i can Congr essmen cal le d f or a " r eal Republ i can. " Congr essman Usher B ur dic k d ec l ar ed: I b eli eve I am s er vi ng th e b es t i nt er est s of t he Republ i can par t y by p ro t est i ng i n advance and exposi ng t he machi nat i ons a nd at t empt s o f J . P. Mor gan and ot her N ew York u t i l it y b anker s in f orc i ng Wendel l Wi l l ki e o n th e R epubl i can P art y . . . . Th er e i s not hi ng t o t he Wi l l k i e boom f or p r es i dent e xcept t he ar t i f ic al publ ic o pi nio n b ei ng c r eat ed by n ewsp apers , m agaz i nes and t he r adi o. The re ason ba ck of a l l th i s is m oney. Money is b ein g s pent b y someone and lo t s o f i t . Th i s i s a g ood t i me t o f in d o ut whet her t he Amer ic an people a r e to b e l et a l one i n t he s el ect io n o f a Republ i can candid at e f or th e P r esi dency , o r wh et her t he "s pecia l i nt er est s" o f t hi s c ount r y ar e po wer f ul en ough to d i ct at e t o t he Amer i can p eopl e. i s At t he c onvent i on t he g al l er ie s w er e packe d w i t h noi sy W i l l ki e suppor t er s wh o c hant ed "W e Want W i l lk i e" hour u pon h our . i n an a tt empt t o s ta mpede t he co nvent io n a nd g i ve t he er r oneous i mpr essi on t hat t he Wi l l ki e b andwagon came fr om th e g r ass r oot s. L amont mo ney c oul d bu y anyt hi ng. Pr of es si onals a r ound t he count r y h i re d g ir l s t o get on t he t el ephone a nd s t im ul at e a d elu ge o f pr o-Wi l l ki e t el egr ams t o t he del egat es. No t a ll t he te l egra ms w ere s i gned. A ls o, th e I nsid er s sought t o i nf l uence del egat es by h avi ng t he mor tg age h ol der s and b anker s t o whom t hey o wed money c all t hem o n b ehal f of W i l lk i e. '6 T he ch ai r man o f one de l egat io n s ta t ed t hat h e was o ff er ed $19, 000 f or t he e xp enses o f hi s de l egat io n i f he w oul d d el i ver hi s s ta t e' s vo t es f or W i ll k i e.1 7 A nd so o ne o f t he g r eat s how bi z succes ses of t he Twenti et h C ent ur y was st aged i n P hi l adel phi a, as t he I ns i der s su cceeded i n headi ng of f Taf t and ma ki ng su r e th at N ew Deal f or ei gn a nd domesti c p ol i c i es wi t h t hei r def i ci t s pendi ng and r esu l t i ng m i l l io ns in i nt ere st to b anker s w er e secure . I n h er a ut obi ogra phy Mar ci a Davenpor t d es cr i bes t he Wi l l ki e campai gn: The ca mpai gn began. I t wa s o ne t hi ng f or a s mal l gr oup o f i nspir ed men t o in ci t e th e A mer i can people t o d emand t he n omi nat io n o f Wendel l W i l lk i e an d t o ra m h im d own t he th r oat s of t he R epubl i can par t y. I t w as q uit e a noth er th i ng t o mount a p r es i dent i al c ampai gn o n t he sh oul ders a nd t hr ough t he r esourc es of t hat par t y . . . . . . . I m ar ve l t oday a t t he au daci t y of a handf ul o f amat eurs [ si c] who d ro ve in t he no mi nat i on o f Wi l lk i e o ver t he heads of t he whol e Republi can ol d g uar d. 18 Wi l l ki e' s c ampai gn o f g lo r i f yi ng t he New Deal b ot h a t home an d abr oad l ed, of c our se, to a st agger in g d ef eat . In s pit e o f al l t hei r

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ef f ort s t o no mi nat e h i m, t he Est abl is hment I ns i der s co ul dn' t have car ed l ess t hat W il l k i e lo st . Thei r ob j ecti ve h ad been t o e nsu r e th at t he vot ers w er e not gi ven a choi ce , t o wr ap th ei r t ent acle s a r ound t he Republ i can pa r t y, and t o deal a d eath b l ow t o t he t wo-p ar t y syst em. I n a ss essi ng t he Wi l l k i e movement M rs . D av enpor t cal ls W i l l k i e' s def eat : . . . t he mos t c onst r ucti ve de f eat a candi dat e ev er me t . . . . I t c hanged th e d ir ect i on of th e R epubl i can p ol i cy d uri ng t he war and i n t he ha r r i ed year s of n on-p eace af t er war ds . . . . No Re publ i ca n s in ce has ta ken a l eadin g p l ace i n Amer ic an an d w or ld a f fa i r s w ho d i d not f ol l ow t he pa t h th at [ l ib er al Democra t ] Wi l l k i e bl azed. A nd when t he ol d gu ar d, af t er t went y-f our year s of b att l i ng hi s g host a nd hi s echo, nomi nat ed o ne o f t hei r ow n f or t he pr esi dency, Go l dwat er w ent d own t o t he mo st c r us hi ng def eat i n pr esi dent i al campai gn h i st or y. 19 Mr s. Davenpor t p ro vi des us w it h t hi s si gni f i cant anecd ot e a bout t he en d o f th e Wil l k i e ca mpaig n: The ni ght a ft er th e 1 940 el ect i on R us sel l and I wer e al one at home . . . . The door bell r ang, a bout e l ev en o ' cl ock. I went t o t he door - t o Ha r r y H opki ns [ Roosev el t 's a i de]. I ha d n ever m et hi m t hough Russel l h ad mor e t i mes th an he a dmi tt ed. Hopki ns was l i ke a wal kin g cor pse , b one-p al e, emaci at ed, bent a nd s t ooped w it h w eakness. He shuf fl ed i nto t he dr awi ng r oom wi t h me, sayin g t o Ru ssell , " Tell m e about i t . T el l m e how y ou d i d i t . " [E mphas i s a dded. ] Zo Fol l owi ng h is e l ec t i on de f eat Wi l l k ie c ont i nued t o s er ve t he I ns i der s. D ur i ng t he w ar years f ew pr o-C ommuni st p ro paganda move s w er e mor e successf ul th an Wi ll k i e' s r ound-t he-w or l d t r i p. As c ol umni st Georg e N . Cr ocker d escri bes i t : The fl i ght y Wendel l W i l lk i e, af t er lo si ng i n h i s t r y f or t he pr esid ency in 1 940, " suddenl y got r el i gi on" a nd became a n e bul l i ent emi ssa r y f or Roose vel t , t r avel i ng t o London, M osc ow a nd C hungki ng i n an Ar my Tr anspor t p la ne, e mot i onal l y o ve r come b y h is p r ec i pi t ate a r ri val i n t he u pper r egio ns o f i nt ern at i onal f ame. H i s much publ i ciz ed sl ogan " One Wor l d" ser ved w el l t o c ov er u p t he re al s t at e o f af f ai rs . . . . Whet her o t her R epubl i can l eaders , s uch as Ho over an d T af t , a nd di ssid ent D emocr at s s uch as fo r mer Se cr eta r y o f War Ha r r y H . Woodr i ng, l ooked u pon t hese ant i cs of We ndel l Wi l l ki e a s th ose of a n opport uni st ic h ypocr i t e or a n i mpr ess i onabl e d upe w e know n ot . T hey t hemse l ves ha d n o hal l uc i nat i ons about a " gr and c oal i t i on of pe opl es, f i ghti ng a co mmon war o f l i ber at i on." 21 A c ompani on of W il l k i e on h i s t r i p an d t he g hostw r i t er o f h is book, One Wor l d (t he t i tl e i s ver y si gni fi cant ) ,2 2 w as C ommuni st par t y member J oseph F els B ar nes ( CFR) , a r el at i ve of t he R ot hsc hi l d banki ng dynast y. L ate r B ar nes w as t o ghost wri t e Dwi ght D. E i se nhower' s b ook, Cr usade I n Eu r ope. I n 1 944, w i th a wa r g oi ng o n, t he I ns i ders h ad li t t l e t o f ear f r om t he R epubl i ca ns. H owever, t hey t ook no c hanc es. Pol l s ta ken by CFR member G eor ge G all up s howed th at t he GOP coul d no t w in u nl ess -i t cont in ued t he N ew Deal fo r ei gn p ol i cy a nd named candid at es wh o w oul d appeal t o l ef t -l eanin g D emoc r at s. T he Ga l l up Pol l al so "a nnounce d" th at 68 p er c ent of R epubl i can v ote r s w ere f or Thomas E. D ewey ( CFR) , a nd t hat he w as t he on l y R epubl i ca n w i t h a c hance t o wi n. Dewey car r ie d o n

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a w eak c ampai gn an d r ef us ed to m ent io n, be cause of t he p er sonal re quest of G eor ge C . Mar sh al l , th e R epubl i cans' be st i ssu e: ho w Roose vel t had i nv i te d a nd encoura ged t he P ear l H ar bor a tt ack. Dewey knew t hat F DR had r ef use d t o ne got ia t e w i th t he pr o-A mer ic an g ove r nment o f Pr i nce Konoye of Japan, a nd ha d g iv en i t s succe ssor an u l ti mat um t hat meant wa r . De wey knew t hat w e had br oken t he to p J apanese code b ef or e Pear l Har bor , a nd al so was a war e t hat F DR, hi s Secr et ar i es of W ar and Na vy, a nd C hie f o f St af f Geor ge C. Ma r shal l, h ad had a dv ance war ni ngs o f t he J apanese at t ack . H e kn ew th at P ear l H ar bor w as a "s et-u p" an d a d is ast er f or whi ch t he C ommander -i n-C hi ef shoul d have be en h eld p ers onal l y r esponsi bl e.2 3 T he A mer ic an pe opl e ha d t he r i ght t o kn ow t oo, b ut t hey never f ound out . I ns i ders d on' t t at tl e - wi t h t he p os si ble e xcept i on of Dr . Ca r r ol l Qui gle y, i f he r eal l y i s one. I n 1 948, d esp i t e t he R epubl i ca n p ar ty t r adi t i on a gai nst nomi nat i ng a l oser , t he I ns i der s s ucc essfu l l y t ro t t ed t he l ac kl ust er Dewey back on s t age o nce again , c ompl et e wi t h C FR Gall up P oll s s howi ng t hat he w as a s ure t hi ng. T o i nsur e t he no mi nat io n, th e D ewey i t es spent money and made d eal s a nd pr omi ses t hat Taf t wo ul d never ha ve ma de. Af t er t he c onventi on o ne del egat e r an f or t he t ra i n an d d i ed of a hear t at t ack o n i t. H e had $ 1500 i n f r esh money on h i m, a nd t he o th er del egat es c la i med i t s houl d be d i v i ded a mong t hem. 2 4 One of t he de al s made b y t he Dewey ma nager s was wi t h C ongr ess man Char le s H al le ck, who w as pr omi sed t he V i ce P r esid ent ia l n omin at i on i f he c oul d d eli ver t he I ndi ana del egati on to D ewey; b ut t he I ns i ders d i d not tr ust H al l eck. T hei r house o r gan, t he New Yor k T im es, d ec l ar ed: Sur ely n ot M r . H al l eck! Mr . Ha l l eck woul d br i ng i nt o t he campai gn t he per fe ct r eco r d of a R epubl i ca n i sola t i oni st . M r. Hal l ec k v ot ed a gai nst S el ect iv e S er vi ce in t he su mmer of 1940 . . . . Mr . Hal l eck vot ed a gai ns t L end-L ease . . . . H e vot ed agai ns t t he Br i t is h l oan, h e vot ed ag ai nst t he Ha l l Re ci pr oca l Tr ade pr ogr am i n 1940 . . . . He l ed t he pl an t o cut appr opri at i ons under t he Mar shall p l an . . . . Her e's a g ood s ummar y o f t he k i nd o f candi dat e th e I ns i der s wi l l not to l er at e. T hey w i l l not a l lo w a c andi dat e o n t he ti cket - even i n s eco nd pl ace - unl es s h e ha s a f or ei gn pol ic y accept abl e to t he New Yor k f in anci ers a nd banki ng i nte r est s who pr of i t so g re at l y fr om th e N ew Deal i nt er nat i onal i s t f or ei gn pol i cy. Ear l War r en of C al i f or nia w as chosen as t he Vi ce Pr esi dent i al nomi nee. W arr en ha d b egun h i s pol i t ic al ca r eer as a ha r d-f i ghti ng enf orc er o f ant i -C ommuni st a nd a nti-c r i me l aws. Howeve r , f oll owi ng t he myst er i ous an d n ev er-s ol ved m ur der o f hi s f ath er , Ear l W ar r en had suddenl y c hanged, al most a s i f h e ha d b een b l ack mai le d, a nd went on t o est abl i sh h is n oto r i ous pr o-C ommuni st r ec or d.2 5 Dewey and War r en di d n ot campai gn o n t he maj or is sue of t hat year , whi ch was Co mmuni st i nfi l t r at io n i n gover nment . The e xp osure o f Al ger Hi ss, Har r y Dext er Whi t e, and o t her C ommuni sts i n hi gh g ov er nment posi ti ons h ad g i ve n R epubl i cans t heir b est i ssue - but Dewey an d War r en di d no t d i scu ss it . Dewey went in t o th e ' 48 el ecti on w i th e ver yt hi ng i n hi s f avor . H e was fa ced n ot b y t he i nvi nc i bl e R oose vel t, b ut by a hi ghly v i ncib l e Har r y Tr uman. T he Democra t s ha d b een i n of f i ce fo r f our l ong and t r oubl esome t er ms. T r uman w as not a popula r P r esi dent, a nd th e Democr at i c pa r t y was s pli t t hr ee w ays , w it h H enry W all ace s ip honin g o f f

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f ar-L ef t vot er s and wi t h t he Di xie cr at s i n t he S out h. T he count ry w as r i pe f or a ch ange. A l l th e p re-e l ecti on p oll s s howed D ewey fa r o ut i n f r ont, b ut , accept i ng i n al mos t e very p art i cul ar t he l i ber al analy si s of h ow t o r un a ca mpai gn, h e pr oceeded t o bl ow it . D ewey' s ca mpaig n w as a t ext book st udy o f l i ber al R epubl i can st r at egy. It s i deol ogi ca l b ia s l eaned h eavil y t owar d L ib er ali sm - a f ac t D ewey u nder l i ned by vi r t ual ly di sowni ng t he R epubl i can Par ty i n C ongr ess a nd st eer in g p ar ti cul ar l y c l ear of a r ch-r i val Rober t Taf t. Tr uman p i t ched h is c ampaig n a gai nst th e R epubl i can 8 0th C ongre ss. Dewey made hi s f at al m i st ake when h e di d not d efe nd it . T he Republ i can 80t h Congr ess , u nder t he l eader - shi p of T af t, h ad made th e g re at est r ecord o f a ny C ongr ess in t he Twenti et h C ent ur y. F or th e f ir st t i me s i nc e t he s ta r t o f t he Ne w Deal, i t r educed ta xes, bal ance d t he b udget , a nd r educe d t he n at i onal de bt . I t h ad e xpose d n umer ous Communi st s wh o h ad i nf i lt r at ed t he Ne w Deal . I t had en act ed t he Ta f t-H ar t le y l aw over Tr uman's v eto . I t ha d a ut hor i zed t he Ho over Co mmi ss i on t o r eorg ani ze t he go ver nment , an d h ad p assed t he 22nd Amendment t o t he C onst i tu t i on, l i mi ti ng t he Pr esi dent to t wo t er ms. Dewey assumed t hat t he Mi dwest er n h ear t l and o f th e p ar t y w as secure a nd th at hi s j ob was to c or r al L i ber al v ot es in t he Ea st . He al so assumed t hat t he k ey t o Republ ic an su ccess was in t he bi g c it i es - anot her t heor em pr esent ly f avo r ed b y t he Li ber al GOP. What happened? D ewey a cco mpl is hed t he m ajo r s t r at egi c obj ecti ves he t hought we r e ne cessary t o hi s e l ec t i on. H e c ar r i ed suppose dl y deci si ve N ew Yor k St at e and tr i umphed i n Pennsylv ani a and N ew J ers ey, r unnin g s t r ongl y i n t he maj or met r opol i t an c ent er s. Ye t h e lo st th e el ecti on b eca use he f ai le d t o car r y t he Re publ i ca n b as e h e th ought h e coul d t ake fo r g ra nt ed. I t w as t he cr ownin g i ro ny of t he Ne w Yor k-b i g c i t y s t r at egy t hat t he 19 48 el ect i on was l ost t hr ough def ecti on of t he Mi dwes t er n fa r m vo t e. D ewey lo st t he key Mi dweste r n st at es of O hio , I l l i noi s, I owa, an d Wi sco nsi n by a n aggr egat e o f l ess t han 10 0, 000 vot es, a nd th er eby l ost t he e l ec t i on. Dewey' s c ampai gn was s o Li bera l t hat Mi dweste r ners f ound Tr uman mor e t o th ei r l ik i ng. Pol l ste r S amuel Lubell o bserv ed: Tr uman r at her t han D ewey seemed t he conser vat i ve candi dat e to many vot er s . . . . T he har shest f act a bout t he 1948 vot i ng fr om th e Republ i can vi ewpoi nt w as how many o rd i nari l y c ons er vat i ve p er sons f ear ed a R epubl i ca n v i cto r y . . . . The ne t s i gni f i cance o f t he De wey d ebacl e was t hat i t demons t r at ed t he pol i t i ca l l ia bi l i t ie s o f bei ng nei t her f i sh nor f owl , 26 1 " 1 shi p of T af t , h ad m ade t he gr eat est r ecor d o f an y C ongr ess i n t he Twenti et h C ent ur y. F or th e f ir st t i me s i nc e t he st ar t of t he New Deal , i t r educed ta xes, bal ance d t he b udget , a nd r educe d t he n at i onal de bt . I t h ad e xpose d n umer ous Communi st s wh o h ad i nf i lt r at ed t he N ew Deal . I t had en act ed t he Ta f t-H ar t le y l aw over Tr uman's v eto . I t ha d a ut hor i zed t he Ho over Co mmi ss i on t o r eorg ani ze t he go ver nment , an d h ad passed t he 22nd Amendment t o t he C onst i tu t i on, l i mi ti ng t he Pr esi dent to t wo t er ms. Dewey assumed t hat t he Mi dwest er n hear t la nd of t he pa r t y was secure a nd th at hi s j ob was to c or r al L i ber al v ot es in t he Ea st . He al so assumed t hat t he k ey t o Republ ic an su ccess was in t he bi g c it i es - anot her t heor em pr esent ly f avo r ed b y t he Li ber al GOP.

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What happened? D ewey a cco mpl i shed t he maj or st r at egic o bje ct i ves he t hought we r e ne cessary t o hi s e l ec t i on. H e c ar r i ed suppose dl y deci si ve N ew Yor k St at e and tr i umphed i n Pennsylv ani a and N ew J ers ey, r unnin g s t r ongl y i n t he maj or met r opol i t an c ent er s. Ye t h e lo st th e el ecti on b eca use he fa i l ed to c arr y t he Republ i can ba se he t hought h e coul d t ake fo r g ra nt ed. I t w as t he cr ownin g i r ony o f t he N ew Yor k-b i g c i t y s t r at egy t hat t he 19 48 el ect i on was l ost t hr ough def ecti on of t he Mi dwes t er n fa r m vo t e. D ewey lo st t he key Mi dweste r n st at es of Ohi o, I l l i noi s, I owa, an d Wi sco nsi n by a n aggr egat e o f l ess t han 10 0, 000 vot es, a nd th er eby l ost t he el ect i on. D ewey' s c ampai gn w as so L i ber al t hat Mi dweste r ners f ound Tr uman mor e t o th ei r l ik i ng. Pol l ste r S amuel Lubell o bserv ed: Tr uman r at her t han D ewey s eemed t he conse r vat i ve c andi dat e t o many vot er s . . . . T he har shest f act a bout t he 1948 vot i ng f r om t he Republ i can vi ewpoi nt w as how many o rd i nari l y c ons er vat i ve p er sons f ear ed a R epubl i ca n v i cto r y . . . . The ne t s i gni f i cance o f t he De wey d ebacl e was t hat i t demons t r at ed t he pol i t i ca l l ia bi l i t ie s o f bei ng nei t her f i sh nor f owl . z 6 The ac cur acy of th i s c omment i s s uggest ed by t he f act t hat De wey got fe wer v ot es in 1 948 t han he d i d i n 1 944. S ome 6 82, 000 v ot er s i n t he el ecti on d i d not bot her t o mar k a bal l ot f or ei t her Pr esi dent i al candid at e, an d i n si xt een s t at es t he vot e f or C ongr ess i onal candid at es was la r ger th an th at f or Pr esi dent i al a spi r ant s. Dewey h i msel f observ ed, i n t he af t er mat h o f t he e le ct i on, t hat i t "l ooks as t hough t wo or t hr ee mi l li on R epubli cans st ayed home. "2 7 I t i s a l so p oss i bl e t hat vot er s f el t t her e wa s n o appar ent d if f er ence b etw een t he candid at es to m ake i t d es i r abl e t o vo t e fo r t he Republ i can. Dewey was doubtl ess p er sonal l y h umi l i ate d, b ut t he I ns i ders h ad pl ent y of th ei r men ar ound th e h aple ss Ha r r y T ru man, a s mall-t i me out si der w ho had b een hoi ste d i nt o nat io nal p ol i t i cs b y t he n oto r i ous Pender gast ma chi ne o f Kansas C i t y. Fol lo wi ng th e ' 48 e l ecti on De mocr ats b r agged a bout th e t r i ck t hey ha d p ul l ed. Ja ck Re ddi ng, f or mer p ubli ci t y di r ec t or o f t he Democr at i c Na t i onal C ommi t t ee, i n h is b ook , I nsid e t he D emocr at i c Par t y, q uot ed D emocr at i c Nat io nal C hai r man R obert H annegan as s ayi ng i n a D emocr at i c st r at egy h uddl e: Act ual l y , i f t he Republ ic ans wer e s mar t , t hey' d r un Ta f t . H e' d make a b et t er c andi dat e and wo ul d p ro bably b e h ar der f or u s t o b eat becaus e h e wo ul d f i ght ha r der. D on' t make t he m is t ake of u nder r ati ng Taf t , . . . . T he f act is T aft i s a f i ghte r a nd wi l l make a te r r i f i c f i ght f or w hat h e r epr ese nt s. Dewey wi l l be " me-t oo" al l o ver a gai n . . . . Hi t T af t har d and o ft en; maybe we c an st op hi m f ro m get ti ng th e nomi nat i on an d a t t he s ame t im e e mbar r ass Dewey. z 8 Har old I ckes put i t m or e bl unt l y . H e sai d: . " Wi t h t he bases l oaded, t he Republ i cans sent t o t he pl at e t hei r bat bo y. T hey c oul d have sent t hei r Ba be R uth - Bob Taf t . " 29 D ewey h ad i ndeed s nat ch ed def eat f r om t he ja ws o f v i c t or y f or t he Re publ i ca ns, but e i th er wa y i t was a vi ct ory f or t he I ns i ders , w ho car ed no t a w hi t w het her th ei r man Dewey or t he per f ec t l y a cc ept abl e s ubs t i t ut e, H arr y T ru man, sa t i n t he Whi t e Ho use. The In si der s r eali zed t hat 1 952 w ould b e a t ur nin g-p oi nt year in Amer ic an h i st or y. I t w as al mos t a f or egone c onclu si on t hat af t er t hi r t y ye ar s of D emoc r at r ul e t he n ati on w as gaspi ng f or a c hange. Th e T ru man scandal s, t he K ore an War, C ommuni st i nf i lt r at i on i n go ver nment , pl us

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t he fa ct t hat f or t he f ir st ti me i n t wenty y ear s t he GOP d i d not f ace an i nc umbent Pr esi dent , al l co mbi ned t o ma ke t he R epubl i can Pr esid ent i al nomin at i on a v alu abl e pr i ze. Al t hough t he I ns i der s ha d been sel ect in g R epubl i can c andi dat es si nce 1 936, t heir h ol d on t he Republ i can Pa r t y f or 1 952 l ook ed t enuous. The T af t C onser vati ve fo r ces had be en g ain i ng i n s t r engt h and w ere pr epar i ng to m ake a n a ll-o ut assaul t o n th e P re si dency . B ut t he In si der s w er e det er mi ned t o mak e t he t wo pa r t i es as m uc h a l i ke a s Tweedl e-D um an d T weedl e-D ee. Col onel E dwar d M. House had es t abl i sh ed th e C ounc i l on F or eig n Rel ati ons t o car ry o ut Ka r l Ma r x' s d ic t um: "I nf i lt r at e bo t h or a l l of t he po l i t i cal o r gani zat io ns - el i mi nat e al l o pposi t i on a nd conf use t he people . " A mer i cans f or De mocra t i c A ct i on ( ADA) , whi ch i ncl uded n umer ous CFR member s i n i ts m ember shi p, h ad se r ved wel l as t he Fabi an Socia l i st movement wi t hi n t he De mocr ati c p ar t y. R us sel l Davenpor t of W i l l ki e campai gn f ame, h im sel f a behin d-t hesce nes w heel hor se i n t he AD A, w as det ermi ned th at th e G OP should h ave i t s ow n A DA, whi ch w oul d ser ve a s a l ef t wi ng T r oj an ho r se w it hi n t he R epubl i ca n p ar ty . T he A DA-t ype or gani zat i on f or t he G OP was cal l ed Republ i can Ad vance ; i t wa s bankro l l ed by N els on R ock ef ell er ( CFR) a nd S i dney Wein ber g. 3° I n hear in gs h eld b efo r e t he Sel ec t C ommi t t ee on L obbyi ng Act i vit i es on Jul y 7, 1 950, f ormer F DR At t or ney G ener al Fr anci s B id dl e g av e t he f ol l owi ng t es t i mony: " Mr . Br own: Have you [ ADA] b ec ome mor e a ct i ve i n t he Republ i can pa r t y r ecent ly , y our o r gani zati on? Mr . Bi ddl e: No - we ha ve n ot, e xce pt - wel l, i n t hi s s ense. O ur i nf l uence h as b een r at her s t ri k i ng. I d o not k now i f y ou h ave not ed t he or gani zat i on of a si mi l ar m ove ment in t he Republi can par t y - I d on' t t hi nk t hey ha ve a name fo r i t - l ed by R usse l l Da venport . Mr . Br own: Yo u mean R epubl i can A dvanc e o r somet hi ng li ke t hat ? Mr . Bi ddl e: Someth i ng l ik e t hat . I th ought i t mi ght b e cal le d Republ i cans f or De mocr ati c A ct i on, bu t t hat d i d not se em quit e appr opr i at e . . . . [ Emphasi s added.] 3 1 Republ i can Ad vance h ad it s b egi nni ngs i n 1950. On t he Four t h of Jul y t hat y ear , tw ent y-o ne Re publ i ca n C ongr essmen j oi ned w hat t hey t er med a " r ev ol t " agai nst t he Taf t wi ng of t he pa r t y. They an nounc ed t hei r support o f t he n ew Republ i can gr oup cal l i ng i t se l f " Adv ance, " whi ch had b een l aunched i n s emi secr ec y t he w eek pr i or t o t he announcement i n Ph i l adelp hi a. Advance h oped t o un seat Senat or Taf t a nd t o d il ut e t he i nfl uence of C onser vati ves wi t hi n t he pa r t y, an d o f ot her Conser vat i ves . T he A dvanc e s ta t ement was i ssued i n o pposi t i on t o t he GOP st at ement o f pol i cy adopte d i n Fe br uar y 1 950 by Ho use a nd S enat e Republ i cans and co ncur r ed i n by t he Re publ i ca n N at i onal Commit t ee. Th e st at ement s ai d t hat t he case was m ere l y "l i ber t y ver su s s ocia l i sm." T he " St ate ment of P oli cy" i ss ued by R epubl i can A dvanc e a nnounced t he i nt ent i on t o have t he G OP " pla y d own" i t s campaig n a gai nst so ci ali sm and Co mmuni sm wit hi n t he g ove r nment. I t woul d co mmi t t he p ar t y in st ead t o a st r ong c i v i l r i ght s pl atf or m and a we l f ar e st at e al ong Roosev el t -Tr uman l i nes. The Lo s A ngel es Ti mes o f Jul y 14, 1 950, re por t ed t hat t went y-o ne Republ i can Co ngr es smen en dor se d t he pr i nci pl e t hat t he R epubl i ca n P ar ty must " pl ace st r ong e mphas i s on c i v i l and soci al r i ghts a s a keysto ne f or na t i onal uni ty . " T he pr i nc i pal id eol ogi cal pa r agra ph i n Advanc e' s mani fe st o a ss er t ed: The re al i ssu e a gai nst th e D emocr at s does not l ie w i th t he

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goal s . . . . T he r eal is sue . . . li es wi t h t he means o f a ch i evin g t hese goal s . . . . T he Republ i cans have f ai l ed t o s el l t hemsel ves b y at t ack i ng t he p r oduct o f t he Democr at s. Th ey h ave n ot pr esent ed sat i sf act or y al t er nat i ves t o t he D emocr ati c p r oje ct s t hey h av e at ta cked. [ Emphasi s added. ] Pr i or t o t he f or mat i on of R epubl i can Advance t he mai n t hr ust of t he Re publ i ca n P ar t y w as expos i ng C ommunis m and f i ghti ng s oci al i sm. These t wo a sp ect s wer e dr opped i n f av or of f i ghti ng fo r c i vil r i ght s, soci al l egi sl at i on, a nd i nte r nati onal i sm. Al t hough a t t he ti me t he Republ i can Advanc e s t ate ment was b ru shed of f by t he Re publi can N at i onal C ommit t ee, whi ch pr omis ed t o keep up a hot wa r a gain st th e Mar xi st s, f or t he f i rs t t i me t he Lef t w as o r gani zed wi t hin R epubl i can Congr es si onal r anks. T he tu r ni ng-p oi nt had b een passed: t he Republ i can Pa r t y had made a de ci si ve t ur n t o t he Lef t. Among t he t went y-o ne Co ngr essmen on t he or i gi nal l i st of Congre ssi onal s ponsor s of R epubl i can Advance w ere J ohn D avi s Lodge ( CFR; br ot her o f Henr y Ca bot Lodge, CFR) , Cl i f fo r d C ase ( CFR) , Chr i st i an H er t er ( CFR) , Jacob Javi t s ( CFR) , K ennet h Ke at i ng, Thr us t on Mor t on, H ugh Scott , a nd Ri char d M. Ni xon ( CFR) . Many of t he t wenty-o ne Co ngr essmen we r e mere l y "f r ont s" f or t he CFR le ader s of A dv ance, such as T homas E . D ewey a nd John Fost er Dul l es . Among ot her pol i ti cal f ig ur es i nvol ve d w er e H er ber t Br ownel l, w ho became At t orn ey Ge ner al i n t he E i senhower cabi net , S enat or He nr y Cabot Lodge ( CFR) , Senat or R alp h F la nder s, and Sher man Adams. 3 2 Al so suppor t i ng Ad vance w as t he na t i on' s most i nf l uent i al publ i sh er , Henr y Luce ( CFR) of T i me, L i f e and For t une. Advanc e w as soon t o e merg e f ro m i t s cocoon a nd be come Ci t i zens f or Ei senhower . Mu ch o f t he ba ckgr ound o f t he C it i zens f or Ei senhower movement i s pr ovid ed f or us by a n ar ti c l e by P aul Hof fman ( CFR) i n Col l i er s m agazi ne of O ct ober 26 , 1 956, ent i tl ed " How E i se nhower Saved t he Re publi can P ar t y. " Thi s ar t i c le c an be r ead i n an y m aj or l i br ar y and i s one of t he mo st il l umi nat i ng document s b y or ab out t he I nsi der s ev er ma de p ubl i c . H off man a nd h i s wi f e, Lef t win g D emocr at Anna Rosenber g, ha ve b een k ey f i gur es i n t he capt ur e o f th e G OP by t he L eft . H of fman wa s d escr i bed by U . S. N ews & Wor l d Repor t of De cember 30, 1955, as " an i nf l uent i al, t hough unof fi c i al , Pr esid ent i al advis or , " an d was a k ey ma n i n t he n omi nati on and el ect i on of Ei senhower . Be f or e he b eca me i nvo l ved i n p oli t i cs, Hof f man' s c hi ef cl ai m t o f ame was t hat h e had p il ot ed t he S tu debak er-Packar d C or por at io n o ver t he r api ds of f in anci al col la pse. Hi s qual if i cat i ons f or r est ru ct uri ng t he Republ i can par t y i ncl uded h is car eer a s a " pr ofe ssi onal s pendt hr i ft w i th o t her peopl e' s m oney" t hr ough f or ei gn ai d, a nd hi s advocacy o f t he t hes i s th at A mer i can f or eig n a i d should b e n ot t empor ar y but pe r manent ; h e had a ls o advoca t ed g iv i ng cabi net r ank to t he agency t hat di spens ed th e money . 33 I n D ec ember 1948, mont hs af t er G enera l M ar shal l hi msel f h ad abandoned any su ch i dea, H of f man wa s s ti l l c all i ng f or a co al i ti on g ove r nment wi t h t he C ommuni st s i n Ch i na.3 4 H e ha s s er ved a s a t ru st ee of t he Commit t ee f or E conomi c De vel opment (C ED) , t he maj or pr opaganda a rm o f t he Co unci l on F or ei gn Re l at io ns, a nd o f t he F ord F oundat i on, a ho r n o f pl enty f or Le f t win ger s an d L ef t wi ng pr oj ec t s o n ever y cont i nent ; he w as al so a t r uste e o f t he C FR-s pawned I nsti t ut e o f Paci f ic R ela t i ons, cal l ed b y t he S enat e I nte r nal Secur it y S ubcommi tt ee an " i nstr ument o f Communi st p ol i cy, pr opaganda and m i li t ar y i nt el li gence . " H off man has been a member o f such o newor ld o ut f it s a s t he U N Assoc i at i on of th e Uni t ed S t at es , t he A mer ic an Co mmi t t ee o n Uni t ed Eur ope, a nd Amer ic ans

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Uni t ed f or Wo r l d Gover nment . Now i nvo l ved wi t h th e U ni t ed N at i ons Specia l F und, H off man, a cl ose f r i end o f t he la t e p ubl i shin g magnat e He nr y L uc e, ha s b een r esponsi bl e f or channel i ng mo ney t o C astr o' s Cuba a nd ot her Communi st na t i ons. For mer Ambass ador Sp r ui ll e B r aden o nc e r emar ked: The ki ndest t hi ng I c an say ab out H of f man i s t hat h e i s a d amn f ool . I w ould b e sor r y to t hin k h e kn ew th at t his w hol e b usin ess of f or eig n a i d has be en a fu l f i ll ment of S ovi et p olic y. Bu t i f he d oes n' t know i t h e is a da mn f ool . L eni n a nd St ali n b ot h sai d i t w as t he pur pos e o f So vi et Communi sm to g et th e d ev el oped count r i es to s end f i nanc i al h el p t o t he u nder dev el oped count r i es. 3s Hof f man h as been one o f t he fi nanci er s o f t he N at i onal Commi t te e f or an E f f ect i ve Congr ess , a gr oup wh i ch i s s omewhat t o t he l ef t of t he ADA. 36 Hof f man, a to p I ns i der hi mself , i s ma r r i ed t o A nna R os enber g. I n t he ea r l y 1 950' s Mr s. R os enber g, w ho was l at er to b e t he b r ai ns be hi nd Nel son R ockef el l er ' s p oli t i cal c ar eer , w as w or kin g i n t he D ef ense Depart ment , pi ckin g k ey per sonnel f or t he ent i r e def ens e e st abl i shment . Despit e t he f act t hat t he S enat e c onf i r med h er ap poi nt ment , Mr s. Rosenber g i s ser io usl y su spect . N obody w ant s t o di scus s o r ex pose her f or fe ar o f bei ng cal l ed ant i-S emi ti c, b ut cr i ti c i sm of M r s. Rosenber g' s backgr ound ha s n ot hi ng to d o wi t h he r r el ig i on, onl y wi t h her po l i t i cs. A l l of h er adult l i f e she ha s b een on th e Mar xi st si de o f t he wo r l d r ev ol uti on. B or n i n Hungary , s he w or ked c l os el y f or m any year s wi t h th e r ev ol ut i onar y Mar xi st, S i dney H i ll man. For y ear s sh e wr ot e f or R ed o r gans, l ectu r ed t o Red gr oups, and pr omot ed R ed act i vi t i es. The De cember 8, 19 42 i ssu e o f t he o ff i c i al C ommuni st publ ic at i on, New Masses, conta i ns a n ar t ic l e b y her . The magazi ne i nt r oduced he r a s " New Yo r k Re gi onal Di r ec t or , Wa r M anpower Commis si on, " t he t i t l e whi ch t he f ut ur e Assi st ant S ec r et ar y of De f ense hel d under Pr esi dent R oos evelt a t t hat t im e. T hat i ssu e o f Ne w Mas ses showed a dr awin g o f th e a ut hor i n connect i on wi t h t he a r ti c l e. Pl aci ng t he dr awin g b esid e a phot ogra ph of M r s. Anna Rosenber g s hows t hat it w as not a case of m i st aken id ent it y, a s she cl ai med. Ral ph DeSol a, a fo r mer Co mmuni st , t es t i f ie d u nder o ath t hat he had at t ended meeti ngs o f t he Communis t J ohn R eed Cl ub wi t h Mr s. Rosenber g i n t he mi d-1 930's , a nd t hat she w as a member o f t he Communis t Par t y. Al t hough D eSol a i dent i fi ed h er by si ght a s t he same A nna Rosenber g w hom he knew to b e a C ommuni st , Mr s. Ro senber g s t eadf ast l y mai nta i ned th at it w as a case of m i st aken i dent it y. De Sol a' s t esti mony coul d not b e r ef ut ed, b ut n eit her c oul d it b e c or r obor at ed. I t w as br ought o ut t hat t her e we r e fo r t y A nna R os enber gs i n New York C i ty a t t hat t i me, an d t hat s i x had si gned Co mmuni st p eti t i ons . A noth er An na Rosenber g, wh o h ad s i nce moved t o C al i f orn i a, c la i med t hat sh e h ad b een a member o f t he Jo hn R eed C l ub dur i ng t he '3 0' s, so t hat D eSol a' s t est im ony w as c l ouded. Howeve r , M r s. R ose nber g di d co nt r adic t h er o wn te st i mony. S he t est if i ed, "I r e-r ead t he D i es C ommi t t ee r eport a nd th e A nna R osenber g [ of th e J ohn Reed Cl ub] was a wr i t er. I am n ot a wr i te r . . . . I h ave never wr i t t en a nyt hi ng. " But a l i t t le l ate r , o n November 2 9, 1950, M r s. Rosenber g t ol d t he s ame Senate C ommit t ee, " I h ave a fu l l l i st o f t he or gani zat i ons t o whi ch I have bel onged, an d o f ev er yth i ng I have wr i t te n . . . . " ( Emphas i s ad ded. ) Mr s. Rosenber g t hen submi t t ed a l ong l i s t o f ar t ic l es s he h ad wr i t t en, t hus s howi ng th at s he had

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t est if i ed f al sel y under oat h i n s t ati ng th at s he had " never wr i t te n anyt hi ng. " It i s s i gni f ic ant , t oo, th at sh e f ai le d t o l i st th e a rt i c l e she ha d w r i tt en fo r t he Communi st N ew Masses of D ece nj ber 8 , 1 942. Sh e admi tt ed s he " wr ot e f or New Sc hool fo r S oc i al R es ear ch " a nd " gave cour se s o n co l l ect i ve b ar gai ni ng a t New Sc hool fo r S oc i al R es ear ch , 1940." T he Ne w Sch ool f or S oci al R ese ar ch, a s v ar i ous of f i c ia l i nvest i gat i ons show, i s a ho t bed of M arx i st s of a l l var i et i es. Ge ner al E i senhower was a n ol d f r i end of M rs . R osenber g and knew her f avo r ably l ong bef ore h er pa t r on, G eor ge C . Mar shall , t ook h er i nt o t he D efe nse Depar t ment as a m anpower exper t. 37 The op posi t io n t o her D ef ense Depar tment appoi ntment was v i ol ent l y a nd v ehement l y at t ac ked b y of f ic i al C ommunis t o r gans a nd b y t he mu l t i t ude o f Communis t f ro nt s a nd I nsi der -c ont ro l l ed pu bl i ca t i ons t hr oughout th e c ount r y. By t he v ehemence of t heir d efe nse o f Mr s. Rosenber g, Ho f f man' s wi f e, t he C ommuni st s and I ns i ders s howed t hat s he was of s pecia l i mpor t ance i n t hei r pl ans. I n t he C ol l ie r s ar t i c l e, " How I ke S av ed th e R epubl i can P ar t y, " Hof f man d escr i bed meet i ng S enat or A rt hur Vandenber g of M i chig an to di scus s b l ock i ng t he n omi nat io n o f Taf t in 1 952. V andenberg , w ho want ed t o n omi nat e Ei senhower , expl ai ned t he " quandar y" f aced b y t he Republ i can Pa r t y ( as r ela t ed by H of fman) : Hal f t he R epubl i ca n l eader ship , m any of th em u t te r l y s i ncer e men, coul d not , it s eemed, g ra sp th e o verr i di ng f act t hat we l iv ed i n a v ery danger ous w or l d . . . . Hal f our p art y - t he i sol at io ni st, f or t re ss-Amer ic a h al f - seemed e qual l y un abl e to g r as p t he f act t hat A mer i ca has changed a t ho me to o; t hat l abor u ni ons w er e h er e t o st ay; t hat govern ment ha d a par t ner ' s r ol e t o pl ay i n p r es er vin g f r ee ent er pr i se; t hat or di nary p eopl e n eeded so me i nsu r ance a gai ns t t he d anger s t hat g o wi t h our f r ee s yst em o f economi c a bundance . Ther e was a not her hal f of o ur Republi can par t y to o, a moder n-l i bera l h al f, w hos e w or k and phi l oso phy w as d emonst r ate d i n t he achi ev ement s of su ch g r eat s ta t e g ove r nors a s S her man Adams, Tom Dewey and Ea r l W arr en. Thi s h al f h ad c ome t o g ri ps w i th t he pr obl ems o f t he 20t h Cent ur y and had w ork ed ou t a p ro gr am, b ot h at h ome a nd abr oad, t hat seemed t o b e bet t er t han anyt hi ng t he Democra t s co ul d o ff er . [ Emphasi s a dded. ] 38 Hof f man made sever al t r ip s t o Eur ope t o in duce Ei senhower t o r un. He s ai d i n Co l l i er s: I r etu r ned to P ari s a gain i n November o f 1951. Th at we ek w e spoke severa l t i mes - away f r om~hi s of f i ces at S HAPE wher e h e coul d not le t pol i ti cs e nte r . . . . Ma ny me n, f ar mor e i mpor ta nt , had b een u r gi ng hi m to r un . . . . W hen I r etu r ned to N ew Yor k, I f elt I c oul d conf id ent l y spr ead t he wo r d: " We h ave a ca ndi date . " 39 Hof f man t ook a " fo ur m ont hs' l eave of a bs ence" f r om t he F ord Foundat i on "t o d ev ot e f ul l t im e t o th e c ampai gn." The Ci t i zens f or Ei senhower mo vement, a cco r di ng t o H of f man, was: . . . v i t al ly i mpor t ant bot h i n t he st r ate gy o f t he ca mpai gn and i n E is enhower ' s po l i t i cal e duc at i on. S t ra t egi cal l y it w as th e br ai nc hi l d of C abot L odge [ CFR] , w ho s aw i t a s an i ns t r ument t o br i ng pr essu r e t o bear on t he Ol d Gu ar d r egul ars w ho co nt r ol l ed t he p art y' s machin er y, a l ever t o e xe r c i se t he po wer of m i l li ons of u norg ani ze d a nd i ndependent and Democr at v ote s w her e t his p ower c ould c ount . 4 0

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The ca mpai gn t hen became one t o c onvi nce Democr at s a nd i ndependent s t hat t he R epubl ic ans c oul d ou t -L i bera l t he Democr at s. The fi r s t m an w ho publ i cl y a tt empt ed t o in duce Ei senhower t o r un f or Pr esi dent w as L eonar d F i nder , on e o f th e f ounder s of t he L ef t wi ng Ant i -D ef amat i on Le ague ( ADL) , l at er h eaded b y Dor e S ch ar y of t he Uni t ed Wor l d Feder al i s t s. F i nder , w ho b ecame a "R epubl ic an" onl y i n 1952, h ad want ed I ke to r un as a De mocra t i n 19 48. I n a n ar t i c le f or Co l l i ers o f November 3 , 1951, t i t l ed " Why I ke Wil l R un, " F i nder co nf i r med t he f act t hat he i ni ti at ed t he " Ik e f or P r esid ent " movement , an d t he Genera l wr ot e hi m a l et t er d at ed Januar y 2 2, 1948, w hen he d ec i ded no t t o r i sk a t r y f or t he P r es i dency t hat year . I n t he C ol l ie r s ar t i c l e Fi nder named as E i se nhower s uppor t ers s uch ul t r a-L ef t is t s a s Paul Dougl as, Wayne Mor se, David D ubi ns ky, Adol ph Ber l e, J ames Roose vel t , Cl aude " Red" Pepper, C hes t er B owl es, Hel en Gahagan D ougl as, Jake A rv ey, and A dla i S te venson. F i nde r s ai d t hat, i n 1948, " most Democr at s w er e e la t ed w it h t he n ews t hat he h ad not ac t ed wi t h def i ni te a dve r seness . B ut s ometh i ng happened w i th i n t hos e f ew weeks t o a l te r h is a t t i tu de an d make hi m hol d a damant agai nst t he nomi nat i on. " Fi nder w ent on t o st ate , " On e ver y appro pr i at e occas i on, Ge ner al Ei senhower ha s r ei t er at ed t hat h e h as n o par t y af f i l ia t i ons." B eca use I ke "b el i eves i n t he t wo-p ar t y syst em," F in der h in t ed t hat t he G ener al woul d deci de t o ru n a s a Republ i can i n 1 952. A l th ough he d i d not r ul e Ei senhower o ut as th e D emoc r at ic c andid at e i n 1 952, F i nder s aid t hat t he pu bl i c wa s f eel i ng th e D emocr at s had been i n of f ic e t oo l ong. But , sai d Fi nder , " Do t hese co nsi der at i ons m ean t hat t he De mocr ati c nomi nat i on is r ule d o ut absolu t el y? Not at a l l . At l east o ne si t uati on exi sts , i n my o pin i on, th at wo ul d mak e G ener al Ei senhower a cc ept t he Democr at b i d . . . . T hat c ondi t i on woul d be t he Republ i can nomi nat i on of S enat or Ta f t . . . . " I n 1948, Ik e h ad t ol d Fi nder , " I f t he Republ i cans wer e t o n omin at e a r eacti onary , y ou know what m y answer woul d have to b e." Fi nder s ai d of I ke ' s l i ber al pol i t i cs t hat , w hi le t hey " mi ght n ot make as m uch speed a s w oul d sa t i sf y i mpati ent e xt r eme l i ber al s o r r adi ca l s, i t would m ean pr ogre ss f orw ar d at a n ap pr eci abl e ra t e. " Even i f t he ADL f or w hic h Mr . Fi nder s poke wer e not a n ext re me L eft or gani zat i on, o ne coul d har dly f ai l t o c at ch t he f ul l i mpl i ca t i on of t hat s t at ement . Ei senhower w oul d f oll ow th e s ame cours e a s th e e xt r eme " l i ber al s o r r adic al s, " t hough l ess r api dl y. F i nder st at ed: The el ect i on of Ge ner al Ei senhower on t he Republi can t i cket woul d st r engt hen democr ac y o n al l s id es. At p r ese nt , t he Democr at i c pa r t y c l ai ms t o b e t he o nl y h av en f or Ameri cans who be l i eve mor e i n g r owi ng wi t h t he f ut ur e t han i n re t ai ni ng t he st at us qu o. Th e R epubl i can p ar t y i s un der t he i nfl uence of i t s mo st c ons er vat i ve member s. W i t h Genera l E i senhower l eadin g t he Republ i cans, t hat par t y t oo wo ul d b ec ome l i ber ali zed. 41 A more b l at ant c al l f or t he ta keover of th e R epubl i can p ar t y by non-R epubl i cans of t he L ef t woul d be d i ff i cult t o i magi ne. The fa ct t hat i t was t he ext re me L eft w i ng o f t he D emocr at i c par t y t hat wa nt ed Ei senhower t o r un f or th e P r esi dency a s a Democr at i n 1948 shoul d have gi ven Re publi cans a cl ue t o I ke' s t ru e b el ie f s. Among t hose support i ng an E i senhower c andid acy wer e A dl ai St evenson, E le anor Roosev el t , an d Wal t er R eut her of t he ADA. I n h ear i ngs hel d on J anuar y 7, 1 950 b ef or e t he S el ect C ommi t t ee on L obbyi ng Act i vi t i es, t he f ol l owi ng t es t i mony w as gi ven:

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Chai rman: D id t he nat i onal o r gani zat io n [ ADA] a ctu al l y t ake a posi ti on f or Ei senhower f or Pr esi dent ? Mr . Lo eb: F or E i se nhower or Ju st i ce [ Wi l li am 0 . ] Dougl as . . . . The po si t i on t aken a t t he B oar d meeti ng in P i t t sb ur gh i n A pri l 1 948, was fo r E i senhower o r D ougl as. 42 I n h is b ook, Cr usa de i n Eur ope, I ke r eveal ed t hat H arr y T r uman had of f er ed t o s uppor t hi m f or t he pr esi dency i n 1948. E i senhower' s chi ef ghost wr i t er f or C ru sade i n E uro pe wa s J oseph F el s B ar nes, wh o h ad wr i t te n O ne Wor l d f or W il l k i e. B ar nes , a CFR member , h ad shor t ly b efo r e t hi s t i me t ra vel ed t o R us si a wi t h t he G ener al ' s br ot her M i l to n. Ba r nes, a r ela t i ve of t he Rot hsch i l d banki ng cl an, h as be en in dependent l y i denti f i ed as a Co mmuni st a gent i n sw or n t est i mony, on t hei r per so nal knowle dge, by W hit t aker - Chambers , L ouis B udenz, G ener al Al exander Bar min e, D r . Car l Wi t t f ogel , and H ede M ass i ng. 43 J ohn G unt her , af t er v i s i ti ng E i se nhower ' s h eadquar t er s in P ari s, c onf i r med B ar nes ' r ol e i n t he wr i t i ng of C ru sade in E uro pe. 4 4 Anot her b ehin d-t he-s cenes i nt ern at i onal b ank er-k i ngmaker who wo r ked bo t h si des o f t he pol i t i ca l s tr eet w as t he l at e Be r nard Bar uch , w ho di scus sed h is r ela t i onshi p w it h E i senhower i n h is aut obi ogr aphy : The co unt r y was fo r t unate i n t he c hoi ce it w as of f er ed i n 1 952. Adl ai St evens on ce r t ai nly is o ne of t he out st andi ng men i n p ubli c l if e t oday. D ur i ng t he campaig n, bo t h h e and. Gener al Ei senhower wer e k i nd enough t o a sk m y v i ews. I t old t hem bot h t hat i n my op i ni on t he co nt r ol of i nf l at i on, t he st r engt henin g o f ou r d ef enses, and t he s ecu r i ng of peace wer e t he m ajo r g oals . Genera l E i senhower a nd I became c l ose f r ie nds a ft er th e w ar . I saw hi m f r equent ly a t C ol umbia U ni ver si t y, a s I had wh en h e was Ch i ef of S ta f f , a nd d eve l oped a w arm a f f ect i on and r egar d fo r h i m. One questi on w hic h i nt er est ed u s bot h, and w hic h w e of t en di scus sed, wa s t he re l at i ons hi p bet ween t he i ndi v i dual an d h i s govern ment - how t o st r i ke a b ala nce bet ween l ai ss ez-f ai r e and p at er nal i sm. Th e d is cussi ons bet ween u s on t his s ubj ec t , wh i l e E is enhower w as pr esi dent of C olu mbi a, l ed h i m t o i ni t i at e a st udy of t he pr obl em a t t he U niv er sit y. O ut of such conver sa t i ons I g ain ed, an a ppre ci ati on o f hi s ab i l i t y, and of h i s qui ck and o pen min d. I m yse l f c onc l uded t hat ; apart f r om t he ad vant ages w hi ch m i ght accr ue f r om a c hange a f te r s o l ong a D emocr at i c t enur e, G ener al Ei senhower co ul d best p ro vi de t he l eader sh i p w hic h t he a t t ain ment of t hese goal s r equir ed. I al so f el t t hat h e coul d br i ng uni t y t o t he countr y. 45 Anot her b acke r o f Ei senhower f or t he Democ r at i c candid acy i n 1948 was Si dney H i l l man, w i t h t he CI O. H il l man had b een a n act i ve r evolu t i onary i n t he R uss i an Revol uti on an d w as a l i fe l ong pr omote r o f Communi st c auses i n A meri ca. I n t he At l ant a J ourn al of S ept ember 17, 1951, l abor col umni st V ic t or Ri esel gave det ai l s of Ei senhower ' s r el at i ons w i t h Hi l lm an. R ie sel was p r es ent at t he CI O co nvent io n w hen t he le f t wi ng uni on b ooste d I ke . H e sa i d: The fi r s t E is enhower f or Pr esi dent bo om was s ounded by u ni on chi efs . U nt il n ow t hat st or y has n eve r f ul l y b een t old . I t be gan back i n 1 945, w hen t he ma n w ho dr ove i nt o Ge r many a s a conquer i ng he r o ca bl ed Si dney Hi l l man t o f l y i nto t he bombed

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out Re i ch . . . . Soon Ei senhower wa s i nvit ed to s peak at th e A t l ant i c Ci t y C IO convent i on in ' 46 - a g re at c oup f or t he C IO , f or E i senhower was o n t he pat hs of g l or y a nd a much s ought a f te r m an. I n d es cr i bi ng e vent s a t t he co nvent io n R ie sel s ay s: That ni ght tw o men w er e cal l ed i n b y ai des o f M r. H i ll man. I know. I w as one of t hose [ newsmen w ho w ere t ol d] . . . t hat t he CI O th ought i t w oul d b e a g r eat t hi ng f or t he n at i on i f Ei senhower we r e no mi nat ed i n ' 48 . . . . The re ason Ik e c hose n ot t o ru n a s a Democ r at i n 1948 coul d have been t he a dve r se publ i cit y s te mmi ng f r om t he f act t hat , w hi le p r es i dent of C ol umbi a Uni ver sit y, he h ad gr ant ed t he Co mmuni st g ove r nment o f Pol and a C hai r o f Pol i sh st udi es a t t he sc hool . Dr . Ar t hur P. , C ol eman, assi st ant p ro f esso r o f Po l i sh at C olu mbi a, w ho sa w h ow P ol es wer e bei ng s l aught er ed by t he C ommuni st gover nment , l ost t he f i ght t o ke ep Ei senhower f ro m acc ept i ng t he Red C hai r . Th e C hair w as subsi di zed by a $25, 000-a-y ear gr ant fr om th e P ol is h C ommuni st gover nment . 46 As 1 952 a ppro ached, t he I ns i der s w ho had been g ro omi ng I ke swi t ch ed h i m f r om pot enti al De mocr ati c c andi dacy t o Re publ i ca n ca ndi dacy, e ve n t hough h e share d n one of th e t r adi t i onal G OP phi l os ophy. Ei senhower wa s n o champio n o f f r ee en t er pr i se, an d s howed t hat h e had li t t l e if a ny knowl edge of t he wo r k i ngs o f fr ee ec onomy when he gave hi s a nswer to t he in f l ati on p r obl em t o a g rou p i n 1947: " I nf la t i on coul d easi l y be li cked an y t im e b y th e s im pl e a ct i on on t he par t of t he i ndust r i al i st s a nd o t her busin ess l eader s of t he nat io n. T hey m ere l y deci de, b y jo i nt vol unt ar y a gr eement, t o f or ego al l pr of i t s f or a year - or tw o i f ne cessa r y. " 4 ' I n h i s ar t ic l e o n t he CF R, " Sch ool f or St at es men, " Joseph K r af t quote d a R epubl ic an member of t he C ounci l a s sayi ng: " What ever Genera l E i senhower k nows about economi cs h e l earn ed a t t he st udy g ro up me et i ngs. " A not her pa r t i ci pant at t he s ame gr oup r ecal l s t hat : "E i senhower ca me wi t h a va gue pr edil ect i on i n fa vor o f bui ld i ng u p Eur ope. W hen h e l ef t , Eu r opean a i d was a r ul i ng convi ct i on." 4g It w as th e G ener al ' s i nt er nat i onal i sm t hat endear ed h i m t o th e I nsid er s. Thomas Dewey , w r i ti ng in L ook magazi ne o f Sept ember 1 1, 1 951, s t ate d: "I a m an i nt er nat i onal i st. T hat 's w hy I a m f or Ei senhower . Ei senhower i s a R epubl i can a t h ear t - but mor e i mport ant t han t hat , h e i s a n i nt er nat i onal i st . 1149 Not on l y d i d Ei senhower t ur n out t o be a Republ ic an in 1 952, but hi s campai gn manager, H enr y Cabot L odge ( CFR) , w ent al ong w i t h t he st or y and c la i med t hat Ik e h ad b een a l i fe-l ong Republ ic an. s° T he Ne w Yor k Ti mes of M ay 1, 1 951, h ad w r i t te n: One of t he we aknes ses o f t he Ei senhower dr i ve i s t hat t he Genera l h as never decl ar ed wh et her he w as a R epubl i ca n o r Democr at . A not her i s t hat n o one c an say, wi t h ce r t ain t y, t hat h e woul d accept t he nomi nati on. He i s be i ng r epr esent ed, however , as d ef i ni t ely o pposed t o t he nomi nati on by t he Re publi cans of a n " i sola t i oni st " c andi dat e l ik e S enat or Ro ber t A. T aft o f Ohi o . . . . Robert S her wood in h i s bo ok, Roosevel t a nd H opkin s, sa i d t hat Ei senhower to l d hi m per so nal ly i n L ondon, i n Marc h 1 944, " t hat h is f ami ly h ad al ways been Ka nsas Republi cans, b ut he h i msel f h ad n eve r

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vot ed i n h i s l if e. " 51 H ar ry T r uman, w it h w hom Ei senhower h ad be en in ver y c l ose co nt act , t hought ri ght u p t o th e f al l of 19 51 t hat Ei senhower wo ul d unquesti onabl y a ccept t he D emocr at no mi nat io n. 52 I t was Wendel l Wi l l ki e a l l over agai n. I n a f eat ur e st ory i n t he N ew Yor k T i mes o n Ap r i l 15, 1 952, War r en M oscow, t hat p aper ' s Ne w Yor k pol it i cal re por te r , w r ot e: Ther e i s s ome d egr ee o f s i mi la r i t y be t ween t he Wi l l k ie d r i ve and t he mo vement t o no mi nat e Gener al o f t he Ar my D wig ht D. E i senhower. T he same f i nancia l a nd p ubl is hi ng i nte r est s or t hei r c ount er par t s a re behi nd t he Ei senhower m ov ement . . . . I f t hey no mi nat e G ener al Ei senhower , i t w il l b e be cause t he co nt r ol l i ng mi nor it y i n th e convent i on be l i eve s i t ne eds hi m t o wi n, and b eca use t he E i se nhower f or ces w i l l have whi pped u p, back ho me, sent i ment a ppr oachin g t he hyst er i a o f t he Wi l l k i e dr i ve. [ Emphasi s added. ] The ne wsl et te r H uman E vent s no t ed o n Jul y 9, 1 952: " For m onth s t he bi g money f r om New Yo r k ha s b een f l owi ng i nto t he Ei senhower movement ' s co f f ers . . . . P re si dent s of e ver y bi g bank i n New Yor k save one a r e behin d t he Genera l . " T he t r easur er of t he C i t i ze ns fo r Ei senhower mo vement w as t he ub i qui t ous S id ney Wei nberg , a n i nt ern at i onal b ank er w i th G old man, Sa chs, and a n i nt im at e o f FDR, who had di scovere d d ur i ng t he Wi l lk i e c ampai gn t hat he c oul d s uppor t Republ i cans as w el l a s De mocra t s. Wr i t in g i n th e A pr i l 9 , 1952 Human Ev ent s, s chola r F ra nk C hodor ov asked: Why is B i g Bu si nes s b acki ng Ge ner al Ei senhower fo r t he P r esid ency . . . ? T hi ngs b ei ng a s, t hey ar e i n t hi s c ount r y B ig B usi ness lo oks t o Washin gt on fo r i ts l i v i ng; i f t he n ex t h ead o f th e Was hi ngt on est abl i shment i s a s pender o f pr oport i ons, B i g Bu si nes s m ay hope t o l i ve at t he cockta i l s t andar d t o w hic h i t has b een a cc ust omed b y t he New-Fai r Deal . Ge ner al E i senhower i s r eport ed t o have st r ong l eanin gs t oward t he bi g s pender ro l e. The ot her s er i ous cont ender fo r t he Republ i can no mi nat i on, Senato r T af t, i s of d oubt f ul val ue to B i g Busi nes s . . . h e has sh own a di st as t e f or t he pol i cy cal l ed i nt ern at i onal i sm, whi ch i s a e uphemis m f or pr of l i gac y, an d h e se ems t o b e te mpera ment all y u nf i t f or t he j ob o f wast in g o t her p eopl e' s mo ney. I t i s expect ed t hat M r . Taf t , i f e le ct ed, woul d be i ncl i ned t o p ull t he nat i onal p ur se s t ri ngs t i ght . . . . Put t in g t he i ndi vi dual i st i c Mr . T af t as i de, B i g Busi ness c oul d pl ace i t s b et s o n any o f t he pr esent ent ri es i n t he ra ce a nd be su r e t o come up w i t h a w in ner ; th at is , w i t h a P re si dent who woul d assure t hem of a st eady i nt ake o f t he t axp ayer s' dol la r s, v ia cont ra ct s, in t er es t p ayment s, l oans, et c. The pr e-c onvent i on ca mpaig n f eatu r ed r ough, t ough i n- f i ghti ng. H uman Ev ent s of M arc h 2 6, 1952, r emar ke d: The Wal l S t re et su ppor t er s o f Gener al E i se nhower wer e j ubi l ant [ about T af t 's w i th dr awal f r om New J er sey]. S uch moneymen a s Geor ge Whi t ney [ CFRI , C la r ence Di l l on [ CFRI, H aro l d T alb ot t , John Ha y Whi t ney [ CFR] , a nd Wi nt hr op A l dr i ch [ CFR] [a l l Bi g B anke r s] , who a re suppor t i ng Ei senhower a nd m ast er mi ndi ng hi s c ampai gn, oper ate a s busi ness m en do in r ut hle ss co mpet i ti on, f or get ti ng th at t he pr i mar y i s a p r el ude t o a G ener al El ect io n a nd t hat not hi ng shoul d b e do ne in t he pr i mar i es w hi ch wi l l h ave t he ef f ect of a cumul at i ve Spi t e vot e in t he Genera l E l ect i on.

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Human Event s, w hic h n ow no l onger m ent i ons t he wo r ds " i nt er nat i onal b anker s, " comment ed st r ongl y o n Ja nuary 2 3, 1952, on t hei r i nv ol vement i n denyi ng T aft t he no mi nat i on: Specif i cal l y, w e can r epor t th at p r essur e i s no w b ei ng a ppl i ed ( by th ese b anki ng i nt er es t s) on b usin essmen w ho f avor Taf t bu t h av e t he mi sf or t une to o we money t o t hese E ast er n banker s. W e have, on i nvest i gat i on, s pot t ed se ver al c ases i n wh i ch b us i ness men ( le aders i n t hei r t r ans-A ppala chi an communi t i es) h ave r eceiv ed co mmuni ca t i ons f r om t hei r New Yor k c re di t or s, u r gi ng t hem t o j oi n p ro-E i senhower co mmi tt ees and to r ai se or co nt r i but e f unds t her et o. These debt or s h appen t o f avor Taf t and/ or MacArt hur a nd a r e not h appy ab out t he c ommuni cati on. For , t hey want n o t r oubl e w i th t he gent l emen wh o h ol d t he not es. At t hi s moment , w e ca nnot as y et ascer t ai n ju st wh et her or n ot t he de bt ors w i l l sur r ender t hei r po l i t i cal i ndependenc e. Fi r st of a l l, i t i s b ei ng e l oquent l y ar gued t hat, o n t he p l ane o f pr in ci ple , T af t can be u r ged t o make a n i ssue o f t hi s. Ba nker s and f i nanc i al i nt er est s w hi ch p l ay b al l wi t h and p r of i t fr om t he Fai r Deal ( i n co nt r ast t o th ose w ho e ngage i n " st r ai ght " ba nki ng) a r e j ust as much a menace t o t he w eal o f t he c ount r y as S ocia l i sts , C ommuni sts a nd cor r upt i on pr act it i oner s. T hes e e l ement s of h i gh f i nance p l ay ed a r ol e, and a bi g o ne, i n get t i ng u s i nt o b ot h Wor l d War s. What th ey ar e u p to n ow shoul d be di scussed i n t he p ubl i c fo r um. Nat ura l l y E is enhower h ad al l t he I nsi der news m edi a go i ng f or hi m, i nc l udin g s ome n ewsp apers , s uch as th e N ew Yor k Post , ow ned by Dor oth y S chif f , gr anddaught er of J aco b S ch i f f , th e f in anci er of th e Russia n R evol ut i on, a nd t he Washi ngto n P os t , o wned b y t he l at e f i nanc i er P hi l l i p Gr aham ( CFR) . T he t wo Po st s s uppor t a Republ i can ever y t hi r d bl ue moon. Ev en Jo hn C owl es ' ( CFR) Mi nneapol i s St ar suppor t ed I ke ; a nd i n i ts M arc h 1 9, 1952, i ssue, i t re veal ed t hat Mi nnes ot a' s l ef t wi ng D emocr ati c f ar mer -l abor vot er s wer e support i ng Ei senhower to o. Hi st or i an G eor ge M or gens t er n co mment ed i n t he Oc t ober 8, 1 952, H uman E ve nt s: Yet , s i ght un seen, a nd ev en in a dvanc e o f any p er sonal p r of es si on of p ar t y a t ta chment , t he Gener al ' s ca ndi dacy w as espoused b y an unl i ke l y s et of Ne w Deal newsp aper s and sy ndi cate d c ol umni sts , a l l decl ar i ng t he s udden c onv i ct io n t hat t he nat i on's w ell-b ei ng demanded t hat t he t wo-p ar t y syst em be pr eser ved t hro ugh a change o f admi ni st r at io ns. Al t hough E i se nhower h ad t he su ppor t of t he I ns i der s ' mass m edi a, he d id n ot ha ve th e s uppor t of a nt i -C ommuni st Gener al Dougl as MacArt hur . Co l umni st G eor ge So kol sky wr ote : " He [ MacAr t hur ] suppor t s Taf t ; he o pposes Ei senhower ; . . . th e i nt er nat io nal banker s can exer ci se n o i nf l uence o n Gener al M ac Ar t hur . " 5 3 St andi ng i n t he wa y o f th e I ns i der s' at t empt s t o ste al aw ay w i th t he Re publ i ca n p ar t y w as Rober t A . Ta f t . Hi st or ia n G eor ge Mor genst er n descri bes t hi s m an o f i mpeccabl e p r in ci ple a s f ol l ows: Thr ee t i mes Mr . Ta f t p i ck ed hi s p ar ty o f f t he f lo or fo l l owi ng def eat a nd pu t i t t oget her a gai n. M or al l y and i nt el l ec t uall y h e wa s i ts unchal l enged l eader , a nd i n hi msel f per soni f i ed t he va l ues whi ch t he p ar t y wa s s upposed t o r epre sent. M i ss Dor oth y T hompson was never mor e co gent t han wh en, i n e xpre ssi ng t he ou t l ook o f T af t ' s

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f ol l ower s, sh e q uot ed a car pent er w ho u r ged her to s uppor t T af t , a nd descri bed i n hi s t er ms wh at th ose v al ues wer e: " We ar e t he people w ho pa y o ur t axes even when we h ate w hat t he govern ment do es wi t h t hem; w ho r egard i t as a d is gr ace t o e xp ect our f el l ow c i t i ze ns to s uppor t u s; w ho be l i eve w e s houl d g et w hat we e ar n but ea r n w hat w e get ; w hose so ns a r e t he f i r st to v olu nt eer i n Amer ic a' s w ar s a nd w ho ex pect i f w e get in t hem t o w in t hem; and who know, dar n we l l no body is e ver g oi ng t o pr ot ect Amer ic a b ut Amer ic ans. We a re t he Va ni shi ng A mer i cans , p ushed ar ound by bi g b usin ess, bi g l abor, b i g go ver nment a nd b i g mi l i t ar y. An d i f we l ose t hi s el ecti on w e ar e fi ni shed. E i se nhower won't w i n it f or us e ven i f he w i ns. H e'l l w i n i t f or a not her b ra nch o f t he same p eopl e who a r e r unni ng t he count r y now. " 54 I n T af t ' s b ook, A For ei gn P oli cy f or Ameri ca, h e expre ssed th i s s i mple p r emis e, wh i ch made h im a nat hema to t he In si der s: " The u l ti mat e pur pos e o f ou r f or ei gn po l i cy must be t o pr ot ect t he l i ber t y of th e people o f t he U nit ed S t at es. " Thi s at t i t ude h ad l ed peopl e l i ke Ar t hur Hays Sul zberg er , publ i sher o f t he N ew Y ork T i mes, t o say h e was suppor t i ng Ei senhower a nd o pposi ng Ta f t fo r t he Pr esid ent i al nomin at i on " because i t i s s o f r i ghte ni ng at [ sic ] t he t hought o f Mr . T af t . " As t he t i me f or th e R epubl i can c onv ent io n a ppro ached, T af t appare nt l y ha d e nough d el egate s t o wi n t he n omi nat i on on t he f i r st bal l ot , w hi le E i se nhower was at l east 1 50 del egat es sh or t . Th e I ns i der s wer e desper at e a nd n eeded a gi mmi ck t o c apt ur e a f ew cr uci al del egat es f r om Taf t . Th e o ppor t uni t y pr esent ed it sel f in T exa s. T hey d evi sed a scheme wher eby t hey w ould i gnor e t he l egal l y e l ec t ed Taf t d el egate s. The pl oy w as t o ho l d r ump meet i ngs to w hic h t hey would i nv i te D emocr at s who ha d n o in t enti on o f vot i ng f or an y R epubl i can i n t he N ove mber el ect io n, a nd have t hi s il l egal b ody " el ect " E i senhower d el egat es, who woul d t hen tr y t o unseat t he Taf t d el egate s a t th e c onvent i on. The Ei senhower m anager s r an ad ver t i se ments i n T ex as ne wspaper s, and ma i l ed ou t v as t q uant i t i es o f p os t card s a ddre ssed t o " Occupant , " whi ch i nvi t ed D emocr at s t o c ome t o Re publi can p ar t y me et i ngs and " vot e" f or Ei senhower . Th ese a ds s t at ed, " You a re n ot pl edged t o s uppor t t he nomi nee o f th e R epubl i can p art y n or does i t p r ohi bi t you f r om v oti ng i n t he Ju l y D emocr ati c p r i mar y no r does i t p r ohi bi t you f ro m v ot i ng f or whomev er y ou pl eas e i n th e N ov ember el ecti on. " 55 Such a p r oce dur e was c l earl y c ontr ar y t o T exas l aw. W hen Taf t and h i s suppor t er s pr ot es t ed t hi s i l l egal act io n, o ne of th e I nsid er s' hat chet m en came up w i th a br ai ns t or m - accus e T af t of st eal i ng del egat es! Of c our se t he I nsi der s wer e t r y i ng t o s te al t he Republ i can Par t y, b ut th at fa ct w as l ost i n a del uge o f p ro paganda f r om a nti-T af t newspaper s wh o a ccus ed Ta f t o f t he " bi g st eal . " Maske d b andi t s wi t h g uns p ara ded t he s t r eet s of C hic ago car r yi ng p l ac ar ds r eadi ng " Taf t S t eal s V ot es. " He nr y Cabot Lo dge ( CFR) , Sher man A dams ( CFR) , a nd t he ot her Ei senhower m anagers w er e scr eami ng " Di shonest y" and " Fr aud!" t o t he medi a, wh i ch t re at ed t he c har ges as i f t hey wer e t ru e. Li ke 1 940, i t was g r eat s how b i z. When t he i l le gal ly e l ecte d E is enhower d ele gat es ar r i ve d a t th e Republ i can na t i onal c onve nt i on i n C hi cago, t he jo b w as t o g et t hem of f i ci al l y se at ed i n p l ac e o f t he T af t d el egat es, i n or der to t ake a way Taf t 's n ar r ow marg i n o f v i c t or y. By h i gh-p r essu r e p r opaganda a nd hypocr i t i cal bl eat i ng a bout th e mor al i ssu e, t he I nsid er s b ro ught about a c hange i n t he ru l es f or s eat i ng d el egate s u nder w hic h e very p r ev i ous convent i on ha d f unct i oned. A lt hough t hi s r ul es ch ange was c ont r ary t o common sense a s w el l a s t o e ver y p ri nc i pl e of pa r l i ament ar y pr ocedur e, i t w as c al l ed t he " Fai r Pl ay Amendment . " 56

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Once t he r ule s w er e c hanged, t he s eco nd ba t t l e at t he ' 52 convent i on wa s o ve r t he seat in g o f th e c ont est ed del egat es. By pr omis i ng E ar l W ar r en t he f i rs t a ppoi nt ment t o t he S upr eme C our t a nd Ri char d N i xo n t he V i ce Pr esid ency, t he I ns i der s p ers uaded t he Ca l if or nia d el egat i on wi t hout h ear i ng a ny o f t he evi dence - t o vo t e t o expel t he r egul ar Geor gia , L oui s i ana, a nd Texas del egat i ons and se at t he Ei senhower del egat es. When t he c onv ent io n o pened, th e T af t headquar t ers h ad si gned pl edges f r om 604 del egate s, th e nar r ow maj ori t y he n eeded o ut of 1 203. Ei senhower ha d o nl y 4 00 pl us. But b ehi nd t he s cenes, wheel i ng a nd deal in g b y In si der s w hi tt l ed away a t Taf t' s m aj or i t y and c ost h i m t he mar gin o f v ic t or y. T he Ta f t he adquart er s r ecei ved r epor t s o f del egat es who we r e b odi l y put o n t he t r ai n fo r h ome, l eav i ng t hei r al t er nat es t o vot e f or I ke. D ele gat es wer e t hr eat ened wi t h l oss o f t hei r jo bs an d cal l in g o f th ei r bank l oans un l ess th ei r vot e w as f or Ei senhower . Money f l owed i n g re at qu ant i t ie s e ve r ywhere . T he C hi cago T ri bune on J ul y 1 I summed u p t he c onv ent i on l i ke t hi s : Whi l e yel l i ng, " St eal ! " , t hey st ol e. Whi le p i ousl y c ondemni ng evi l , t hey en t er ed t he ba gni o wi t h it . W it h h ol y ai r s, t hey pr ej udged t he is sues, and wi t h p i et y - and a l ot of p atr onage t hey cr i ed cor r upt i on wh i l e c or r upti ng t hei r o wn s mal l souls . I t wa s a s i ckenin g specta cl e. On Monday t he c r y was " Fai r pl ay. " On W ednesday al l pr et ense of f ai r ness w as f or sa ken. On M onday t he ol d r ul es of 1 948 w er e bad. On Wednes day t he b ad ol d r ul es an d p r ece dents o f 1 948 w ere c i t ed by th e same peopl e, and now t hey w ere g ood. The r ul e o f seati ng D ele gat es i n 1948, was l ament abl e o n Monday . O n Wednesd ay t he pr ece dent of -1 948 was i nvoke d t o se at De l egat es , s o l ong as t hey w er e f or Ei senhower . Wi t hout h eari ng an y o f th e e vi denc e t he convent i on ov er r ul ed t he cr edent i al s commit t ee, ov er r ul ed t he Republ i can Nat i onal C ommi t t ee, t hr ew out t he T aft d el egat i ons f r om Geor gi a, T exa s, an d L ouis i ana, -a nd seat ed E i senhower del egat es. I ke w on on th e f i r st b all ot . The bi g q uest i on i n C hi cago w as no t a Sout hern d ele gat i on " st eal . " I t was th e q uest i on of w heth er or n ot th e G OP woul d become d e f act o an a r m of a per manent De mocr ati c A dmi ni st ra t i on. E i senhower f or ces h ad ma de gr eat c api t al out o f t he i mage sl ogan, " Taf t Can't Wi n. " I n r etr osp ect i t i s qu i t e c l ear Ta f t in deed co ul d have w on i n 1952, as h e pr obabl y w oul d h av e d one i n 19 48. T he i ssu es a nd t he t i me wer e not m ere l y ri pe f or a R epubl i can v i ct or y, bu t o ve r r i pe. Even Li bera l c omment ato r s l i ke L ubel l a ckn owl edged t hat T af t c ould h ave har ves t ed a v i c t or y o ver St eve nson as E i se nhower di d, al t hough n o doubt by a smal l er mar gi n. T her e w as , n ever t hele ss, a gr ai n of t r ut h i n t he ar gument : T af t w as s i mply a le ss m erc handi sabl e i t em t han t he r etu r ni ng war he r o, I ke . T he " Can't W i n" s l ogan w as, i n pa r t , a r ef l ec t i on of t he new ag e o f im age pol i t i cs , w hi ch t he I nsid er s u se s o mast er fu l l y. The s l ogan i t self w as an e xampl e of i mage p oli t i cs an d w as a n e xe r c i se i n sel f -f ul f il l i ng pr ophec y, a va r i ati on o n t he th eme t hat h as b een develo ped b y Li ber al Republ i cans f or us e a gain st Co nser vat i ves i n e ver y i nt r a-p ar t y combat si nce 1 940. I n a memor andum wr i t t en by T af t i n la t e 19 52, c ir cul at ed pr i vat el y a mong hi s c l ose f r ie nds, an d p ubl i shed i n th e D ecember 2, 1959 Human Ev ent s, g i v i ng r eas ons w hy h e l ost t he n omi nat i on, T aft sai d:

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Fi r st, i t w as t he power of t he N ew Yo r k fi nanci al i nte r est s and a l ar ge number of bu si nessmen su bj ect t o N ew Y or k i nf l uence, wh o s el ect ed Genera l E i senhower a s t hei r ca ndi date a t l east a year ago. Th er e was a st r ong a nd su bst ant ia l m in or i t y of T af t s uppor t ers a mong busin ess l eader s, b ut t hey wer e a mi nor i t y, pa r t i cu l ar l y i n t he E ast . Second, f our -f i f t hs o f t he i nfl uent i al n ewspaper s i n th e c ount r y we r e o pposed t o me cont i nuously a nd vo ci f er ousl y and ma ny t urn ed th emsel ve s i nt o pr opaganda s heet s f or m y o pponent . Thus di d t he I nsid er s d eal a possi bly m ort al b l ow t o t he t wo-par t y syst em i n th e U ni te d S ta t es, wh i l e denyi ng t he Pr esid ency to o ne of t he gr eat m en of A mer i can hi st ory a nd gu ar ant eei ng t o t hemsel ves h undr eds of b i ll i ons of f utu r e t axp ayers ' d ol la r s.

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Little Man In A Big Hurry The Ni xon s to r y be gi ns al most as i f i t h ad b een wr i t te n b y Hor ati o A l ger . R ear ed i n a h ar d-w or kin g Q uake r f ami l y, Ri chard M i l hous Ni xon was e ar l y in spi r ed by hi s f at her ' s commi t ment to o ver comin g economi c h ard shi p t hr ough d i li gent ef f or t. A s t he f ormer V i ce P r es i dent has sa i d, " My d ad was a n i ndiv i dual - he' d go t o hi s gr ave b ef or e he t ook gover nment he l p. T hi s a tt i t ude of h is g ave us p ri de. " An d n o doubt i t d id . T he school boy N ix on wo r ked i n t he f ami ly ' s sm al l g ro cer y st or e i n Whi t t i er unt i l ni ne or t en o' cl ock a t ni ght , and af t er ' it c l os ed f or th e n i ght w oul d s t udy u nti l t wo or t hr ee i n t he mo r ni ng. I n N ix on' s ju ni or year at W hit t i er Hi gh Sc hool , i n k eepi ng wi t h hi s Qu aker ph i l oso phy o f i ndi vi dual re spons i bi l i ty a nd per sonal di gnit y, y oung N ix on' s fa t her gave hi m c ompl et e char ge o f t he v eget abl e counte r i n th e f ami l y g ro cer y st or e. Di ck di d t he b uyi ng, d ri vi ng t o t he Lo s A ngel es pu bl i c ma r ket bef or e sunri se t o haggle w i t h t he lo cal pr oduce g r ower s a nd h urr yi ng ba ck to a r r ange h is d i spla ys be f or e he l ef t f or s chool . Al l t he pr ofi t h e co ul d make w as h i s, a nd al l t hat h e coul d save we nt in t o a co l l ege b ank account . I t was su per b tr ai nin g f or a b oy. I n d es cr i bi ng R i ch ar d N ix on as b oy an d y oung man, h i s sc hoolm at es empl oy t wo ad j ecti ves r epeat edl y: " det er mi ned" an d " per s i s t ent . " Af t er t hat come " br i l l ia nt , " "s er i ous, " " cl ever, " " calc ul ati ng, " "r eserv ed, " " col d, " " i ndust r io us, " an d " game. " 125 An e xc el l ent st udent w ho was wi l l i ng t o pa y t he pr i ce of l ong hour s of s t udy t o achi eve a cademi c ex cel le nce, yo ung Ni xon al so be came ent r anced w it h d ebat i ng. Hi s hi gh s ch ool debat i ng c oac h, M r s. C l if f or d Vi ncent , r emembers t hat she us ed t o f eel " di st urb ed" at h i s superi or i t y over hi s t eammat es . , " He had th i s ab i l i t y," s he r ecal ls , " to k i nd of s l i de r ound an a rg ument i nst ead o f me et i ng i t h ead o n, a nd he c oul d t ake any s i de o f a d ebate . " ' Ni xon has a lw ays pr i ded hi msel f o n hi s s ki l l w i th a n audi ence a nd on t he p r acti ced ur bani ty a nd sel f-c ont ro l t hat he pa t i entl y d evel oped i n t hose e arl y y ear s. H is t eenage s ki l l at d ebati ng ma y h ave been honed by s ix w eeks as a bar ker f or a w heel of ch ance at t he Sl i pper G ulc h Rodeo i n P r es cot t, A r i zona. Th er e " he l ear ned t he k nac k o f dr ummin g u p cust omer s a nd t hen l et t in g t hem have i t, " P h i l l i p Andr ews w r ote i n Thi s Man N i xo n. "H i s b oot h, it i s s ai d, be came th e mos t p opul ar on e i n t he sh ow. " Whi l e wor k i ng h i s way t hr ough Whi t t ie r C ol l ege, Ri char d N i xon maj ore d i n hi st ory a nd ag ai n cover ed hi mse l f w i th d i st i nct i on a s a debat er ; he a l so d i st i ngui sh ed hi msel f as a n act or i n s ch ool d ra mas. Dr . Al ber t Up t on, who d ir ect ed N i xon i n on e o f th e Whi t t i er Col l ege pl ays, i s s ti l l aw ed w hen h e r ecal l s how adept th e y oung c oll egi an w as at p ro duci ng t ears . " I t was be aut i f ul l y do ne, t hose t ears , " h e r emember s, co nf ess i ng t o havin g " t win ged" when he s aw phot os of Ni xon weepin g o n Se nat or W i l l ia m Knowl and's s houl der af t er t he f amous " Check er s" sp eech. D r . Up t on says h e never d r eamed t hat h i s f or mer st udent w ould g o i nt o p ol i t i cs , b ut adds: " I w oul dn' t ha ve be en sur pri sed i f, a f te r c ol le ge, he h ad gone on t o Ne w Yor k o r Ho l l ywood l ookin g f or a j ob as a n act or. " 2 S ome c yni cs b eli eve he d i d! Accord i ng t o Ear l Mazo, hi s mo st f r ie ndl y bi ogr apher , " Ni xon c l assi f i ed hi mself a ` Lib er al' i n c ol l ege, ` but not a f l ami ng l i ber al . '

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Li ke many l aw s t udent s of t hat p er i od, h is p ubl ic h ero es w ere J ust i ces Br andei s, C ar dozo and H ughes, t hen t he S upr eme Cour t' s p ro gr essiv e m in or i t y." 3 A t Duke La w Sch ool o n a s chol ar ship , h e gr aduat ed th i r d i n hi s c l ass. St ewar t A l sop q uot es a f or mer c l assmat e: " My i mpr essi on w as t hat Ri chard N i ko n w as not an except i onal ly b r il l i ant s t udent . H owever , he w as out st andi ng because of hi s ab i l i t y and wi l l i ngness to d o p ro di gio us a mount s of w or k. H e pur sued h i s ambi ti on t o st and at t he head of h i s cl ass w i t h an i nt ens i t y t hat f ew p eople a r e capable o f ." The bi ggest exci te ment of h i s l aw s ch ool days c ame w hen h e an d t wo cl assmate s b eca me ov er eager t o l ear n of t hei r c l ass s t andi ng at t he end of t he se cond year an d, in t he wo r ds of o ne of t hem, B i ll P erd ue, " br oke i nt o t he de an' s of f i ce dur i ng t he summer t o f in d o ut wher e t hey st ood. " 4 Upon gr aduati on, Ni xon ha d h is h ear t set on t he " bi g a ppl e" - New Yor k. Al t hough h e gr aduat ed th i r d i n a c la ss o f t wenty-s i x , none o f t he New Yo r k f i rms t o whi ch he a ppl i ed sh owed any i nt er est . T hen he ma de appl ic at i on t o t he F BI , and ac count s var y as t o whet her t here w as any r esponse f r om t hat a gency . I n a ny ca se, N ix on re t ur ned t o Whi t t i er and ent ere d l aw pr acti ce i n hi s ho me t own. A ft er P ear l H ar bor , Ni xon hi ed hi msel f t o Washi ngt on l ooki ng f or a j ob. Accor din g t o Har vard ' s Jo hn Kennet h G al br ai t h ( CFR) : . . . t he O ff i ce of P r i ce A dmi ni st r at i on, wher e I was i n c harg e of p ri ce c ont r ol , r escued h i m - and hi r ed Mr s. Ni xon t oo. T he p r i mar y cr edit g oes, I b el i eve, t o T homas I . Emers on, l at er Pr of essor o f Law a t Yal e, a v al ia nt su ppor t er o f Henr y A. W all ace a nd b y al l o dds t he most r adi ca l m ember o f t hi s ve r y l i bera l a genc y. Bu t L eon Hender son, who wa s i n g ener al co mmand, g et s bur eaucr at ic c r edi t a nd so do I . I t hur ts m e t hat I n ever met Mr . N i xo n i n t hose days. I ' m g la d h e' s s t i ll u nder m y i nf l uences Ni xon f ound l i f e as a n OPA b ur eaucr at s uff ocat i ng, a nd i n t he spr i ng o f 1 942 h e appl i ed f or a N avy commi ssi on, di sre gar di ng t he f act t hat as a Q uaker he c ould e asi l y h ave c l ai med e xe mpt io n f r om act iv e ser vic e. I n t he fa mous " Check er s" sp eech of 1 952, M r. N i xon descr i bed hi s w ar r ecord i n t hese wor ds: My s er vi ce r ecor d w as not a par t i cu l ar ly u nusual o ne. I w ent t o t he So ut h P ac i f i c. I g ues s I 'm e nt i tl ed to a c oupl e of b at t le s t ar s. I got a coupl e of le t t er s of c ommendati on, but I wa s j us t t here when t he b ombs w er e f al li ng, and t hen I re t ur ned. That i sn' t ju st h ow i t was. In f act , S t ewar t Al sop n ot ed in N i xon and Ro ckef ell er th at " . . . Ni xon ha d a non-c ombat j ob fa r f ro m t he bat t le l i nes . . . " F or a f ew weeks, t hough, h is n ava l u ni t was on t he f r i nge o f a combat a r ea. But t hough he r ec ei ved a c i ta t i on fo r ef fi c i enc y i n pr ovi di ng s uppl i es somet hi ng he h ad be en do i ng ef f ect i vel y wi t h cabbages a nd par s l ey s i nc e t he age of s event een - he was ce r t ai nly e nti t l ed to n o bat t l e st ar s. Dur i ng t he lo ng lo nel y ni ght s i n t he backwat er s of t he P aci fi c war , Ni xon di d d ev el op a ta l ent th at ha s d oubt l ess st ood hi m in g ood st ead ever si nce. The y oung li eut enant b ec ame a n exper t - and ver y cagey - poker p l ayer . " He was th e f in est p ok er pl ayer I ever pl ayed agai ns t , " f el l ow of f i cer James U dal l sai d. " I o nc e s aw h i m bl uf f a l i euten ant commander o ut o f $ 1, 500 wi t h a pai r of d euce s. "

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Anot her o f f ic er , Lest er Wr oble , s ai d he ne ver s aw N i xo n l ose at t he ga me - f i ve-c ar d st ud o r dr aw, n ot hin g w il d. " He was consi ste nt . He mi ght wi n $ 40 o r $ 5 0 a ni ght, " W r obl e s ai d. When Ni xon en t er ed p ol i t ic s b y ru nni ng f or Co ngr es s f r om Whi t ti er , h is f ew t housand d ol l ar s of s avi ngs i nc l uded m oney won at t he poker t abl e.b Ri char d N i xon' s en t r ance i nt o pol i t ic s w as o ne of t hos e q ui rk s o f f at e. I n a fe at ure s t or y t he Los A ngel es Mi r r or once obser ved: " It' s s t i l l a mat te r o f some am usement t o Di ck Ni xon ho w h e was t ra nspor t ed f r om a s mal l-t own l awyer i nt o a l egi sl at or. H e a ns wer ed a n ewspaper ad. " ' I n r eal i t y i t w asn' t . qu i t e t hat s im pl e. Re publi cans in N i xo n' s home di st r i ct h ad f or t en y ear s b een endeavor i ng un success f ul ly t o unseat D emocr at i c Congr es sman Jer r y Voor hi s. A ca ndi dat ef i ndi ng " Commi t t ee of O ne Hundr ed" w as f or med t o sel ect an o pponent t o V or r hi s who ha d e nough p iz azz t o def eat t he vet era n C ongr essman. T he commi t t ee t ook i t s f i rs t s te p b y se ndi ng t o t went y-s i x ne wspaper s i n t he d is t r i ct a p ubl i c i t y announcement descr i bi ng i t s ai ms. W hat t hey w ante d, it sai d, was a newcomer i n pol i ti cs w i th q ual i f i cati ons t hat m ig ht ma ke hi m a mat ch f or th e i ncumbent. T he co mmi tt ee p r omi sed t hat it s endors ement and f in anci al suppor t w oul d n ot o bl i gat e th e c andi dat e i n any wa y. A n ol d fr i end of t he Ni xon f ami ly , H er man P er r y, h ead o f t he Bank of A meri ca' s Whi t t ie r B ra nch, fi r ed a t el egr am to N i xon, w ho was awai ti ng h i s di sch ar ge fr om th e N avy i n Washi ngto n. Ni xon t el ephoned Per r y and t ol d t he b anker h e was d efi ni t el y i nt er est ed. N i xon w as f l own home f or a No vember 1 , 19 45 ap pear anc e b ef or e a scr eeni ng c ommi t te e a t t he Wi l l i am Penn Hot el in W hit t i er . He t ol d t he assembl ed men t hat t her e wer e tw o s ch ool s of t hought a bout th e n at ur e o f t he A mer i can syst em: One ad vocat ed b y t he N ew Deal i s g ove r nment c ontr ol in r egula t i ng our li ves. Th e o th er c all s f or i ndi vi dual f r eedoms a nd a l l th at i ni t ia t i ve ca n p ro duce. I h old w i t h t he la t t er vi ewpoi nt . I bel i ev e t he r et urn i ng v ete r ans - and I h ave t al ked t o many o f t hem in t he f oxhole s - wi l l not b e sat is f i ed wi t h a dol e or a go ver nment h andout . They want a r esp ect able j ob i n p r iv at e i ndust ry w her e t hey wi l l be r eco gni ze d f or what t hey p ro duce, o r t hey w ant a n op por tu ni t y to s t ar t t heir o wn busi ness. I f t he choi ce of t hi s c ommi t t ee comes t o me, I w i ll b e pr epar ed t o put on a n a ggr essi ve a nd vi gor ous c ampai gn o n a pl at fo r m o f pr ogre ssi ve l i bera l i sm de si gned t o re t ur n our d is t r i ct t o t he Republ i can Pa r t y. Despit e t he f act t hat h is c l osin g s ente nce seemed t o c ont r adi ct what he h ad sai d bef or e, Ri char d N i xo n w as t apped b y t he c ommi t t ee t o car r y t he R epubl ic an b anner in t o p oli t i cal b at t le a gai nst t he s eemi ngl y unbeat abl e Mr . V oor hi s. The "C ommi t te e o f One H undr ed" h ad hi r ed an appeal i ng s ymbol - one t hat c oul d be w el l mer chandi sed. H e was y oung, i ndust r i ous, wel l-e ducat ed, a nd v ery a mbi ti ous. Hi s b ac kgr ound exempl i f i ed t he wh ol esome Pr ot est ant et hic o f h ar d w or k a nd di l i gent sel f -i mpr ov ement . Her e was a young man w ho w as goi ng pl aces . Up t o t hen, Ri char d N i xon s ays , h e ha d h ad l i t t le i nte r est in pol i ti cs, b ut h e accept ed t he of f er wi t h al acr i ty : " Why d i d I t ake i t ? I ' m a pessi mi st , but i f I f i gur e I ' ve g ot a c hanc e, I' l l f i ght f or i t . " As t he f r i endl y St ewar t Al sop obser ve s: "N i xon be came a pol i t i ci an, i n shor t, m or e becaus e i t se emed a g ood i dea at t he t i me t han be cause o f any pr of ound pol it i cal co nvi ct i ons. Havi ng t hus ent ere d p ol it i cs mor e or l es s b y ac ci dent , o ne suspect s t h4t h e t hought o f a p ol i ti cal car eer much as a noth er yo ung v et er an back fr om th e w ar s mi ght t hi nk of

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advert i s i ng, or me at p ack i ng, or b ond s ell i ng - as a way t o make a l i v i ng a nd ge t a head. " Ni xon' s o pponent , Jer r y Voor hi s, w as a t ru e maver i ck. Voor his a t one ti me h ad been a r egis t er ed S oci al i s t and w as a s ta unch s upport er o f t he Ne w Deal' s w el f ar e an d b us i ness cont ro l m easu r es. But V oor hi s br oke wi t h FDR o n t he qu est i on of th e F eder al Re ser ve Syst em a nd de f i cit spendi ng. M os t L ef t i st po l i t ic i ans wo ul d r at her s l i de down a banni st er t hat t ur ns in t o a r azor bl ade t han cr i ti c i ze th e i nt er nat io nal banki ng f r at er ni t y , whi ch pr obabl y c ont r i bute s m or e money t o t he D emocr ati c Par t y t han do t he l abor uni ons . B ut Voor hi s c ommi t t ed t he u npar donabl e s i n of i nt r oduci ng a b i ll i nto C ongre ss ca l l i ng f or th e e nd of t he i nt ern at i onal banke r -c ont ro l l ed Fe der al R eserv e S ys t em. Vo or his t hen compounded th e c ri me b y wr i t in g a b ook c al l ed O ut o f Debt , Ou t o f Danger f or a conse r vat i ve p ubl i sher , Henry R egner y a nd C ompany. Ou t o f Debt , Out o f Danger w as a s l as hi ng at t ack on t he i nt er nat i onal bankin g I ns i der s, w ho p r of i t e xte nsi ve l y f r om Keyn esi an def i ci t s pendi ng. FDR and hi s c r oni es ha d c onvi nced most Am er i ca ns t hat t hey n eed not wo r r y about t he mount i ng n at i onal de bt b eca use " we o we i t t o o ur sel ves. " V oor hi s sh owed t hat we d i dn' t o we i t to o ur selv es, w e owed i t t o th e i nt er nat io nal banker s. C l ear l y, Vo or his h ad to g o. He was a Li ber al , b ut h e w as a n ant i -i nt ern at i onal b ank er L i ber al - a var i et y s carc er th an a wo man of v i r tu e i n a h ouse o f i l l-f ame. Just what r ol e, if a ny, t he in t er nat i onal banki ng cl i que pl aye d i n Ni xon's r ace agai nst Voorh i s i s di f f ic ul t t o pr ove . I t is r epor t ed, r el i abl y w e bel i ev e, t hat N ew Yor k ba nki ng e l ement s po ur ed fu nds i nt o t he N i xo n campai gn a nd pr ovi ded b ehi nd-t he-s cenes k now-h ow fr om t he Madis on Avenue a dvert i s i ng f i r m of B at te n, Ba r t on, Dur sti ne a nd Osbor n, w hic h al so oper at es o ut of L os Angel es. V oor hi s has h in t ed at t hi s i n pr i nt and be en much m ore b l unt about i t i n pr i va t e c onv er sat i ons. Wi l l ia m Cost el l o, i n hi s " unaut hor i zed" b i ogr aphy of N i xo n, wr ot e: Voor hi s i nt im at ed l at er i n h is b ook t hat t he N i xo n c ampai gn . headquar t er s may not h ave b een q ui t e so im pover is hed as t hi s st ory [ a magazi ne s t or y b y Mr s. Ni xon, whi ch por t ra yed a shoest r i ng op er ati on] woul d suggest . T he c ongre ssman s ai d t he re pr esent at i ve of a l ar ge New Yor k f i nancia l h ouse made a tr i p t o Cal i fo r ni a in O cto ber 1 945, ab out t he ti me t he Commi t t ee of O ne Hundr ed w as pi ck i ng N i xo n, a nd cal le d o n a n umber o f i nf l uent i al people i n S out hern C al i fo r ni a. T he em i ssar y " bawle d t hem out " f or p er mi t ti ng V oor hi s, wh om he d escri bed as " one of t he mo st d anger ous m en in W ash i ngt on, " t o cont i nue t o r epr ese nt a par t of C al i f or nia i n t he H ous e. As a c ons equence, V oor hi s sai d, " many of t he ad ver t i se ments w hi ch r an i n t he di st ri ct n ewspaper s a dvoc at i ng m y def eat came t o t he paper s f r om a l ar ge a dve r t i si ng a gency in L os Angele s [ at a t i me when t hi s now c ommon pr act i ce was unhear d of ] , r at her t han f r om any s our ce wi t hi n th e T wel f t h Di st r ic t . A nd payment was ma de b y check f r om th at sa me agency . " Just how much o r whet her out s i de i nte r est s act ual l y c ont r i but ed t o N ix on' s ca mpaig n h as never been ma de cl ear . 8 I t s houl d b e not ed h er e t hat Wi l l i am Coste l l o, a Li ber al , por t ra ys V oor hi s as s i mpl y a champi on o f t he " l it t l e man, " an d s ay s not hin g o f hi s O ut o f D ebt , Ou t o f Danger , h i s advoca cy o f t he di smant li ng of t he Fe der al R eserv e, or h i s op posit i on t o t he i nt ern at i onal b ank i ng est abl is hment . V oorh i s wa s m uch mor e t han j ust a f oe of " big b usi ness. " He w as a f oe o f " bi g b anki ng, " and t her e i s a di f f er ence - a d if f er ence t hat wa s m uch l ar ger t hen t han now.

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Ni xon waged an e ner get i c and aggr essi ve ca mpai gn again st V oor hi s. At f ir st h e wor e hi s o l d Navy uni f orm w hil e d el iv er i ng s peech es, unt i l i t w as l ear ned t hat r ank-c onsci ous e x-G . I . 's r eacte d t o t hi s pr act ic e wi t h host i l ity . N ix on' s ca mpaig n l eafl et s bi l l ed hi m as t he "c l ean, f or t hr i ght yo ung Amer i can w ho f ought i n de f ense of h is c ountr y i n t he st i nki ng mud and j ungl es of th e S ol omons" whi l e Voor hi s " st ay ed sa f el y behi nd t he fr ont i n Washi ngt on. " A cco r di ng t o b io gr apher C ost el l o: . . . Ni xon, canva ssi ng t he 20 0, 000 vot ers o f t he d i st r i ct , i nt r oduced hi mself a s a " l i ber al R epubl i ca n. " H e r ef ra i ned fr om at t ack i ng t he N ew Deal in a l l i t s a sp ect s, b ut he p ull ed n o punches i n at t ack i ng V oor hi s. As h e was t o do so s ucces sf ull y i n fu t ur e ca mpaig ns, N ix on ma de a maj or i ssue of C ommuni sm. H e t ol d t he R epubl i can ki cko f f r all y i n Whi t ti er o n August 2 9, 19 46: I w ant y ou to k now t hat I a m your c andi dat e p r i mar i l y because t her e ar e n o speci al s t ri ngs at t ached t o me. I ha ve no s uppor t f r om any specia l i nt er est or p r ess ur e gr oup. I w elc ome t he o pposi t i on of th e P AC [ t he CI O' s Po l i t ic al A cti on Co mmi t t ee] , wi t h i ts C ommuni st pr i nci pl es and hu ge s l us h f und. Lat er Ni xon r ef err ed t o Voor hi s a s "t he PA C c andi dat e and h is Communi st f ri ends. " T he char ge was damni ng, b ut not t ru e. Th e P AC was i ndeed c ont ro l l ed by C ommuni st s, b ut Voorh i s h ad been r ef used P AC suppor t . N i xo n' s al l egati on wa s b ased o n t he f act t hat a l oca l C IO u ni t had re quest ed n ati onal ap pr ova l o f Vo or his , b ut i t w as r ej ect ed. The maveri ck V oor hi s was n ot onl y ant i-i nt ern at i onal b ank er , he w as a l so st r ongl y a nti-C ommuni st , an d w hi l e h e was a member of th e House Commi tt ee on U n-A mer ic an A cti vi t ie s h ad f ought C ommuni st penetr at i on of P AC. T he West Coast Co mmuni st p aper , Pe opl e' s Wor l d, compla i ned bi t t erl y t hat " Voor hi s i s again st u nit y w it h C ommuni sts o n any is sue u nder an y c i r cu mst ances. " But Vo or hi s was ex t r emely v uln er abl e on th e i ssue o f soci al is m. Over and o ver c andi dat e Ni xon t ol d au di enc es: " A vot e f or N ix on is a vot e agai nst . . . s ocia l i zat i on o f f r ee Amer i ca n i ns t i t ut io ns. " Li bera l s r ese nt ed, a nd re sent t o t his d ay, N i xon' s l in ki ng of s oci al i sm . wi t h Communi sm. I n d oi ng s o t hey i gnor e t he f act t hat M ar x made no di st in ct i on bet ween t he t wo an d t hat i t is a b asi c t enet o f Communis t phi l os ophy th at a nat i on must adopt soci al i sm bef or e Communis m i s possib l e. I t i s ir oni c th at as P r esid ent , Ni xon has su ppor t ed a nd expanded t he ver y l egi sla t i on and c oncepts h e u se d t o l ash hi s f ir st pol i ti cal o pponent w i t h. I n th e e nd, Ni xon' s a ggr essi ve t act i cs wor ked, and he w as ab l e to p ul l of f on e o f th e maj or u pse t s of t he ye ar by t r ounc i ng V oor hi s 64, 784 t o 49 , 431. As a Congr ess man Ni xon ca r ved out a modera t el y Co nserv at i ve vot i ng r ecord o n domest ic i ssu es a nd a L ib er al on e o n f or ei gn p oli cy. Fr om t he b egi nni ng N i xon was a s uppor t er of f or ei gn gi veaway pr ogr ams, whi ch have lo ng be en d emanded by t he i nt er nat i onal s oc i al i sts a nd t he CFR. Joseph St al in h ad st at ed ear l i er , c oncer ni ng t he i mpor ta nce of f or eig n a i d t o t he t r i umph o f soci ali sm: . . . I t i s es senti al t hat t he pr ol eta r i at of t he advanced countr i es s houl d r ender r eal and p r ol onged a i d to t he backwar d nat i onal i t i es i n t hei r cu l t ura l a nd economi c d eve l opment . U nl ess such ai d is f or t hc omi ng, i t wi l l be i mposs i bl e t o b r in g t he v ar i ous n at i ons

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and pe opl es wi t hin a s i ngl e wo r l d e co nomic s yst em t hat i s s o essent i al t o t he f i nal t r i umph o f soci al i sm. 9 Of c our se, su ch ai d w as i ndeed f or t hc omi ng. I n N ix on a nd Rocke f el l er St ewar t A l so p t el l s u s: Ni xon has a ls o l oudl y a nd c ons i st entl y a dv ocat ed a n adequate f or eig n-a i d pr ogr am. I ndeed, i n Nel son R ockef el l er ' s s t ru ggl e . . . on t hi s i ssue he w as Rockefe l l er' s s t r ongest . . . al l y. Ever s i nce th e H er t er c ommi t te e d ays . . . h e h as b een a s t ro ng advoca t e o f f or eig n a i d, wi t h no v i si bl e pol i t i ca l pr of it t o h im sel f. He i s an i nte r nati onal i st , a n act i vis t , an i nt erv ent io ni st . . . i n f or eig n p ol ic y. to Ni xon def ended h is f or eig n a id s t ands o n t he b asi s t hat i t wa s i n Amer ic a' s i nt er est t o b ui l d up t he fr ee wo r l d s o t hat i t c oul d r es i st Communi sm. Un f or tu nat el y, w hil e e xampl es can b e c i t ed i n w hic h f or ei gn ai d ha s d one j ust t hat , ' i n many m or e i ns t ances f or eig n a i d money has been used t o socia l i ze co unt ri es a nd t o ou st a nti-C ommuni st l eader s and r epl ac e t hem wi t h " neut ra l i sts , " w ho usual l y s i de w i th t he Ir on Cu r t ai n countr i es. Ni xon's " i nt er nat io nal i st" p oli ci es ar e s im pl y t hose of t he Counci l o n Fo r ei gn Rel ati ons i n i t s ef f or t s t o br i ng a bout a wor l d supers t at e. Ni xon' s a dmit t ed ment or i n t hi s a r ea, C hri st i an Her t er ( CFR), a t op I nsid er w ho l at er b ecame Secr et ar y of S ta t e a f te r D ul l es' deat h, h ad ma r r i ed i nt o t he St andar d Oi l f or t une and ser ved i t s i nt erna t i onal i st in t er es t s w ell . Ni xon accompani ed Her t er t o Eu r ope to c ompi l e t he r epor t s t hat became t he ba si s of t he $17 bi l l i on Mar shal l P l an. L ar ge a mount s of t he money wer e us ed to r ebuil d Wes t G er many, wher e mu ch of t he in dustr y h ad been bombed out du r i ng Worl d War 11 b ut e ven mor e had b een g i ve n t o th e Russia ns. I n t he af t er mat h o f Yal t a, t he Bol shevi ks ha d b een al l owed t o car t of f t o Russia f r om West Ger many ent ir e f acto r i es, d own t o t he l ast dr i l l pr ess, nut , and b ol t . Ni xon n ev er me nt i oned t his a s o ne of th e r eal r easons f or t he Mars hal l Pl an. The Ma r shal l Pl an i s u sual l y poi nte d t o as a n exampl e of th e " succ ess" of t he f or ei gn a i d pr ogr am, but it act ual l y w as used t o p r omot e soci al is m i n West ern E uro pean co unt ri es. Al t hough t he pr ogr am was j usti f i ed to A mer i cans i n t he n ame of " ant i-Communi sm, " t he Pl an h ad been desi gned i n par t by a Ru ssi an-b or n Communi st i mmi gr ant n amed L ewi s L or wi n, wh o, a cco r di ng t o C ongr ess man Edward C ox, had be en a n associ at e o f Leon Tr ot sky i n t he a bor t i ve Communi st r ev ol uti on of 1 905. O n Ma r ch 29, 1 948, a ft er l i st i ng numer ous per sons i n po si t io ns m aki ng po l i cy fo r t he M ar shal l Pl an w hos e F ar L ef t and Co mmuni st f r ont b ackg r ounds i ndic at ed what wa s h appeni ng, C ox t ol d hi s fe l l ow Congr es smen: " To pe r mi t pr o-C ommuni st s, Soci al i s t s , or col l ec t i vi sts o f any h ue t o ad mi ni ste r t hi s A meri can pr ogr am, a t any l evel, w oul d be a gr ave mi st ak e. " Even t he n ame o f t he p r ogr am was p hony. Th e Mar sh al l Pl an w as p ut t ogeth er b y Her t er a nd hi s a ss oci at es , i nc l udi ng Communi st Le wi s Lor win . S ecre t ar y o f S ta t e G eor ge C. M ar shal l ' s name wa s t ac ked o n t o t he Pl an a s a s i gnal t o Lef t is t f or ce s a ro und t he w orl d t hat t he Pl an was co nt r ol le d b y t he L ef t . Ma r shal l ( CFR) , a m an w ho had b een myst er i ousl y pr omot ed o ve r t he h eads of th i r t y-f our super i or s t o head th e J oi nt C hie f s of S t af f j ust as h e was ab out t o be re t i r ed af t er an unspec t acul ar c are er , w as w ell k nown i n so phi st ic at ed r evol ut i onar y c i r cle s a s on e o f t hei r own.

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Ear l y i n h i s Congr essi onal c ar eer N ix on be gan t o devel op h i s r eputa t i on am ong bot h L ib er al s a nd C onser vat iv es a s a c yni cal opport uni st . " Al most f r om t he st ar t ," w r it es C ost el l o, " Ni xon s howed a gr asp of t he oppor t uni sti c a rt o f w or ki ng one s id e o f t he f ence wh i l e a bi l l was b ein g a mended an d p er f ect ed, a nd t hen sw i t chi ng t o t he ot her s i de or b ei ng convenie nt l y absent when t he measur e came to a fi nal vot e." 1 1 H e was al so c ar ef ul t o b uil d c ont act s i nt o bot h C onser va t i ve and Li ber al wi ngs of t he Republ i can Par t y. I n t hose da ys N i xo n w as a t r ue pr agmati st , i nt er est ed no t i n id eol ogy b ut i n b ui l di ng h i s chosen car eer . O ne pol i ti cal o bs er ver n ot ed t hat Ni xon coul d spend one ev eni ng wi t h t he " Moder n R epubl i cans, " c onvi nci ng t hem h e was t hei r b es t b al l car ri er , and th e n ext eveni ng c oul d c onvi nce t he ba cker s of G ener al Ma cAr th ur t hat he w as t hei r man. As N ix on l ear ned t he Wash i ngto n r opes , h e became awar e, p ossib l y du e t o hi s c lo se a sso ci ati on w i th H ert er , t hat t he behi nd-t hesce nes p ower in t he Re publi can P ar t y la y w i t h Tom Dewey ( CFR), t wo-t i me unsucces sf ul Republi can candi dat e f or t he Pr esi dency. Dewey r an t he E as t er n Li ber al E sta bl i shment wi ng o f t he Pa r t y f or t he Rockef el l er and re l at ed New Yo r k i nte r nati onal ba nki ng i nt ere st s. Pr obabl y t hro ugh hi s c onnect io ns w i th D ewey, N i xo n b ec ame a f ounder o f Republ i can Ad vance , t he Republ i can of f shoot o f th e A DA t hat w as di scus sed i n t he pr evi ous c hapt er . Re publi can A dv ance was e st abl is hed t o m it i gat e t he in f l uence o f t he T aft w i ng o f t he R epubl i can Par ty a nd wat er down it s a nt i -s oci al i s t p ol i c i es . I t wa s f in anced by I ns i der s Nel son R ockef el l er a nd Si dney Wei nber g, wh o w i shed t o make th e p ol i c i es of t he R epubl i can Par t y a c arb on c opy o f Democr at P art y p ol ic i es. Lat er, R epubl i can Advance w as t o b eco me "C i t i zens f or Ei senhower ," a nd t o s te amr ol le r t he o ut maneuver ed T aft p eopl e. One of t he ke y d ec i s i ons of Ni xon' s Congre ssi onal c are er w as t o accept a p r of f er ed a ssi gnment on t he House C ommit t ee on U n-A mer ic an Act i vi t i es. Wei ghed i n th e b al ance wa s t he f act t hat t he C ommi t t ee of f ere d a n un par al l el ed opport uni t y t o b ec ome w id el y known in a hu r r y and to t ake advant age o f t he gr owi ng c onc er n o f t he count r y over t he advanc es o f Communi sm. Ag ai nst t hi s was th e f act t hat t he C ommi t te e h ad been t he r eci pi ent o f a col oss al s mear j ob f r om Communi st s, pr o-Communi st s, and wo ol l y-m i nded L i bera l s, many o f whom had b een s uc ked i nt o Communi st f ro nt s and w ere n ot happy about t he e xp osure o f t hei r i ndi sc r et i ons . A ft er d ue consi der at io n N ix on d eci ded t o a ccept t he Commit t ee a ss i gnment - a d ec i s i on whi ch st ar t ed a ch ai n o f event s t hat woul d event ual l y put t he young l awyer f r om Whi t ti er in t o t he Whi t e House. T he po l i t ic al c l im ax of Ni xon' s C ongr essio nal c ar eer was t he Al ger H i ss af f air . I n th e s hor t space of 1 34 days, b et ween A ugust 3 and De cember 15, 1948, Ni xon's n ame became a h ous ehold w or d, and as t he t wo Hi ss p erj ur y t r i al s dr agged t hro ugh t he c our t s in 1 949, wi t h sensati onal r evel at i on f ol l owin g sensat i onal r evela t i on, t he "f i ght i ng Q uak er , " as N i xo n l oved t o cat egor i ze hi mself , b ecame a nat i onal c ele br i t y. Dur i ng t he su mmer of 1 948, t he H ouse Commi t t ee ca l l ed upon Whi t ta ker C hambers , a s eni or e di t or at T i me Magaz i ne, to t est i f y. Ni xon r ecall ed l ate r t hat t he wi t nes s " made c har ges w hi ch at t he ti me se emed f ant as t i c - t hat he' d be en a Communi st , t hat h e had wor ked wi t h Hi ss, [ Har ry D ext er ] W hi t e, [ Jo hn] Abt , [ Lee] Pr essman, [ Nat han] Wi t t , a nd a number o f o th er pe opl e wh o w er e a l so connect ed wi t h th e g over nment . " Hi ss had b een a ve r y i mpor t ant m an in t he New Deal , al t hough he wa s n ot wel l known to t he man i n t he st r eet . Accor di ng to N i xo n b i ogr apher s Mazo and H ess :

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. . . [ Hi ss] was hi ghl y r es pect ed i n th e g over nment , a nd al so i n l egal and d ip l omat i c c i rc l es. Onl y th e y ear b ef or e h e had b een appoin t ed p re si dent o f th e C ar negi e Endowment f or I nte r nat i onal Pe ace at a sal ar y of $ 20, 000, whi ch was $ 5, 000 mor e t han w hat w as t hen pai d Cabi net m embers a nd co ngr es smen. The Ca r negi e board w hi ch hi r ed h i m was compos ed o f emi nent m en. I t s chai r man w as John Fo st er Dul l es, t he Republ i can pa r t y's f or emost ex per t on f ore i gn a ff ai r s . . . . 1 2 Hi ss seemed beyond r epr oach. He h ad been at F DR's s i de w hi l e t he ai l i ng a nd fa i l i ng P r esid ent was d eal i ng wi t h t he R uss i ans, and he a l so had be en t he pr i nc i pal ar chi te ct o f t he Un i t ed Na t i ons C har te r . Ma zo and He ss c ont i nued: . . . . H i ss had been p ri nc i pal a dvis er to t he Amer i ca n del egat i on at t he f i r s t Uni t ed N at i ons G enera l A ss embl y Sessio n. B efo r e t hat he h ad di st in gui shed h i msel f a s secre t ar y-g enera l o f th e conf er ence in S an Fr ancis co wh i ch c re at ed t he U ni t ed Nat i ons. Fur t her mor e, he ha d a ccompanie d t he Roosev el t p ar t y t o Y al t a a nd had been e xe cut iv e s ecre t ar y o f t he D umbar t on Oaks Conf er ence in 1 944 . . . . Hi ss's w as by f ar t he mos t i mpor t ant name dr agged o ut of t he r el uct ant C hambers , a nd Hi ss demanded a n i mmedi at e h ear i ng to a nswer Chamber s ' c har ges. On t he w i t nes s s ta nd H i ss w as smoot h as gl ass. No t o nl y d id h i s conf id ent t es t i mony c ontr ast wi t h t he h alt i ng a nd t ort ur ed wo r ds of Chamber s, b ut t he appeara nce of t he t al l , s l i m, i mpecc abl y dr essed Har var d g r aduat e al so c ont r ast ed f avo r ably w i t h t hat of t he dumpy and r umple d C hamber s. When Hi ss co ncl uded h i s t est i mony, t he gener al f eel in g i n Washi ngt on w as t hat t he lo ng-c ont ro ver s i al H ous e C ommi t t ee had ju st s l it i t s own t hr oat . Al most every one w as c onv i nced t hat Chamber s h ad duped t he Co mmi tt ee i nto u sin g i t as a fo r um f ro m whi ch h e coul d sl ander p eopl e. C ongr ess man J ohn R anki n, an o uts poken segr egat i onis t f ro m Mi ssi ss i ppi w ho was ha t ed b y t he Li ber als w i th a n absolu t e p ass i on, was s o moved b y H is s' s t est i mony t hat h e le f t hi s seat t o s hake H i ss ' s h and. T hat m or ni ng Pr esi dent T r uman t old a pr ess conf er ence t hat Re publ i ca ns ha d c ooke d u p spy h ear i ngs " as a r ed her r in g. " Legend h as it t hat N i xon, d ue t o h i s court r oom ex per ie nce, det ect ed t hat H i ss ' s t est i mony w as ju st a l i t t l e t oo smoot h. Lat er , t o expl ai n h i s " hunch , " t he Cal if or ni a Congre ssman cal l ed a t t ent i on t o a f ew li nes o f t esti mony th at ha d s eemed t o st r i ke a p hony n ote f r om t he f i r st. Q. Y ou s ay yo u h av e n ever s een M r . Ch amber s? A . The na me means absolu t el y no t hi ng t o me. Ni xon, i t s eemed, per ceiv ed th at H i ss w as not a ns wer in g t he questi on. N ix on la t er ex pl ai ned: As I r ead t he t est i mony l at er I b ecame c onvi nced t hat i f H i ss was ly i ng h e was l yi ng in s uch a w ay as to a voi d per ju r y, w it h a ver y car ef ul use of p hr as i ng. He n eve r m ade a c at egori cal s ta t ement . H e woul d say, "T o t he b est of m y r ecol le ct i on" ov er a nd over agai n. He never sai d, " I h av e n ever k nown Whi tt aker Chamber s. " He c onst ant ly r ei t er at ed wh en th e q uest i on was p ut t o hi m, " I have never kn own a man by t he n ame of W hi t t aker Chamber s. " I n o th er w ord s, he w as to o c ar ef ul

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i n h is t est im ony, t oo s moot h. It w as ver y po ssi bl y a n ac t , it s eemed t o me. Agai n, l egend h as i t t hat , o n t he b as i s of t hese suspi ci ons, Ni xon f ol l owed u p on t he case and p er sonal l y r e-i nt erv i ewed bot h Chamber s a nd Hi ss. T hi s he d id d o, bu t n ot o n h is o wn i ni t i at i ve. The mat eri al o n Hi ss was n ot new i n g over nment s ecuri t y ci r c l es. Not onl y had Ch amber s t ol d ot her i nvest i gat ors p r iv at el y about Hi ss on p r ev i ous occasi ons, bu t t he F BI ha d a ls o b een hot on H i ss' s t ra i l . I n 1964, Nel son R ockef el l er a dmi tt ed th at w hen h e was a t te ndi ng t he Sa n Fr anci sco c onf er ence a s Assi st ant S ec r et ar y o f S t at e, h e had me t w i t h FBI me n i n hi s h ot el r oom e ver y m or ni ng at 7 : 30.* A cco r di ng t o R oc ky, " They came in o ne mor ni ng a nd sai d, ` We' ve g ot th e g oods o n Al ger Hi ss.' ' ° 1 3 I n a TV i nt er vi ew on C BS i n 19 62, S enat or Kar l Mu ndt , who a t t he t i me of t he Hi ss case was c hai r man o f t he H ous e C ommi t t ee on U n-Amer ic an A cti vi t ie s, r eve al ed t hat an A ssi st ant Secr et ar y o f St ate named Jack Pe ur i fo y h ad shown hi m t he S t at e D epar t ment ' s d oss i er on Hi ss, whi ch " Tr uman w ould n ot l et H ouse in vest i gat or s see. " Accord i ng t o t he As soci ate d P re ss, " Mundt sai d h is l ook a t t he s ecu r i t y fi l e on Hi ss came b ef or e Ri char d Ni xon, t hen a c ongr essman, ha d * Why di d R ock ef ell er w ait n ear l y t went y ye ar s b ef or e r eveal in g t hi s i nf ormat i on about f el l ow CFR member Al ger Hi ss? Why di d R ocke f el l er no t r el ay t hi s in f or mat i on to h i s super io r s in t he St at e Depar t ment ? Hi s excuse w as th at he h ad th e f eel i ng th at "m aybe th i s [t he F BI] w as a f ascis t o r gani zati on i n our mi dst . " Thi s pr ovi des u s wi t h a val uabl e c l ue as t o th e e st eem i n whi ch R ockef el l er hol ds J . E dgar Ho over an d t he F. B. I . Hi s e st eem f or t he Uni t ed Nat io ns, o n t he ot her ha nd, i s i ndi ca t ed b y t he f act t hat , ev en t hough th e U N Char t er h ad be en la r gel y wr i t te n b y So vi et spy A lg er Hi ss, w ho w as ser v i ng a s Admi ni st r at iv e Secr et ar y G ener al, t he R ock ef el l er f ami l y h ad donat ed t he l and upon whi ch t he U N bui ld i ng s ta nds. made up h i s mi nd t hat H is s w as g ui l ty . " 14 M undt was t ol d b y Peuri f oy, " I k now t hat what you' r e sayin g a bout A l ger H i ss i s tr ue a s I h ave access t o t he f i le s o f th e S ta t e D epar t ment , wh i ch T ru man wi l l n ot l et you ha ve. " Ther e wer e at t his t i me a g r oup o f ex -C ommuni st s an d f or mer F BI agents i n Was hi ngt on w ho wer e wor k i ng d i li gent l y t o tr y t o ge t t he f act s about Communi st s ubver si on a nd i nf il t r at i on o f gover nment ma de publ ic . T hi s gr oup wor ked on N ix on f or month s t o tr y t o i mpr ess u pon hi m th e i mpor t ance o f g oi ng af t er H is s. On e o f th ese men, w hose na me st i l l cannot be re veal ed, t old t he au t hor: We h ad a n a wf ul ti me w i th N i xo n. N i xo n w as v er y t i mi d about i t [ pur su i ng H is s] . He d i dn' t wa nt t o do i t. S ome ot her members o f Congre ss w ere r ecr ui t ed t o a ppl y a ddi t i onal p r ess ur e on h i m. He wa s anyt hi ng b ut a t ig er a nd some of u s who he l ped cr eat e t he N ix on im age have l i ved to r egr et i t . We di dn' t re al i ze t he ex t ent t o w hic h h e was chi cke n. H e has b een c ons i st ent i n th i s p art i cula r w eakn ess ever s in ce. Ni xon had r eason t o f ear t akin g o n Hi ss, despi t e t he f act t hat h e knew Chambers w as t el l i ng t he t r ut h. Hi ss was n ot o nly t he fa i r-h ai r ed boy of t he Ne w Deal er s, he w as a l so a member o f t he Counci l o n Fo r ei gn Rel ati ons, an d J ohn F oste r D ul l es ( CFR) , a t op In si der a nd Ro ckefe l l er r el ati ve w ho had ser ved as a n at t or ney f or n umero us in t er nati onal bankin g f i r ms a nd who w as l ate r t o be I ke' s S ecre t ar y of S t at e, ha d

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appoin t ed h im a s pr esi dent o f t he C arn egi e En dowment f or Peace . I n t ak i ng o n A lg er Hi ss, N ix on wa s t akin g o n not o nl y t he s t r eet-b under-l evel Communi st s and t hei r a ll i es a nd s ympat hi zer s, bu t a l so hi s own f ut ure p ar t ner s in t he Ea st ern L i bera l E st abl i shment . On t he ot her s i de of t he s cal es w as t he op por tu ni t y to a chi eve f ame a nd p ol i ti cal advanc ement on t he t i de of r ev ul si on again st C ommuni sm t hat was ri si ng acr oss t he la nd. Ni xon de ci ded t o t ak e t he c hance a nd t he N ix on le gend was bo r n. Comment i ng on t his l egend, M ar t i n D ie s, fo r m any year s chai r man of t he H ouse Commi t t ee on U n-A mer ic an A cti vi t ie s, w r ot e: . . . i n t he case of A l ger H is s, t her e a re m any f act s whi ch have never been kn own by t he publ ic . O ur people b el i ev e, fo r i nsta nce, t hat t he di scovery o f Hi ss w as l arg el y t he w ork o f R i chard N i xon. T he t r ut h i s t hat h e ha d v er y l i t tl e t o do w i th i t . . . . 1 s Di es cont i nued, pr ovi di ng b ack gr ound t o th e H i ss case: . . . . W e ha d k nown a bout H is s f or some t i me. As a ma t t er of f act , Whi t t ak er Ch amber s had come t o my of f i ce se ver al t i mes a nd had t ol d me a bout H i ss i n v er y g ener al an d v ague l anguage. I k new what h e was ta l k i ng about because I ha d t he i nf ormat i on suppli ed b y t he Pr i me Mi ni st er o f Canada; b ut Chamber s w as not r eady to b r eak o penl y w it h t he Communi st s an d t es t i f y . I k new t hat w i th out h is t est i mony we c oul d n ot make out a ca se. I d i d wh at I coul d t o p er suade Chamber s t o t est if y a s an a ct o f a to nement f or hi s co mpl i cit y i n t he t hef t of o ur se cr ets . . . . Di es went o n t o ex pl ai n: . . . I qui t C ongr ess [ f or r easons o f he al t h and el ect i on o pposi ti on f r om hi s o wn par ty l eader , F DR] a nd Chamber s b egan t o cont act m y ver y abl e Chi ef In vesti gat or and Se cr et ary , R ober t S tr i pl in g. W hen Whit t aker Chamber s f i nal l y deci ded t o ta l k , i t was t o S t r ip l i ng. S t r i pl i ng coul d have gi ven th ose f act s t o an y m ember o f t he C ommi t te e a nd i t w oul d h ave made hi m f amous an d g uara nt eed h i s pr omoti on t o t he Se nat e. He c hose t o sel ect R i char d N ix on, a n obscu r e C ongr essman f r om Cali f or ni a. T he r est i s h is t or y. I t w as t he "b r eaki ng" o f t hi s st or y whi ch put N ix on i n th e Senate a nd Vi ce Pr esi denc y. Ri char d Ni xon shoul d have been et er nal l y gr at ef ul t o St r i pl i ng a nd i t was p ubl i c i ze d t hat St r ip l i ng wo ul d be of f ere d a n im por ta nt p ost i n t he E i se nhower A dmin i st ra t i on. He d es er ved i t a nd h ad th e a bi l i t y to f i ll a ny po st i n th e g over nment w i t h cr edit t o t he A dmi ni st r at i on . . . . I a l way s h ad a f eel i ng t hat S tr i pl in g w ante d t he r ecogni t i on he d es er ved. So fa r a s an yone el se kn ows, he w as never of f ere d t he opport uni t y t o a cc ept o r r ej ec t . N i xo n w as p l acat i ng t he "l i ber als " a nd t he l as t t hi ng t he " l i ber al s" woul d have to l er at ed was Ro ber t St r i pli ng i n an i mpor t ant posit i on. Fu r t her mor e, Ei senhower was a pr ot ege o f Roosevel t . He w as im pl i ca t ed w it h R oosevel t i n th e st upid b l under s wh i ch made i t possi bl e f or C ommuni sm t o b ecome t he gr eate st m enace of a l l ti mes. Ei senhower shar ed t he vi ews o f Roose vel t about t he C ommunis t s a s di sclo sed b y hi s var i ous publi c s t ate ments whi ch I q uote d a t l engt h i n my b ook, Mar ti n D i es' S t or y. N i xo n d ar ed not di spl ease I ke, a nd th e r ec ommendat i on o f S tr i pl i ng t o an i mport ant post woul d ha ve be en v ery u nac cept abl e t o Ei senhower .

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Ni xon used Ro ber t St r i pli ng, and t hen d i tc hed h im a s he h as so many ot her s who be f r i ended h im d ur i ng h i s cl i mb t o t he p ol i ti cal peaks. Once Ni xon ma de th e d ecis i on t hat t her e wa s m or e t o be g ai ned t han l ost by g oi ng a f te r H is s, h e was pe r s i st ent . Hi ss h elp ed to s eal hi s ow n doom by s ui ng C hamber s fo r c al l i ng hi m a Communis t . Un der t hat pr essu r e, W hi t t ake r C hamber s pr oduced a th i ck e nv el ope c ont ai ni ng f our pages i n H i ss ' h andwr i ti ng a nd a n umber o f t ypewr i t t en document s wh i ch he s ai d h ad been copi ed on A lg er H i ss ' t yp ewr i t er . H e char ged t he envelo pe c ont ai ned c onf id ent ia l S t ate D epar t ment Document s wh i ch Hi ss had pi l f er ed and passed on t o hi m i n t he ser vi ce of th e I nt er nat io nal Communi st C onspi ra cy. E xa mi nat i on s howed t he p aper s we r e i n f act copi es of a ut hent i c t op-s ecr et d ocument s; and o th er te st i mony e sta bl i shed t hat t he tr ansmi ss i on t o t he Russia ns o f ver bat i m t ext s o f t hese papers woul d have en abl ed t he So vi et gover nment t o b r eak t he St at e Depart ment ' s secre t c ode. So p ower f ul wer e t he C ommuni st s i n go ver nment t hat e ve n i n th e f ace of a l l of t hi s t here w as an i nti mat io n f r om t he Just i ce Depar t ment t hat t he H i ss-C hamber s c ase w oul d b e dr opped u nl ess a ddi t i onal ev i dence coul d b e f ound. At t hat p oi nt M r . Ni xon per f or med h is p enul t i mate ser vic e i n th e H is s c ase. A t a p r i vat e i nt er vi ew wi t h Chamber s o n t he l at t er ' s f arm i n Mar yl and, C ongr essman N ix on l ear ned t hat C hambers h ad i n h is p osses si on addi t io nal document ar y evi dence. T he n ext e venin g, in a c l oak-a nd-d agger s cene t hat f i r ed t he nat i onal i magi nati on, a n agent o f t he C ommi t t ee ser ved a s ubpoena on t he ex -C ommuni st ; Ch amber s l ed hi m in d ar kness to a p umpki n i n h i s gar den, a nd f r om t he p umpki n he d r ew f i ve r ol l s of m ic r of i l m c ont ai ni ng phot os t at i c copi es o f c onf i dent i al an d s ec r et d oc ument s s t ole n f ro m t he St at e Depar tment . A New Yor k Gr and Jur y, on t he ver ge of i ndi ct i ng Whi tt aker Chamber s f or per ju r y, r ev er sed i t self w hen N i xon r ushed t o Ne w Yor k a nd t est if i ed t hat i t must have been H is s w ho l i ed i n s ay i ng h e had not t ur ned o f f i ci al do cuments o ver t o C hambers . S i mul t aneousl y, t he FB I w as abl e t o e st abl i sh t hat th e p umpki n pa per s had b een t yp ed o n t he sa me Woodst ock t yp ewr it er a s l et t er s f r om Mr s. Pr i scil l a Hi ss. O n December f i f t eent h, th e G ra nd J ury c l im axed it s i nv est i gat i on by b r i ngi ng i n a n i ndi ct ment fo r p er j ur y ag ai nst A l ger Hi ss, w ho wa s l at er f ound g ui l t y and ja i l ed. * For hi s r ol e i n ex posi ng Hi ss, R i char d N ix on e arn ed th e u ndyi ng hat r ed o f a vast segment of th e A meri can Lef t . Hi ss ha d b een a f ai r -hai r ed b oy am ong t he L i ber al s. A dl ai St eve nson (C FR) , Fel i x Fr ankf ur t er ( CFR), a nd De an Ac heson ( CFR) had s er ved as c hara ct er w i tn esses at h is t r i al, a nd ma ny an ot her super-L i bera l h ad gone out o n a l i mb t o d ef end hi m. Unt i l Ni xon's p er sis t ent i nvesti gat io n ( actu al l y St r i pli ng' s, b ut Ni xon r ecei ve d c re di t f or i t ) pr oduce d t he e vi dence, t he d apper an d ur bane H i ss was on t he wa y t o b ei ng c l ear ed. Ni xon l ef t a l ot of Li bera l D emoc r at s wi t h eg g o n t hei r f aces as h e conclu ded t he experi ence, a n ati onal he r o. To t hi s d ay many knee-j er k Li ber als h ave n ever f or gi ven N ix on fo r hi s ov er r at ed r ole i n p ur sui ng H i ss, even t hough i t wa s v i r tu al l y hi s l ast ant i -C ommuni st a ct . E ve r s i nce t he Hi ss . Whi le o n t ri al , Hi ss s ta yed at t he home of H el en L ehman B utt enwie ser , whose husband, B enj ami n J. B ut t enwi es er (C FR) i s a p ar t ner in K uhn, Loeb and C ompany, t he i nt er nat i onal bankin g f i r m t hat was t he maj or bankro l l er of t he Bol shev i k Re vol ut io n i n Russi a and has h ad cl ose t i es wi t h Russi a ever s i nce.

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case Ni xon ha s w or ked h ar d t o i ngr ati at e hi msel f wi t h t he E st abl is hment Lef t , and t hough he c onti nued t o f l ay C ommuni sm ver bal l y u nti l 1 968, t her e has b een n o act i on si nce t he Hi ss ca se t o back up t he l audabl e t al k. Ni xon, as Di es s t at ed in h i s bo ok, Mar t i n Di es' St or y, " was t he onl y Congr ess man ever t o pr ofi t b y an t i-C ommuni st a ct i v i ty , a nd he pr of it ed o nly b eca use h e backe d a way f r om i t . " He p arl ayed th e Hi ss case i nt o a Senate s eat , t he Vi ce P re si dency, a nd e vent ual l y t he Pr esid ency. Sel dom i f e ve r i n Amer i ca n p ol i t i cal hi sto r y h as a man wr ung so much m i le age o ve r s o many ye ar s f r om a s i ngle a ct . Even t oday, t he Ni xon-H i ss l egend l i ves on. T he A DA t ype of f uzzy-m i nded L i bera l s ti l l g oes i nto c ont or t i ons w hen Ni xon' s n ame i s ment io ned. An d a lt hough i t i s obvi ous t hat N i xon i s no w i n le ague wi t h t he Ea st er n Li bera l E st abl i shment I ns i ders a nd ha s a cc ept ed t hei r pol i cy o f w or ki ng t owar ds c onv er gence w i th C ommuni sm i n a wor l d supers t at e, among wel l-m eanin g R epubl i cans N i xon s t il l b enef i t s f r om t he Hi ss c ase . W hen i t is p oin t ed o ut t hat h e i s f ol lo wi ng th e s ame C FR pol i ci es o f appeas i ng t he C ommuni st s as di d R oose vel t, T r uman, Ei senhower , Kennedy, a nd Johns on, t he in evi t abl e r et or t i s: " Yes , b ut how ab out t he H i ss c ase?" The ne xt s t ep o n Ni xon' s l adder t o th e P re si dency w as t he c apt ur e of o ne o f C al i f orn i a' s Se nat e seat s. The i ncumbent , Co nser vat i ve Democr at S her i dan Downey, w as chal l enged i n t he Democr at i c pr i mar y by ul t r a-L ef t wi ng C ongr esswoman He l en Gahagan Dougl as. M rs . D ougl as, a f or mer a ct r es s a nd w i f e of f il m s t ar Mel vy n D ougl as, had b een a me mber of t wo o r gani zat io ns c i te d b y gover nment i nvest ig at i ng b odi es a s Communi st f ro nt s, whi l e her hu sband, i n ad dit i on t o b ei ng a me mber of t he AC LU, h ad j oin ed s i x ci t ed o r gani zat io ns. N ix on se emed li ke a l ong shot unt i l Do wney dr opped o ut of t he Democ r at i c pr i mar y, n ami ng re asons of h eal t h. In st ead o f f ac i ng a C onser vat iv e. i ncu mbent , N i xon n ow f aced t he vu l ner abl e Hel en Gahagan D ougl as. Those wer e le an da ys f or many Lef t i st p oli t i c i ans . T he T r uman Admi ni st r at io n h ad b een r ocked b y c or r upti on a nd spy scandals . T o t op i t o ff , i n Ju ne of 1 950 t he Ko r ean "p ol i ce a ct i on" b ro ke o ut, a nd t hose whose vot i ng r ecor ds i ndi cat ed t hey w er e " soft o n C ommunis m" w ere i n t r oubl e. When Ni xon an nounc ed h i s candi dacy fo r S enat or he d ecl ar ed th at t he ma i n i ssu e w as " si mpl y t he c hoi ce b etw een f re edom and s ta t e soci al i sm. " 16 A lt hough Ni xon never , but never , uses t he w ord " socia l i sm" any mor e, w hen he a nnounced f or t he S enat e he p r ocla i med: " Cal l i t p l anned economy, t he Fai r De al or s oci al w elf ar e - but i t i s s t i l l t he s ame o ld S oci al i s t bal oney, a ny way y ou s l ic e i t . " 17 The Ni xon-D ougla s c ampai gn was o ne of th e b i t te r est on r eco r d. Taki ng a cue f ro m h is f r i end, F lo r i da Co ngr es sman Ge or ge Smat her s, wh o had kn ocked of f ri val C la ude Pepper wi t h t he w ell-d eserv ed a ppel l ati on, " Red Pepper ," N i xo n d ubbed Mrs . D ougl as "t he P i nk L ady . " N i xo n R ed-bai t ed t he Pi nk La dy u nmer ci fu l l y. Th e R epubl i can candi dat e to l d audi ences: . . . i f s he had had h er way, t he C ommunis t c onsp i r acy i n t he Uni t ed S t at es w oul d n ever h ave b een expose d . . . i t j ust s o happens t hat my op ponent i s a member of a smal l c l i que w hi ch j oi ns t he n ot or i ous C ommuni st par t y-l i ner, V i t o Ma r cant oni o of New Yo r k, i n vot in g t i me af t er t i me agai ns t m easu r es t hat a re f or t he se cur i t y of th i s c ount r y. 18 Mar cant oni o was a Congr es sman f r om New Yor k C i t y, w her e h e r epr es ent ed t he ra t her op enl y Communi st-c ont ro l l ed Amer i ca n L abor

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Par t y. M r s. Dougl as r eto r t ed by t r yi ng to h ang t he Ma r cant oni o al batr oss b ac k a ro und N ix on' s neck, c i t i ng a c oupl e of b i l l s on wh i ch t hey had v ote d t oget her . But i t d i d not wo r k a gai nst Ni xon, who wa s basi ng m uch of h is c ampai gn on h i s ex agger at ed ro l e in t he Hi ss ca se. Mazo and H ess , a mong N i xo n' s most f av or abl e b i ogr apher s, c omment on t he r eci pr ocal mud s li ngi ng: An a nal ysi s of t he N i xon and Dougl as campai gns sh ows t hat t he most not abl e di f fe r ence was in t he ad r oi tn ess a nd c alm ness wi t h wh i ch Ni xon and h is p eopl e execut ed t hei r h yp er bol e and i nnuendo. W hen t he Ni xon camp qu est io ned h er f i tn ess t o be ev en a De mocra t , f or i nsta nce, or b emoaned her in abi l i ty t o j udge be t ween w hat was go od f or Ameri ca and wh at w as good f or R us si a, i t w as l i ke a t eam of ex per i enc ed sur geons per f or mi ng ma st er f ul o per at i ons f or t he b enef i t of h umani t y . . . . when co mpare d w i t h t he sur geons o f t he N i xo n c amp, M r s. D ougl as' oper at or s p er f or med l i ke appre nt i ce but cher s . . . . 19 Ni xon' s p i ece d e r esi st ance in t he ca mpaig n w as t he fa mous " Pi nk Sheet, " a l eaf l et pr i nt ed o n pi nk p aper (f or o bvi ous r easons) , w hi ch t he ca ndi date ' s wo r ker s di st ri but ed by t he b asket f ul . Headl in ed " Dougl as-Mar cant oni o Vot i ng r ecord , " it b egan: Many per sons have r equest ed a compari son of t he vot i ng r ecord s o f Congr esswoman He l en Dougl as and t he n oto r i ous C ommuni st par t y-l i ner, Congre ssman Vi t o Mar canto ni o of N ew Yor k. Mr s. Dougl as and Mar canto ni o have b een member s of C ongr ess t ogeth er s i nc e J anuar y 1, 1 945. D ur in g t hat p er io d, Mr s. D ougl as vot ed t he sa me a s Mar cant onio 3 54 ti mes. Whi l e i t s houl d n ot b e expect ed t hat a member o f t he Ho use o f Repre sent ati ves shoul d al ways v ot e i n opposi t i on to M arc ant onio , i t i s s i gni f i ca nt t o not e, not o nl y t he gr eat number of ti mes w hi ch Mr s. D ougl as vot ed in a gre ement wi t h hi m, but a ls o t he i ssues o n w hi ch al most wi t hout e xcept i on t hey a lw ays saw eye to e ye, t o-w i t : Un-A mer ic an A cti vi t ie s a nd I nt ern al S ecu r i t y. The sh eet e nded by a ssert i ng t her e wa s a " Dougl as Mar ca nt oni o Axi s." Nat ura l l y L ib er als w ent i nt o convul si ons over t he " Pin k S heet , " and th e l ess sophi st i cate d o nes s t i ll d o. Def ender s of M r s. Dougla s poi nte d o ut t hat Ni xon hi mself h ad vo t ed wi t h Mar canto ni o 1 12 t i mes dur i ng h i s fo ur ye ar s i n Congr ess ( vs . M rs . D ougl as ' s 354 t i mes i n si x year s) . T he Pi nk Lady' s apol ogi st s al so po i nt ed out th at m any L i ber al s had vo t ed wi t h Mar canto ni o on d omes t i c i ssues, but t hi s c ame o ff a s r at her a cast ig at i on of L ib er al s as s oc i al i sts t han a l egi t i mat e d ef ense of M r s. Dougla s. But in h i s r ut hle ssness, N i xo n h ad passed o ver some i mpor t ant di f f er ences bet ween Mr s. Dougl as a nd Mar ca nt oni o. F or one t hi ng, t her e was no " Dougl as-Mar cant oni o Axi s," d espit e t he s i mi la r i t y of t hei r vot i ng r ecord s. Ac cor di ng t o Mazo a nd H ess : I n t he C al i fo r ni a el ect i on, w hen Mr s. Dougl as was f i r st ti ed to Mar cant oni o by h er D emocr at i c pr i mary o pponent , Mar cant oni o went t o a f r i end o f N ix on' s and s ai d, ch uckl i ng, " Tel l N i ck y t o get o n t hi s t hi ng becaus e i t is a go od i dea. " Ma r cant oni o di sl i ked Mr s. Dougl as i nte nsel y and no r mal l y used an o bsc ene f i ve-l et t er w or d when r ef er r in g t o her i n pr i vat e c onve r sati ons. 2°

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Ther e wer e al so se ver al key vo t es c oncer ni ng C ommuni sm wher e Mr s. Dougla s a nd Mar cant oni o vot ed agai nst e ach o t her. A l th ough Mr s. Do ugl as was bl i nd i n many w ays about Co mmuni sm ( as she r emai ns t oday ) a nd was used by t he Communi st s, she wa s n ot consci ousl y pr o-C ommuni st . Ma zo an d Hess admi t t ed: . . . she w as a ctu al l y a vi gor ous f oe o f t he C ommuni st p ar t y and had fo ught He nr y Wal l ace' s P ro gr essiv e p ar t y i n a congre ssi onal di s t ri ct [ Bev er l y Hi l l s] where t hat t ook consi der abl e cour age. 2 1 I t w as t he "P i nk Sheet " t hat l ed N i xo n' s opponent s i n t he Democr at i c Pa r t y t o l abel h i m " Tr i cky D i ck . " L ate r , Re publ i ca ns wh o wor ked c l osel y w it h h i m wer e t o l earn t hat t he D emocra t s h ad asses sed Mr . Ni xon' s char ac t er , if n ot hi s p ol i t i cs , c or re ct l y. Anot her N i xon s t unt t hat r ai se d a f ur or du r i ng th e S enat or i al campai gn w as l i t er at ur e, mai le d t o th ousands o f r egi st er ed De mocra t s, t hat pi c t ur ed a sm i l i ng Ni xon and f ami l y and g r eet ed r eader s: "F el l ow Democr at s! " The ex cuse was th at i n t hose days in C ali f or ni a pol it i c i ans could c r oss-f i l e and r un on b ot h t he Re publ i ca n a nd D emocr at i c t i ckets s i mul t aneousl y i n pr i mar i es. Ni xon had c r os s-f i l ed i n t he Senat e p r i mar y, but t o addr es s vot ers i n t he g ener al e le ct i on a s " Fel l ow Democra t s" was v ery t r ic ky busi ness. As a c l i max t o o ne o f t he t went i et h cent ur y' s m os t u ndi gni f ie d campai gns, in t he f i nal hour s t he N ix on fo r ces la unched a t el ephone dr i ve, p r omis i ng t hat f or a nyo ne w ho answer ed t he t el ephone w it h " Vote f or Ni xon, " t her e woul d be: PRI ZES GALORE! ! ! El ect r ic C l oc ks, S il ex co f f eemak er s wi t h heat in g u ni ts - Gener al E l ec t r i c aut omat i c to ast er s - si l ve r s al t and pe pper sh akers , s ugar a nd cr eamer s ets , c andy a nd but t er di shes , e t c., e t c. WI N WI TH NI XON! And wi n N i xon d i d - by 68 0, 000 vot es. A t t hi r t y-s even, R i char d M. Ni xon was a Uni t ed S t at es S enat or f ro m Cal i f or nia . As a n epi l ogue t o t hi s co nt est , i n 19 57 Ni xon w as q ues t i oned by a Br i t is h r epor t er about th e c ampai gn agai ns t D ougl as. W it h d i gni f i ed sadnes s h e re pl i ed, " I ' m sor ry a bout t hat epi sode. I was a ve r y yo ung man. " Ni xon' s S enat e c ar eer w as s hor t , l ast i ng onl y n in et een m ont hs bef ore h i s Vi ce Pr esi dent i al campai gn b egan, a nd was undi st in gui sh ed, as o ne w oul d expec t f r om a f re shman S enato r . Ni xon' s vot i ng r ecord w as ver y s i mi l ar t o th e o ne he h ad a chi ev ed in t he Ho use, vot i ng Conser vat i ve on mo st d omest i c i ssues and Li ber al-i nt ern at i onal i s t on f or eig n p ol ic y. Ni xon d id , h owever , t ake a s t r ong s t and a gain st th e pul l edpunches w ar i n Kor ea. " Cer ta i nl y we c annot a sk our men t o gi ve t hei r l i ves unl ess w e b ac k t hem t o th e h il t . . . " he t ol d t he Women' s Nat i onal R epubl i ca n C l ub i n Ne w Yor k. N i xo n w as ver y much a hawk on t he Kor ean c onf li ct , and w as a s tr ong s uppor te r o f Ge ner al D ougl as MacArt hur a ft er th e G ener al wa s f i r ed b y Tr uman f or ha vi ng th e t emer i t y t o t ry t o w in t he wa r . "M acAr t hur , " he s ai d, " was f i r ed si mpl y b ecause he h ad t he go od s ens e a nd p at r io t i sm t o a sk t hat t he h ands of o ur fi ght in g men i n K or ea b e unt i ed. " N i xo n p lea ded f or t he avoid ance of " t ra gi c appeas ement " and pr omi sed t hat t he "p ol i ci es o f MacArt hur w il l b ri ng v i c t or y a nd peace i n t he Pacif i c . . . . "

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On A pr i l 1 1, 1 951, N i xon t ook t he fl oor of t he Senate t o pr ocla i m: " I bel ie ve t hat r ath er t han f oll ow t he adv i ce of t hose w ho woul d appease t he Communi st s . . . we s houl d d o what we i nt ended t o d o when we w ent i nt o Kor ea, br i ng t he wa r t o a s ucce ssf ul m i l i ta r y conclu si on . . . . " I n or der t o a cco mpl is h t hi s, t he j uni or Senat or f r om Cal i f orn i a re commended th at t he U ni t ed S ta t es adopt Ma cAr th ur ' s pr ogra m o f st oppin g a l l f r ee-w or l d t r ade wi t h Red C hin a, bo mbi ng enemy bases on C hin ese soi l , im posin g a n av al bl ockade, a nd usi ng Chi ang K ai-shek's t r oops . On A pr i l 2 7, Ni xon m ade anot her s peec h b ef or e t he S enat e r i di cul i ng t he A dmi ni str at i on's p oli cy o f f i ghti ng a la nd wa r " i nst ead of u si ng t o t he fu l l est ext ent o ur na val power an d o ur a i r po wer ." " We ar e u si ng o ur ai r pl anes on l y f or t he pur pose of ta ct i cal bombin g, " h e sai d. " We ar e n ot u si ng our navy f or t he pur pose of a bl ocka de . . . . We a r e unable t o w in a mi l i t ar y vi cto r y i n Kor ea. W e ar e un abl e to d o so b ecause we a r e re st r ic t ed i n t he use o f bot h st r ate gi c b ombi ng and n av al po wer . " On May 1 , N ix on ex pr essed h i s t hought s a bout t he t hen cur r ent peace t al ks: " I b el i eve t he on l y wa y w e ca n e nd t hi s war is n ot by a ni nety-d ay-l ong ` peace t al k ' but b y mi l it ar y v ic t or ie s a nd economi c bl ocka des t o shut out a ll f ore i gn t ra de an d s muggl i ng such as n ow cont in ues t o ai d Red C hin a. Th er e c an b e no ` poli t i cal ' s et tl ement . " Al l of t hi s advi ce w as mi l i t ar i l y a nd p oli t i cal ly s ound; i f i t had be en f oll owed we w oul d n ot b e w al l owin g i n th e c ur r ent me ss in Asi a. Mor eove r , by s ubsti t ut in g t he wor d " Vi et nam" f or th e w or d " Kore a, " y ou h ave a p erf ect ar gument a gai nst t he c urr ent pol i ci es o f t he Ni xon A dmi ni st r at i on. By t hi s t i me Ni xon w as an a ckn owl edged " co mer " in t he Republi can Par t y. H e h ad p r ov ed t hat a n or t hodox R epubl i can could d ef eat a Li ber al Democr at in a n i ndust ri al st at e w her e on e mi l li on mo r e D emocr ats t han Republ i cans wer e dul y r egi st er ed. N ix on no w b ecame t he m ost sought-af t er Republi can, and r egul arl y b r oke a way f r om hi s Se nat or ia l d ut i es t o p re ach t he g osp el o f nat i onal s alv at i on t hr ough R epubl i cani sm. Al ways , t he young Senat or m ade a m ajo r i ss ue o f Communi sm, as i n t hi s st at ement : . . . one t hi ng ca n b e sa i d to o ur cr edi t whi ch cannot b e s ai d f or th e p ar ty i n power , t hat i s, t hat w e have n ev er ha d t he suppor t o f t he Co mmuni st s i n t he p as t . We h ave ne ver a sk ed fo r t hat suppor t . W e do not ha ve i t now, and w e shal l never ask fo r i t or a cce pt i t i n t he f ut ure : A nd f or th at r eas on a Republi can admi ni st r at io n, w e can be sur e, wi l l .c onduc t a t hor oughgoi ng housec l eani ng o f Communis t s an d f el l ow t r avel er s i n t he a dmi ni st r at i ve br anc h o f th e g ov er nment b eca use we h av e n o fe ar of f i ndin g a ny C ommuni st skel et ons i n our p ol i t i ca l c l oset s. 22 Ther e i s m uch m yst er y s ur r oundi ng t he e vent s t hat l ed t o R i ch ar d Ni xon' s s el ec t i on t o r un on th e E i senhower t i cket . W e s hal l n ever k now t he wh ol e t ru t h, as w e ca n n ev er f i nd o ut f or s ur e w hat g oes on in t he back r oom among th e b oys wi t h t he c ig ar s. Any s to r y th at i s r el eas ed t o r eport er s i s bound t o b e a h eavi l y ce nsore d a nd edi t ed v er sio n. In m ost cases t he d ec i s i ons w hi ch sh ape h is t or y ar e n ot p ut i nt o th e h is t or y books. A s H ar ol d Lavi ne r emark s i n hi s S moke F i ll ed Ro oms - The Conf id ent i al Paper s o f Ro ber t Humphre ys (H umphr ey s w as a p r of essio nal s t af f member of th e R epubl i can N at i onal Co mmi t t ee) :

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Not hin g i n po l i t ic s j ust ha ppens. There i s a lw ays someone who set s t he s t age f or i t , wr i t es t he d ia l og, r ehears es th e a ct or s, pr ompt s t hem f r om t he w i ngs. T r ue, s omet i mes t he pl ay t ak es on a l i fe o f i ts o wn; t he ac t or s begi n t o a d-l i b, t he s cener y col l apse s, t he au di ence j oi ns i n th e a ct io n. 23 Some sur f ace f acts c oncer ni ng Ni xon's r i se t o t he V i ce P r esid ency ar e kn own, ho wever . I n Ma y 1 951, N i xo n w ent t o Eu r ope as a me mber of t he U. S. D ele gat io n t o th e U N' s Wor ld H eal t h O r gani zat i on. On J une 5 , whi l e debat in g a bi l l o n t he fl oor of t he Senate , N i xon m ent i oned t hat he h ad d r opped i n on E i se nhower a t NA TO he adquart er s i n P ar is . A week bef ore l eavin g f or E ur ope, N ix on h ad met i n N ew Yor k wi t h t he E ast er n Li bera l E st abl i shment ' s powerf ul k i ngmaker , T homas E . Dewey.* Accord i ng t o Mazo and H ess : Hi s [N i xon' s] N ew Yor k ap peara nce s to od ou t b ecause of w hat happened r ath er th an w hat h e sai d i n hi s speech [ at a f und-r ai sin g di nner ] , f or Gover nor D ewey in f or med Ni xon a f t er t he di nner t hat he should b e t he c andi dat e f or Vi ce P r es i dent on t he Ei senhower t i cket . 24 " The t wo o f us s at a r ound f or about an h our o r an h our a nd a hal f bef ore h e t ook h is t r ai n, " D ewey s aid . " That w as t he occasi on o n whi ch I d i sc ussed wi t h hi m b r ie f l y t he p oss i bi li t y o f hi m be comi ng t he Vi ce-Pr esid ent . " 25 I t was n o doubt Dewey who a rr anged f or Ni xon t o s ee Ei senhower wh i l e he w as i n P ar i s . D ewey wa sn' t pu l l i ng a n u nk nown r abbit o ut of a ha t . A l th ough Dewey had ne ver b een i n t he H ouse or t he Senate , h e no net hel ess co nt r ol l ed many L ib er al Re publi cans an d, as a pol i t i ca l c ontr ol l er f or th e I ns i der Es t abli shment, w as a b ehin d-t he-scenes m over and shaker . Accor di ng to t hos e w ho know Ni xon we l l , Ni xon had be come aw ar e of t he power and money wi el ded by D ewey a nd hi s New Yor k col l eagues, and a s a h i ghl y a mbi t i ous m an *One of D ewey' s s ons, T homas E. D ewey Jr . , i s n ow a p ar t ner in t he i nt ern at i onal b ank i ng f ir m o f Kuhn, Loeb and C ompany, t he o rg ani za t i on t hat f i nanced L eon T r ot sk y a nd t he Ru ssi an R evolu t i on. he h ad g r avit at ed i n t hei r d ir ect i on. T his g r avit at i on w as ta ngi bl y expr es sed w hen N ix on b eca me a f oundin g member o f t he l ef t i st Republ i can Advanc e. Ni xon, h oweve r , fo und h im sel f i n a st i cky posi t io n a s t he nomi nat i ng co nvent i on a ppr oach ed. H e could n ot pu bl i cl y e ndor se Ei senhower , becaus e a s a member o f th e C al i f or ni a d ele gat i on he wa s pl edged b y la w t o support G ove r nor Ea r l Wa r r en as a fa vor i t e-s on candid at e u nt i l Wa r r en re l ease d t he sevent y d el egat es; a nd War r en was not ab out t o r el ease a ny del egat es, becaus e h e wa s h opi ng f or a n Ei senhower-T af t deadl ock i n whi ch the c onv ent i on would t ur n t o h im . Al so, t her e was al r eady no l ov e l ost bet ween Warr en an d N i xon. W ar r en, who ra n f or govern or o n bot h Republ ic an an d D emoc r at ic t i cket s ( th us t ak i ng a dvant age of C al if or nia ' s t hen-e xi sti ng c r os s-f i l i ng s yst em, a s had Ni xon i n r unnin g f or t he Se nat e) , had never en dor se d N i xon f or ei t her C ongre ssman o r S enat or. Paul Hof f man, a s one o f Ei senhower ' s chi ef l i eute nants , h ad met t wi ce wi t h Ni xon bef or e t he co nvent io n, to t r y to l i ne u p t he Cal i fo r ni a de l egat i on f or E i se nhower on th e second b al l ot i f t he Genera l n eeded o nl y a f ew more v ot es t o wi n a nd War r en' s c andi dacy seemed h opele ss. Si nce Ca l i f or ni a c ame e ar l y i n t he ro l l c all , a swi t ch of i ts d el egat i on' s v ot es t o Ei senhower co ul d b e psych ol ogi ca l l y cr ucia l . T he Ei senhower f or ces knew t hat i f War re n r el eased t he

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del egat i on, Ei senhower wo ul d r ecei ve f i f ty-t wo of t he vo t es t o e i ght een f or Ta f t . Meanwhi l e, in e arl y J une, N i xo n c onduct ed a p r i va t e po l l b y mai l in g 2 3, 000 l et t er s to h i s 1950 pr eci nc t w or ke r s, aski ng t hem t o name not t hei r s ec ond c hoi ce, but " th e s tr ongest candi dat e th e Republ i cans coul d nomi nat e f or p r esid ent ." I t w as c har ged, bu t n ev er pr oved, t hat t he Ci t i zens f or Ei senhower Commi t te e p ai d f or pr i nti ng and ad dr essin g t he s ur vey . W hen War re n l ear ned of N i xo n' s s tr aw po l l , t he fe at her s hi t t he f an. W arr en' s pe opl e r egar ded t he canvas s a s a st ab i n t he back and a del i ber at e at t empt t o u nder min e t he govern or ' s po si t io n a s a f avor i t e-s on ca ndi date . I f War r en won, i t coul d do n oth i ng t o e nhance hi s p osit i on; i f h e l ost i t w oul d b e a cr ushi ng p syc hol ogi cal bl ow. War r en's f ear s w er e soon conf i rmed, as news began to " l eak" f r om Ni xo n' s o ff i ce t hat E is enhower w as r unni ng f ar in f r ont. O f cour se, Ni xon' s p eopl e we r e d oin g t he c ounti ng. Ni xon went to C hic ago o n Jul y 1, s eve r al days i n ad vance of t he r est of t he del egat i on, as a member of t he p l at fo r m co mmi t t ee. T hr ee days l at er he f l ew f r om Chi cago t o De nver and b oar ded t he C al i f orn i a del egat i on' s conve nt i on t r ai n t her e, where upon ch aos ensued. There a r e numero us v ers i ons of w hat h appened, b ut what had b een a ga y p ar ty di s i nt egr at ed, a nd m or e i nt r ig ue t ook p l ac e o n th at tr ai n t han o n t he Or i ent E xpr es s. Ni xon b egan me et i ng wi t h del egate s i n t he l ounge car , c l ai mi ng t hat E i se nhower was a c i nch on th e f i r st b all ot ( whi ch Ni xon coul d not h ave t hought u nl ess h e al r eady k new t hat m any del egat es w er e goi ng t o b e st ol en f r om Taf t ), a nd su ggest i ng t hat t he C al i fo r ni a del egat i on ju mp on t he ba ndwagon s o as n ot t o w as t e it s v ot es . I f i t di d so , a r gued t he S enato r , it w oul d be in a p osi t i on t o s uggest a s a qui d pr o q uo t he choi ce of N ix on a s veep. Bi t t ern ess r an h i gh a mong t he War r en l oyali st s, who c onsi der ed N i xo n' s act i ons as se l f-s er vin g a nd a double-c r oss of t he man he w as l egall y c ommi t t ed t o. T he Warr en p eopl e even t al ked of d enyi ng th e S ena t or a b er t h on th e t r ain . B y t he t im e t he tr ai n a rr i ved i n C hic ago t he s pli t i n t he d el egati on w as wi der t han t he Gr and C anyon, and N ix on de t r ai ned a t a s uburb an st at i on i n o rd er t o avoi d r epor te r s ' quest i ons. Havi ng n udged t he kni f e i nt o War r en, Ni xon n ow s li pped th e st i l et t o i nto T aft . H e jo i ned t he mov e t o out f l ank t he T af t suppor t er s by d enyi ng cr edent i al s to s i xt y-e i ght Sout her n d el egat es commi t t ed to Taf t who w ere b ein g c hall enged b y E is enhower d ele gat io ns. I t was at t hi s cr uci al j unct ur e t hat N ix on showed h i s hand publ i cly f or t he f ir st t i me. Dashi ng t o t he mi cr ophone, Ni xon a ddr esse d t he Cal i fo r ni a de l egat i on a nd a ccu sed t hose who w er e t he v i c t im s o f t hef t of b ei ng t hie ves. The n on-Machia vel l i an T aft p eople w ere d umbfo unded a nd ou t f l anked. In r epl y t o pl eas t hat th e c onvent i on s houl d a cce pt th e maj or i t y opi ni on of th e cr edent i al s commit t ee, Ni xon pr ocl aim ed: I f w e wer e to f eel t hat we w er e b ound a uto mat i cal l y to a ccept t he deci si ons o f our commi t te es he r e, t her e wo ul d b e no re ason fo r u s t o come t o t he convent i on at a l l . We co ul d l eave th e n omin at i on e nt i re l y up t o commi tt ees. Of c our se, th i s wa s a c ompl ete n on se qui tu r , b ut i n th e e moti on of t he m oment i t swayed many. The C al i f orn i a d ele gat io n v ot ed f i ft y-seven t o e i ght t o cast th e s ta t e' s vo t e fo r t he mi snamed " f ai r p la y" r esolu t i on. As C os t el l o observ ed: " Fr om th at m oment th e dr i ft t oward Ei senhower be came a s t ampede, and N ix on' s f ut ur e was assur ed. " 26

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On J ul y 1 1, Ei senhower wa s n omi nat ed on th e f i r st b all ot , a nd t he cour se o f A mer i can h i st or y w as d r amat i call y c hanged. Fut ur e hi st or y m ay show t hat o n t hat day A mer i ca l ost on e of it s b est oppor t uni t ie s t o save t he R epubl i c f r om th e I nt er nat io nal Conspi ra cy of w hi ch Communi sm i s a n i nt egra l p ar t - but onl y a par t . Fr om th at da y t o th i s it h as been al l d own h i ll f or Am er i ca . T he Republ i c s t il l c an b e s av ed, but a t a much g r eate r pr i ce t han wo ul d have b een r equi r ed had Ro ber t Ta f t be en el ecte d P r esi dent of t he Uni te d S t ate s. That same d ay t he f i r s t of t wo c aucus es to s el ect t he Gener al ' s r unnin g mat e t ook pl ace i n E is enhower ' s su i t e a t t he Bl acksto ne Ho t el . At t he m eet in gs, t hose i nvolv ed w ent t hro ugh t he m oti ons o f consi der i ng numero us p oss i bi li t i es be f or e set t l in g o n t he man w ho had b een p re-sel ect ed mont hs in a dvanc e b y t he D ewey cl i que. Ni xon' s n ame was i nt r oduced by D ewey, w ho l at er r ecoll ect ed: Ther e wer e a l ot of p eopl e w it h a lo t o f vi ews. I w ai te d u nt i l t hey had g ott en do wn t hro ugh t he l i st . I di dn' t say mu ch a bout i t, unt i l f i nal ly t hey h ad go t t en f r om th e E as t a l l t he wa y a cr os s t o t he West . Then I named N i xon as th e l ogic al no mi nee.2 7 No o ne o f f ere d a ny o bj ect i ons, a nd P aul H of f man, as c hi ef spokes man f or C i ti zens fo r E is enhower , w as i nv i te d t o put h is g r oup o n r ecord . " I t ol d t hem t hat ever yth i ng I h ad he ar d about Se nat or N i xon was good," t he Es t abli shment st ooge l at er w r ot e i n Co l l i er s m agaz i ne. 28 " I l ooked o n h im as o ne o f t he R epubl i cans w ho had a n enl ig ht ened vi ew [ i . e., L i bera l i nte r nat i onal i st-o ne wo r l d] on f ore i gn a ff ai r s, a nd I t hought t hat a man o f h is v i ews s houl d r un w i t h Genera l E i senhower . " Hof f man i nt im at ed t hat th e D ewey f orc es we r e p r epar ed t o make a f i ght f or N ix on if n ecess ar y, but a s i t tu r ned ou t t her e w as no ne ed t o do t hat . N i xo n h ad m uch t o r ec ommend hi m as t he candid at e. He w as geogra phi call y r ig ht , h ad a re put at io n a s a f i ght er ag ai nst cor r upt i on, subver si on, and Co mmuni sm, a nd w as a vi gor ous campai gner . He w as a l so r egard ed a s a " bri dge" to t he al i enat ed Ta f t p eopl e, t o k eep t hem f r om bol t in g t he par t y i n d i sg ust af t er se ei ng t he n omi nati on s t ol en fr om t hei r candi dat e. Thi s r ol e N ix on f i ll ed ad mi r ably , e ve n t hough S te war t Al sop was l at er to w r i t e: The ad mi r at io n f or N i xon among t he Ta f t-w or shi pper s i s essent i al l y i r r ati onal , s i nce Ni xon cont ri but ed t o T af t ' s l as t d ef eat i n 1 952 a nd s i nce he h as none of T aft ' s ha nker i ng f or a s i mpl er pa st . 29 At t hi s t i me i n hi s c ar eer , Ni xon w as b y no means a member o f t he Est abl i shment , a lt hough he h ad d oubtl ess r eal i zed t hat t hat was wh er e t he po wer l ay w i th i n t he Republ i can Par t y and b ey ond. The I ns i ders needed N i xon t o paci fy t he Ta f t pe opl e an d h ad g ood r eason t o b el i eve t hat a man as i nor di nat el y ambiti ous f or p ower a nd w eal th a s was N i xo n c oul d b e cont ro l l ed ea si l y enough. The Ta f t p eopl e sh oul d ha ve re al i zed t hat any m an w ho was t he pr ot egd o f th e l ik es o f Hof f man a nd Dewey was n ot a ma n t hey could t r ust. Taf t hi msel f had seen e nough of R i char d Ni xon w ork i ng b ehi nd t he scenes t o r eal i ze t hat it w as not f or n oth i ng t hat h e was n ic knamed " Tr i ck y D i ck. " F ol l owi ng t he ' 52 c onv ent io n h e to l d fr i end an d suppor t er J os eph Pol owask y t hat N i xon w as " a l i tt l e ma n i n a bi g hur r y. " H e al so no t ed t hat t he a mbi ti ous C ali f or ni an h ad a " mean a nd

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vi ndic t i ve st r eak, " a f ac t t hat m any ot her s i n an d o ut o f t he Republ i can Pa r t y wer e t o di sco ver f ro m f ir st hand exper i ence. Taf t expr es sed t he f erv ent h ope t hat c i r cu mst ances w oul d ne ver p ro pel Ni xon i nt o t he P r es i denc y. 3 0 Af t er th e c i gar s mok e l i f te d f ro m t he back r ooms at t he 1952 convent i on, t hi s quest i on w aft ed o ut ont o t he b re eze: How d id E arl War r en, a m an t ota l l y l ac ki ng i n j udi ci al exper ie nce, become Chi ef Just ic e o f th e S upr eme Co ur t ? The e ve nt s l eadi ng t o hi s a ppoi ntment wer e descr i bed b y Fr ank Hani ghen i n Human Event s i n Ja nuar y 1958: By 1 952, W arr en co nsi dere d h im sel f th e b oy m ost l i kely t o s uc ceed t o t he t op no mi nat i on - but , War r en-l i ke, t ook ou t i ns ur ance t o co ver hi s ca ndi dacy . T he p ol i cy w as pr of f er ed, at t he out se t o f th e N at i onal Convent i on in C hic ago, by r epr esent at i ves of c andi date D wi ght D . Ei senhower ; t hey f ear ed t he Ge ner al coul d not w in t he nomi nat i on unl ess t he co nvent io n a cc ept ed I ke de l egat io ns se nt b y f i ve Sout hern s t at es i n opposi t i on to T aft d el egat i ons c hose n b y r egul ar p art y p r oce ss. Thei r pr oposi t i on t o Warr en wa s s i mpl e; he c oul d have hi s c hoi ce of S ec r et ar y of La bor o r I nt er i or w hen I ke b ecame Pr es i dent , i f he o nl y cast Cal i f orn i a' s . . . convent i on vo t es f or h i msel f on t he act ual bal l ot i ng f or th e n omin at i on, b ut he w as j ust t o v ot e t o se at th e Sout her n E i se nhower m en. War re n d emur r ed; t he q ui d p ro q uo wa s r ai sed t o t he f i r st Supre me C our t vacanc y, a li f et im e j ob. He to ok i t . Cal if or ni a vot ed f or t he I ke del egat i ons, and Taf t ' s hopes went gl i mmeri ng. The pa yof f ca me in S ept ember 1953, wi t h th e u nt im el y deat h of Chi ef Just i ce F r ed V i nson. I n a f ew days, At t or ney G ener al He r bert Br ownel l f l ew t o Sacr ament o to t el l War r en t hat , i n ,c ompl i ance wi t h t he pr omi se, Pr esi dent Ei senhower w oul d no mi nat e h i m t o b e an A ss oci at e Just ic e o f th e S upr eme Co ur t , nami ng one of t he s i t t in g A ssoc i at es t o t he pr esi di ng c hai r . N o, sai d War r en f i r ml y; t he pr omi se t o hi m was f or t he fi r s t v ac ancy, a nd si nce t he f i rs t v ac ancy wa s t he C hi ef Just ic eshi p, he in t ended t o have i t . 3 1 Needle ss t o r el ate , . I ke caved i n a nd Warr en b eca me Ch i ef Just ic e. T he r est i s t r agedy. Ni xon' s c ampai gn f or t he Vi ce Pr esi dency had j ust b egun w hen one of h is s i x (o r m or e) c r is es po pped up . T he N ew Yo r k Po st h i t t he st r eet s o n Se pt ember 1 8 wi t h a f r ont-p age st or y he adl in ed: " Secr et Ri ch Men' s Tr ust Fund Keeps Ni xon I n S t yle B eyo nd H i s Sal ar y. " T he s t or y w as pi cked u p a nd b l own o ut of a ll p r opor t i on by p r o-A dl ai St evens on newspaper s. Ther e was i ndeed such a f und. I t h ad been put t oget her b y Pasadena l awyer Da na S mit h, ac cor di ng t o Smi t h, so t hat N i xon c oul d cont in ue c ampai gni ng a nd sel li ng c onc ept s of f r ee e nte r pr i se bet ween f or mal e l ecti ons. Ni xon coul d not p os si bly h ave done t hi s o n hi s sal ar y of $ 12, 000 pe r y ear p l us $2, 500 f or expens es. I t w oul d h ave been di f f ic ul t t o f i nd an e l ec t ed of f i c i al i n Washi ngt on wh o d i d not ha ve some such f und; Ad l ai S te venso n h i mse l f ha d t wo. Smi th h ad be en ca r ef ul t o l im i t i ndi vi dual c ontr i buti ons t o t he f und t o $500, s o a s t o av oi d any in f er ence t hat " wealt hy i ndus t r i al is t s" wer e b uy i ng t hemselv es a Senato r . H owever , t he Was hi ngt on S t ar l ate r r eveal ed t hat N ix on' s of f i ce h ad in t er ce ded o n behal f o f Sm i t h hi msel f i n a Just i ce Depart ment ca se in w hi ch a c ompany ow ned by S mi th ' s fa mi l y wa s s eeki ng a t ax r ebat e of mor e t han ha l f a mi l l i on d oll ar s. Mo r eove r , t he l egal opi nio n f r om t he f i r m h ir ed by t he Re publi can N at i onal C ommit t ee t o r esear ch t he pr opr i et y of t he f und ac knowl-

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edged t hat , af t er i nt er vi ewi ng " a n umber of c ontr i buto r s, " th e r esear cher s had le ar ned t hat " in t wo in st anc es t he contr i but or had cont ac t ed N ix on to r eques t h is a ssi st ance i n c onnect io n w i t h mat te r pendin g b ef or e a depar t ment or a gency o f t he g ove r nment . " 3 2 I n to t al , t he fu nd h ad, i n a l i t t le l ess t han t wo ye ar s, ra i sed $18, 000, w hi ch was us ed t o f i nance speak i ng t ri ps, send C hr i s t mas c ar ds t o Ni xon' s 25, 000 c ampai gn wo r ker s, def ra y e xpenses on mai l t hat coul d not be f r anke d, a nd pay f or l ong-d i st ance t ele phone c al l s. N i xo n c l aim ed th at " not one c ent . . . w ent t o me f or my p ers onal us e. " But he h ad e ar l ie r admi tt ed t o col umni st P et er Ed son t hat h ad i t n ot b een f or th e f und, h e coul d not h av e made t he down payment on hi s h ouse i n Washi ngt on. 33 The re vel at io n o f t he f und w as a p ower f ul weapon again st t he Republ i cans, who wer e mak i ng a b i g is sue of di shonest y a nd c or r upt i on i n t he T r uman A dmi ni st r at i on. The D emocr at i c p oli t i c ia ns g r abbed at i t i n d es per at e sel f-d ef ens e, i gnor i ng t he f ac t t hat m ost pol it i c i ans had f unds of t he same sor t . The pu bl i c , whi ch i n g ener al di d n ot know t hat t he ec onomi c f act s of l i fe i n Washi ngt on ne cessi ta t ed out si de suppor t , was, by a nd l ar ge, e xt r emel y upset . Ni xon t r i ed t o c ount er by b l ami ng t he ch ar ges on t he C ommuni st s. F r om t he ob ser vati on pl at f or m of hi s campai gn t r ai n h e t ol d au di enc es: You fo l ks k now t he w or k t hat I d i d in vesti gat i ng Communi st s i n t he Un i t ed St at es. E ver s i nce I h ave done t hat wo r k, t he C ommuni st s, t he le f t-w i nger s, h ave b een f i ghti ng me w i t h ever y smear t hat t hey h av e been abl e t o. E ven w hen I r ece i ved th e n omi nat i on f or t he v ic e-pr esid ency, I want you f ol ks to k now and I' m goi ng t o r eveal i t t oday f or th e f i r st t i me - I w as w ar ned t hat i f I cont in ued t o at t ac k t he Communi st s an d c ro oks i n t hi s gover nment t hey w oul d co nt i nue t o sm ear me, an d, b eli eve me, y ou can expect t hat t hey w il l c ont i nue t o d o so. They st ar t ed i t ye st er day - you saw i t i n t he m or nin g p aper s. Th ey t r i ed t o s ay t hat I h ad t aken t he money, $16, 000. What t hey d id n' t poi nt ou t i s t hi s : t hat what I was do i ng w as savi ng y ou mo ney, r at her t han char gin g t he e xpens es of m y of f i ce , w hi ch w ere i n e xc ess of t he amount s w hi ch w ere a l l owed b y t he t axpay er s a nd a l lo wed u nder th e l aw, r at her t han t akin g t hat money . Rat her t han usi ng t he money, t he t axp ayers ' m onie s f or t hose pur pos es, w hat d id I d o? What I d i d was to h ave t hose exp enses p ai d by t he pe opl e ba ck ho me w ho wer e i nt er es t ed i n s eein g t hat t he i nf ormat i on concer ni ng wh at wa s g oi ng o n i n Washi ngt on w as sp r ead among t he pe opl e of t hei r s t at e. I ' l l t el l y ou w hat s ome of t hem do. They put t hei r w iv es o n t he payr ol l , t aki ng y our mo ney a nd u sin g i t fo r t hat p ur pose. And P at Ni xon has wo r ked in m y of f i ce ni ght af t er ni ght af t er ni ght, a nd I can say t hi s, and I say it p r oudl y, sh e h as never been on t he gover nment payr ol l s i nce I ha ve b een i n Washi ngt on, D. C. Poi nt t wo: Wh at el se would y ou do ? D o you w ant m e t o g o on a nd d o what some o f t hese p eople a r e doi ng? Take f at l egal fe es o n t he si de? Dur i ng t he ti me I' ve b een i n Washi ngt on - and I ' m p r oud o f t hi s - I ' ve never t aken a l egal f ee, al t hough a s a l awyer I coul d l egal ly b ut not et hi ca l l y h av e d one s o, and I' m never g oin g t o in t he f ut ur e, b eca use I t hi nk t hat ' s a v io l at i on of a t r ust whi ch my o f fi ce ha s . . . . 34 St i l l t her e was no w or d f r om Ei senhower . Agoni zin g d ay f ol l owed agoniz i ng d ay f or Ni xon as h e wai t ed f or r eassura nce. Ma ny k ey Republ i cans wer e cal l i ng f or hi m t o be d ro pped fr om th e t i cke t . De wey cont ac t ed N ix on an d s uggest ed t hat he b are h i s so ul on n at i onal t el evi si on. Out of t hi s came t he f amous "C heckers S peech. "

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Shor tl y b ef or e g oi ng o n t he ai r f or t he "C heckers Speec h, " N ix on r eceiv ed a ca l l fr om Dewey, be ar i ng t he ba d n ews t hat most of I ke' s advi se r s f avo r ed dumpi ng Ni xon. I t se emed a h i nt f or t he c andi date t o r es i gn o n t he a i r. T he em ot i onal s t ra i n wa s i mmense as N i xon went bef ore t he ca mer as w i t h a h ast i l y w ri t t en speech scr awl ed o n a n ot e pad. The S enat or del i vere d a n emot i on-l aden speech t hat det ai le d t he hi st or y o f th e f und, l eav i ng out a po i nt her e a nd t her e, a nd addin g t hat someone had al so g iv en hi s f amil y a cocker spanie l , " Checkers , " whi ch hi s c hi l dr en l oved, a nd t hey wer en' t goi ng t o g iv e i t back. Ni xon c l osed h i s ta l k , not b y r esi gni ng, bu t b y put t in g t he deci si on u p t o t he R epubl i can Nat i onal C ommi t t ee and aski ng t he pu bl i c to v oic e t heir s ent i ment s t o th at b ody v i a t el egra ms. The sp eech wa s d es cr i bed b y St evens on su ppor t er s a s " soap oper a schmal t z a nd mawki sh o oze , " bu t i t wa s o ne o f t he m ost e f f ect i ve pol i ti cal s peeches e ver del i ve r ed. Th e R epubl i cans r ec ei ved t el egr ams s i gned b y m or e t han o ne mi l l io n c i t iz ens, over whel mi ngl y s uppor t in g Ni xon. N i xon' s po l i t i cal s kin h ad be en sa ved. Th at we ekend he f le w t o Wheeli ng, W es t V ir gi ni a, where E i senhower was o n hand t o g r eet h im a s " my bo y. " Thr oughout th e r es t o f th e c ampai gn Ni xon wor ked t i r el essl y f or t he ti cket , maki ng a s m any a s a d ozen s peeches a day. H i s f or mula w as " K-1 , C -3 " - so-c al l ed f or Ko r ea, Communi sm, cor r upti on, and c ost s. Th e Democr at s w er e v ul ner able o n al l i t ems, an d N i xon d i d not s par e th e r het or i c . H e began o n S ept ember 2 , 19 52, i n a s peech at B angor , Ma i ne, wi t h t he s t at ement : We c an a nti ci pat e charg es o f smear . . . i f t he r ecord i t se l f smears , l et i t s mear . I f t he dr y r ot of co r r upt io n a nd C ommuni sm whi ch has ea t en d eep i nt o o ur body pol i t i c dur in g t he past seven ye ar s can onl y be c hopped ou t w i t h a h at chet - t hen l et ' s cal l f or a hat chet . Some of h i s speech es s howed th e f l air f or al l i t er at i on t hat woul d hel p t o make Spi ro A gnew a h ousehol d wor d near l y t wo decades l at er . O n Oct ober 1 , 19 51, t he c andi date t ol d assembl ed l oy al i st s i n Al exandr i a, Vi r gin i a: The Tr uman-S t evenson d uet i s si mpl y de si gned t o ba mbooz l e t he Amer ic an p eopl e in t o c ont i nuin g i n po wer an A dmin i st ra t i on st eeped i n cor r upt i on, conf us i on, co mpr omi se a nd C ommuni st co ddl in g. Ni xon r emi nded t he p ubl ic o f t he v ast m i ll i ons of p eopl e w ho had di sappear ed behi nd t he Ir on a nd B amboo C urt ai ns dur i ng t he re i gn of t he i r asci bl e man f r om Mi ssour i . For t his h e j ust if i abl y bl amed t he Ad mi nis t r at i on. T he f ol ks i n Wi l kes-B ar r e, Pennsy l vani a, h ear d t hi s f r om t he c andi dat e o n Oc t ober 9 : Becaus e o f re cent at t empt s o f Messr s. T r uman, Ac heson and St evenson t o f al si f y t he r ecor d t o co ver up t heir f ail ur e t o deal wi t h t he Co mmuni st c ons pi r acy or to d evelo p a ny p r ogra m f or m eet in g i t i n t he fu t ur e, I a m goi ng to t ake t he ca se be f or e th e A mer i can people . I n t he s ame vei n, Ni xon r ei t er at ed th e t r uth t o an a udie nce i n U t i ca , New Yo r k, o n Oct ober 1 8: I c har ge t hat t he bur i ed r ecor d w i l l show t hat Mr . T ru man a nd h i s associ at es, ei t her t hr ough s tu pi di t y or po l i t i cal e xpedi ence, w ere pr i mar i l y r es ponsi bl e f or t he uni mpeded gr owt h of t he Communi st

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conspi r acy wi t hi n t he U ni t ed St at es. I f ur t her ch ar ge t hat Mr . T ru man, Dean Acheson and ot her Ad mi nis t r at i on o f fi c i al s f or po l i t i cal r eas ons covere d u p th i s Co mmuni st c ons pi r acy and at t empte d t o hal t it s exposu r e. Two of N i xon' s f av or i t e t ar get s i n t hes e d ays wer e Tr uman' s Secr et ar y o f St ate , D ean Aches on, a nd h i s pol i cy of "c ont ai ni ng" Communi sm. On O cto ber 1 6, H oos i er s in E vansvi l l e heard t he ca ndi dat e pr ocla i m: I s ay, m ake " conta i nment" r ead " appeasement . " Y et A dla i S t eve nson - who car r i es a P h. D. f r om Dean A ch eson' s cowar dl y c ol l ege of C ommuni st cont ai nment - appro ves t hi s d is ast r ous p oli cy. I n t hose d ays t he Republi cans wer e ca l l i ng f or vi ct ory o ver Communi sm, no t p ro posi ng an "e r a o f negoti at i on." A cheson ( CFR) wa s a par t ic ul ar l y j ui cy t ar get , s in ce h e had su r r ounded h im sel f wi t h Al ger Hi ss, Owen La t t i mor e, J ohn S te war t Se r v i ce , O l i ve r C lu bb, J ohn C ar t er Vi ncent , L auc hl i n Cur r i e, a nd t hei r l i ke - al l of t hem ei t her S ovie t spi es or securi t y r i sk s. Un doubt edl y it w as ju st a coi ncid ence, b ut Jo seph St al in h ad hi r ed Acheson t o be t he So vi et Uni on's p ers onal at t or ney i n t he Un i t ed St at es pr i or t o t he of f i c i al r ecogni t i on of th e S ovie t s by FDR. Just h ow S t al i n h appened t o p i ck A cheson t o ser ve a s t he Bol shevi ks ' bar r is t er h as n ot, t o o ur k nowl edge, ever been ex pl ain ed. Ther e i s o f cour se t he po ssi bi l i t y th at he h appened to b e b ro wsi ng t hr ough t he Yel l ow Pages an d f ound A cheson's n ame at t he t op of t he page. Dur i ng Aches on' s te nur e as t hei r l egal r epr esent at i ve, t he Communi st s ma de tr emendous a dv ances t hr oughout th e w or l d. A ch eson had al so been r es ponsi bl e f or e l ev at i ng Hi ss t o a h ig h p os i t i on i n t he St at e Depar tment , and e ve n a ft er H i ss h ad been co nvi ct ed o f per j ur y f or l y i ng about hi s sp yi ng fo r t he S ovi et s, Ac heson announced: "I w i ll n ot t ur n my b ack on Al ger H is s. " Si nce Ni xon was d eepl y in vol ved i n th e Hi ss case, an d s in ce h e and Ac heson wer e such vi ole nt e nemi es, i t i s t r ul y one o f t he gr eat ir oni es o f t he N i xo n A dmin i st ra t i on th at De an Acheso n s houl d b e abl e to a nnounce, as h e di d o n hi s CBS S pec i al wi t h Wal t er C r onki t e, t hat h e i s no w a b ehi nd-t he-s cenes a dvi so r t o Pr esid ent N ix on. CFR p oli t i cs m akes st r ange b edf el l ows. M ayb e N i xon t oo was br owsi ng t hr ough t he Yel lo w Pages . Jour nal i st Cl ar k Mol l enhof f , unt i l re centl y a m ember of N i xon' s st af f, d i sclo sed: He [ Ki ss i nger ] h as h i s ad mi r er s a nd det r ac t or s. Among t he f or mer ar e f or mer S ecr et ar y of S ta t e De an A cheson, who b el i eves t hat our fo r ei gn pol i cy i s a mess, but t hat H enr y K i ss i nger ' s h andl i ng of t hin gs in t he Whi t e House i s t he o nl y r eason t hat t he Un i t ed St at es i s n ot i n mo r e di f f ic ul t i es i n th e w or ld . 3 5 The an t i-C ommuni st r het or ic o f N ix on i n 19 52 c ont r i but ed t o Ei senhower ' s l ands l i de vi ct ory , a s th e v ic t or y-s t ar ve d E l ephant Team swept t hi r t y-n i ne st at es and co r r al l ed 4 42 el ect or al vo t es.

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Purging The Party Of Patriots The Ei senhower .-N i xon t eam tr i umphed i n t he 19 52 e l ec t i on by pr omis i ng t o st em Communi st ag gr essio n a br oad, ro ot ou t R ed i nf i lt r at or s at ho me, a nd r eve r se t he s oci al i s t ic p oli ci es of t he New Deal . The p ar t y pl at f or m pr omi sed: We s hal l e l im i nate f r om t he St at e D epar t ment a nd f r om ever y Federa l o f f ic e, al l , w her eve r t hey m ay be f ound, w ho s har e r esponsi bi l it y f or t he ne edl es s p r edi cament s a nd per il s i n wh i ch we f i nd our sel ve s. We s hal l al so sever f r om t he p ubl i c pa yr ol l s t he hor des of l oaf er s, i ncompet ent s and unnecess ar y empl oyees w ho c l ut te r t he admi ni st r at io n o f our f or ei gn af f ai r s . . . . The G ove r nment o f th e Uni t ed S t at es , u nder R epubl i ca n l eader ship , w i l l r epudi at e al l commit ment s cont ai ned i n secre t u nder st andi ngs su ch as t hose of Ya l t a whi ch ai d C ommunis t e nsla vement s . . . . We s hall a gai n make l i ber t y i nt o a be acon li ght of h ope t hat wi l l pe net ra t e t he dar k pl aces . . . . We s hal l s ee t o it t hat no t re at y n or a gre ement wi t h ot her co unt ri es depr iv es o ur ci t iz ens o f t he r i ght s guar ant eed th em by t he Fe der al Consti t ut i on . . . . T her e a re n o C ommunis t s i n t he Republ i can par t y . . . . We n eve r c ompr omi se w i th C ommuni sm and w e have t o e xpos e i t and el i min at e i t i n go ver nment a nd A mer ic an li f e. A Republ i can Pr esi dent wi l l appoi nt onl y per sons o f unquesti oned l oyal ty . . . . R educt io n o f expendi t ur es by th e e l i mi nat i on of w ast e a nd e xt r av aganc e s o th at th e budget w i l l be b al anced and a gener al t ax r educti on ca n b e ma de. But al l t hi s was not t o be. A f or mer assis st ant t o J . Edgar Hoover , D an Smoot, h as de cl are d: I f S te venson had won i n 1952, t he g ro wi ng ant i-C ommuni st , 165 ant i -s oci al i s t , an t i-w or l d gover nment sent i ment o f t he p eopl e woul d have cont i nued t o gr ow wi t h ac cel er at ed sp eed, be cause i t w as a ppar ent t hat St evenso n meant a co nt i nuat i on of T ru man' s pol i ci es. But mi l l i ons t hought t hei r r ev ol t h ad s ucc eeded when Ei senhower and Ni xon w er e e le ct ed. Ei senhower an d N ix on, r id i ng i nt o o ff i ce on t he cr est of a gr eat wave i n t he swel l i ng a nti-c ommuni st , an t i-s oci al i s t movement , d es t r oye d t he movement b y gi v i ng i t l ip s erv i ce, wh i l e v i goro usl y su pport i ng t he v ery p ol i c i es t hey wer e el ect ed t o op pose. " Cal l in g t hi s " t he most tr agi c i r ony i n t he h i st or y o f Amer i ca , " Smoot cont i nued by s ayi ng: . . . The E is enhower-N i xon t eam, el ecte d i n 19 52 be cause i t w as consid er ed st r ongl y a nt i-c ommuni st , br oke t he b ack o f t he a nt i -communi st m ov ement i n t he U nit ed S t at es! Gi ven I ke' s debt t o F DR and th e I nsid er s ar ound hi m, t hi s i s not sur pri si ng. Exactl y a s Ge or ge C. M ars hal l had b een e le vat ed t o C hi ef o f St af f, I ke wa s p ic ked b y t he Roosevel t A dmi ni st ra t i on i n 1 942 t o be Al l i ed C ommander i n N or t h A f ri ca, over t he h eads o f 36 6 A rmy o f f ic er s who ou t r anked h i m. T o c ont end t hat th ese wer e b ot h c oi nci denc es is t o i nsult a l l lo gi c. How muc h E is enhower o wed t o t he R oos evel t Admi ni st r at io n may b e s een i n t he f ac t t hat h e wa s o nl y a L ieu t enant Col onel a t th e o ut set o f t he war , a nd h i s car eer, l i ke M ar shal l ' s, w as

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consid er ed a f l op. I n 1 943, wi t h t he same backi ng t hat M ar shal l ha d, h e became Supr eme C ommander of Al l i ed Fo r ces i n E uro pe. Hi st or y h as shown t hat th e man w ho be ar s t he a ctu al ti t l e o f Pr esid ent o f t he Uni t ed St at es i s n ot a l ways t he man who r eal l y wi el ds t he po wer . Be hi nd Woodr ow Wi ls on t her e w as C ol onel H ouse. B ehi nd FDR was Ha r r y H opki ns. T hose who r eal l y r an th e U ni te d S ta t es w hi l e Ei senhower wa s o n t he p ut t i ng gr een wer e Si dney Wei nber g, M il t on Ei senhower (C FR) , Sher man A dams ( CFR) , J ohn Fost er D ul l es ( CFR) , a nd Paul Hof f man ( CFR) , a l l l i f el ong d ev ot ed Lef t is t s . T hi s g ro up c ame t o be k nown a s t he " Pal ace Guar d. " The He ar st newsp aper s of J ul y 6 , 19 53, over t he b yli ne o f t hei r Washin gt on Bu r eau, s ai d: " The man-b ehi nd-t he-g uns i n t he Ei senhower Admi ni st r at io n i s Si dney James Wei nber g, Wal l S tr eet i nvest ment banker . " W ein ber g, u nt i l hi s r ecent deat h, w as a par tn er i n t he i nt erna t i onal b anki ng fi r m o f Gol dman, S ach s a nd C ompany. An a r t i cl e i n t he Ne w Yor ke r m agazi ne i n 1 956 p oi nt ed ou t : [ Wei nber g] ha s b een a l ia i son bet ween Wall S t r eet a nd t he Whi t e House ever s i nce th e i nc ept i on of th e N ew Deal . I n t he ear l y ' 30' s, he wa s a mong t he f ew p r omi nent m en in b i g-money c i r cle s w hom Pr esi dent Ro oseve l t c oul d c ount o n f or su ppor t , and du r i ng bo t h th e 1 932 and 1936 P re si dent i al ca mpaig ns h e was as si st ant t r easur er of t he D emocr at i c Nat i onal C ommi t t ee. 2 The sa me a r ti c l e quot es Busi ness Week as c al l in g Wei nber g " an ambass ador be t ween f i nanc i er s and p ol i t i ci ans, " and sa ys t hat , " . . . t hough l arg el y unknown t o th e man i n a ny s t r eet b ut Wal l , [ Wei nber g] is a mong t he nat i on' s m ost i nfl uent i al c i ti zens. I n h is r ol e as a power be hi nd t he t hr one, he p r obabl y co mes a s cl ose a s B er nar d Bar uch . " 3 Cont in ui ng, t he Ne w Yor ke r a rt i c l e ob ser ve s: " Ther e is h ar dly a r ami fi cat i on of th e money a nd cr edi t busin ess i n whi ch G ol dman, Sa chs i s n ot a ct i ve . " In F DR' s admin i st r ati on Wei nber g was one o f t he or gani zer s of t he Busin ess A dv i sory C ounci l , an u nof fi c i al ar m o f t he Counci l o n Fo r ei gn R el ati ons cr eat ed t o ge t t he appr ov al o f busi nessmen f or th e N ew Deal . A h all mar k of t he t r ue In si der i s t hat h e i s e qual l y at h ome i n ei t her p ol i ti cal par t y, s i nce he k nows t hat w hi le t he par t i es t alk a s l i ght l y d i ff er ent l anguage th ey a r e contr ol l ed by t he s ame people . I n 1940, havi ng supposedl y conclu ded t hat a t hi r d te r m fo r F DR was unsound, " Wei nberg p opped u p as a f ounder o f an d d il i gent f und-r ai ser f or th e D emocr at s f or Wi l l k i e." 4 I n 1 951, W ein ber g became a f in anci al backe r o f Re publi can Advanc e, t he ADA of t he Republ i can pa r t y.' I n 1 952, Re publ i ca n A dv ance, of w hi ch, i t wi l l be r emembere d, R i ch ar d Ni xon wa s a char t er member , changed i t s name t o C i t iz ens f or E i se nhower -N i xon, a nd Wei nber g b ecame i t s tr easur er . W as i t v er y d if f i cul t f or t hi s s uper-I ns i der t o i nf i lt r at e th e R epubl i can P art y? N ot at al l . " The R epubl i cans a r e not ver y br i ght ," o bse r ved Wei nber g. b T he N ew Yor ker ar t ic l e i nfo r med us: When Ei senhower wa s P r esi dent-e l ect, h e a sk ed th r ee t ru st ed and wel l -i nf ormed a gent s - [ Luci us] C la y [ CFRI , S her man Adams [ CFR] and Her ber t B r ownel l [ CFR] - t o dr aw u p a l i st o f r ec ommendat i ons f or t he cabi net h e wo ul d have t o appoi nt . T hese th r ee men, i n a s ense , w er e act i ng as E is enhower ' s ad vi sor s, b ut i n t his c ompl ex p ol i t i ca l a ge even

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advi so r s n eed a dvi sor s, and am ong t hose th e t r i o t ur ned t o wa s, mo st not abl y, W ein ber g. 7 Goaded b y h is m yst er i ous backe r s, I ke b egan p ur gi ng Co nser vat i ves f r om t he R epubl i ca n P ar ty i nst ead of C ommuni sts f r om t he go ver nment . Fi r st t o f eel t he wr at h of t he " New" Republ i cans wer e t he f ol l ower s o f Robert T af t . The Taf t -C onser vat i ve wi ng of t he par ty h ad cl osed r anks behi nd t he Ei senhower -N i xon t i cket, t hanks l arg el y t o t he wor k of Ni xon, d espit e t he f act t hat f ol l owi ng t he conventi on Ei senhower ' s advi so r a nd i nt i mat e, P aul H of f man, had re t ur ned t o Pa sadena and hel d a pr ess conf ere nce, at w hic h h e sai d, i n s ubst ance, a cco r di ng t o a st or y by M or r i e R ys ki nd: " The GOP ha s f i nal l y ri d i t sel f o f t he T af t i nc ubus, and ou r j ob now is t o g et r i d of a l l t he Taf t a dher ent s. " $ Af t er hel pi ng t o def eat Adl ai St evens on ha ndi l y, Conse r vat i ve s hoped t hat Ei senhower w oul d ap poi nt some Taf t s uppor te r s t o key ca bi net posi ti ons, to i mpl ement t he pr omi ses of th e R epubl i can Par t y pl at fo r m. But th e o nl y Taf t suppor te r t o be a ppoi nt ed t o t he c abi net w as E zra T af t Benson, w ho ser ved i n t he p ost o f S ec r et ar y o f Ag r i cul t ur e. For mer R epubl i can Congre ssman Howard B uf f et t e xp l ai ned how c l ever ly C ons er vat iv es we r e bei ng pur ged i n t he Ei senhower Admi ni st r at io n: Dur i ng I ke' s f i r st w eeks i n of f i ce, a l i st o f T af t R epubl i cans t o be p ur ged w as p r epar ed at t he Whi t e House. I n t hi s s tr at egy t he Mo der n [ Li ber al ] R epubl ic ans d id r i ot m ake Roosev el t ' s mi st ak e i n an nounc i ng t hei r ai ms. I nst ead t hey la i d th ei r p la ns se cr et l y and no p ubli c exposu r e o f t hei r t act i cs e ver a ppear ed. The f r equent di sappear anc e o f conser vat i ve Republ i cans f r om publ i c of f ic e a nd pol i ti cal i nf l uenc e i n t he fo l l owi ng y ear s w as mut e t est i mony t o t he e ff ect iv eness of t hi s l i quid at i on pol i cy . 9 I t h ad n ot ta ken Bob T aft l ong t o r ead t he h andwr i t i ng o n t he Ei senhower Ad mi nis t r at i on' s wa l l . I n t he Whi t e Ho use on A pr il 3 0, 1953, bef ore a d oze n C ongr essmen a nd o t hers , T af t t ol d Ei senhower : " You' r e t ak i ng u s r ig ht do wn t he s ame r oad t hat T ru man t ra vel ed. I t ' s a r epudi at i on of e ve r yt hi ng w e pr omi sed i n t he [ 19 52] campai gn. " r ° I nst ead o f bu i l din g h i s admi ni st r at io n a ro und C onser va t i ves and ant i -C ommuni st s, Ei senhower co nt i nued t he r ei gn o f t he C FR members w ho had co nt r ol le d t he Ro osevelt a nd Tr uman Admin i st r ati ons. CFR member s hol din g k ey s l ot s i n t he Ei senhower Admi ni st r at io n i nc l uded: r r Pr esid ent o f t he Uni t ed St at es , D wi ght D . Ei senhower ; Vi ce Pr esi dent o f t he Un i t ed St at es, R i char d M. Ni xon; Di r ec t or o f t he Cent r al I nt ell i gence Agenc y, A l le n W. Dul l es; Secr et ar y o f St ate , J ohn Foste r D ul le s; Secr et ar y o f St ate , C hr is t i an A. H ert er (s ucc eedin g J ohn Foste r Dul l es ) ; Secr et ar y o f t he Tr easury , R ober t B . Ander son; Se cr eta r y o f t he Na vy, Thomas S . G at es; Secr et ar y o f Labor , J ames P . Mi t chell ; Secr et ar y o f Commer ce, Le wi s L. S t r auss; Under Secr eta r y, Depar t ment of H eal th , E ducat i on and Wel f ar e, Nel son A . R oc kef el l er ; Specia l A ssis t ant t o t he Pr esi dent fo r N at i onal Securi t y A f fa i r s, Gor don G r ay; Specia l A ssis t ant t o t he Pr esi dent , James R. K i ll i an Jr . ; St af f Secr eta r y to t he Pr esi dent , B ri g. Ge n. A . J. G oodpast er, USA;

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Under Secr eta r y of S t at e f or E conomi c Af f ai r s, Dougl as D i ll on; Deputy U nder Secre t ar y of S t at e f or Pol i ti cal A ff ai r s, R obert Mur phy ; Assi st ant S ec r et ar y o f St at e f or E uro pean Af f ai rs , L iv i ngst on T . Mer chant ; Assi st ant S ec r et ar y o f St at e f or A f ri can Af f ai r s, J ose ph C . Sat t er t hwai te ; Assi st ant S ec r et ar y o f St at e f or I nte r nati onal Or ganiz at i on Af f air s, F r anci s O. W i l co x; U. S. Ambassador to t he Un i t ed Nat i ons , H enr y C abot L odge; At omic E ner gy C ommi ssi on, J ohn A . M cCone; and U. S. Repr esent at iv e o n Di sar mament , James J. W ads wor t h. The Re publ i ca n P ar t y p l at f or m of 1 952 h ad st at ed: We s hal l e l im i nate f r om t he St at e D epar t ment a nd f r om ever y Federa l o f f ic e, al l , w her ever t hey ma y b e f ound, who shar e r esponsi bi l it y f or t he ne edl es s p r edi cament s a nd per il s i n wh i ch we f in d o ur sel ves. The "P al ace Guar d" c ar r ie d t hi s p l ank o ut - and bur i ed i t . In st ead of el i min at i ng t hose i n t he St ate D epart ment r espons i bl e f or Y al t a, Chi na, and ot her t ra gi c di sast er s, th e E i senhower A dmi ni st r at i on p ro mot ed t o Secr et ar y o f St ate o ne of t he i ndi vidu al s who w ere m ost r esponsi ble , John Fost er Dul l es . D ul le s h ad b een a p r ot ege o f Col onel H ous e a nd w as a f ounder o f t he Counci l on Fo r ei gn Rel ati ons. He w as al so a pr ote ge o f Dean Acheson, t he Secr eta r y of S t at e on w hose r eco r d of s ucces si ve l osses f or Amer i ca t he R epubl i ca ns h ad based much of t hei r c ampai gn agai nst t he Democr at s. Se nat or Wi l l ia m Jenner o f I ndi ana wr ot e: " Mr . Dul l es i s Mr . A ches on' s i dent ic al tw i n. " Dul l es h ad be come of f i c ia l l y a r i ght-h and man o f Acheso n i n 19 50, and was so c omple t el y a p ar t o f t he T ru man f or ei gn pol ic y m enager i e t hat he no l onger g av e h is a ddr es s t o Who' s Who in A mer ic a a s 48 Wall S t re et , New Yo r k, w her e hi s l aw of f i ce w as, but as " Depar t ment o f S ta t e, Washin gt on. " Dul l es w as a st r ange i ndi vi dual t o ov er see t he pr omi se d c l ean-u p of t he S t at e Depar t ment . The appoi ntment of D ul le s a s Secr eta r y of St at e appeare d s tr ange an d d is i l l usio ni ng even to W i ll i am F. Buckl ey Jr . , who w r ot e i n Human Events o f A pr i l 18 , 1 953: The pr i nci pal r eas on w hy t he Senat e and th e p eopl e s houl d h av e n o conf id ence in D ull es o n mat t er s r el at i ng t o l oyal t y an d s ecur i t y i s h i s r evers al , i n Febru ar y, of t he Ci vi l Ser vic e L oyal t y Bo ar d' s f i ndin gs t hat a " r easo nable d oubt" d oes i ndeed e xis t a s to John Car t er Vi nce nt ' s l oyalt y. N ot onl y di d D ul l es over r ule t his h i ghly c aut i ous bo ar d, he al so exoner at ed Vi ncent on t he l esser , l ooser , la xer scor e by d ecl ar i ng t hat nei t her i s th er e " re asonabl e d oubt " t hat V in cent i s a se cur it y r i sk. Now, th e e vi dence agai ns t V i nce nt , gar ner ed f r om a s t udy o f hi s car eer , i s ve r y pe r suasiv e . .. . But ev en a par t f ro m Vi nce nt ' s act i vit i es and a sso ci ati ons i n Chi na, t her e i s th e t esti mony of L oui s B udenz, wh o a ss er t s th at he k new Vi ncent t o be a me mber of t he Communi st Pa r t y . . . . M r. D ull es i n ef f ect d ecl ar ed th at t her e i s no r eas onabl e d oubt t hat L oui s Budenz i s a l i ar . A nd t hi s i n s pi te o f t he f act t hat o n t he b asi s o f th ousands o f pages of s ecr et te st i mony , c or r obor at i ng wher ever p oss i bl e, t he FB I gi ves Budenz t he hi ghest re l i abi li t y ra t i ng . . . . M r . Du l l es deal t t he fe der al securi t y p r ogr am . . . . an Ac hesonia n b lo w.

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I t w as J ohn Fost er D ul l es , t hen, w ho was appoi nte d b y I ke, or f or I ke, t o c l ean t he secur it y r is ks o ut of th e S t ate D epar t ment and t o p ut a t ermi nat i on t o t he " Amer i ca l ast " CFR fo r ei gn pol i cy , a s ha d b een p r omi sed i n t he 1952 Republ ic an Pa r t y pl at fo r m. I t has been o bs er ved o f D ul l es t hat h e al way s s ai d t he r i ght t hi ng and a lw ays di d t he wr ong o ne. I n s peeches and pu bl i c st at ement s, Dul l es w as al ways t he p ro ponent of th e r eal Ameri can p os i t i on, t he man who an nounced t he pol i cie s a nd i nt ent i ons whi ch t he Amer i can peopl e want ed t o h ear a nd w hi ch t hey r ecogni zed as r i ght . T he A mer ic an pe opl e f or th e most par t wer e no t a war e t hat h e di d j ust t he opposit e o f what he p ro cl ai med. B ut t hat , one must r emember , i s th e w ay t he In si der s oper at e. Dur i ng Wor l d War I I D ul le s w as a ppoin t ed chai r man o f t he F eder al Counci l o f Ch ur ches' I nte r -C hur ch C ommis si on t o S t udy t he B ases of th e Just and D ura bl e Peace. I n e ar l y M arc h o f 1942, t hat or gani za t i on hel d a c onf er ence at De l awar e, O hio . C hair man John F os t er Dul l es submit t ed t he re por t , whi ch had b een a ppr oved by t he m ember s o f hi s c ommi t te e. I t i nc l uded t he f ol lo wi ng re commendat i ons: One, ul t i mate l y a wor l d govern ment of del egat ed p ower s; Two, compl ete a bandonment o f Uni t ed St at es i sol at i onis m; Thr ee, s t r ong, i mmedi at e l i mit at i ons on na t i onal sover ei gnt y; Four , i nt er nat i onal c ontr ol of a l l ar mi es and n av i es; Fi ve, a u ni ve r sal syst em of mo ney; Si x, wor l d-w i de f r eedom of i mmi gr at i on; Seven, p r ogre ssi ve e l i min at i on o f a ll t ari f f a nd quota r est ri ct i ons on wo r l d t ra de; Ei ght, a d emocr ati cal l y cont ro l l ed in t er nat i onal bank. Chai rman D ull es, an i n-l aw of t he Ro ckefe l l er s and lo ng-t i me at t orn ey f or t he i nt er nat i onal b anker s, p l ac ed o n t he Un i t ed St at es much of t he bl ame f or t he S eco nd Worl d War . H i s r eport s ai d: I t s houl d b e a mat t er o f shame a nd hu mi l ia t i on to u s t hat act ual l y t he i nf lu ences shapin g t he wor l d have la r gely b een i r r esp onsi ble f orc es. T he n atu r al w eal t h of t he w or l d i s not ev enl y di s t ri but ed. Accor di ngl y, t he possess i on of s uch nat ur al r eso ur ces . . . i s a g r ant t o be d i schar ged i n t he gener al i nte r est. Ti me magazi ne o f Mar ch 16 , 1 942, w hic h c ar r i ed un der Dul l es' pi c t ur e t he capt io n, " Shame on U . S. ," s t at ed: Some of t he conf er ence' s economi c o pi ni ons a r e al most as sensat i onal as t he e xt r eme i nt er nat io nal is m o f it s p ol i t i cal pr ogr am. I t h el d t hat a " new o r der o f economic l i fe i s b ot h i mmi nent and i mpera t i ve" - a n ew o r der t hat i s s ure t o come e it her " t hr ough vol unt ar y c ooper at i on w it hi n t he f r amework o f d emocr ac y o r th r ough expl os i ve p ol i t i ca l r evol ut i on. " W i th out condemni ng th e p r ofi t m ot i ve as s uc h, i t denounced v ar i ous def ects i n t he p r of i t sy st em fo r b re edi ng war , demagogues an d d i cta t or s, " mass unempl oyment , wi despr ead di spos sessi on f r om h omes and f ar ms, dest it ut i on, l ack of o ppor t uni t y f or yo ut h a nd o f secur i ty f or ol d a ge. " In st ead, " t he chur ch must demand e conomi c ar r angement s measur ed b y human we l f are . . . . " Dul l es w as a pr omi nent an d muc h p ublic i zed member of th e f i r st meet in g o f th e Wor l d C ounci l of C hurc hes, hel d in A mst er dam i n 1 948, a t whi ch t hat bo dy of f i c i all y d ec l ar ed capi ta l i sm to b e j ust a s evi l as Communi sm. 12 Dul le s n ei th er pr ot est ed n or di savowed th e r esol ut i on.

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An i dea o f wh at Jo hn Foste r D ul le s h ad i n m in d i n hi s p ur sui t of Amer ic an f ore i gn pol i cy was gi ven i n U. S. News & Wor ld R eport , D ec ember 28, 19 56, w her e Du l l es sa i d: " I t i s ver y i mpor t ant t hat t hi s sat el l i t e s i t uat i on s houl d devel op i n a way t hat t he S ovi et U nio n i s su r r ounded by f ri endl y countr i es. " Comment i ng up on an e ar l ie r s im i l ar st at ement , Fr ank Meyer , now of N at io nal Revi ew magazi ne, w ro t e: Sur ely i f t he a dmi ni st r at i on had t he f ai nt est s ense of r eal it y about t he c har acte r o f th e s tr uggl e, t he t i ght est p oss i bl e en ci r cle ment of t he S ovi et U nio n b y th e mos t h osti l e pe opl es woul d be o ne of ou r f i r st ai ms. What i s S ecre t ar y Dul l es sayin g? T hat a ny f r i ends w e have i n t he p er i pher y of t he Sovi et e mpi re a r e t o b e sacr if i ced to t he Russi an d esi r e f or capti ve n eig hbors ? H ow does t hi s di f f er f r om t he po l i cy of Y alt a, t he sel lo ut o f Pol and i n 1 945? You wi l l r eca l l th at d uri ng th e 1 952 campai gn, Ni xon had c all ed t he Tr uman-A cheso n p ol ic y o f " cont ai nment " o f Co mmuni sm " cowar dly . " Under Dul l es t he Ei senhower Ad mi ni str at i on d i d no t r epudi at e t he Yal t a agr eement s as p r omi sed in t he pl at f or m, bu t i nste ad r epudia t ed a ny r epudi at i on of t he a gr eement s. S i nce Dul le s w as a f ounder o f ' t he Counci l o n Fo r ei gn R el ati ons i t i s no t s ur pr i s i ng t hat h e w as a st r ong suppor t er o f At l ant i c U ni on, whi ch ad vocat es c hangi ng NATO fr om a def ens e a l l ia nce i nt o a comple t e p oli t ic al un i on. 13 The San F r anci sco Examin er o f May 4, 1 956, cal le d D ul le s' pr ogr am " wor ld g overn ment i n di sgui se, " an d s ai d t hat Ei senhower " f ul ly s uppor t s th e ' Dull es pl an. ' " Despit e t he f act t hat N ix on ha d a chie ved gr eat po l i t ic al m i le age out of h or sewhi ppi ng De an A cheson f or h i s, a t best , ba dl y mi st aken pol i ci es t owar ds Communis m, he q ui ckl y g ra vi t at ed t owar d A cheson's pr ot ege, D ull es. Wr i t i ng i n Lo ok m agazi ne, E ar l Mazo was t o not e: Onl y a f ew ha ve kn own t hat t he r el ati onshi p b et ween Ni xon a nd Dul l es w as p erh aps t he w armest i n t he Admi ni st r at io n . . . . Du l l es wa s Ni xon' s b ehin d t he s cenes a dvi ser i n many cases, espec i al l y dur i ng Ei senhower ' s i l l ness. I t i s not s ur pr i si ng t hat N i xo n w ould f eel a n a ff i ni ty f or Du l l es. B ot h posses sed t he a bil i t y t o pr oje ct a pu bl i c im age whi ch ra n q ui t e c ount er t o t hei r a cti ons. But s ophi sti cat ed Washin gt on wa t cher s m ust have l aughed t o se e t he s uppos edl y mi l i t ant a nt i -C ommuni st N ix on co zy u p t o Acheso n' s s id eki ck , D ul le s. Ac heson, i n 19 71 a n unof fi c i al Ni xon advi se r , w as N i xon' s f avor i t e t ar get i n 1 952, w i th s t at ement s l i ke t hi s: St evenson h im sel f hasn' t even backbone t ra i ni ng, f or he i s a gr aduat e o f Dean Acheson' s s pi nel ess school o f di pl omacy w hic h c os t t he f r ee wor l d si x h undr ed mi l l i on f or mer a l li es i n t he pa st s eve n years o f Tr umani sm. l a Four days l at er Ni xon a gai n li nked St evens on w i th A cheson, th e man wh o s ai d he wo ul d n ot t urn h i s ba ck on A l ger Hi ss af t er Hi ss was convic t ed o f per ju r y r egar di ng h i s ac t i vit i es i n spyin g f or t he US SR: " [ St ev enson's ] e nt i r e r ec or d shows t hat he i s i ncur abl y a ff l i ct ed wi t h Acheso n c ol or-b l i ndness - a f or m o f pi nkeye - t owar d t he Red th r eat . " 1 s Whi l e campaig ni ng f or t he P r es i dency i n 19 52, I ke t old a Mi l waukee a udi ence t hat Communi sm had:

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. . . i nsi nuat ed i t sel f i nt o our s chool s . . . and o ur g ove r nment i t self . W hat di d t hi s c ont amin at i on i nt o gover nment me an? I t meant cont ami nat i on t o some d egr ee of v i r tu al l y ever y sect io n o f ou r govern ment . . . . W e h av e a ll h ad en ough, I b eli eve, of t hos e w ho h ave sneere d a t th e w ar ni ngs of m en t r yi ng t o dr i ve Communi st s f r om h ig h pl aces - but who t hemsel ve s h ave never h ad th e s ense o r t he st ami na t o t ake af t er th e C ommuni sts t hemsel ves . . . . Ei senhower ' s At t or ney G ener al, H er ber t B ro wnel l , st art ed t o expose s ome of t he C ommuni st i nf l uenc e i n t he T r uman A dmi ni st r at i on. One we ek a f te r B ro wnel l 's p ubl i c r eve l at io n a bout C ommuni st spy Ha r r y Dext er W hi t e i n 19 53, h e was s i l enced. B ro wnel l got th e p i ctu r e. The exposu r es c eased. Af t er pr omi si ng to i nvest i gate t he Co mmuni st s i n " ever y depart ment , " Ei senhower l et st and a n or der i ssued b y Tr uman i n 1 947, pr ohib i t i ng access b y C ongr ess t o g ov er nment f i le s o n t he l oy al t y of per sonnel . An ot her 1 948 di r ect i ve b y Tr uman f or bi ddi ng g overn ment of f i ci al s t o gi ve i nf or mat i on t o C ongr essi onal co mmi tt ees w it hout W hit e House per mi ss i on was a l so l eft s t andi ng by E i senhower. A nd on F r id ay, May 17 , 1 954, E i se nhower i ssued a n or der f or bid di ng go ver nment d epar t ment s t o pr ovi de a ny i nf or mat i on t o i nvest i gat i ng c ommi t t ees, w hic h w ent f ar beyond t he Tr uman "g ag" r ul e. Chai r man F r anci s Wal t er o f t he House Co mmi tt ee o n Un-A mer ic an Act i vi t i es ca l l ed t he E is enhower E xec ut i ve O r der " i ncr edi bl y st upi d. " 16 N o one, ap par ent l y, co nsi der ed t hat f ro m t he st andpoi nt of t he I ns i der s t he move was i nc r edib l y s mar t . Co ngr essi onal commi tt ees wer e now, f or a l l pr act i cal pu r pose s, o ut of th e b usin ess of i nves t i gat i ng Communi st s an d o th er s ubv er siv es i n t he go ver nment - i n co mpl et e r epudi at i on of E is enhower ' s ca mpai gn pr omi ses. Th i s wa s a l so a c ompl et e r epudi at i on of t he i dea t hat t he A mer i ca n p ubl i c h as t he r i ght t o k now what i t s g ove r nment i s do i ng. As e arl y a s Oct ober 1 8, 1953, af t er campai gni ng on p ro mi ses t o c le an t he Communi st s out of t he go ver nment , Ei senhower to l d a news co nf ere nce t hat h e hoped t he wh ol e s ec ur i ty i ssue of C ommuni st s i n g ov er nment w oul d b e "a m att er o f hi s t or y a nd memory b y t he t i me t he ne xt el ect i on comes a r ound. " He d epl or ed th e f ear of C ommuni sm i n g ove r nment a nd " t he suspi cio n o n t he p ar t o f t he Amer ic an p eopl e th at t hei r g ov er nment s erv i ces ar e w eak i n th i s r egard. " 1 7 The "g r eat cr usade" t hat Ei senhower dur i ng h i s ca mpaig n h ad pr omis ed t o l ead t ur ned out to b e a pi ed pi per ' s pi pe dr eam. The " Communi st th r eat" d i sappear ed u nder Ei senhower j ust as t he " mi ssi l e gap" di d r i ght a ft er J ohn F . Kennedy' s e le ct i on. Ei senhower di d, howeve r , l ead o ne " cr usade" : t he c r us ade t o " get" S enat or J os eph McCart hy o f Wi sconsi n. Hu man Event s st at ed: I t i s now o bv i ous t he A dmi ni st r at i on, s t ri v i ng de spera t el y to down Senat or McCar t hy, ha s e mbar ked upon a s er i es o f moves wh i ch, i f successf ul , w i l l t ake t he n at i on a l ong way to war d di ct ato r i al govern ment . These moves ar e de pi ct ed as an e f f ort o f Pr esi dent Ei senhower to s hie l d h i msel f f r om a McCart hy " domi nati on" o f t he Republ i can pa r t y whi ch, of c our se, is s heer m oons hi ne. B ack of t hese moves ar e t he l eft wi ng gr oups t hat ha ve succes sf ul l y penet r at ed t he Re publ i ca n p ar t y a nd who see i n Senato r McCart hy a ch ance t o b uil d a n omni pot ent execut iv e w ho w i l l have t he power t o h ast en th e e st abl i shment o f a S oc i al i st st ate i n A mer i ca. l $

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McCarth y h ad b een t ol era t ed d ur i ng t he 1 952 c ampai gn, even t hough Ei senhower ' s backe r s d esp i sed hi m, be cause a t t hat t im e t he monument al smear j ob a gai nst hi m had b een l ar gel y i nef f ect iv e. In 1 952, McCar t hy had mo r e s uppor t er s t han det ra ct or s. I n th e y ears s i nc e t hen l i t t l e has been sai d i n def ense o f McCart hy, b ut t he Li ber al E sta bl i shment ha s cont in ued t o def ame h i m t o s uc h a p oi nt th at t oday t her e i s har dly a n Amer ic an w ho does not b el i eve t hat th e Wis consi n Senat or m ade out l andi sh an d u npr ovable c har ges. As i t b ec ame o bv i ous t hat Ac heson' s o l d subor di nat e, J ohn F ost er Dul l es , h ad no i nt ent i on of ca r r yi ng out t he c ampai gn pr omi se s o f Ei senhower an d N ix on t o c l ean out t he S t at e D epar t ment , M cCar t hy began t o t ur n t he heat on t he Ei senhower ad mi nis t r at i on. T he e x-Mar i ne w as pr ovin g t o be d i st ur bi ngl y n onpar t i sa n o n t he C ommunis t i nf il t r ati on i ssue. N i xon was assi gned t o t r y t o di vert M cCart hy on t o o t her i ss ues. The Vi ce P r es i dent h ad be en a cl ose f r i end o f M cCar t hy ' s , a nd McCart hy a ppar entl y t r ust ed Ni xon. Fo r a whi l e he t oned d own h i s at t ack s. N i xo n i s cr edi te d w it h p er su adi ng M cCart hy to c al l of f hi s t hr eat t o i nv est ig at e t he C ent r al I nt el l ig ence Ag ency, w hi ch t he Dul l es br ot her s h ad been pr i mari l y re sponsib l e fo r f oundi ng. Ni xon al so t al ked McCart hy i nto f i ri ng J. B. Mat t hews a s hi s c hi ef in vest i gat or , af t er Mat t hews p ubl i shed a m agazi ne ar t i c le t hor oughl y document i ng t he dept h of p enet r at io n b y Communi st s of r el ig i ous bodi es, i ncl udi ng t he Nat i onal C ounci l of C hurc hes, and t he s ucc ess w it h w hi ch t he Communi st s had e nt i ced te ns of t housa nds of n on-C ommuni st , li ber al c l er gy men i nt o j oi nin g t heir f r ont s. M cCar t hy w as al so up set w it h t he E i senhower Admi ni st r at io n' s posi t i on o n r el ax i ng a i d and t r ade r est r ic t i ons a gai ns t t he I r on Cur t ai n c ount r i es. T he Wi scons i n Senato r h ad w r i t te n a scat hi ng l ett er t o Ei senhower on t he subj ect , b ut Ni xon per suaded Mc Car t hy t o le t h i m i nt erc ept t he l ett er b efo r e it r eached t he Pr esid ent . The Vi ce P r es i dent a t t empt ed t o d i ver t M cCar t hy's e ner gi es to ot her mat t ers . H e t ol d th e Wis consi n Senat or : " You s houl d n ot b e known as a one-s hot Senat or. " 1 9 Af t er v i s i ti ng McCar t hy i n F l or i da, Ni xon t ol d r epor t er s t hat M cCar t hy woul d tu r n hi s a t t ent i on t o D emocr ati c cor r upt i on an d a way f r om t he Communis t i ss ue. M cCar t hy a ppare nt l y deci ded t hat whatev er pr omi ses had been made t o hi m t hat t he E i senhower admi ni st r at io n w oul d s l owl y an d w i t hout fa nf ar e get ar ound to t he " subve r s i on i n g ov er nment " i ss ue w ere n ot goi ng t o b e kept . He denounced a s a l ie N i xon' s s ta t ement t o th e p r ess t hat M cCart hy wo ul d l ay of f t he C ommuni sm i ssue. When i t b ecame o bv i ous to t he " Pal ace G uar d" t hat N i xo n c ould n o l onger c ont ro l M cCar t hy, a w ay h ad to b e f ound to e ngi neer th e Senato r ' s d ownf all . T he t hr ee most im por ta nt m en i n ar r angi ng t he dest ru ct i on of M cCar t hy wer e Wi l l i am Roger s, t hen A ss i st ant At t or ney Genera l a nd now Se cr et ary o f St at e; Henr y Cabot Lodge, c ur r ent l y Ni xon' s a mbas sador t o t he V ati can; an d F or d F oundat i on o f f i ci al Pa ul Hof f man. F ult on Le wi s J r. s aid : One ma n a bove a l l ot her s i n th e Whi te H ous e f amil y h at ed J oe McCart hy, a nd t hat m an wa s P aul G . Ho f f man, t he Pr esid ent ' s conf id ant e whom he n amed t o t he U nit ed Na t i ons . . . . P aul Hof fman, i n hi s hat r ed, h el ped t o pay f or t he l awyers w ho dr ew up t he censur e c har ges whi ch Senat or F l ander s of V ermont l odged agai nst Senat or M cCar t hy, a nd whi ch f i nal ly - t hough p r ove n t o be f als e - r esul t ed i n McCar t hy' s censur e. [ Hof f man was t he d arl i ng o f t he Uni t ed Wor l d Feder al i s t s, o f whom Fl anders w as one. ]

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On J ul y 1 9t h of la st y ear , S enat or Fl ander s o penl y a dmi t t ed t hi s act on t he fl oor of t he Uni t ed S t at es S enat e, a t t hat t i me he p ubl i c l y apol ogi zed to S enat or M cCar t hy f or wh at he h ad do ne. He s ai d h e wi shed t he w hol e th i ng c oul d be f or got t en, but h e di d admi t t hat Mr . Hof fman c ont r i but ed $ 1,0 00 fo r t he dr af ti ng o f t hose f al se char ges. Hof f man, w ho hat ed T af t , McCar t hy a nd a l l t he a nt i Communi st s wi t h a p ass i on, yo u w il l r emember , mar r i ed a Co mmuni st . [ Hof f man's w i fe i s Anna Rosenber g, wh o h as been t he p ubl i c re l at i ons br ai ns b ehi nd N els on Rockef el l er 's p oli t i cal car eer . ] W hat t he " Pal ace G uar d" w as at t empt i ng t o d o was t o make t he Whi t e Ho use i nt o a Ber gen wi t h onl y C har l i e McCart hys i n Congr ess, no t J oe M cCart hys.2 ° I n h is a r t i cl e f or C ol l ie r s ma gazi ne, " How I ke Sa ved t he Republ i can Pa r t y," H of f man h ad m ade i t p la i n t hat M cCar t hy an d t he ant i -C ommuni st s we r e to b e p ur ged f r om t he p art y. H e sai d: [ McCar t hy a nd h i s gr oup wer e] cr eat in g t he i l l usi on bo t h a t home and ab r oad th at th e R epubl i can p ar t y was ant i -C ommuni st a nd n ot hi ng el se, t hat it h ad l ost it s i nt er est i n t he q uest f or peace ab r oad and f or hu man w el f ar e at h ome. S uc h a n egat i ve i mage of th e R epubl i can par t y coul d pr ove di sastr ous; i f t he Republ i can par t y wer e to w i n, i t had to b e f or s omet hi ng. The re ason t he Ei senhower A dmi ni st ra t i on was s o eager t o g et McCart hy w as not mer el y t hat he w as exposi ng s ubv er siv es w ho had i nf i lt r at ed t he go ver nment b ur eaucr ac y, bu t t hat f ol lo wi ng th e t ra i l o f t he lo wer e ch el on conspir at ors h ad le d h im t o s ta r t kn ocki ng at th e door s of t he upper-l evel conspir at ors o f t he s o-c al l ed " l egit i mate wor l d. " W hen McCar t hy b egan ma ki ng th e c onnect i on b etw een t he Communi st s an d t he p ent house conspi ra t or s above t hem, hi s c ar eer was doomed. T he same was t r ue o f t he R eec e C ommi t t ee, w hic h h ad been i nvest i gat i ng f oundat i ons u nti l t he pr obe was k il l ed on o r der s f ro m Ei senhower . Whenev er a ny gover nment i nvest i gat i on g ets a bove t he l evel of e xp osi ng t he gu t t er re vol ut i onar ie s a nd b egi ns f oll owi ng t he tr ai l t o t he " l egit i mate w or l d, " t he i nvest i gati on is a l ways q uas hed. Al t hough t he i ssue o f C ommunis t i nf il t r ati on o f govern ment , whi ch t he Re publ i ca ns ha d u sed t o ge t e l ect ed in 1 952, was bur i ed as s oon a s t hey assumed of f ic e ( and McCar t hy w it h i t, w hen he a tt empt ed t o fo r ce t he Re publ i ca ns to c ar r y o ut th ei r c ampai gn p r omis es) , i t w as r esurr ect ed f or th e 1 954 of f -y ear el ect i ons. Ni xon w as u sed a gai n, a s he h ad b een i n 1 952, a s a J udas g oat, t o l ead n ai ve an t i-C ommuni st sheep i nt o th e " New" R epubl i ca ns' i deol ogi cal s la ughte r house. T his t i me Ni xon cl aim ed th at t he Ei senhower Admi ni st r at io n h ad r oot ed t he Reds out of g overn ment. I n O maha on S ept ember 20, 1 954, N ix on s t at ed: [ The Ei senhower Ad mi ni str at i on i s] ki ck i ng C ommuni st s, f el l ow t r avel er s, an d b ad s ecuri t y ri sks o ut o f t he f eder al gover nment by t he t housa nds. Th e C ommuni st consp i r acy i s b ei ng s mas hed t o b i t s by th i s admi ni st r at io n . . . . Pr evi ous D emoc r at ic a dmi ni st r at i ons undere st i mate d t he C ommuni st danger at h ome a nd i gnore d i t . They covere d u p ra t her t han cl eaned u p. A week l at er at Ne w Bedfo r d, Massachuset ts , N i xon a gai n c l aim ed: " We have dr i ven t he Co mmuni st s, th e f el lo wt r av el er s, and t he s ecu r i t y r i sks out of g overn ment by t he t hous ands. " Soon, N i xon began p l ayin g t he number s g ame as he t our ed t he count ry c ampai gni ng f or Republi can of f i ce

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seeker s. T he number o f ou st ed " securi t y ri sks" es cal at ed f r om 1 , 456 t o 2, 200 t o 2 , 429 t o 2, 486, and t hen c li maxed a t 6 ,9 26. Usi ng th i s fi gur e, Ni xon t ol d an a udi ence in R ock I sl and, I ll i noi s, on Oc t ober 21: The Pr esi dent ' s se cur i t y r i sk pr ogr am r esu l t ed i n 6 ,9 26 i ndi vi dual s r emove d f r om t he f eder al ser vi ce . . . . The g r eat m aj or i t y of t hese i ndi vi dual s w ere i nher i t ed l ar gel y f r om t he Tr uman r egi me . . . . In cl uded i n th i s n umber we r e i ndi vi dual s w ho wer e members o f t he Communi st P ar t y an d C ommuni st cont r ol l ed or ganiz at i ons. 21 These i ndi vid ual s numbere d 1 ,7 43, a cc or din g t o Ni xon. The Vi ce P r es i dent w ent so f ar a s t o asser t N ovember 1, i n Denver , C ol or ado, t hat "9 6 p er c ent of t he 6 , 926 Communi st s, f el lo w t r avel er s, se x p er ver t s, peopl e w i t h cr i mi nal r ec or ds, dope a ddi ct s, dr unks , a nd ot her secur it y r is ks r emoved under th e E is enhower s ecu r i t y pr ogra m wer e hi r ed b y t he T r uman a dmi ni str at i on." Fi f t een month s l at er t he Ei senhower -a ppoin t ed C iv i l Se r v i ce Chai rman P hil i p Yo ung i nf or med a S enat e co mmi t t ee t hat a s ubs equent sur vey s howed t hat 4 1. 2 per cent o f th e d is mi ssed or re si gned secur i t y r i sks act uall y h ad b een hi r ed af t er Ei senhower ha d t ak en o ver t he execut i ve d epar t ment f r om t he Democra t s. 22 S i nce E i se nhower had been i n o ff i ce f or s o shor t a t i me, i t w oul d a ppear t hat t hi ngs w er e g et t i ng wor se under I ke th an t hey h ad been un der Tr uman. Young h ad ea r l i er t est if i ed t hat h e knew of n o s i ngl e govern ment em pl oye e w ho had be en f i r ed by t he Ei senhower Admi ni st r at io n f or b ei ng a C ommuni st or fe l l ow t r avel er ! D ur i ng T ru man' s l ast f ul l y ear , th e a dmin i st ra t i on fi r ed 21, 626 f or ca use. Ni xon's c l ai ms w ere c l ear l y f ra udule nt , b ut t hey d i d make f or e xci t i ng campaig n r het or i c. Hi s boss h ad m ade i nvest i gati on o f Communi st p enet r at i on i n gover nment a d ead l et t er b y cont i nui ng Tr uman' s g ag r ul e. By t he 1 956 campai gn N i xo n w as b ur yin g t he i ssue ent ir el y. On Oct ober 1 7, Ni xon t ol d an a udi ence at C orn el l U ni ver si t y , a cc or din g t o t he As soci ate d P re ss, t hat i nv est i gat i ons of C ommuni st a ct i vi t i es of t he ki nd f ormer l y conduct ed by McCar t hy w er e n o l onger needed. H e gave cr edit t o t he E i se nhower Admin i st r ati on' s secur it y p ol i c i es f or ta ki ng " t hi s i ssue . . . out o f t he pol i t i ca l a re na. " 23 I n a sense he w as t el l in g t he t r ut h. T he is sue had b een t ake n o ut of t he p ol i ti cal ar ena. The D emocra t s c ert ai nly w er en' t g oi ng t o br i ng i t u p i f t he R epubl i cans di dn't . Y et sevent een d ay s e ar l i er , i n G ra nd R api ds, Mi chi gan, N ix on had as ser t ed t hat t he G OP woul d n ever d o what i t soon di d. Ac cor di ng t o t he Vi ce P r es i dent : We w il l n ever u nder est i mat e or po oh-p ooh t he C ommuni st d anger , ei t her a br oad o r i n t he Uni t ed S t at es o f Amer i ca. I n a pol i t i ca l c ampai gn, i t is t empti ng to t el l t he Amer i can people t hat we c an g et ri d o f our d ra f t , cut o ur def enses, fi nd a cut -r at e way t o meet our i nte r nati onal ob l i gat io ns, b ut A mer i can se cur it y must come b ef or e any p oli t i cal a mbi ti ons.2 4 What made N ix on' s bur i al of th e i nt er nal subver si on is sue a ll t he mor e i r oni c was hi s e ar li er cl ai m t hat t he D emocr at s had b uri ed it , a s i n t hi s S epte mber 21, 1 948 s ta t ement: " The f ull s t or y of Co mmuni st espi onage w il l n ot b e t ol d u nt i l w e get a Republi can Pr esi dent w ho i s not af r ai d of s kel et ons i n t he c l oset . " 25 Ni xon advanc ed h i s own car eer wi t h st at ement s li ke t he f ol lo wi ng, made shor t l y bef or e h e ra n f or t he Senate :

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Becaus e t hey t r eat ed C ommuni st i nf i lt r at i on i nt o our A mer i can i nst it ut i ons l i ke any o rd i nary p et t y pol it i cal sc andal , t he [ Tr uman] Admi ni st r at io n o ff i c i al s r esponsi bl e f or t hi s f ai l ur e t o a ct again st t he Co mmuni st c ons pi r acy r ender ed t he g r eat est po ssi bl e d i sse r vi ce to t he pe opl e of t his n at i on. 26 Thi s was m ade a l l t he mor e s ig ni f i cant b ec ause El i zabet h B ent l ey, who ha d s er ve d a s a c ouri er fo r t he Communi st p ar t y, had t est i f i ed t hat of t he m any Communi st c el l s in t he U. S. go ver nment , on l y t wo, t he Si l ver mast er and Per l o ce l l s, had b een p ar t i al l y uncover ed. I t sh oul d be d ul y n ot ed t hat N i xon had f ul l k nowl edge o f th e d ept h a nd ext ent o f Communi st p enet r at i on o f t he gover nment fr om h i s act iv i t i es on t he House Commi tt ee on U n-A mer ic an A cti vi t ie s a nd t he Hi ss c ase . T o t el l t he Amer i can publi c t hat t he i ssue wa s d ead can onl y b e descr i bed as deceit f ul , al t hough i t do ubt le ss e nhanced hi s s to ck am ong t he I nsi der s, t o w hom he wa s c at er i ng i n e ve r y p oss i bl e way. Anot her e xt re mel y i mpor ta nt is sue t hat N ix on u sed t o sabot age Conser vat i ves a nd ant i-C ommuni st s was t he Br i cker A mendment . The Br i cke r A mendment was f ra med by O hi o Senat or J ohn B r ic ker , wh o w as concer ned t hat t re at i es ent ere d i nt o by th e P r esi dent super se ded t he C ons t i t ut i on. Hi s a rg ument was ba sed o n a s ta t ement made by J ohn F ost er D ull es be f or e th e A mer i ca n Bar As soci ati on in L oui sv i l l e i n A pri l 1 952. D ull es ha d d i scu ssed t he st at us o f t re at i es i n i nt er nat i onal l aw an d u nder t he Const it ut i on. H e poi nte d o ut t hat t he C ons t i t ut i on s peci f ic al l y sa ys (A r t i c l e VI ) t hat appr ov ed t r eat i es " shal l be th e s upreme l aw o f t he l and. " H e added t hat such t r eat i es " are i ndeed m ore s upr eme t han o r din ar y l aws, fo r congre ssi onal l aws a r e in val id i f t hey d o not c onf or m t o t he Consti t ut i on, w her eas t re at y l aw c an overr i de t he C ons t i t ut io n. "2 7 The Br i cker Amendment f or bade t he Pr esi dent to e nt er i nt o any t r eaty t hat woul d super se de th e C onst i t uti on o f t he Un i t ed St at es and deny t o a ny c i t i ze n t he r i ghts g uar ant eed by i t . One woul d as sume t hat no e le ct ed of f i c ia l c ould o ppose t he Br i ck er A mendment . T he Amendment was sp eci f i cal l y ai med at t he U ni t ed N ati ons C har t er, w hi ch i s a t r eaty . B r i ck er fe ar ed we w ere h eaded f or " soci al i sm by t r eat y" th r ough t he Un i t ed Na t i ons ?8 U nder t he B r i cke r A mendment, i t woul d be i mposs i bl e to s urr ender our so ver ei gnt y to a w orl d g ov er nment b y t r eat y. Nat ur all y, th e A mendment was a nat hema t o a ll t he wor l d govern ment cl an, t he C FR i n pa r t i cula r . It w as de nounc ed a s an a tt empt t o u nder mi ne t he t r eat y-maki ng p ower of th e P r esi dent - whi ch i t w as , assumi ng t hat t he Pr esi dent so ught to e nte r i nt o a t re at y t hat w ould v i ol at e t he Consti t ut i onal r ig ht s o f Ameri cans. Ei senhower fo ught t he Br i cke r A mendment bi t t erl y r ig ht d own t o i t s h air l i ne def eat on th e Senate f l oor, d enounci ng i t s suppor te r s as " nut s and cr ackpot s. " The man re sponsib l e fo r t he def eat o f t he B ri cker Am endment w as Ri char d M . Ni xon. Whi l e i n t he Senat e, N i xo n h ad f avore d t he A mendment , but a s a hat chet man fo r t he E i senhower Admi nis t r ati on, h e wor ke d f or t he de f eat of t hi s c r uci al l y i mpor ta nt bi l l . W hi t e Ho use c or r espondent Wi l l ia m Cost el l o w r ot e: The Br i cker amendment . . . ca l l ed fo r N ix on' s be st ta l ent s. The Whi t e H ouse se t i t sel f a damant l y again st t he amendment ' s pr opos ed l i mi t at io n o n th e P re si dent' s t re at y-maki ng p owers , a nd i t w as N i xon who br ought t he r epor t t hat sent i ment b ot h i n an d out of C ongre ss wa s m or e sympat het i c t o Br i cker t han t he Pr esid ent h ad s upposed. The Vi ce P r es i dent , a f t er f i rs t p r oposi ng compro mi se, f ound hi mself i n l oyal t y t o th e Whi te H ous e s t all i ng,

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pl acat i ng, in st r uc t i ng, and ne got i ati ng an d f i nal l y jo i ned Ei sen. hower i n o pposi t io n t o Br i cker ' s d emand. 29 The Br i cker Amendment l os t i n t he S enat e by a s in gl e vot e. So me day Amer i cans m ay r eal i ze h ow cr uci al t hat b et r ay al of t he Co nst it ut i on was. The Vi ce P r es i dent m ade a c onv i nci ng " yes man" fo r t he Ei senhower-D ull es ve r s i on of t he T r uman-A cheso n a ppeasement o f th e Communi st p ro gr am. N i xon' s s uppor t of s uch a nt i -a nt i -C ommuni st p ro gr ams hel ped d r own r esis t ance t o t hem. On Mar ch 1 7, 1960, E i senhower t ol d Lo s A ngel es Ti mes r epor t er D on Shannon: " So f ar as I k now, th er e h as n ever been a s peci f i c di f f er ence i n o ur p oi nts o f v i ew o n any i mpor t ant p ro bl ems i n s ev en y ear s. " Ul t r a-L i bera l c ol umni st Mar quis C hil ds ( CFR) q uot ed N ix on as st at in g: " My bel ie f s a r e ver y cl ose, as it h as tu r ned out , to t he phi l os ophy of t he Ei senhower Admi nis t r ati on o n bot h f or ei gn and domest i c p oli cy. " Mr . C hi l ds added: " I n em br aci ng t he Ei senhower phi l os ophy an d t he ` new Republ i cani sm, ' Ni xon h as g one a gai ns t h is o wn conser vat i ve vot in g r ecor d w hen h e wa s i n t he S enat e and H ous e. " 3° Taki ng t he V i ce Pr esi dent a t hi s w ord , w e see t hat h e support ed th e Ei senhower po l i cie s o f : 1. K eepi ng Ch i ang Kai -s hek's t r oops b ott l ed u p on Fo r mosa whi l e set t li ng f or an ar mi st i ce i n Kor ea; 2. S ur r enderi ng No r t h V ie t nam t o H o chi Mi nh b y r ef usi ng t o per mit a n a ir s t r i ke a gai ns t t he C ommuni st ar mi es sur r oundi ng t he Fr ench a t D ie n B ie n P hu; 3. R epudi at in g t he p l at fo r m pr omi se t o r epudi at e t he Yal t a bet r ay al ; 4. T ur ni ng th e S uez C anal o ver t o t he C ommuni st s; 5. B et r ayi ng our pr omi se t o he l p t he Hungar i ans i f t hey r evol te d; 6. I nv i t i ng Khr ush chev, t he Bu t cher of B udapest , t o vi si t A mer i ca j ust af t er he h ad f i ni shed s la ught eri ng fr eedomse eki ng H ungar i ans; 7. A cc ept i ng as a pol i cy t he Communis t s ' pr oposal f or " peacef ul co-e xi ste nce, " whi ch by t hei r o wn a dmi ss i on means c onquer i ng t he wor l d by s ubver s i on a nd ci vi l war s; and 8. A ll owi ng a C ommuni st bast io n t o be e sta bl i shed n i net y m i le s f r om our s hor e. Al l of t hese event s w er e cr i ti cal , wi t h lo ng-t er m i mpl i cat i ons t hat s t i l l af f ect us t oday. I n o rd er t o i ngr at i at e hi msel f wi t h t he I nte r nat i onal Le f t , N ix on di d su ch t hin gs as e scort t he not or io us In donesia n C ommuni st Achmed Sukarn o a r ound t he c api ta l a nd i nt r oduce hi m t o t he Se nat e as t he Geor ge Washin gt on of I ndonesia . H e di d t he s ame f or Fi del C as t r o. Al t hough o ur mi l i t ar y i nt el li gence , o ur ambass ador s t o C uba a nd Mexi co , and al l o f So ut h Amer i ca had known fo r y ear s t hat C ast r o w as a Communi st a nd h ad t r i ed t o s o i nf or m our gover nment , Ni xon di d h is b est t o t ry t o k eep u p t he p re t ense t hat Cast ro w as ju st an ot her of t hose Geor ge Washin gt ons . O n Ap r i l 18, 1 959, V ic e P r esi dent Ni xon st at ed: " [ The] C uban peopl e t hemsel ves w i l l not to l er at e a C ommuni st gover nment or a Communis t t ak eover ." 3' Fi ve d ays l ate r , i n an a ddr ess to n ewspaper edi t or s, h e r emark ed: I m ent i oned Dr . Ca st r o' s vi sit , a nd I a m l ooki ng f or war d t o t he opport uni t y of s eei ng h im t omor r ow in m y of f i ce . . . . No o ne c an co me to t he Un i t ed St at es, n o one c an t al k t o A mer i can audi ences, no o ne can t al k t o t he o ff i c i al s o f ou r govern ment , as D r. Castr o w i l l have, w i t hout g oi ng b ack

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convin ced t hat t he U . S. govern ment an d p eopl e s har e wh ol e- hear te dl y t he a spi r at i ons o f t he p eopl e of L at i n Ameri ca f or peace f ul exi ste nce, fo r D emocr at ic f r eedom, fo r e co nomi c pr ogre ss, a nd f or t he st r engt heni ng o f t he i nst i t ut i ons o f r epr ese nt ati ve g ove r nment . 3 2 Ni xon vocal ly s uppor t ed ext endi ng f or ei gn ai d t o Communi st Po l and and th e C ul tu r al Exchange P r ogr am, de spi te t he fa ct th at J . Edgar Hoover h ad wa r ned t hat th e l at t er w as a ru se f or smuggl i ng sp i es i nt o t he countr y. N i xo n p ro ved t o be an e xcell ent t r anquil i zer f or Conser vat i ve Republ i cans whi le E i senhower and t he " Pal ace G uar d" t ugged and ha ul ed th e p ar t y L eft war d. One of t he ma j or t hemes of t he 1 952 Ei senhower-N i xon campaig n h ad been a p l edge t o r ever se t he onr us hi ng mo vement t owar ds so ci al i sm. I n t hose days Re publi cans us ed th e w or d " soci al i sm" t o de scr i be t he pr ogra m o f th e D emocr at s. T oday, s i nc e E is enhower a nd Ni xon adopte d t he Democr at s' pr ogr ams, t he wor d i s a s t hor oughl y ta boo among Re publi cans as i t i s a mong D emocr ats . P ol ls t er Samuel Lubell o bserv es th at " t o sol i di f y i t se l f pe r manent l y in A mer ic an li f e t he New Deal n eeded at l east one R epubl ic an v i ct or y . . . [w hi ch woul d] endor se much o f t he New Deal t hro ugh t he s i mpl e de vi ce of l eav i ng t hi ngs unt ouc hed." T hat i s e xa ct l y wh at th e E i senhower A dmi ni st r at i on d id . A s M. S t ant on Evans, edi t or o f t he I ndi anapoli s S ta r , h as wr i tt en: One re sul t of t his w as to a l ie nat e fr om th e p ar ty t he new maj ori t y w hic h h ad t empor ar i ly s ur f ac ed in 1 952: t he t axpayer s a nd homeowner s wh o l ooked t o t he Republ ic ans f or r eli ef , and w ho wer e r udely d i sappoi nte d a s au gment ed f eder al spendi ng a nd t axes shi f te d t he cost of g over nment m or e heavil y o n th em th an b efo r e. I n c onse quenc e t he GOP emer ged f r om t he Whit e H ouse w i th l i tt l e t o s how f or i t s ei ght year s' o ccupancy: a p ar ty b ase m or e shr unk en t han e ver , r epeat ed def eat s i n th e b at t l es fo r C ongr ess, and no s t r at egy f or r eve r s i ng t hi ngs . 3 3 I n 1 950, m i ddl e-c l ass Amer i ca ns pa i d t hir t y-t hr ee per cent o f t he to t al t ax b urd en. B y 1958, t hey f ound t hemsel ves payi ng f or t y-s even per cent o f it . B y t he e nd o f I ke' s ca r eer t he f eder al gover nment owned t hr ee mi l l i on m ore a cr es of la nd i n t he co nt i nent al Un i t ed St at es t han i t h ad w hen he w as i naugur at ed. 34 D ur i ng t he E i se nhower y ears f eder al empl oyment c ont i nued t o cl i mb and b ure aus t o e xpand. Wh i l e I ke w as get t in g p ubli ci t y f or p ar i ng per sonnel i n one p la ce, he w as qui etl y addi ng m or e i n o th er p l ac es, r esul t in g i n l ar ge net ga i ns i n f eder al empl oy ment - br eak i ng y et a not her o f hi s campai gn p l edges. Ei senhower 's pr opos ed b udget fo r 1 957-5 8 c al l ed f or d omest i c sp endin g o f $3 1 bi l l io n, a gai nst t he h i ghest f i gur e under Tr uman, w ho had t he K ore an War to f i nanc e, of $ 20 bi l l i on. 3s Under Ei senhower t he D epar t ment o f He al t h, E ducat i on and Welf ar e was cr eate d, a de par tment w hi ch Re publ i ca ns an d C onse r vati ve D emocr ats had su ccessfu l l y kept t he A DA cr owd f r om cr eat i ng u nder e i t her Roosev el t o r Tr uman. H EW has now g r own i nt o t he most expensiv e depart ment in t he f eder al g ove r nment. Dur i ng t he ei ght year s of t he Ei senhower Admi ni st r at io n t he nat i onal d ebt i ncr eased by a lm ost $ 27 b i ll i on. Tr uman, i n s ev en budget s, h ad i ncre ased th e n at i onal debt by o nl y $51/z b i l l io n, in spi t e of t he f act t hat he h ad a f ul l-b l own Kor ean War t o d eal wi t h. I n Apr i l 1957, Nor man Thomas, s i x t i mes c andid at e f or P r es i dent o n t he Soci al i s t P ar t y ti cket , s t at ed: " The Uni te d S t ate s i s maki ng gr eat er

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st r i des t owar ds so ci al i sm u nder E i senhower t han even under Ro oseve l t . " 36 Result o f a ll t his ; t he Republ i can pa r t y was s wept u nder i n t he 1958 el ect i ons, su st ai nin g a def eat second o nl y t o t he d i sast er of 1 936 i n moder n R epubl ic an h i st or y. Ni xon had b een, as P aul Hof f man s ai d, a fa i t hf ul ser va nt o f t he Ei senhower Ad mi nis t r at i on. H is j ob ha d b een t o qu ash any r evo l t by t he r ank and f i le a gai nst I ke' s soci al i sm by makin g s t r ong p ubl i c s t at ement s, j ust as V i ce Pr esi dent Ag new has d one f or Ni xon. When he was ou t s peec hi f yi ng, N ix on so unded as h ar d-c or e as e ver. D uri ng h i s campai gni ng i n 19 54, h e was st i l l cast ig at i ng t he De mocr ati c p ro gr am as soci al i sm. "A D emocr at i c v i c t or y, " h e sai d, " wi l l mean a s harp t urn t o t he l eft , b ack down t he r oad t o s ocia l i sm." H e to l d a gr oup of t he f ai t hf ul in V an Nu ys, Cal i fo r ni a: " When t he E is enhower A dmi ni str at i on came t o Washi ngt on o n Januar y 2 0, 1953, we f ound i n th e f i l es a vi r t ual bl uepr i nt f or soci al i z i ng Amer ic a. " 3 7 The Democr at i c pl ans, he s t at ed, " ca l l fo r soci al i zed me di cin e, s oci al i ze d h ousi ng, soci al iz ed ag r i cul tu r e, soci al i zed wa t er and p ower a nd p er haps m os t d i stu r bi ng o f a ll , soci al i zat i on o f Amer ic a' s gr eat est s our ce o f power, a t omic e ner gy. " Washin gt on wa gs ha ve s i nc e c la i med th at Ni xon mus t h av e d uste d o ff t he ol d bl uepr i nt t he Admi nis t r ati on f ound i n 1953 an d r ei ssued i t a s t he " New Feder ali sm. "* The Vi ce P r es i dent r eal ly b eca me c arr i ed away o ne n i ght a nd bl ur te d o ut t hi s st at ement : " . . . speaki ng f or a u nani mous Supre me Cour t, a g r eat R epubl i can C hie f J usti ce, Ear l W ar r en, has o rd er ed an end to r ac i al s egr egat i on i n t he n ati on' s publ i c school s. " 38 But pa ci f y i ng g r as s-r oot s Republi cans wi t h C onserv at i ve r het or i c was no t N i xon' s on l y j ob i n th e E i senhower A dmi ni st r at i on. He w ork ed behi nd t he sc enes, p ushin g a nd s hovin g r ec al ci t ra nt Re publ i ca n Congre ssmen and Se nat or s i nt o support i ng t he " New Republ i cani sm" of I ke and hi s " Pala ce Gu ar d. " The Co unci l on F ore i gn Rel at i ons a nd t he "P al ace G uar d" h ad done t hei r j ob w el l . Du r i ng th e e nt i r e E is enhower A dmi ni str at i on t her e was no i nt er r upti on of " Ameri ca la st " p ol i c i es a br oad a nd t he w el f ar e st at e at h ome. T he I nsid er s h ad p r ov ed t hat t hey c oul d not onl y c ont r ol th e sel ect i on o f Republ i can Pr esid ent i al candi dat es, but coul d ac t uall y cont ro l a R epubl ic an a dmi ni str at i on. ' I t la t er t ur ned out , w hen r epor t er s qui zz ed N i xo n' s pr ess se cr eta r y about t he " bl uepri nt , " th at it w as a f i gur e o f sp eech and t he V i ce Pr esid ent w as m ere l y r efe r r i ng t o t he D emocr at s' gener al p hil osophy a nd pr opos al s. I n o ne r espec t t he E i senhower Admi nis t r ati on w as a monument al succes s: i t was un deni abl y s uc cessf ul a t pur gi ng Conse r vat i ve s f ro m t he par t y. I ke' s " conf i dant e, " P aul H of fman i n hi s O ct ober 1956 ar t i c le i n Col l ie r s, l ai d o ut i n t he v ery b l unte st te r ms t he s t ra t egy fo r p ur gi ng Conser vat i ves f r om t he Re publi can p ar t y. On F ebru ar y 16, 1 95' 7, Hu man Events r eport ed th at H off man c l ai med t hat t he Whi t e Ho use h ad s uggest ed t he id ea of t he a r t i cl e a nd t hat he " wr ot e a dr af t and s ubmi t te d i t to member s o f th e P al ace G uar d. The l att er re t ur ned i t to h i m, sayi ng i t was no t s t r ong e nough a nd u r gi ng h i m t o na me n ames. Ho f f man acceded t o t hi s r equest and t he C oll i er s pi ece appear ed i n pr i nt i n a new a nd t ougher v er si on, wi t h t he n ames. " H of f man admi t te d t hat , w hen Ei senhower wa s e le ct ed, onl y " t hi r t y per ce nt o f t he lo cal a nd c ount y l eader s o f th e p ar t y a nd l ess t han tw ent y per cent o f t he C ongr essmen and Se nat or s" w i th i n t he Republ i can Par t y s uppor t ed E is enhower ' s

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Li bera l f or ei gn an d d omes t i c pol i c i es . E is enhower w as upset , Hof fman sai d, because e ven a s l eader of t he t i cket h e c oul d no t c ontr ol al l Republ i cans. He st at ed: What Ei senhower di d n ot gr asp was t he e ntr enched power o f s ome o f t he gr eate r f i gur es on C api to l H il l a nd how de ep a nd f i r m wer e th e r ust y, o l d-f ashio ned c onvi cti ons i n whi ch t hey bel i ev ed. I f y ou w ant ed t o make p ro gr ess w i t hin t he new Republ ic an e sta bl i sh ment , you ha d t o se l l ou t a nd go L ib er al . Hof f man q uote d C har l es Ha l l eck a s shakin g h i s head and s ayi ng: " I h ad t o s wal l ow ha r d tw o o r th r ee t i mes becaus e t he boss bel i eves i n t hi ngs I d on' t , b ut he' s th e b os s . . . . " H all eck s oon g ot t he pi ct ure . " You have t o g o al ong t o g et al ong, " a s t he po l i t i c ia ns sa y. H off man wr ot e: " By no w, I sh oul d add, Ch ar l ie Hal l ec k h as t ur ned o ut to b e a t ower of st r engt h f or t he E i se nhower pr ogra m . . . . " Hof f man admi t te d i n t he C ol l i ers a r t i cl e t hat d ur in g t he Ei senhower re gi me Conserv at i ve R epubl i cans w er e moved out a nd L i ber al s i n. He s ai d: For t y-t wo ne w s t ate c hai r men of t he Republi can par t y ar e n ew, sol i d, E i senhower men. Ei ght y-f i ve of t he one hu ndr ed f or t y-s i x me mber s of t he n at i onal co mmi t t ee i n 1952, ha ve be en r epl aced by n ew f aces . I n st at e af t er s t at e t he y oung me n a nd women [ many of t hem Democ r at s] f i r st br ought i nto p ol i ti cs th r ough t he Ci t i zens f or Ei senhower ha ve begun t o o ccu py co mmandin g p os t s i n t he r egul ar s t r uct ur e. Th er e a re , t o b e sur e, ar eas wher e t he ol d g uard s t il l r et ai ns it s c ontr ol . . . . But by a nd la r ge, t he n at ur e of t he par t y i n 1 956, i s al most t ot al l y di f f er ent f ro m what i t wa s i n 1952 - ei t her i n pe r sonal i t i es, o r i n phi l os ophy o f Republi can st al wart s. We h ave come t o a ccept E is enhower l eader shi p wh ol ehear t edly . Hof f man c onti nued: Ei senhower ' s overr i di ng pol i ti cal d ir ect iv e t o Le onard H al l , our nat i onal c hai r man, i s t o f i nd young people , n ew people o f t he C i ti zens f or Ei senhower st r i pe and br i ng th em in t o t he or gani zat i on. T hi s f al l, i n N ew Y or k and Wi sconsin , b it t er i nt r a-p ar t y f i ght s f or t he R epubl i ca n Senato r i al no mi nat i on i n t hese g r eat st ate s h ave been won b y t wo di st in gui shed l i ber al s, [ Communi st Pa r t y pr ot ege] J aco b J avi t s and Al exander W il ey - bot h of t hem 1 00% Ei senhower men - over opposit i on f r om t he r i ght w in g. " Thi s i s n ot t o sa y t hat t he bat t l e t o r emake t he R epubl i can Par t y i s e nti r el y won, " wr ot e Hof f man. T her e s t il l r emai ns . . . t he Senate , w here y ear s o f p ower bui l t up m en whose ent r enched po si t io ns st i l l l et t hem r es i st t he p hil osophy of th e T went i et h Cent ury , " he sai d. Then Ho f f man c ont in ued: I n t he S enate , t her e a r e t oo many R epubl ic an S enat or s cl ai min g t he la bel R epubl ic an w ho embra ce n one o r ver y l itt l e of t he Ei senhower pr ogra m and phi l os ophy. Thi s gr oup ca n b e di vi ded i nto t wo sp l i nte r s. O ne s pli nt er cont ai ns m en l i ke Senat or J ose ph McCar t hy of W i sc onsin , S enat or Wi l l i am Jenner o f I ndi ana, S enato r H er man Wel ker of I daho, S enat or Ge or ge Mal one o f N ev ada, who c an b e cal l ed t he un appeasa bl es. I s hal l n ot t r y t o s ti gmat i ze t he dangero us

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t hi nki ng a nd r eckl ess c onduct of t hes e men e xcept t o say t hat , i n my opi nio n, t hey h ave l i t t le p l ac e i n th e n ew Republ i can par t y. The ot her s pl i nt er w i t hin t he di ss i dent t hir d [ t he conse r vat i ve , ant i -C ommuni st o ne-t hi r d] c onsis t s of w hat I c ons i der th e " fa i nt -h ope" gr oup: m en li ke Se nat or Henr y Dwor shak o f I daho, Senat or A ndr ew Schoeppel o f Kansa s, S enat or Bar r y Go l dwat er o f Ar i zona. T his s pli nt er has be en u nabl e to d emonst r at e, c onc l usiv el y a nd p ermanent ly , t hat i t accept s t he modern A mer ic a w it h i t s needs of s oci al se cur i t y or bal anc ed l abor management r el at i ons, or g ov er nment p art ner ship a nd guar di anshi p of ou r c ompl ex ec onomy. Nor , bei ng st i l l wedded t o th e ol d-f ashio ned i dea o f fo r t r es s-A mer ic a-i sol at ed-i n-s pace, c an it a cce pt Amer ic a' s r ol e a s t he c hi ef ch ampi on of pe ace a nd d ece ncy i n act iv e i nt ern at i onal r ela t i ons. Al l of t he Se nat or s e xcept G ol dwat er soon met t hei r po l i t i cal W ate r l oo. I s i t r at i onal t o bel i eve t hat t his a r t i cl e w oul d h ave a ppear ed in Col l ie r s m agazi ne wi t hout t he pr i or appr ov al o f Ei senhower an d t he " Pal ac e G uard ?" Co ul d H of f man' s m essa ge ha ve b een a ny cl ear er ? T her e i s no r oom i n th e " moder n" Republ i can Pa r t y f or C ons er vat i ves. Al l th e " moder n" R epubl ic ans w ant f ro m Conse r vati ves i s t heir v ot e on e le ct i on day. I n t he s ame ar t i cl e, h owever , Hof f man d i d have pr ai se f or o ne Republ i can: I n t he S enate , f ro m t he ver y begi nnin g, th e P r esi dent' s p r ogr am has ha d t he unqual i f i ed and vi gor ous suppor t o f Vi ce P re si dent Ni xon. Some l i ber al Republ i cans ar e st i l l un convi nced as t o t he V i ce Pr esid ent ' s at t i tu de, h ol di ng t hat he h ad support ed th e p r ogr am on l y out of p er sonal lo yal t y t o t he P r esid ent , and t hat h is o r i gin al ul t r a-conser vat i ve vi ews a r e un changed. B ased on w hat Ni xon h as sa i d bo t h publ ic l y a nd pr i va t el y, i t i s my v i ew t hat h e g enui nel y a nd deeply bel i ev es - t hat t he E is enhower p r ogr am i s b est f or t he c ount r y. On S ept ember 15, 1954, Hu man Event s had ch ar ged t hat no admi ni st r at io n i n hi st ory h ad so s t r i k in gl y d is r egar ded p ar t y lo yal t y i n j ob a ppoin t ment s, m any k ey posi t io ns ha vi ng gone t o C FR Democr at s. Ei senhower a ls o s uc ceeded i n de st r oyin g a coal it i on o f South er n C onser va t i ve De mocra t s a nd Nor th er n R epubl ic ans t hat had b l oc ked much s oc i al is t l egis l at i on. N ow Republi cans we r e pu t i n t he p osi ti on of b ei ng t r ait or s i f t hey di d n ot s uppor t t he Ei senhower Ad mi nis t r at i on' s pr ogr ams. T he Chi cago T r ib une o f Januar y 1 , 1958, comment ed ed i t or i al l y : The fa ct i s t hat t he R epubl i ca n p ar ty , a s i t h as devel oped, or , mor e pr oper ly , d egener ate d u nder M r . Ei senhower and hi s P al ac e G uar d, now st ands fo r p re t t y n ear l y ever yt hi ng th at c an be fo und i n unadul t er at ed f orm u nder a D emocr at ic w r apper . Th e g re at a chi evement o f t he oc cupant of th e Whi te H ous e, i f such i t c an be c al l ed, is t o have dest ro yed t he R epubl i can par ty a s a r eposi t or y fo r a ny r ecogni zabl e body of o r t hodox doct r i ne. The el ect i ons o f 1954, 19 56, and 1 958 w ere R epubl i can debacle s, except f or Ei senhower ' s per sonal s ucc ess i n 1 956. A s Theodore W hit e observ ed: Di vorc ed f r om t he per sonal c ur i ng p ower of h i s gr eat name, in each measur abl e of f -y ear Congr ess i onal e l ecti on un der h is

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admi ni st r at io n, th e R epubl i can p ar t y l ost gr ound . . . . W i th t he Democr at i c tr i umph i n t he e l ec t i on of 1 958, t he f or t unes o f t he Republ i can pa r t y, as a pa r t y, had s unk t o t hei r l owest e bb si nce t he zeni th o f t he N ew Deal in 1 936. Whi l e Republi can candi dat es we r e b ein g d ef eat ed, Ei senhower never campai gned fo r a ny o t her Republ i can, wi t h t he e xc ept io n o f th e u lt r a-ul t r a-L i bera l C l i ff or d Case ( CFR) , when h e r an f or t he Senat e i n 19 54. So s uc cessf ul w as I ke a t pur gi ng C ons er vat i ves fr om t he GOP t hat a t t he end of t he 19 58 el ect i ons H aro l d L avi ne, seni or edi t or o f N ewsweek , wr ot e: Ei senhower ha s s uc ceeded where R oosev el t and T r uman fa i l ed . . . . T he Republi can par t y is a th or oughl y d emor al i ze d b ody . . . . Republ i can mo r al e has b een a bl e to s ust ai n f iv e succes si ve de f eats , b ut i t h as c r umbl ed co mpl et el y a s a r esul t o f Ei senhower ' s t wo gr eat vi ct ori es. 39 Ei senhower ma de no b ones about t he fa ct th at t her e w er e n o i deolo gi cal di f f er ences, as fa r a s he w as concern ed, bet ween t he t wo par t i es. Si nce he w as r eal l y a L ib er al De mocra t w ho became a L i ber al Republ i can on l y in o r der t o ru n f or t he Pr esi denc y, th i s i s not sur pri si ng. Wr i t in g i n th e S at ur day Evenin g P ost, E i se nhower st ate d h i s phi l os ophy th at th e R epubl i can p ar t y had a b et t er d eli ver y sy st em fo r soci al i sm The di f f er enc e b et ween pa r t i es i s, in m ost i nst ances, a mat te r o f appr oach t o pr oble ms a nd pr ogr ams. We R epubl i cans w ant o ur go ver nment at a ppr opr i at e l ev el s t o be re sponsiv e t o our n eeds, but n ot t o in vade our in di vi dual r ig ht s, l i ber t i es, and re sponsib i l i ti es. T hough we h ave many of t he same ul t i mate g oal s a s th e D emocr at s, w e di sagr ee w i th t hem on met hods an d i n t hei r appl ic at i on, bel ie vi ng th at ou r s a r e saf er a nd mor e ef f ect iv e i n pr eserv i ng i ndi v i dual ri ght s, r esponsi bi l it i es, a nd i ni t ia t i ves, whi ch , a f t er a l l, a r e th e b as i s o f sel f -g overn ment . 4o Conser vat i ve st r engt h a t t he nat i onal l eve l o f th e R epubl i can par t y was d ec i mate d b y th e E is enhower-N i xon Admi nis t r ati on, s o t hat when t he g r as s-r oot s Conserv at i ve g r oundswell o f t he 1 960' s d eve l oped, i t w as s t r i ct l y at t he lo cal l evel , wi t h l i t t l e suppor t w i t hi n t he nat i onal p art y m ac hi ner y. T he r esul t of ei ght y ear s of E i senhower-N i xon was th at t he New Deal h ad n ot onl y be en sa ved f ro m t hr eat ened ext i nc t i on, but ha d b een expanded. Wi l l ia m F. Bu ckl ey J r . wr ot e i n 1958: . . . The p as si on t o f eder al iz e s ocia l a nd e conomi c fu nct i ons i s as a rd ent t oday as i t w as i n 1952, an d b ey ond a f ew ri t ual i st i c r het or i cal da mpener s, M r. E i se nhower has done n ot hi ng t o c hec k i t. T he pr oble m o f in t er nal se cur i t y, o n t he w ay t o a sol ut io n w hen Mr . Ei senhower wa s e le ct ed, has, by h i s i nat te nt i on, r el apsed t o a s ta t e wor se t han th at un der M r. T r uman. T he l abor bar ons , w ho posed i n 1 952 a n acut e pr obl em u nders t ood by S enat or Taf t , have waxed st r onger i n f i ve ye ar s, an d h av e g ot v i r t ual g uara nt ees o f noni nt er f er ence fr om t he Ei senhower Admi ni st r at io n: fo r t o in t er fe r e wi t h t hem woul d me an t o di g in a nd ta ke a st and, and Ei senhower do es not ta ke s t ands, except agai ns t M cCar t hy and t he Br i ck er A mendment . . . . 41

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I t i s i mpor ta nt to n ot e f r om Mr . B uck l ey's c onclu di ng sent enc e t hat M r . Ei senhower co ul d be e xt re mel y t ough and re sol ut e when he w ant ed to b e. Yet Mr . B uckl ey at t r i bute d E is enhower ' s di sast r ous p ol i c i es wi t h r egar d t o C ommuni sm t o la ck o f unders t andi ng a nd w i l l . Buckl ey w r ot e: Ther e i s n o ot her i nt el li gi ble e xpl anat i on f or Ei senhower ' s movement s i n t he past f iv e y ear s t han t hat h e d oes n ot t ake t he Communi st s at t hei r w or d as to t he ai ms of C ommuni sm. What ma n w ho knows Communi sm woul d h av e g one t o Geneva t o a ct a s a s oundi ng bo ar d f or Co mmuni st p r opaganda? What m an, havi ng m ade t he mi st ake of g oi ng, woul d have de cl are d, t he whole w or l d br eat hl ess at h is f eet , t hat he bel i ev ed t he Communi st s - as he p ut it - " want p eace as mu ch a s we d o" ? Wher e i s t he man who u nder sta nds C ommunis m who woul d say, as E i se nhower di d at a p r es s c onf er ence l ast s ummer , t hat " . . . I was v er y h ar d p ut t o i t when [M ar shal Z huko v] in si st ed t hat [ t he Co mmuni st ] s ys t em appeal ed t o t he id eal i sti c, an d w e co mpl et el y t o t he mat eri al i st i c , a nd I h ad a v er y t ough t i me t r y i ng t o d ef end our p osi t i on . . . " ? Who except a m an i ncapabl e of u nder st andi ng Co mmuni sm c oul d, a f te r s o many demons t r at i ons t hat t he Communi st s me an ex act l y what t hei r hi gh pr i est s say, per mi t t he na t i onal pol ic y t o b og d own one mo r e t i me o ver s o pal pabl e a ru se as M ar shal B ul gani n's c all f or th e o ne-mi l l io nt h conf er ence at w hic h t o "r econc i l e t he w orl d' s d if f er ences" ? . . . . T he t r anqui l w orl d o f Mr . E is enhower i s t he wo r l d i n whi ch t he Co mmuni st s ar e th r i vi ng. 4 2 Mr . Bu ckl ey descri bed t he e f fe ct a dmi r ably a nd ig nor ed t he ca use, i . e. , t hat Dw i ght Ei senhower was t he cr eat i on o f t he CFR a nd t he men behi nd i t , an d w as t hei r wi l li ng t ool i f not t hei r p ar t ner . I nst ead o f bei ng i n r etr eat af t er ei ght year s of " Republ ic an" l eader sh i p, t he w orl d C ommuni st movement w as s t ro nger th an ever . I t e ven h ad a f ooth ol d on o ur own do or st ep i n Cu ba, t hanks t o br ot her M i l to n E is enhower a nd t he u nc l eans ed S t at e D epar t ment , w hi ch i gnore d r epor t s th at C ast r o wa s a l ong-t i me Communis t . The "c r usade" t hat had b een p r omi sed wa s n ev er l aunched. I nst ead, it w as bu si nes s a s usual, w i t h a n ew gr oup of o per at or s r unni ng t he same show fo r t he s ame I nsi der s b ehi nd th e s cenes.

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"We Are Not Going To Be Outbid" By 1 960, R i ch ar d Ni xon h ad, un der gone e i ght y ears o f sol i d appr ent i ceshi p f or t he Pr esi dency. He h ad per f ormed we l l . H is p r agmat i c pr i nci pl es ha d p ro ven s uf f i c ie nt l y fl ex i bl e t o co nt ort t o a ny par t ic ul ar po si t io n t hat mi ght b e r equi r ed b y t he P r es i dent or h is N ew Yor k bosses. Ri char d Ni xon wa s l ik e t he l i t t le b oy in t he f our t h gr ade who wa nt ed to b e i n t he f i f t h gr aders ' c lu b. H e wasn't q ui t e sur e what t he cl ub w as al l about or j ust w ho-a l l we r e i n i t , bu t n onet hel es s h e had do ne e ver yt hin g p ossi bl e t o p l eas e t he b i g bo ys in t he h ope th at h e mi ght hi mself b e i ni t i ate d. Par t of N i xon' s fr ust r ati on st emmed f r om t he f act t hat h e h ad never been ac cepte d o r tr ust ed b y E is enhower . T hi s d is t r ust dat ed f r om t he "C heckers s peech. " Sh or t ly b ef ore N i xo n w ent on th e a i r , he r eceiv ed a ph one ca l l fr om Dewey t el l i ng hi m t hat I ke's a dvi ser s, and t her ef or e o bv i ousl y I ke, wante d h i m t o e nd h i s TV p r ogr am by of f er i ng hi s re si gnati on to I ke. Dewey al so as ked Ni xon to h ave t el egr ams of " Yea" or " Nay " i n r espons e t o Ni xon's p l ea s ent t o L os A ngele s. The " Check er s s peech" was r eal l y a b ehi nd-t hesce nes d uel b et ween Ni xon and Ei senhower . Ni xon di dn' t of f er h i s re si gnat i on, but he e nded t he pr ogra m by as ki ng l i st ener s to s end t hei r t el egra ms to t he Re publi can Nat i onal C ommi t t ee i n Was hi ngt on, a nd s aid t hat he w oul d l eav e t o t he Commit t ee t he d eci si on as t o whet her or no t h e wo ul d st ay o n t he t i cket . N i xon w as showi ng I ke and h is b ack er s t hat w hen i t ca me to pol i ti cal i n-f i ghti ng h e had no t c ome t o 199 t own on a l oad o f pumpkin s w it h s t r aw h angi ng o ut o f hi s e ars . T he Republ i can Na t i onal C ommi t t ee was i n t he hands of p art y r egul ar s and not Ei senhower p eopl e. Ha d t he t el egr ams been s ent t o Los A ngel es, a s Dewey r equest ed, t he d eci si on as t o whet her t o ke ep N i xo n o n th e t ic ket woul d st i l l have been i n Ei senhower 's h ands. T hro ugh t hi s m aneuver , Ni xon saved hi s po si t i on on th e t i cke t , an d t here f or e hi s p ol i t i ca l car eer , b ut he p ai d a h ig h p ri ce f or i t . Thr oughout . t he e i ght y ear s o f t he Ei senhower A dmi ni st ra t i on, Ei senhower tr eat ed Ni xon l i ke a l owly c l er k and a n expendabl e er r and b oy. Al t hough N i xo n s at i n o n hi gh-l evel s t r ate gy m eet i ngs, h i s ad vi ce was n ev er so ught . He w as a l so del i ber at el y l ef t out o f I ke's s oci al l i fe , a nd t her e wer e ro oms i n t he Whi t e House t hat N i xon h ad never seen unt i l LB J g av e h i m a t our i n l at e 1968. * 1 Dur i ng h i s ye ar s i n t he Vi ce Pr esi dency, Ni xon ob vi ous l y h ad not been t aken in t o th e c onsp i r ato r i al ap par at us, a lt hough h e c er t ai nl y r ecogni zed it s e xi st ence. H i s f ol l owi ng of t he Ei senhower p r ogr am wi t h i t s pu r gi ng of C onser vati ves f r om t he h i gher e chel ons of t he par ty w as doubtl ess p ra gmati c a nd opport un- -Many peopl e have t r i ed to c ondone E is enhower ' s si ns by c ont endi ng t hat he w as t oo du mb to k now what he w as r eal ly d oi ng, c i ti ng t he t ongue-t angle d s ynta x h e di spl ay ed at p r ess confe r ences. N ot so, s ay s G ar r y Wi l l s i n h i s hi ghl y r eadabl e ( but i n spots v er y mi s l eadi ng) book, Ni xon Agonis t es. Wi l l s wr i t es: " Ei se nhower was not a po l i t ic al s ophi st ic at e; he w as a p oli t i cal g eni us . " Be hin d t hat i nf ec t i ous s mi l e t here r esi ded a c old a nd ca l cula t i ng mi nd. Al t hough E i se nhower di d not d o wel l schola st i call y a t West Po i nt , he s cor ed ex t r emely h i gh a t t he e ven m or e compet i t i ve Genera l S t aff S chool . H e was an e xcel l ent br i dge pl aye r a nd t ur ned p oker i nt o a n ext re mel y pr of i ta bl e p as t i me. M or e i mport ant , sa ys

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Wi l l s, E i senhower' s a r my car eer w as l ar gel y b ui lt o n hi s a bil i t y as a wr i t er o f m anual s and g host wr i t er of s peeches, and he w as re gar ded a s an e xc el l ent edi to r , w i th d ogmat i c in si ste nce o n pre ci se synt ax. T he f umbli ng a nd bumbl i ng a nd t he gar bl ed c i rc uml ocut i ons wer e so m uch s how bi z. Thi s w as a co nsci ous s t ra t egy of E i se nhower' s t o avoi d answer i ng questi ons i n det ai l . F or exampl e, W il l s re por t s dur i ng t he Qu emoy-Mat su cr i sis , t he Pr esid ent ' s pr ess secr eta r y, James Ha ger ty , a dvis ed hi m t o t ake a " no co mment " p osit i on on t he whol e i ssue. " Don' t w or ry , J im . . . . If t hat questi on c omes u p, I l l ju st co nf use t hem," r epl i ed Ei senhower . I t t ak es s uper i or i nt el li gence t o b e abl e t o d eli ber at el y double-t al k one' s wa y o ut o f t ough si t uat i ons. Th e P r esi dent' s s peec h wr i t er , E mmet t J ohn H ughes, ac knowl edged t hat E is enhower " made n ot o ne pol i ti cal l y s i gnif i cant ver bal b l under t hr oughout e i ght y ears o f pr ess conf er ences and pu bl i c ad dr ess es. " i st i c, a n a tt empt t o convi nc e t he I ns i der s th at h e coul d be t r us t ed and woul d pl ay th ei r game. So me, as P aul Hof fman o bse r ved, s t i l l di d not t r ust hi m. He h ad t o f end o f f a movement headed by H ar ol d S ta ssen ( CFR) t o r emove h im f r om t he nu mber t wo s lo t o n t he t ic ket i n 1 956. Ik e h ad al r eady s uf fe r ed a h ear t at t ac k, a nd t here w as a chanc e t hat i f Ik e di ed and N i xo n b ec ame P re si dent , h e mi ght r ever t t o th e p osit i on of h i s ant i Communi st d ays . T he St asse n c ot er i e wa nt ed as v eep, j ust i n ca se, ei t her P r esid ent ia l a ssis t ant Sherman Ad ams ( CFR) or N i xon' s o ld t ut or, Chr i st i an H er t er ( CFR) , bot h of w hom wer e known t o b e t r ust wor t hy. For a t i me, I ke se emed to b e waver i ng, a nd h e o ff er ed Ni xon a cabi net p ost - any one h e want ed, " exce pt th e S t ate D epar t ment, w hic h was re ser ved f or Dul l es. " 2 ( You' d bet t er bel i ev e i t wa s! ) But t he f act io n o f In si der s s uppor t i ng N i xon was st r onger t han t he cl i que at t empt i ng to o ust h i m. The Vi ce P r es i dent ' s s uppor t er s i nclu ded " Leonar d H all [ CFRI , D r . Mi l to n E i senhower [ CFRI, D ewey [ CFRJ, a nd Si dney J . Wei nber g [ BAC* ] . " 3 In f act W ei nber g, r epor t edl y Ei senhower ' s boss - possi bl y a ct i ng f or s t aunch Ei senhower su ppor t er and to p D emoc r at Ber nar d Bar uc h - t ol d Ei senhower , " I a m f or Di ck N i xo n 100%." 4 Wei nber g. had s uppor te d N i xon f or t he n umber t wo s pot on t he t i cket i n 1 952 a nd w as an a dvi sor t o Ni xon i n h is 1 960 P r esid ent ia l r aces ( St r angel y, af t er suppor t i ng Ni xon f or s o many year s, Wei nber g t ur ned u p a s Huber t H umphr ey's c hi ef money r ai ser i n 1968. Th i s cer t ai nl y d is pel s any i dea t hat W ei nber g had b ecome mor e C onse r vati ve s i nce hi s d ay s o f enl i sti ng bu si ness suppor t f or FDR. Si nce par t y l abels m ean not hin g t o In si der s l i ke Wei nber g, he c oul d j ump f r om one CFR ca ndi date t o anot her wi t h t he e as e o f a g azel l e hu r dl i ng a mud puddle . W ei nber g's p l ace on th e Ni xon t eam was r epor t edly t ake n, a f te r hi s de f ect i on, b y Kuhn, Loeb and C ompany par t ner Lewis L . S tr auss [ CFRI. ) ' The Busi ness A dvi sor y Co uncil w as vi r t ual l y a n af f i li at e o f t he CFR. As 1 960 n eare d, mo r e a nd mor e was h ear d of t he "n ew" Ni xon. The " new" Ni xon was n ot t he shoddy Red ba i t er , t he sh r i l l ca mpaig ner o f yor e who r eso r t ed t o s neaky de bat er 's t r ic ks, b ut a ma t ur ed, st ate sman-l i ke man s ober ed by h i s experi ences i n t he V i ce Pr esid ency. St ewar t Al sop comment ed: He w ant ed t o be Pr esi dent v ery m uch, a nd he k new t hat he h ad a chance , p er haps a good ch ance, t o b ec ome Pr esi dent . Bu t h e al so kn ew - f or he i s a ny t hi ng b ut a f ool - t hat a r eput at i on a s a n ext re mi st an d par t is an w oul d s har pl y re duce t hat ch ance. H ence hi s change of pol i ti cal s ty l e.

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A man' s mot i ve s a r e al ways m i xed, a nd no d oubt i t i s t r ue t hat Ni xon changed h i s pol i t ic al st yl e a ft er 19 54 i n par t f or p ure l y pr acti cal p ol i t i ca l r easo ns. But d oes t he change go de eper th an th at ?6 I t c er t ai nl y was not s hal l ow oppor t uni sm t hat l ed t o t he b i rt h o f t he " new" Ni xon. I t wa s a v er y d eep-s eat ed o pport uni sm, a s Ni xon gai ned mor e and more k nowl edge concer ni ng th e p ower o f t he In si der s bot h i ns i de a nd ou t s i de t he Re publi can p ar t y. Ther e wer e ti mes when h e sl i pped b ack i nto o l d Ni xonis ms, a s i n t hi s st at ement be f or e an a udi ence in C l ev el and i n J anuar y 19 58: I f w e have no t hi ng t o o ff er ot her t han a pal e c ar bon copy o f t he New Deal , i f our onl y p ur pose i s t o gai n and r eta i n po wer , th e Republ i can Pa r t y no l onger h as a ny re ason t o e xis t , an d i t ou ght t o g o out o f busi ness . But af t er t he 1 958 m i d-t er m el ect i ons s uc h r heto r i c di sappear ed f r om Ni xon' s v er bal a mmuni t i on s t oc kpi l e. Now, t he s tr at egy w as to p ubl i c i ze j ust how L i ber al t he " new" N ix on, t he " r eal " N i xo n, re al l y wa s. Du r i ng t he la t t er ye ar s of t he Ei senhower a dmi ni st r at i on, so phi st i cat ed Li bera l s k new h e was i n t hei r camp. Ri char d Wi l so n, ch i ef o f Look magazi ne' s Washin gt on Bu r eau, t el egr aphed t hi s i n a f eat ur e ar t ic l e f or Look t i t l ed " The Bi g Ch ange in R i ch ar d N ix on. " Wi l son r aved o n a nd o n about t he " new Ni xon, " decl ar i ng: He h as m ade a d i st i nct tu r n to t he le f t . When t he c hoi ce h as been bet ween t he Republ i can ri ght and t he Republ i can l ef t , Ni xon has si ded wi t h t he R epubl i ca n l ef t . . . . The ye ar s, th en, ar e b uil di ng up i n Ni xon a s et of c onvi ct i ons h e di d no t h ave f our year s ago. As h e gr ows wi t h t hese co nvi ct io ns, and becomes b et te r k nown, v ot er s wi l l f in d a basi s to j udge h i s pol i ti cal r eadin ess t o go be yond hi s t ra i ni ng st age - and i nt o t he Whit e H ouse . [ Emphasi s a dded. ]' Ni xon hi mself w as begi nni ng t o a dj ust hi s i mage w it h t he r ank and f i l e. Bi ogr apher Wi l l i am Coste l l o ment i ons : I n a not her de par tu r e f r om p art y o r t hodoxy, h e a rg ued i n f avor o f maki ng l i bera l s as w el l as c onser vati ves f eel a t home i n R epubl i ca n r anks; h e t ol d a Phi l adel phi a bre akf as t r al ly t her e w as need f or b oth conser vat i ve and l i ber al poi nt s o f vi ew in a h eal t hy par t y .. . . a The Ne w Yor k Ti mes r eport ed th at N i xo n h ad b egun " a qu i et c our t shi p o f Republ i can li ber al s a nd modera t es. " 9 The t heme wa s p ic ked u p by th e Wal l St r eet Jour nal , w hic h d ul y n ot ed: On f or ei gn po l i cy, h e c al l ed hi msel f " a li ber al r at her t han a conser vat i ve because I ha ve an i nt ern at i onal v i ew r ath er t han a n i sol at i oni st vi ew on f ore i gn pol i cy . . . . " O n economi c m at t er s he i s " . . . t r yin g t o avoi d get t in g o bses sed wi t h t he i dea ( of b ala nci ng t he bu dget ) ." 1 0 The ve r y L i ber al Chi cago Sun Ti mes, on D ec ember 31, 19 59, d id i t s bi t t oward d ebunk i ng t he i dea t hat N i xon was st i l l a Conse r vat i ve : . . . The D emocr at s h ave st epped u p t hei r campaig n t o l abel

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Vi ce Pr esi dent N ix on a s t he da r l i ng of t hat r eact i onar y f r i nge o f th e GOP kn own a s t he Ol d G uar d. Thi s i s p ol it i cal hokum. The Ol d G uard - or wh at l i tt l e is l ef t of i t - not or i ousl y st ands f or is ol at i oni sm and a gai nst soci al r ef orm. Ni xon i s a n i nt ern at i onal i s t i n t he t r adit i on o f Wendel l Wi l l k i e, f or wh om he campai gned in 1 940. H e is a n out spoke n c hampi on of t he Uni t ed N at i ons, of a s t ro nger wor l d cour t even at t he cost of m odi f y i ng U. S. sover eig nt y, of g ener ous f or ei gn a i d . . . . As p ar t o f hi s p re si denti al bu i l d-u p, Ni xon a rr anged f or a t r i p t o Russia i n t he s ummer o f 1959. He w ent s t ri ct l y on h i s own h ook, as Ei senhower re f used t o g iv e h im a ny mi ssi on, b ut mer ely t ol d hi m what subj ec t s t o avoi d so a s not to m uddy t he wat er s f or th e n egot i at io ns t hat wer e a lr eady goi ng on b ehi nd t he s cenes. O st ensib l y h e was to " pr obe f or ar eas of p ossi bl e East -West agr eement . . . a nd i mpre ss t he Sovi et s w i t h Ameri ca' s si ncere d esi re f or peace . . . . " 11 Of c our se, anyone w ho kn ew as m uch about Communi sm as N i xon di d was a war e o f t he f act t hat t he Communi st s had be en c yni cal ly u si ng " Amer i ca' s s i ncer e desi re f or pe ace" t o, t hei r ad vant age e ver s i nce FDR agr eed t o r ecogni ze t he S ovi et U nio n i n 1933. The id ea t hat t he Kr eml in b eli eves t hat we a r e r eal ly w ar monger s, a nd th at th er ef ore w e must p ro ve our good f ai t h ov er an d o ver whi le n ever r equi r i ng an y p os i t i ve act s of good f ai t h fr om th e C ommuni sts , i s so m uch h ogwas h. On ce N i xo n w as i n Moscow, K hr us hchev q ui ckl y p ut h i m on t he def ensi ve by b ecomi ng hi ghl y i r at e about Congre ss ' h av i ng passed a r eso l ut i on co mmemora t i ng " Capt iv e Nat i ons Week, " w hi ch d emanded t hat th e U ni t ed S ta t es " cont i nue" [s i c ] i t s ef f or t s t o w in t he re l ease o f t he m i ll i ons of p eopl es h el d i n t he Sovi et p r i son c amp o f n at i ons. N i xon t ol d Khr ushc hev, " Thi s was a f ool is h r esol ut i on. " " Do y ou mean to s ay t hat th e member s of C ongr ess ar e fo ol s?" Khr ush chev as ked. " Thi s i s j us t a p ri vat e convers at i on, " Ni xon cl everl y c ount er ed. 1 2 I n a not her da zzl in g d i spl ay of v er bal b r il l i ance, t he Vi ce Pr esid ent t ol d t he l ovabl e B ut cher of B udapest : Ther e ar e s ome i nst ances wher e you may b e ahead of u s - f or exampl e, i n t he de vel opment of t he th r ust of y our r ock et s f or t he i nvest i gat i on o f out er sp ace; t her e may be s ome i nst ances i n whi ch w e ar e ah ead o f you - i n co l or t el ev i si on, f or i nst ance. 13 Khru shchev r epor t edly w as po l i t e and d id n ot bur st out la ughi ng. N i xo n, howeve r , g ot even t he n ex t d ay w hen t he tw o v i sit ed th e A meri can Nat i onal E xhi bi t io n, a so r t of c ounty f air , w hi ch w as bei ng shown i n Moscow. W hi le i n an e xhib i t of a t ypi cal Amer i can k i tc hen, t he f amous " ki t ch en d ebat e" occur r ed, i n whi ch Ni xon was g ra ci ous l y p ermi t t ed t o shake hi s f in ger i n t he Sovi et t yr ant ' s fa ce f or t he benef i t of pr ess camera men. Th at sh ot m ay have been wo r t h a m i l l io n v ot es. As t he R epubl i can Nat i onal C onvent i on a ppr oach ed, i t became obvi ous t hat Ni xon h ad th e n omi nat i on s ewed u p ti ght . For n in e y ear s h e had be en s t umpi ng near l y every t own and ha ml et in t he count ry f or t he Republ i can pa r t y and a l l of it s c andi dat es . H i s year s on t he cr eamed chi cke n c i r cu i t ma y h ave b een r esponsi bl e f or c ons i dera bl e i ndi gest i on, but in t hei r cours e N i xon h ad col l ect ed a bushel-b asket f ul o f pol it i cal I . O. U. ' s . T he R epubl i can Nat io nal C onventi on w as f or ec l osur e t i me f or t he Ca l i f or ni an. As e ar ly a s t he p r ev i ous Mar ch, pol ls s howed t hat t he Vi ce Pr esi dent w as t he fa vor it e o f 64 p er cent of t he count ry ' s Republ i cans, so th er e s eemed t o b e li t t l e t o w orr y a bout a s convent i on

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t i me near ed. Yet i n m i d-May, Nel son Rockef el l er , newly e l ecte d g ov er nor of N ew Y or k, t r i ed t o s ti ck hi s n ose i nt o t he Pr esi dent i al t ent . Rockef el l er had no c hance o f get t i ng t he nomi nati on, yet R ock y' s mer e ent r ance o nto t he scene seems t o h ave e arn ed h i m a b ar gai ni ng p osi t i on wi t h Ni xon. When Rockef el l er f ound he c oul d n ot l ay cl ai m t o t he act ual nomi nat i on, he mov ed t o di cta t e p oli cy fr om behi nd th e s cenes. A meet in g was th us a r ra nged bet ween N i xo n a nd Rockef el l er f or th e S at ur day bef or e t he Re publ i ca n C onvent i on o pened i n Chi cago. I n T he M aki ng o f t he P r es i dent , 1 960, T heodor e Whi t e not ed th at Ni xon accepte d a ll t he R ockefe l l er te r ms f or t his m eet i ng, in cl udi ng pr ovis i ons "t hat Ni xon te l ephone R ock ef ell er p ers onall y w i t h hi s r eques t f or a meet i ng; th at th ey m eet a t t he R ock ef ell er a par t ment . . . t hat t hei r meeti ng b e secr et a nd la t er be a nnounced i n a pr ess r el eas e f ro m t he G overn or , not N i xo n; th at t he meeti ng b e c l earl y announced a s t akin g p l ace a t t he V i ce P r es i dent 's r equest ; th at th e st at ement o f pol ic y i ssui ng fr om i t be l ong, d eta i l ed, i nc l us i ve, not a summar y c ommuni que. ' 4 As a r esul t of t he m eet in g, a f our-w ay t ele phone c i r cui t w as set up l in ki ng Ro ckefe l l er pr ot ege C har le s P er cy ( chai r man o f t he Republ i can Pl at f or m Commi t t ee and a boar d member of Ro ckef ell er ' s Chase Manhat t an B ank) , a s econd R ock ef el l er d eput y i n Chi cago, N i xo n, an d Rockef el l er . What f i nal ly emer ged w as t he fo ur t een poi nt s o f th e f amous Compac t o f Fi f t h Avenue. The Re publ i ca n P la t f or m Commit t ee h ad b een m eet in g i n Chi cago f or an e nt i r e w eek, la bor i ous l y po undi ng out a p l at fo r m re f l ect in g t he v i ews of R epubl i ca ns f r om a l l f i f t y s t at es . N ow t he Pl atf or m Commi t te e was ha nded th e R oc kef el le r -N i xon or der s: F org et t he ef f or t a nd t he ti me you ha ve s pent t o come to C hic ago a t your own e xp ense, h ear wi t nes ses, and dr af t a document t o submit t o t he C onv ent i on - t hr ow i t a ll o ut and accept t he Ro ckefe l l er-N i xon pl at f or m wor ked o ut , i n secr et, e i ght hundre d a nd t hi r ty m i l es f r om t he C onventi on s i te . T he L i bera l s we r e ecst at i c ; h er e w as t hei r ki nd of d emocr acy i n a ct i on! The Wal l S t re et Jo ur nal of J ul y 2 5, 1960, cl ai med t hat t he Fi f t h Avenue m eet in g w as n ot a Ro ckef ell er co up b ut a N ix on v i ct or y; t hat Ni xon had n eeded a r at i onal i za t i on fo r d umpi ng th e p ar t y C ons er vat i ves. As a r esul t of t he m eet in g, th e J ourn al st at ed: . . . a l i t tl e b and o f co nserv at i ves wi t hi n t he par t y, o f w hom Senato r G ol dwat er i s s ymbol a nd s pokes man, ar e s hoved t o t he s i deli nes . . . . F i r st i mpr essi ons t o t he c ont r ar y, M r . Ni xon has a chi eved al l t hi s wi t hout gi vin g Mr . Rockef el l er a s i ngl e i mpor t ant c onces si on he di d no t w ant t o ma ke. Thi s i s n ot t o d eny t hat t he f our t een p oin t s a r e ver y l i ber al i ndeed; t hey compr i se a pl at fo r m akin i n many w ay s t o t he D emocr at i c pl at fo r m and t hey ar e a f ar cr y f r om t he t hi ngs t hat conser va t i ve men t hi nk t he R epubl ic an p art y o ught t o st and f or . . . . But as y ou go d own t he fo ur t een p oi nt s, on e b y o ne, it ' s c l ear t hey r ef l ect t he Ni xon br and of l i ber al i sm . . . . Act ual l y M r . Ni xon h as ra t her sk i l l fu l l y used t he R ock ef el l er meet in g t o ge t a f ew l i ber al pl anks i nt o t he p l at f or m whi ch he a lr eady want ed b ut wh i ch he w as havi ng t r oubl e g et t i ng th r ough t he p la t f or m commit t ee . . . . Thus i t i s th at in o ne bu r st of s peed R i ch ar d N ix on ha s accompl i shed t hr ee m aneuv er s - def ie d t he conser vat i ve wi ng of t he par t y, c ut lo ose f r om Pre si dent E i senhower a nd ne at l y out f l anked hi s maj or opponent w it hi n t he p art y . . . . M r . Ni xon's r i sk i s t hat conser vat i ve vot er s w i l l be ou t r aged enough t o st ay aw ay f r om t he pol l s

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and th at h i s l i ber al g est ur e wi l l n ot i n f act g ai n a ny l i bera l v ot es f r om t he D emocr ats . . . . I n d oi ng s o he h as m oved t he Republ ic an pa r t y a l i t t le mor e t o t he le f t o n t he po l i t i cal s pec t r um, a t hin g t hat i s bo und t o be sa d n ot onl y t o men of c onser vati ve mi nd, b ut a l so t o t hose wh o w ould l i ke t o see th e p hi lo sophi c d i f fe r ence s t hat di vid e t he countr y s harp ened i nt o c l ear pol i t ic al is sues. Once mor e w e a r e goi ng t o b e depr i ve d o f t hat k i nd of a c hoi ce i n a p re si dent i al el ect io n. As a mat t er of t ac t i cs, Mr . Ni xon w it h t hi s p l atf or m abandons t he deep Sout h an d c onser vati ves ever ywher e to w hat ev er th ey c an make of t he De mocr ati c p la t f or m. Anot her W al l St r eet J ourn al ar t i c l e of t he s ame day co ncl uded t hat t he Rockef el l er -N i xon agr eement "b r i ngs t he sp ot l i ght s hin i ng o nc e mor e o n a f ace t o f hi s p ubl i c i mage he h as lo ng la bor ed t o e ra di cat e; t hat o f ` Tr i ck y D i ck, ' t he p ol i ti c i an who s ac r i f ic es pr i nc i pl e to e xpedi ency. " The Ch i cago Tr i bune h eadl i ned i t s e di t or ia l o n th e N ix on-Rockef el l er meet in g, " Gra nt Su r r ender s t o Lee. " The we l f ar e nl at fo r m di ct at ed b y Rockef el l er and Ni xon. wh i ch i nc l uded a n endors ement of t he o bj ect i ves of C ommuni st i nspi re d s it-i ns i n t he S out h, w as cal l ed by Se nat or Gol dwat er " th e Muni ch o f t he Republ i can Pa r t y." Republ i cans ever ywher e un der st ood t he m eani ng a nd s i gni f i canc e o f t he ne w Rocke f el le r -N i xon al l i anc e. Ni xon h ad p urg ed h i msel f of h i s i ndependence t o be come ac cept abl e t o th e I ns i der s of t he I nt ern at i onal Lef t . As T heodor e Whi t e put it : Never had t he q uadr enni al l i ber al s woop of t he re gul ar s b een mor e nakedl y d r amat i zed t han by t he o pen compac t o f Fi f t h Avenue. Whate ver honor t hey mi ght have b een a bl e t o ca r r y f r om t hei r se r v i ce s o n th e pl at fo r m c ommi t t ee h ad be en wi ped o ut . A s i ngl e ni ght' s m eeti ng of t he t wo me n i n a mi l li onai r e' s t ri pl ex ap ar t ment i n Babylo n-b y-t he-H udson, ei ght hundr ed a nd t hi r t y mi l es a way, was about to o ver r ul e th em; t hey wer e exposed as c l owns f or a ll t he wor l d t o s ee. 1 s Ni xon conf i rmed th e a l l ia nce by a ccept i ng as h i s r unni ng mate o ne of t he f or emost da r l i ngs of th e i nt er nat io nal c li que, a d i scr edi te d i nst ig at or of t he smear -T af t maneuver o f 1952 a nd o f t he a nti-M cCart hy smear of 1 954, H enr y C abot L odge. L odge t hen p r oce eded t o v i rt ual ly s i t out th e c ampai gn. Newsweek o f Mar ch 23, 19 64, p hr ased i t m ore del i ca t el y: " Hi s l az i ness b eca me l egend. " The Ro ckef ell er-N i xon meet i ng c ert ai nl y made i t p l ain t hat N i xon was wi l l i ng t o p ay t he pr i ce T aft h ad be en un wi l l i ng t o pay. B ut t he s i gnif i cance of th e meeti ng ma y g o mu ch de eper th an th at . R oc kef el l er r epr es ent ed much mor e t han a mer e p ol i t i ca l r i val . H e was a ct i ng as a pol i ti cal p ower br oker no t j us t f or hi msel f , b ut f or br ot her David o f t he mammot h C hase M anhat t an Bank and t he cot er i e o f i nt ern at i onal banker s w ho f or m t he n ucl eus of t he I ns i der s ' C ounci l on F ore i gn Rel ati ons. It i s ver y p os si ble , t hough w e shal l never f i nd ou t f or sur e, t hat at t his t i me Ni xon was i ni t i ate d i nt o one of t he out er c i r cle s o f th e c onspi r acy . F or t he tr ut h i s t hat t here w as no n eed t o cr awl t o Rockef el l er . Ni xon h ad th e n omi nat i on i n t he b ag r egar dl ess of w hat Rockef el l er di d. Rockef el l er 's i nf l uence i n t he Republ i can pa r t y i s i mmens e a t th e a pex a nd qui t e smal l at t he gr assro ot s base. He i s l i ke t he ow ner o f a p ro f essi onal fo ot bal l t eam who c annot make t he t eam h e

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owns. Though Rocke f el l er would d oubtl ess t r ade hi s l ef t e ar l obe f or t he Pr esi denc y, he i s f or ced t o o pera t e th r ough ot hers a t t he Pr esid ent i al l evel . N i xon i s p er fe ct fo r t hi s. N i xo n c an del i ve r t he gr ass r oot s and Ro ckef ell er ca n d el iv er th e C FR Est abl i shment . T he t wo men ma y d i sli ke ea ch o t her i nt ensel y, b ut t hey ne ed ea ch o t her . It m ay be t hat t hey ar e not e ven a s gr eat pe r sonal e nemi es as t hey appear t o be. Ni xon a nd R ock ef el l er w ere c l ose f r i ends d uri ng th e E i senhower Admi ni st r at io n a nd R ocky sent Ni xon t hi s t el egr am i n 1956: " . . . Under you a nd t he Pr esi dent th e R epubl i can p ar t y i s no w e merg i ng, at home and a bro ad, as t he gr eat l i ber al p art y o f the f utu r e. " 16 S t ewar t Al sop ( CFR) i ndi ca t es i n hi s book N ix on an d R ocke f el le r t hat t he t wo men ar e r eall y L ef t wi ng bi r ds of a fe at her : Ther e ar e i n f act, i t s houl d be n ot ed, n o shar p i deolo gi cal di f f er ences bet ween R ocke f el le r a nd Ni xon, a s t her e we r e b et ween Dewey and Ta f t a nd Ei senhower and Ta f t . W hen R oc kef el le r w or ked i n Washi ngt on f or th e f i r st E i se nhower admin i st r ati on, he o f t en f ound a n al l y in Ni xon on s uch i ssu es a s f or eig n a i d. The di f f er ence is r eal ly a di f f er ence of s t yl e a nd backgr ound an d a ppr oach t o p ol i t i cs - above al l , t he d i ff er enc e b et ween a pr of ess i onal , p ar ti san pol i t i ci an, a " r egul ar , " an d a seemi ng amate ur w i th a n ai r o f bei ng above par t is anshi p. I t i s a c hoi ce whi ch ha s c onf r ont ed t he Republi can par t y bef ore , a l t hough i n d i f fe r ent f or m. 17 Fr om a p ol i ti cal s t andpoi nt , t he most t hat R ockef el l er c oul d of f er w as t he de l i ver y of Ne w Yor k St ate i n t he e l ec t i on, and it w as ex t r emel y doubtf ul t hat h e coul d de l i ver t hat . To to p i t of f , af t er r ec ei vin g cr edit f or di ct ati ng t he Republ i can pl at f or m, R ockef el l er , f or al l pr acti cal p ur poses , s at out th e e l ect i on, t hus he l pi ng t o e ns ur e Ni xon' s d ef eat . Ro ckef ell er ma y have f i gur ed t hat i f N i xo n w er e d ef eat ed i n 1 960, h e, Rockefe l l er, woul d have th e i ns i de s hot a t t he n omi nati on i n 1964. But th er e can be l i t tl e d oubt t hat N i xo n k new what he w as doi ng. Al t hough i t appear ed t o t he ma n i n th e s tr eet t hat h e had made a f ool is h b ar gai n an d h ad sol d out f or a mes s o f po t t age, a ct ual l y Ni xon had in sur ed hi s lo ng-r un po l i t i cal c are er . O f cours e, M r . Ni xon coul d have chosen t o f ig ht t he consp i r acy, but havi ng seen t he d ept h o f i t s power dur i ng t he Ei senhower ad mi ni str at i on, h e ap par ent l y f ig ur ed i t was mu ch e asi er to j oi n t he co nspi r at or s t han t o f i ght t hem. Ot her wi se hi s ac t i ons i n 1 960 make l i t tl e s ense , a nd w hat ever he i s, N i xon i s a shr ewd p ol i ti c i an. That t her e wa s a deal o f monst r ous pr oport i ons is b eyo nd questi on. I n analy zi ng Ni xon's a ccept ance speech at th e R epubl i can Convent i on, t he Wal l S t re et Jo ur nal of A ugust 1 , 1960, n ot ed: He d oes n ot r ej ect any pa r t i cula r F eder al ac t i vit y - wheth er i t be F eder al me di cal h el p f or th e a ged, F eder al a id t o educat io n, or Federa l f or ei gn ai d - on th e i deol ogi ca l g r ound t hat i t is someth i ng t he c ent r al g ov er nment h as no ri ght t o do. Of c our se, Ni xon di d t hro w a bone to t he de j ecte d C onse r vati ves, pr ocla i mi ng i n h is a ccept ance speech: " The o nl y answer t o a st r ate gy o f v i c t or y f or t he Co mmuni st w orl d i s th e s tr at egy of v ic t or y fo r t he f r ee wor l d. " B ut , as th e J ourn al co mment ed, " Exact l y what Mr . N i xo n h as i n mi nd i n t hi s r egar d wi l l have to a wai t c l ari f i cat i on. " That c l ar if i cat i on n eve r c ame.

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I n t he 1 960 campai gn N i xo n a tt empt ed a f eat m or e di f fi cul t th an passin g a c amel th r ough t he ey e o f a needl e. H e t r i ed t o o utp r omis e t he Democr at s. Ne wsweek o f Ju l y 11 , 1 960 quot ed hi m as sa yi ng: We a re n ot go i ng t o b e ou t bi d . . . . W e can r eac h g oal s t he so-c al l ed e conomi c li ber al s of th e G al br ai t h-S chl es i nger school c an never r each. We ca n s how t hat we c an pr oduce b ett er sc hool s, hospi t al s , heal th , h i gher l iv i ng s ta ndard s. And Ni xon k new what h e wa s d oi ng. H e was now a dvo cat in g mor e of t he ve r y s ame p oli ci es he h ad once de nounc ed s o voci fe r ousl y as soci al i s t a nd C ommuni st . On Ju l y 2 9, 1960, t he Wal l St r eet Jo ur nal e ven headli ned a n ar t ic l e, " Ni xon Ai ms t o Wed Fi scal Responsi bi l it y t o Wel f ar e S t ate . " As t he Jo ur nal e xpl ai ned: . . . t he R epubl ic an p art y t hi s y ear st ands o n a pl atf or m t hat bor r ows m uch f r om t hi s mo der n l i ber al i sm. I n t he ar ea of c i vi l r ig ht s, and we l f ar e l egi sl at i on, i n th e a ccept ance o f b ig G ove r nment spendi ng, t he Re publ i ca n p ar t y i s once mor e s eeki ng t o meet t he Democra t i c par t y on i ts o wn gr ound . . . . Mr . Ni xon i s goi ng t o c ompl ete l y i gnor e an y d i sti nct io n b et ween conser vat i ves a nd l i ber al s i n wi de po l i t ic al a r eas . . . . He w il l a ccept i t as p r oper for t he Gover nment t o i nt er vene i n t he na t i on' s busin ess, to t ake o n f or t he peopl e some of t he obl i gat i ons whi ch wer e on ce le f t t o t hem i ndi v i dual l y - t he pat h i s s t r aig ht f r om s oci al s ecu r i t y t o s oci al i ze d medic al ca r e. I n t hat sense t he Ro osevelt r evo l ut io n i s compl et e; Mr . N i xon, i f el ect ed, w il l n ot di smant l e t he w elf ar e s ta t e. The on l y d i ff er enc e t he Jour nal c ould f i nd b et ween t he D emocr at s and Republ i cans was th at t he Democ r at s pr omi se d s ocia l i sm t hr ough d efi ci t spendi ng, w hi l e th e N i xon R epubl i cans p r omi se d s ocia l i sm wi t h ba l ance d budget s. E i th er wa y, A mer i ca was t o be t he l oser. Bef ore t he ca mpaig n e ven st art ed, N ix on ha d a nnounced t hat i nt ern al s ubv er sio n w as a d ead i ssue, s t at i ng: Domest i c C ommuni sm i s n o l onger a p ol i t i ca l i ssue. T he d anger h as r eceded a g re at de al i n t he la st f ew years , d omes t i cal l y , m ai nl y becaus e w e ha ve be come in cr eas i ngl y awar e of i t . The Communis t s us ed t o f ool an a wf ul l ot of w ell m eani ng p eopl e who w ere n ot Communi st s. Ther e i s s ti l l a gr oup, a s mall g r oup t hat can be f ool ed. 18 And, as i f to m ake s ur e t hat nobody mi ssed h ow co mpl et el y h e had j oi ned t he so ci al i st t eam, c andi dat e Ni xon added: I f w e have to c hoose i n al l oca t i ng fu nds bet ween mi l it ar y pr ogra ms a nd economi c, in f or mat i on, and ot her n on-mi l i ta r y pr ogra ms, I woul d put t he emphasi s o n t he non-mi l i ta r y pr ogra ms, a nd t ake a g ambl e on t he mi l i t ar y p r ogr ams. I n a book p ut o ut f or t he c ampai gn, bi ogra pher Ea r l Ma zo r epor t ed t hat Ri char d Ni xon p er sonal l y " consid er s hi msel f a ` ra di cal ' when i t comes t o t he goals h e w oul d set f or t he count r y ( hi s def i nit i on of ` r adic al ' b ei ng th e ` opposi t e of c ons er vat i ve' ) ." I n h is c ampai gn ag ai nst f el l ow CFR member Senat or J ohn K ennedy, Ri char d N i xon r egul ar l y pul l ed h i s pu nches . W ho wi l l ever f or get Ni xon' s " I ag r ee wi t h Mr. K ennedy . . . " s t ate ments o n t he T V debat es? He n ev er d i sc ussed w hat i nf ormed R epubl i ca ns c ons i dere d t o be h i s best

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i ssue: t he Se nat e r ecor ds o f Kennedy and Johnson - i nclu di ng Se nat or Kennedy' s s ponsors hi p o f l egis l at i on t o re peal th e l oy al t y oa t h pr ovis i on o f t he N at i onal Def ens e E duca t i on Act , hi s v ig or ous suppor t of C ommuni st r evol ut i onar i es i n A l ger i a, and h i s backi ng o f t he re peal of t he B at t le A ct pr ovi si on, whi ch pr ohi bi t ed t he s endi ng o f st r at egi c mat eri al s t o I r on Cur t ain c ount r i es. And Ni xon ne ver even ment io ned Mr. Johnso n' s k il l i ng of t he bi l l t o r est or e t o t he st at es t he ri ght t o puni sh s ubver si on. I nst ead, l i ke Wi ll k i e a nd D ewey b ef or e h im , R i char d Ni xon conduc t ed a campai gn u sin g t he o r t hodox "N ew York s t ra t egy, " concent r at i ng h i s ef f or ts o n t he b i g c i ti es a t t he ex pense of r ur al ar eas, t he West , and t he South . N i xon f ail ed a s Wi l l ki e a nd Dewey had f ai l ed b ef ore h i m because h e s i mpl y coul d not f or ce th e L i ber al Ea st and Co nser vat i ve West i nt o a s i ngl e phal anx. T he pr i nc i pal ir ony of M r . Ni xon' s c ampai gn was t hat h e coul d ve r y pr obabl y have won e ve r y st at e he d id w i n wi t hout a ny ef f or t t o p r oj ect a " new Ni xon. " A nd had he n ot tu r ned Lef t , he m ig ht h ave p i ck ed u p i n t he Sout h t he v ot es he n eeded t o become Pr esid ent i n 1960. Yes, i t w as ver y i r oni c. I t had, i ndeed, b een a s t ra nge campai gn - espec i al l y consid er i ng t hat i t w as waged by o ne whose l ong sui t was t wo-f i s t ed c ampai gni ng. Gone wer e t he t humb-i n-t he-e ye, ear-b i t i ng, s hi n-k i ckin g c ampai gns of yor e. Ni xon had su ddenl y become d i gni f i ed. N o mor e r oll i ng i n t he di r t . Now it w as te a a nd c r umpet s wi t h t he opponent . Re publi cans ke pt wa i t i ng f or Ni xon " to t ake t he gl oves of f . " But Ni xon h ad t r aded h i s boxin g gl oves f or th e w hi t e f awnski n var i ety . A n exasper at ed Br ent Bozell wr ot e i n h i s Nat io nal R ev i ew col umn: M-moment , t hat poi nt i n f ut ur e t i me w hen R ic har d Ni xon t hr ows of f t he ca mouf l age a nd h aul s up hi s t r ue conse r vat i ve c olo r s, m ov es st eadi l y f orw ar d al ong it s i nexor able p ath t o i nf i ni ty . N i xon' s Mo ment of T ru t h w as schedul ed fo r e ar l y 1 960 w hen h e w oul d become an " av owed" candid at e a nd i n t hat c apaci ty w oul d speak h i s "r eal " mi nd. When spr i ng t ur ned t o s ummer and n ot much had h appened b esi des t he a vowal , t he deadli ne w as set ahead to t he Republi can conventi on. Then t he V i ce Pr esid ent w oul d st ep f orw ar d: Si nce h is o f fi c i al st at us as p art y st andar d-b ear er w oul d t ake pr ecedence over t he i nhi bi t i ng r esponsi bi l it i es of h i s pr esent o f f ic e, Ni xon w oul d at l ast be f re e t o el abor at e o n hi s di f f er ences wi t h t he [ Eis enhower ] a dmi ni st ra t i on. N ow t hese di f f ere nces have begun t o e mer ge a nd t hey a l l po i nt t he w r ong way. Conser va t i ves h ave st eele d t hemsel ves , a ccor di ngl y, t o yet an ot her post ponement - we wi l l b e pat i ent t hr ough th e c ampai gn, but w at ch th e smoke af t er I naugur at i on Day! Many conser va t i ves w er e t el l in g t hemse l ves th at la st w eek , b ut ver y f ew o f t hem bel i eved i t . 19 On e le ct i on day Ke nnedy edged Ni xon by a n eyel ash a nd t hat wi t h t he ai d o f ma ny of t he de ar de par t ed i n Te xas a nd i n Cook C ount y, I l l i noi s, w ho r etu r ned fr om th e her eaf t er t o vot e t he s tr ai ght D emocr at i c t i cket. W i th T exas and I l l i noi s i n t he Re publ i ca n c ol umn, Ni xon woul d ha ve be en e l ec t ed Pr esid ent . The Ne w Yor k Ti mes ' v er y l i ber al T om Wi cke r m ade a n ot ewor t hy poi nt r egar di ng vo t e f r auds: A s hif t o f on l y 4, 480 popul ar v ote s f ro m Kennedy to N i xon i n I l l i noi s, w her e th er e w er e h ig hl y p la usi bl e c harg es of f r aud, a nd 4, 491

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i n M is sour i woul d have gi ven nei t her man an e l ect or al maj or it y a nd t hr own t he de ci sio n i nt o t he House of R epr esent at i ves. I f a n addit i onal 1, 148 vot es h ad be en co unt ed f or Ni xon i n New Mexi co, 58 fr om Hawai i , and 1, 247 i n Nevada h e wo ul d have w on a n out r i ght m ajo r i t y in t he el ecto r al c ol l ege . . . . A ny exper ie nced r epor te r o r pol i t ic i an knows t hat t hat f ew v ote s c an easi ly b e " swung" i n a ny st ate by fr aud o r honest e r r or. 2° I n a post -e l ecti on r epor t fo l l owi ng t he Kennedy-N i xon r ace, Ri char d Wi l so n, th e v et er an Washi ngto n c or r espondent and c olu mni st , wr ot e i n L ook m agazi ne, i n a n ar t i c le e nti t l ed "H ow To S t eal An El ecti on" : For th e f i r st t i me, many t housands o f Amer i ca ns su ddenl y r eali zed t hat el ect i ons c an b e s to l en. They on l y ha l f-b el i ev ed i t bef ore 1 960, as p ar t o f ou r h is t or i cal l ore . . . . M any, m any t housands of v ot er s and ci vi c-mi nded p eople i n sever al l eadi ng s t at es no l onger t ake t he easygoi ng a t ti t ude t owar d el ect i on f ra uds. The th i ever y i n Te xas, wh er e such t hi ngs wer e t ra di t io nal whenev er L yndon Jo hnson was in vol ved i n a r ace, was so b l at ant t hat Texas pol i t ic al re por t ers w ere s cr eami ng f or s ome n ati onal me di a r epr es ent at iv e t o pi ck u p t he s t or y. At l east 100,0 00 v ote s h ad b een st ol en a nd th e K ennedyJohnson t i cket car ri ed t he st ate b y o nl y 4 6, 000. New Yo r k H era l d Tr i bune r eport er E arl M azo d i d a f our-p ar t ar t i c l e det ail i ng h ow t he el ect io n w as s t ol en. N ix on i nvi t ed Mazo o ve r t o hi s of f i ce a nd Ma zo as sumed Ni xon was f in al l y goi ng t o c al l f or a f eder al i nvest i gat i on. I ns t ead, t o Maz o' s s hock, Ni xon t ol d hi m: "E ar l , th ose ar e i nte r esti ng a r ti c l es you a re w r it i ng - but no o ne st eal s t he p re si dency o f t he Un i t ed St at es. " M azo st ate s: " I th ought h e m ig ht be k i ddin g. Bu t n ever w as a man mor e deadl y ser i ous . . . he e numer at ed pot enti al in t er nati onal cr i ses t hat coul d be d eal t wi t h onl y b y t he Pr esi dent o f a u ni te d c ount r y, and no t a n at i on t or n by t he k i nd of p ar t i san bi t t er ness an d c haos t hat i nevi t ably w oul d r esult f r om an o ff i c i al chal le nge o f t he el ect i on r esu l t . " Ni xon c l ai med: " Our c ount r y c an' t af f or d th e a gony o f a c ons t i t ut io nal cr i si s - and I d amn wel l wi l l n ot b e a p ar t y t o cr eat i ng one j ust t o become Pr esid ent o r anyth i ng e ls e. " 21 Ni xon pl eaded w i th M azo t o c ancel t he e i ght r emai ni ng ar t i c le s h e had pr epar ed on ho w t he el ecti on w as st ole n. I t i s o bv i ous fr om Mazo' s st at ement s th at he w as su r e Ni xon h ad b een d ef r auded. But N ix on appare nt l y wa s w il l i ng to r ewar d t he t hi ev es. H e was st r angel y magnani mous, f or a man wh o f or y ear s had moved he aven and e ar t h to c l aw hi s wa y t o th e t op o f t he p oli t i cal heap. Thi s odd b ehavi or f r om a man who h ad ear ned a w el l -j ust if i ed r eputa t i on fo r p ol i t i cal r ut hl essness n atu r al l y t r i gger ed a bevy of ru mor s. M ost of t hem c ente r ed on w i del y c ir cul at ed u nco nf i r med s t or i es t hat Kennedy had i nf or mat i on about a l ar ge C ar i bbean gambl i ng d ebt Ni xon had r un u p, a r eal est at e s candal in C al i fo r ni a, o r s tr ange act i ons b y Ni xon's c l oses t f ri end, "S weet Bebe" Rebozo . Mor e pl ausi bl e i s t he t heor y t hat N ix on kn ew t he t i min g w as not r i ght f or h im a nd t hat th e I ns i der s want ed K ennedy. Ni xon w ant ed t o b e Pr esid ent a ll r i ght , a nd expec t ed t o be. But h e was fa r s i ghte d e nough i n 1 961 t o re al i ze t hat hi s wa y o f he l pi ng t he I ns i der s t o advanc e, b y posi ng a s a n ant iC ommunis t w ho c ont in uousl y h ad t o y ie l d t o Communi st pr essu r es t o avoid w or se r esul t s - whi ch h ad be en th e f or mul a du r i ng

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t he Ei senhower y ear s - was not g oin g t o be t he f or mul a p r ef er r ed b y t he t op In si der s f or t he next ei ght-y ear st r et ch, 1 961 t hr ough 1 968. For th e l ast t hi rt y y ears t he I nsi der s h av e b een car ry i ng o ut t hi s st r at egy i n Amer i ca by al t er nati ng sw i ngs of t he pendulu m. In 1 961 t hey wer e r eady fo r a noth er ei ght -y ear per i od of d ri vi ng th i s co unt r y down t he r oad t o C ommunis m by di r ect measure s, ca r r i ed out un der a Pr esid ent w hose po l i t i cal s t re ngt h de pended o n hi s o pen s uppor t of Communi sm d is gui se d a s Li ber al i sm. Ni xon di d n ot f i t t hat p ic t ur e, a nd knew i t w el l. T he l ast th i ng he w ante d w as , a s Pr esi dent , t o b e bucki ng I ns i der p l ans ; o r, a l t ern at i ve l y, t o l ose hi s o wn p oli t i cal f ol l owi ng by f ai l i ng to d o so. I t was go i ng t o be 19 69 b efo r e th ose b os ses woul d want anot her Ei senhower i n t he Whi t e House . A nd Ni xon was b y no me ans r el uct ant t o wai t. The ne xt e pi sode i n t he st r ange p oli t i cal c ar eer o f Ri char d Ni xon, f ol l owi ng hi s e yel ash def eat ( i f th at i s what i t w as) by JF K, was hi s s t r ange qu est f or t he gover nor ship o f C al i f orn i a. T hi s undert aki ng i s s ti l l s hro uded i n myst er y and, a s wi t h so many o t her i mport ant s to r i es, t he me n w ho know ar e n ot about t o t al k. Wh at w e do know i s t hat Ni xon' s d eci si on t o r un f or t he g ove r nors hi p o f t he Smog St at e was t ie d i n wi t h th e p ol i t i cal ambit i ons of t wo ot her men, f or mer Cal i fo r ni a As sembl yman Jo e S hel l a nd Nel so n R ocke f el l er . Shel l , a f or mer c apt ai n o f t he U SC f oot bal l te am, was a ha r d-n osed Conserv at i ve wi t h pol i t i ca l a mbi t i ons; a nd at t his t i me ( t he ear l y ' 60' s) Rockef el l er had no t u nder gone a d i vor ce an d h i s aspi ra t i ons t o b e Pr esid ent w er e muc h mor e r eali st i c th an th ey w ere l at er t o be come. I n e ar l y 1 962, ' Sh el l c ont acte d N i xon, w ho w as th en pr act i cin g l aw in B everl y H il l s , t o see i f t he f or mer V i ce Pr esid ent h ad a ny i nt ent i on o f seeki ng t he gover nor ship . S hel l w as r eali st i c en ough t o know t hat h e would h ave no c hance again st t he uni ve r sal l y known N i xon i n a pr i mar y f i ght f or th e R epubl i can n omi nat i on, a nd he d i d not pr opos e t o wa st e t i me a nd m oney i n tr yi ng. N i xon assur ed S hel l t hat under no c i rc umsta nces wo ul d he b ecome a candi dat e f or t he govern or shi p. B ase d o n Ni xon' s un qual i fi ed de cl ar ati on th at h e was no t i nt ere st ed, Shel l f i l ed f or th e g over nor sh i p i n t he pr i mar y. Some weeks la t er Shel l re cei ve d a " co ur t es y" p hone c al l f r om Nel son R ockef el l er . A f t er a n exchange o f pl easant r i es, R ockef el l er asked Shel l wher e he. . would s t and i f he w er e el ecte d g over nor and t her eby b ecame t he l eader o f t he C ali f or ni a d el egat i on t o t he 1 964 Republ i can no mi nat i ng c onventi on. S hel l re pl i ed t hat he w as sor r y t o have t o s ay t hat he w ould n ot be i n Rockef el l er 's c orn er . T hi s r at her abr upt l y te r mi nate d t he " court esy" cal l . One we ek l ate r t o t he d ay , a Fr i day , R ocke f el le r ' s s ec r et ar y c al le d S hel l ' s se cr eta r y a nd announced t hat Ri char d Ni xon w oul d be en t er i ng t he Cal i f orn i a gu ber nato r i al r ace. We c an o nl y specul at e o n j ust what ki nd of h ol d Rocke f el l er had over Ni xon, or w hat k i nd of de al R ock ef ell er h ad made wi t h Ni kon ei t her per sonal l y or a s a member o f t he I nsi der Est abl is hment . J ul es Wi tc over , i n h is r ecent b ook T he Re sur re ct i on of R ic har d Ni xon, r eveals : I t h as b een wi dely a ssumed t hat N i xo n r an f or go ver nor i n 19 62 becaus e h e wa s u nabl e t o r esis t l ocal a nd st at e pr essu r es f ro m i mport ant R epubl ic ans i n Cal if or ni a. Al t hough i t i s tr ue s uch p r es sur es wer e gr eat , t he st r ongest p ers uasi on came not f ro m Cal i f or nia b ut f r om Republ i can po wer s and f r i ends i n th e E ast . . . . 22 Lat er, W i t cov er ad ds:

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Ther e wer e ma ny ot her s, t hough, w ho t hought N i xon n eeded i t [ t he Cal i fo r ni a go ver nor shi p] i f he h oped t o ma ke a not her ser i ous t r y at t he Pr esid ency. They wer e t he s ame member s o f " t he Ea st ern E st abl i shment " - t hat r at her f or mle ss c oll ect io n o f Re publi can moder ate s b est symbol i zed by t he l ast Republ i can Pr esi dent i al l oser, T homas E . Dewey of N ew Yor k - who had mast er min ded D wi ght D. E i senhower ' s t wo par ty n omi nat i ons a nd had he l ped Ni xon nai l d own t he R epubl i can n omi nat i on i n 1960. Sever al t i mes i n ea r l y and m i d-1 961, Ni xon and Fi nch t ra vel ed back t o N ew Yor k and Wash i ngto n t o co nf er wi t h De wey, Her bert B r ownel l , Jr . , Wi l l i am P. Ro ger s, Cl i f fo r d F olg er , t he o l d Ei senhower and Ni xon f i nanc e man, Leonar d W. Hal l , Genera l E i senhower ' s c ampai gn manager . . . . 23 Har old " But ch " P ower s, wh o h ad a l so ent ere d t he pr i mar y, b owed o ut w i t h t hi s st at ement : The ki ngmaker s, wh oever t hey may b e and wh er ever t hey l i ve, have decr eed i n ef f ect t hat Ca l i f or ni a R epubl ic ans s hal l ta ke a di scard f r om t he ru bbl e he ap of n at i onal po l i t i cs . . . 24 I t h as b een c l ai med t hat Ni xon h ad to r un i f h e was to r et ain a ny sembla nce o f nat i onal p ar t y l eader shi p, a nd t hat t he C al i f orn i a govern or shi p was a f or um f or such l eader sh i p. S ubsequent h appeni ngs have pr oved t hi s was n ot t r ue. Ni xon def eate d S hel l h andi l y i n t he pr i mar y a nd appear ed t o be a shoo-i n a gai nst De mocra t i ncumbent Edmund G . Br own. Under Br own, k nown as " Pat " t o hi s fr i ends and "B umbl es" , t o hi s c ri t i cs, t axes had skyr oc ket ed, whi le e ver yt hi ng el se se emed t o b e di s i nt egr at in g. In addi ti on, " Bumbl es , " r efe r r ed t o b y Ti me Magazi ne a s " a t ower o f j el l y, " h ad a p enc hant f or i nser t in g h is f oot i n h is m out h and was n ot par t ic ul ar l y popul ar w i th r ank a nd fi l e De mocr ats . A ls o, u nli ke th e Pr esid ent i al r ace i n w hic h N ix on h ad had t o d ef end t he a dmi ni st r at i on, t hi s one f ound h im f r ee t o a tt ack, to e xpl oi t t he n umer ous we ak sp ot s i n B ro wn' s re cor d. Ref l ec t i ng al l t hese f act or s, ear l y summer p ol l s showed N i xon l eadin g B r own b y 53 t o 37 p er cent , wi t h 10 p er cent undeci ded. Ev en i f he l os t a l l of t he u ndeci ded vot e, he w oul d s t i ll w i n handi ly . Y et somehow Ni xon m anaged t o bl ow t he el ect i on i n t he st at e he h ad car r i ed comf or t abl y i n h is 1 960 Pr esid ent i al r ace. Ni xon, t he ma n f amed f or hi s s l i ck, har d-h i t t in g c ampai gns, pr oceeded t o conduct a st umbli ng, a mat euri sh c am- pai gn t hat le f t hi s s uppor t ers a ghast . T he c ampai gn se emed to b e dogged by b ad l uck f r om t he b egi nni ng. A n ai r l i ner c r ash ed, k i l l i ng Ri char d Jones ( CFR) , who was c arr yi ng a v al is e w it h $ 65,0 00 in c ash, wi del y r eport ed t o be f unds f r om t he Est abli shment f or t he Ni xon c ampai gn. Anot her p r obl em was t he $205,0 00 l oan m ade t o R ic har d Ni xon's m ot her , Hannah, i n 19 51, by t he Hughes T ool Company. E ver y t im e t he subj ec t w as br ought u p, Ni xon woul d say ho w h appy h e was t hat s omeone h ad a ske d h i m t hat quest i on. Y ou c an im agi ne h ow ha ppy he w as. Ni xon a l ways p r ef aces hi s "a nswer " t o a to ugh q uest i on b y t el l i ng you h ow e cst at i c he i s t hat you ar e t r yin g t o nai l hi m. Ne xt , h e says t hat he w ant s t o ma ke hi msel f " per fe ct l y cl ear ," a nd th en yo u k now t he doubl e t al k i s a bout t o begi n - but i t w i l l be th e most si nce r e d oubl e ta l k y ou have e ver hear d. I n t hi s c ase Ni xon e xpl ai ned t hat h is m oth er h ad put up a p ie ce of p ro per t y as c ol l at er al f or t he l oan, an d t hat t he l ot m eant a gr eat deal t o h i s mot her . T hi s, o f cour se, di d not a nswer th e q uest i on of whet her i t is m ora l o r et hi cal f or a pol i t i c ia n i n hi gh of f i ce to

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per mit h i s fa mi l y t o r ece i ve a s ecr et l oan f r om a majo r d ef ense cont ra ct or . Ni xon' s b r oth er , Donal d, not Hannah Ni xon, w as th e r ec i pi ent of t he $2 05, 000. H e never pa i d it b ack, but i nst ead went t hr ough bankru pt cy, and th e H ughes Tool Company wound u p w it h t he p r oper t y. Anot her e mbar r assi ng matt er th at w as br ought u p dur i ng t he gubern at or i al c ampai gn wa s t he f act t hat Ni xon, who ha d a l way s b een a st r ong c hampi on of c i v i l r i ght s a nd who wa s a m ember of t he NAACP, h ad bought a h ome i n Was hi ngt on, D .C . , t he deed t o w hic h c ont ai ned a r est ri ct i ve c l ause f or bid di ng i t s s al e t o Negr oes . 25 Lawsa me r cy, t hat was em bar r ass i ng. Ni xon had w on f ame a s a campai gner by a l ways b ein g o n t he a tt ack. But in 1 962, he ra n a s tr angel y d ef ensi ve campaign . " Bumbl es" Br own was not on l y s ubj ect t o a t t ac k becaus e o f hi s i nc ompet ence; he a l so was mor e v ul ner abl e t o " Red-bai t in g" t han t he " Pi nk Lady," H el en Gahagan D ougl as, had b een. Pa t Br own had b een p re si dent of th e N or th er n Cal i f orn i a ch apt er of t he Nat i ona l L awyer s Gu i l d, ci t ed by t he H ouse Commi t t ee on U n-A mer ic an Act i vi t i es as " t he f or emost le gal b ul war k of t he Communi st Pa r t y." B ut Ni xon never ment io ned t hat . Br own was a ls o c lo sel y ti ed to t he Ca l i f or ni a D emocr at i c C ounci l ( CDC), w hi ch, a cco r di ng t o a f or mer F BI un der co ver o per at iv e, h ad been f or med w i t h t he he l p o f t he Co mmuni st P art y. T he CDC's s t and on v i r t ual l y a ll i ssu es w as unbel i evably i dent i cal wi t h t he o f fi c i al Communi st P ar t y li ne a s set do wn i n Par t y publ i ca t i ons . N ot onl y di d Ni xon not b ro ach t his s er i ous i ss ue, h e act ual l y t ook s te ps a gai nst Republ i can Co nserv at i ves who wi shed t o mak e a n is sue of B r own' s st r ange bedf el l ows. And th en t her e w as P r opos i t i on 2 4, th e F ra nci s Amendment , t o out l aw t he Co mmuni st P art y. Ha l f a mi l l i on v ot ers s i gned pet i ti ons t o put th i s a nti-s ubver si ve me asure o n t he b all ot . W il l i am F. K nowl and' s Oakl and T r i bune ed i t or i al o n Oct ober 29, 1962, st at ed: Ever y such la w, ev en i f per f ec t l y w ri t t en, i s c hal l enged a nd subj ec t ed t o court t est . . . . T hi s wi l l undoubt edl y happen agai n, and i f P ro posi t io n 2 4 has f aul t y sect i ons , t hey w i l l be el i mi nate d b y cour t act i on . . . . O n t he o th er ha nd, t he m eas ur e c ont ai ns c er t ai n pr ovis i ons th at ar e v i t al l y ne eded. The Co mmuni st s w er e a l l agai ns t P r oposi t io n 2 4. Pat Br own a nd h i s CDC cohort s w er e again st i t , t he ent i r e Lef t is t c l aque w as a gai ns t i t, a nd so w as R i char d N ix on. N ix on cl ai med t hat t he p r oposed l aw was uncons t i t ut io nal , al t hough t he m easur e h ad b een car efu l l y d ra wn up b y a bat t er y o f co nst it ut i onal a t to r neys t o a vo i d t he ver y pi t f all s N ix on c l ai med w er e i n th e b i l l. S t ra ngel y, Ni xon s pent much of h i s ef f or t i n at t ack i ng P ro posit i on 2 4 i nste ad o f Pat Br own. Even mor e s tr angel y, N i xo n d ev ot ed mu ch ti me t o at t ack i ng i ncumbent R epubl ic an C ongr essman J ohn R ous sel ot and Ed gar Hi esta nd becaus e o f th ei r member sh i p in T he Jo hn Bi r ch S oc i et y. R i char d N ix on, t he ma n w i t h t he r eput ati on of b ei ng " t he gr eat uni f ie r " o f Par t y f act io ns, t he m an who c oul d su ppor t such ul t r a-L ef t is t s a s Cl i f fo r d " Hopel ess" Ca se (C FR) a nd J aco b J avit s ( CFR) , w as n ow re adi ng t wo i ncumbent C onser va t i ves out of t he pa r t y. Thi s de spi te N i xon' s p re-pr i mar y p l edge o f f ul l su pport f or th e e nt i r e s ta t e GOP s l ate . zb I n r et r os pect , i t a ppear s qu i t e obvi ous t hat Ni xon pur sued t hi s sui ci dal cour se u nder or der s f r om headquart er s - New Yor k. Ni xon al i enate d Conser vat i ves i n bot h p ar t i es, a nd ma ny of t hem ei t her d i d no t v ot e f or

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any gu ber nato r i al candi dat e in t he el ect io n, o r vot ed f or a n unknown dent is t w ho was ru nni ng f or go ver nor as a pat r i ot i c Co nser vat i ve, on t he Pr ohi bi t io n P ar ty t i ck et . T he N i xo n-B r own r ace dr ove many p eopl e t o t he "d r y" c andi dat e. The re sul t wa s a debacl e. F orc ed t o r un on a c ampai gn f or mat di c t at ed b y Est abl i shment I nsi der s, Ni xon' s f or mer 5 3 per c ent l ead evapor at ed in t o a def eat by 30 0, 000 vot es. A t t he s ame t i me Dr . Ma x Raf f er t y w as r unni ng f or St ate S uperi nt endent o f Educa t i on on a Conser vat i ve pl atf or m, an d e ve n w i t h t he al l-o ut op posi t io n o f al l Li bera l -l abor f or ces, h e wound up w i nni ng b y mor e t han 21 0, 000 v ot es. Raf f er t y r ece i ved over 50 0, 000 mor e v ot es t han N i xon. Oper at i ng u nder th e c ondi t i ons i mpose d o n hi m by Rocke f el l er and t he Es t abl i sh ment was u ndoubte dl y a par t ic ul ar l y f r ust r at i ng experi ence. Losi ng t o J FK b y a h ai r br eadth w as ce r t ain l y n o di sgra ce, but lo si ng (o r , in e ssenc e, be i ng f or ce d t o ta ke a di ve) t o B ro wn w as humi li at i ng. The mor ni ng af t er h i s de f eat Ni xon made hi s f amous f ar ewel l t o pol i ti cs s peech (" You d on' t ha ve N i xo n t o ki ck ar ound any mor e") , i n wh i ch he l ambast ed t he medi a fo r t heir b i as . T he whol e t hi ng had be en a ni ght mar e, a nd on th at m orn i ng Ni xon pr obabl y b el i eved t hat hi s p oli t i cal c ar eer w as deader t han t he mahj ongg c r az e. Among t hose f act or s c ontr i buti ng t o Ni xon' s d ef eat w as t he wi del y hel d suspi cio n t hat N i xon w ant ed t he Cal if or ni a govern or shi p as a st eppi ng st one t o a second t r y fo r t he P r esid ency. T hi s bel i ef w as gi ven i mpet us o n el ect i on e ve, w hen Ni xon i nadver t entl y r ef er r ed t o hi msel f o n te l evis i on a s t he pr ospect i ve " Gover nor o f t he U ni t ed St at es . " 2' Bu t t hi s w as not ac t ual l y t he case. By t his t i me Ni xon k new f ul l wel l t hat t he s t r ate gy of t he In si der s c al le d f or e i ght years o f r at her o ver t moves t oward b uil di ng an a l l-p owerf ul s oci al i st s t at e, a nd t hat hi s t i me h ad not y et c ome. A nd he a ls o k new t hat hi s p at i ence woul d be r ewar ded. J ul es Wi t co ver i n The Resur r ect i on o f Ri char d Ni xon, r eveal ed s ome f act s c once r ni ng N i xon' s C al i f or nia r ace : Ni xon was n ot s eek i ng a st eppi ng-s t one t o a 19 64 re mat ch agai ns t John F. K ennedy; he w as seekin g a s anct uar y f r om i t . Far f r om want i ng t o u se t he st at e-h ouse i n S acr ament o t o l aunch an ot her Pr esid ent i al bi d i n 1 964, a s Br own success f ul ly c har ged i n t he 1 962 c ampai gn, Ni xon act ual l y h ad hoped t o u se i t as a f our -y ear hi di ng pl ace, f r om whi ch he coul d avoi d maki ng a not her l os i ng r ac e a gai nst Ke nnedy . I nher ent i n h i s deci s i on t o r un f or go ver nor was a P r esid ent ia l t i met abl e not o f 1964, but of 1 968, when he f i nal l y di d make h i s second t r y. Thus, t hough h e l ost i n C al if or nia i n 1 962, th e g uber nat or i al c ont est i n t he end ser ved t he po l i t i cal p urp oses in t ended a t th e s ta r t - t o k eep N i xon o f f t he nat i onal b all ot in 1 964 and to m ake hi m th e R epubl i can P ar t y' s l ogi cal choi ce i n 1 968! Th e c i r cu mst ances t hat p ro duced bot h t hese re sul ts never of c our se we r e a nti ci pat ed. B ut b eca use R ic har d Ni xon di d no t w i n i n C al i f or nia i n 1962 a nd d i d not r un f or Pr esi dent in 1 964, he wa s abl e t o e merg e a gai n i n 1968, when hi s p ar t y f ound i ts el f w it h a r ar e opport uni t y f or vi ct or y, but f ac i ng a l eader shi p vacuum. 2$ Fol l owi ng t he d i sa st r ous l oss t o B r own, Ni xon p ic ked up h i s f ami ly a nd shuf fl ed o f f t o Ne w Yor k t o jo i n t he Wal l St r eet l aw f i r m o f Mudge, Rose, Gut hr ie , A le xander and Mi t ch- el l . * T he de al wa s r epor t edly a r r anged by N i xon' s o ld f r i end, E lm er Bobst, o f W ar ner Lamber t Pharmaceut ic al Co . T he f i r m di d n ot seek Ni xon. N i xon moved i nt o Nel son R ockef el l er ' s a par t ment b ui l di ng at 8 10 Fi f t h Avenue, i nto t he sa me ap ar t ment w her e N i xon a nd Rockefe l l er had

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ar r anged t he i nf amous " Compact o f F if t h Av enue" i n 1 960. A f te r Rockef el l er r e-mar r ie d h e ha d mov ed i nto a n apar t ment o n t he o th er si de of t he b ui l di ng. Thus, al l d ur i ng N ix on' s st ay in N ew Yor k he a nd Rocky wer e nei ghbor s. z9 I t d oes s eem u nusual t hat o ne woul d buy a n apart ment f r om and b eco me a nei ghbor o f someone w ho i s suppose d t o be o ne' s pol i ti cal a rc h-e nemy. J ust how th i s , a nd N i xo n' s j oi ni ng a N ew Yor k l aw f i r m, f i t i n wi t h hi s c onsenti ng t o be R oc ky ' s ha t chet m an ag ai nst J oe Shel l, w e c annot t el l . Th ose who k now t he st or y behi nd t hi s st or y ar e not ta l k i ng, and i t is a l i ne o f quest i oni ng t hat m os t r epor t er s do no t car e t o f ol lo w. Whi l e Ni xon's j ob wi t h Mu dge, Rose, Gut hri e, A l ex ander a nd Mi t chel l w as r eput edl y ar r anged b y El mer Bobst an d n ot R ockef el l er , t he Mi t chel l o f t he fi r m was John Mi t chel l , no w t he At t or ney Gener al, w ho was Ro ckef ell er ' s per sonal a tt or ney. Fur th er mor e, c olu mni st Leonar d Lyons, o n S ept ember 6 , 19 68, r epor t ed t hat t he fi r m ha ndl es much of Chase Manhatt an' s ( Rockef el l er ' s) t ru st bu si ness. B obs t i s li st ed as a member o f t he h i ghl y s ecr et Pi l gr i m Soci et y, w hic h i s ev en cl oser to t he in ner c ir cl e of t he conspi r acy th an th e C FR. When Ni xon le f t Wa shi ngto n, he r eport edl y had l it t l e mor e t han a n ol d Ol dsmobil e a ut omobi le , P at ' s r esp ect abl e R epubl i ca n c l oth c oat , a nd a g ove r nment pensi on. W hi l e in l aw pr act i ce N i xo n h ad an i nc ome o f $200,0 00 p er year, o f w hi ch mo r e t han h alf w ent t o p ay f or th e apar tment i n Rocky ' s b uil di ng. B y 1 968, he r eport ed hi s n et wor t h as $515,8 30, w hi l e as si gni ng a va l ue o f onl y $45, 000 t o hi s p art ner sh i p i n hi s in cr easin gl y f l our i shi ng l aw f i r m. Ni xon * A f or mer p ar t ner i n t he f i r m had b een n ot or i ous Communi st-f r onte r Roger Bal dwin , a f ounder of th e A . C.L . U. l i s t ed t ot al asset s o f $8 58, 190 a nd l i abil i t i es of $ 342, 360. Most of hi s as set s re pr ese nt ed Fl or i da a nd Ne w Yor k r eal est at e. A l l of th i s r eveal s a r emar kabl e u se of ca pi t al , consi der i ng t hat i ncome t axes o n $200,0 00 a r e subst ant i al. N i xo n w as r eport edl y pa yi ng $70, 000 a ye ar i n i ncome t axes, a nd $109, 500 a year i n payment s a nd t axe s o n hi s cooper at i ve apar tment , wh i ch al one woul d ea t u p $180, 000 o f hi s $200,0 00 s ala r y. I n a ddit i on, t her e was th e u nknown co st o f hi s l i mous i ne a nd c haf f eur an d h is c onsta nt tr avel i ng a l l over th e c ount r y and th e w or ld , p lu s t he nor mal c ost s of fi r s t -c l ass l i v i ng i n Ne w Yor k Ci t y. Dur i ng t hi s t im e N i xon w as al so mo vi ng up i n soci al c i r cle s. Theodor e Whit e i nf or ms us : He h im sel f [N i xon] b el onged up t own to t he Li nks Cl ub, t he most Est abl is hment o f N ew Y ork ' s E sta bl i sh ment cl ubs. Down- t own, he b elo nged t o t he Reces s C l ub and I ndi a Ho use . . . . 30 Ni xon al so jo i ned t hr ee excl us i ve a nd e xpensi ve gol f c l ubs. I t m ay b e t hat t he f r ugal M r . Ni xon acquir ed t he i nves t ment capi ta l t hat mushr oomed i nt o $858, 190 i n asset s by f ai t hf ul ly p l uggi ng hi s ch ange in t o a pi ggy bank. Then ag ai n, i t m ay have been p ar t o f Ni xon' s d eal wi t h Rockefe l l er and t he I nsi der s th at Mr . N i xon' s per sonal p ove r t y pr obl ems s houl d b e sol ved. I t w as w hi l e Ni xon w as st udyin g f or t he Ne w Yor k bar exami nat i on and en j oyi ng hi s newl y ac qui re d l i f e of lu xur y th at th e p henomenon known a s t he G old wat er M ovement wa s b ur geoni ng a cr oss t he l and.

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Goldwater Over The Dam Af t er seven f ut i le t r i es, i n 1964 t he C ons er vat iv es, t hose wh o f or med t he va st ma j or i t y of th e g r ass r oot s o f th e p ar t y, f in al l y succeeded i n nomin at i ng one of t hei r o wn t o ru n f or t he Pr esi denc y. Th e i mpetu s f or t he Go l dwat er n omi nat i on came f r om th e C onser vati ve movement t hat h ad mushr oomed f ol l owin g t he e l ecti on of J ohn Kennedy. I t was pr i mar i ly a yo ung mov ement a nd a gr ass-r oot s movement . Th e n ew Conser vat i ve fo r ces ca me no t f r om t he t op d own, a s t he s te r eoty pe p ut out by T heodor e Whi t e a nd o t her a ut hor s wo ul d s uggest, b ut fr om th e bot t om u p. Th e G ol dwat er dr i ve w as as f ar f r om th e " boss" i mage as i t i s p os si bl e t o g et ; i t wa s a r ar e o cc asi on o f s pont aneous i deol ogi cal f er vor i mposi ng it s e nerg i es on a r el uct ant c andi dat e. I t w as t he pe r sonal c ommi t ment o f p eopl e who b eli eved t hei r ef f ort s m ade a d if f er ence t hat f uel ed t he Gol dwat er ef f or t , f r om t he pr i mar y b at tl es, t o t he del egat e c ont est i n s t ate c onv ent io ns, t o t he f l oor of S an Fr anc i sco' s Cow Pal ace. The Gol dwate r p eopl e h ad a "s ecr et weapon" - t he Conser va t i ve movement a nd t he pr of ound c ommi t ment o f i ts par t is ans. Ca mpaig n d i r ec t or Cl i f f Wh i t e f ound in t he l egi ons o f t he movement t he peopl e w ho woul d go out and make t he per sonal c ont act s, r i ng t he d oor bel ls , a nd s i t th r ough t he pr eci nct meeti ngs. He f ound people w ho we r e mo t i vat ed b y t he p hil osophy o f Co nserv at i sm. I n November 1 964, o f cour se, t his m ot i va t i on was n ot s uff i c i ent t o over co me t he many handi caps under wh i ch Gol dwate r o per at ed. But wi t hout t he commit ment Go l dwat er w oul d n ot h ave been i n t he r ace i n t he f i r st pl ace. I n te n p r i mar i es Gol dwat er go t 2 , 148, 000 vot es, or 48 p er cent of t he t ot al. H i s ne ar est r i val, N els on R ock ef ell er , g ot 1, 163, 000, or 28 p er ce nt . I f t he l i t t le p eopl e l i ke d G ol dwat er, t he bi g p eopl e, and par t ic ul ar l y t he Est abl is hment I ns i der s, cer t ai nl y d id n ot . Bi g busi ness, w hi ch is s uppos ed to b e C onser va t i ve an d u su al l y is n ot, r ecogni zed Go l dwat er a s a man i t c oul d n ot c ont ro l a nd j umped out of t he Re publ i ca n b oat t o hu ddl e wi t h Ly ndon Johnson, a man w ho i s kn own t o b e a p r ett y s hr ewd f in ancie r h i mse l f . I n n o campaig n h ad t he pr ej udi ce o f t he pr ess e xp r esse d i t sel f s o c l earl y a s in t he l egendar y di st or t io ns of G ol dwat er 's s t ands. l The tr ue i deol ogic al c olo r s of H unt le y-B r i nkl ey, L if e, Lo ok, Ti me, Newsweek, et a l . , have never be en mo r e g l ar i ngly o bvi ous t han i n t he tr eat ment g i ve n G ol dwat er i n h i s campai gn. Fr om a publ i c r el at i ons st andpoi nt Go l dwat er w as a mos t p r omot able i t em, an d c ould e asi l y h ave been gi ven th e s ame c hari sma t hat h as b een c r eate d f or L i ndsa y, Rockef el l er , and Per cy. A s ort o f m oder n Thomas Jef f er son, Go l dwat er was a chr onic g adget eer , a j et p l ane pi l ot , a s por t s car f anc i er , a h am r adi o oper ato r , an e xpert on we st er n l or e, and a n honor ar y m ember of a n I ndi an t r i be. H e was d ash i ng i n a ppear ance a nd la ced hi s p ubl i c re mar ks wi t h humor an d c ol l oqui al i sms ( whi ch wer e magni fi centl y t wi st ed by t he pr ess) . B ut Gol dwat er w as a th r eat to t he CFR o ne-p ar t y syst em, a nd a l l t he bi g g uns of th e A meri can communic at i ons a nd publ is hi ng in dustr y wer e t ur ned on h im i n a n at t empt t o dest ro y n ot mer ely t he ma n, bu t t he movement b ehi nd hi m. But no wher e was Go l dwat er a t ta cked as v i ci ousl y and fe r oci ous l y as h e was b y member s o f hi s ow n p ar ty , i nc l udi ng many f or w hom Gol dwat er h ad m ade p er sonal ca mpai gn ef f or t s i n t he pa st . T he L i ber al s l oosed u pon Gol dwat er a st or m of a ccu sat io n a nd i nnuendo t hat m ade t hei r assault s

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upon t he l ate S enat or T af t i n 1952 lo ok li ke w arm e ndor sement s. Nel son Rockef el l er and He nr y C abot Lo dge a ppear ed b ef ore 4 0,0 00 N egr o demons t r at ors i n t he s t re et s of S an Fr anci sco d ur i ng t he c onv ent io n, openly i nc i ti ng th em agai nst t he c andi dacy o f t he m an about t o b e chosen t o h ead t hei r o wn par ty t i cket . S cr ant on camp f oll ower s spr ead i ncr edi bl e ta l es, suggest i ng t hat G ol dwate r w as per haps i n le ague wi t h neo-F ascis t s i n Ger many - t hi s about a man whose own fa t her wa s J ewi sh. Dur i ng t he Ca l i f or ni a p ri mar y Rockefe l l er had mai l ed out a mi l l i on r epr in t s o f Look magazi ne' s smear o n G ol dwate r , a nd Rocky i ns i nuat ed t hat Gol dwate r s uppor t ers u sed " Communi st and N az i m et hods. " At th e convent i on th e L ib er al s t r i ed t o i nse r t in t he pl at f or m a r epudi at i on of " ex t r emi st g r oups s uch a s t he C ommuni st s, t he Ku Kl ux K l an, [ and] The Jo hn B i rc h S ocie t y. " The t ec hni que w as obvi ous: t o l ump a p at r io t i c or gani zat i on t oget her w it h t wo a nt i Amer i ca n s ubve r s i ve g r oups ( t he al batr oss t ec hni que) , a nd d ump t hem al l in t o t he l ap of G ol dwat er - and t hi s f r om t he v ery L i bera l s wh o u sed t o sc r eam lo udest a bout " gui l t by associ at i on" when i t w as accur at el y appl ie d t o Co mmuni st s a nd f ell ow t r avel er s. Th e e nt i r e t enor of t he '6 4 c onvent i on w as t o b r and Gol dwat er a s a madman a nd a n ext r emis t . Th e L i ber al s denounce d Gol dwat er ' s suppor t er s as e xtr emi st s but wer e un wi l l i ng t o denounce t he ADA, t he A CLU, t he F ai r Pl ay f or C uba C ommi t t ee, CORE, o r a ny o f t he r adi ca l l ef tw i ng soci et ie s t hat a r e i nf l uent i al i n t he D emocr at i c Par t y. The im age o f Gol dwat er as a bo mb-c r azed m ani ac f ast ened on h i m, as T heodor e Whi t e obser ve d, " f ir st by R ockef el l er , t hen by Sc r ant on, t hen by J ohns on" - was deci s i ve . T he r esult w as t hat Go l dwat er w ound u p r unnin g h i s campai gn " not o nly a gai ns t L yn don J ohnson and t he Democr at i c re cor d, b ut ag ai nst f ear i t self . " z Up t hro ugh t he p r im ar i es and th e c onve nt i on, b ot h Rocke f el l er and Scr ant on st r ove t o a rg ue th at t hey , n ot G ol dwat er , wer e tr ue "C onser va t i ves . " Gol dwat er w as p ort r ayed as a " r adi cal " w ho w ant ed t o def ol i at e ever yt hi ng, i nc l udi ng d ownt own New Yo r k. Rober t Donova n o bser ved t hat : The fe ar t hat a Go l dwat er a dmi ni st r at i on mi ght so mehow l ead t o war wa s t he most power f ul s i ngl e f act or Jo hnson had on h i s si de. Ever ywher e re por te r s a nd pol l-t akers f ound vot er s w or ri ed ab out w hat Gol dwat er w oul d do a br oad . . . . T hi s w or r y w as undoubt edl y t he mai n r eason w hy ma ny me n a nd women who mig ht ot her wi se h ave b een expect ed t o vot e Republ ic an de ser t ed Gol dwat er . 3 The cl i max of t he l i ber al R epubl i can at t ac k o n Go l dwat er w as cont ai ned i n t he i nf amous S cra nt on "l et t er , " w hic h i s an e xce l l ent exampl e o f how i mmoder at e moder at es can b e when deal i ng w i th Conser vat i ves . T he l et t er t o Gol dwate r , wh i ch w as d i st r i but ed t o ever y convent i on de l egat e, s t at ed: Your suppor te r s . . . a dmi t th at y ou ar ea mi nor it y c andi dat e, b ut f eel t hey h av e b ought , be at en and compr omi sed enough d el egat e suppor t t o mak e t he r esult a f ore gone concl us i on. Wi t h open c ont empt f or th e d ig ni t y , i nt egr i t y a nd c ommon s ens e o f t he co nvent io n, yo ur m anager s say i n ef f ec t t hat t he del egate s a re l i t t le m or e t han a f l ock of ch i ckens whose necks wi l l be w r ung a t wi l l . . . . You ha ve t oo of t en c asual l y pr escr i bed n uc l ear wa r a s a s ol ut i on t o a t r oubl ed w orl d. You ha ve t oo of t en a l l owed t he r adi ca l e xt r enusts t o use y ou.

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You ha ve t oo of t en s t ood f or i r r esponsi bil i t y i n t he ser i ous questi on of ra ci al ho l ocaust . . . . I n s hor t , G ol dwate r i sm ha s c ome t o st and f or a wh ol e cr azy-q ui l t col l ec t i on of a bsu r d a nd danger ous po si t io ns t hat w oul d b e so undly r epudi at ed by t he Amer i ca n p eopl e i n November . When Scr ant on i ssu ed h i s var io us s t at ement s, of w hi ch t he " l et te r " w as mer el y t he l ast of a s er i es, he h ad no re al i s t ic c hance f or th e n omin at i on. T he questi on h ad been set t l ed bef ore h e e nt er ed t he r ac e. Th e o nl y pur pose t hat w oul d b e se r ved by t hi s el eventh h our h ar angue wa s t o de st r oy G ol dwat er 's s l ender c hanc e of e le ct i on i n t he f al l . Descr i bi ng Scr ant on' s fr ame of m i nd when he j umped i nt o t he ra ce, T heodore W hi t e t el ls u s i n The Maki ng of t he Pr esid ent , 19 64: " I t w as hi s par t y: and if , t o sa ve it , h e ha d t o puni sh G ol dwat er , an o l d f r i end, a nd des t r oy, i n 1 964 t he v al ue of hi s nomi nat i on, t hen so i t ha d t o be. " Af t er Scr ant on h ad done hi s d ir t y wor k he f aded a way l i ke an o ld p ol i ti cal sol di er. W hit e s t ate s t hat t he st r ate gy o f t he "l et t er ": . . . had made t he R epubl i can convent i on t he s t age f or t he dest ru ct i on of t he l eadin g R epubl i can c andi dat e. What Rockefe l l er had begun i n t he spr in g, S cra nt on f i ni shed i n June an d a t t he c onventi on: t he pa i nt i ng f or t he A mer i can peopl e of a hal f-c r azed l eader i ndi ff er ent t o t he n eeds of Am er i can socie t y a t home a nd eager t o pl unge t he na t i on i nt o wa r a br oad . . . . Rockefe l l er and S cr ant on h ad dr awn up t he i ndic t ment , Lyndon J ohns on wa s t he pr osec ut or . Gol dwat er was ca st a s t he de f endant . 4 The ha t chet j ob wa s d one by Li ber al Republ i cans. The Democr at s w er e j ust t he cl ean-u p c ommi t t ee. Of c our se, it w oul d b e lu di cro usl y fa l se t o mai nt ai n t hat Gol dwat er w as h eaded f or a s mashi ng v i c t or y i n No vember 1 964 unt il h e was st abbed i n t he b ack by m ember s of h i s own p ar t y. Al l p oll s s howed t hat Gol dwate r ' s popul ari t y ha d peake d o ut j ust pr i or to t he t r agi c assass i nat i on o f Pr esi dent K ennedy in N ove mber 19 63. Even t hough t he Pr esid ent w as s hot d own by a n avowed Mar xi st w ho had spent se ver al year s i n R uss i a, and w ho f ol lo wi ng hi s a rr est g av e t he C ommuni st c l ench ed f i st s alut e a nd c al l ed f or John J. A bt, t he ch i ef def ense at t orn ey f or t he Communis t p ar t y, t o ser ve a s h is l awyer , t he A mer i can medi a bl amed t he Pr esi dent ' s assassin at i on o n " th e c li mat e of h ate . " St r ong i mpl ic at i ons w er e made t hat Co nserv at i ve act i vi st s w er e s omehow t o b la me f or t he assass i nat i on o f t he P r es i dent . T he New En gl and Li bera l , w ho accor di ng t o a ll t he po l l s was l osi ng po pul ar it y, wa s r epla ced by a m an v ari ousl y r egard ed a s a S out her ner or We st er ner , w ho w as be l i eve d, m i st akenl y, t o be q ui t e C ons er vat i ve . D ur i ng t he c ampai gn LB J d el i ver ed a n umber o f speech es t hat w oul d h ave won hi m a st andin g o vati on at a D AR convent i on. The is sue o f Conse r vat i sm v ers us L i ber al is m, w hic h w as t o have been t he f oca l p oi nt o f t he 1 964 c ampai gn, never succeeded in get t in g d i scuss ed a f te r t he d eat h of Ke nnedy. Robert D onova n n ot ed t hat : " Mi l l i ons of vo t er s re gar ded J ohns on as a mi ddl e-o f -t he-r oad conser va t i ve and G ol dwate r a s a r adic al ext r emi st . " St anto n E vans h as asked why it w as th at , i f t he Conser vat i ve posi ti on i s as p ol i t ic al l y di sastr ous a s we ar e t ol d, t he Li ber al s, conf ro nt ed wi t h th e f i r st C ons er vat iv e p re si denti al ca ndi date i n t hi r t y year s, l abore d s o har d to d emonst r ate t hat h e w as n ot a C onse r vati ve.

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I f t he A mer ic an co nsensus i s over whel mi ngl y L i ber al , t he b est possib l e st r ate gy a gai nst a C onser vat iv e c andi dat e woul d seem t o b e to p r ov e t hat he i s a Conse r vat i ve , w hi l e t he best possi bl e s tr at egy f or a Li bera l c andi dat e woul d of c our se b e t o pr esent hi msel f i n fu l l AD A r egali a. Y et t he Republ ic an Li ber al s, J ohnson, a nd t hei r suppor t er s in t he me di a r es ol ute l y a voi ded t he c onf r onta t i on. They st uck to t he t echni que o f per so nal a tt ack, pr omoti ng th e i dea t hat Gol dwat er wa s a n unt r us t wor t hy i ndi vi dual, a "r adi cal, " a nd t hat Johnso n w as a s t abl e, pr udent p er so n w ho c oul d b e t r ust ed as Go l dwat er c oul d n ot . The Johnson campai gn a voi ded t hr oughout an y e f f or t t o bal l yhoo t he e xpl ic i t AD A-st y l e Li ber al i sm at t he hear t of t he Gr eat S oci et y p ro gr ams. I t is n o debate o f L ib er alC onser va t i ve i ssues, a f te r a l l , t o cr y " nucl ear deat h" when ser i ous i ssues o f fo r ei gn p ol i cy a r e r ai sed, w hen t he me r i t s of t he Te st B an Tr eat y a r e di scus sed, or w hen t he co mpl ex q uesti on is br oach ed o f what k i nd o f del egat ed au t hori t y should e xi st i n re gar d to t act i cal nu cl ear w eapons i n t he e ve nt of a mass i ve Communis t a tt ack. The da y a f t er t he el ect io n, Li ber al s i n an d o ut of t he R epubl i can par t y wer e gl eef ul . J ames R est on ( CFR) w ro t e i n t he Ne w Yor k Ti mes o f November 4 t h: Bar r y Gol dwat er ha s n ot onl y l ost t he P r es i dent ia l e le ct i on yest er day, bu t t he c onserv at i ve cause as w ell . H e has w re cked hi s p ar t y f or a l ong ti me to c ome and is r i ot even l i kel y t o c ont r ol th e wr ecka ge. Jacob Javi t s ( CFR) , w ho, l i ke t he o th er Re publ i ca n " moder at es , " ha d t aken a v acat i on dur i ng t he ca mpai gn, s aid : The el ect i on of 19 64 s houl d ha ve s ett l ed t hi s q uest i on f or a l ong t i me t o c ome. T he over r id i ng i ssue po sed by t he Gol dwat er Mi ll er ti cket whi ch was c le ar to t he Amer i ca n p eopl e w as a c all f or de-c ent ra l i zat io n - t o sh i f t t o t he st at e an d l oc al l eve l s of g ove r nment c er ta i n i mport ant f eder al f unct io ns an d r esponsi bi l i t i es. T he si ze of t he def eat c annot b e seen o th er th an a s a r epudi at i on o f t hi s c oncepts Havi ng d one ever yt hi ng th ey po ssi bl y could t o s abot age G ol dwat er and ma gni f y t he ex t ent of h i s def eat, t he p art y' s L ib er als p i ousl y mai nta i ned th at Co nser vat i sm had b een r epudi at ed and t hat t he p art y must move l ef t ward i n t he f utu r e. H av i ng pr omot ed t he deser ti on of t he par t y by m any o f i t s o wn member s, t he L i ber al c li que bl amed t he de bacl e on G ol dwat er. H avin g made t he Gol dwat er d ef eat as l ar ge a s t hey possib l y c oul d, th e L i ber al Re publ i ca ns pr oceeded t o r ead t he Conser vat i ves o ut of t he posit i ons of p ower i n th e p ar t y. T hat Gol dwat er ' s poor showi ng was i n l ar ge m eas ur e a tt r i but abl e to t he succes sf ul ef f or t t o b r and h i m as a n i r r esponsi bl e r adic al is s een by a compar i son of h i s el ect or al pe r f or mance wi t h t hat o f Republ ic an Congre ssmen i n C onser vati ve ar eas, me n w ho w er e j ust as C onse r vati ve a s Gol dwat er h im sel f, b ut wh o u ni f or ml y r an ahead of h i m. T he on l y s i gni f i ca nt d i ff er enc e b et ween th ese c andi dat es a nd Gol dwat er wa s t hat t hey wer e n ot s ubj ect ed t o t he n onsto p s mear j ob t hat was h is d ail y l ot . H. R. G ro ss of I owa, Ri char d R oudebush o f I ndi ana, a nd Jo hn Ashbro ok o f Ohi o, al l s tr ong Conser va t i ves , r an f ar ah ead o f Gol dwate r i n t hei r r esp ect iv e d i str i c t s. I f G ol dwate r ' s C onser va t i ve id eol ogy h ad been t he r eas on fo r h i s poor showi ng, t hes e C ongr essmen w ould h ave r un mor e or l ess even wi t h hi m, si nce t hei r id eol ogic al po si t i on was, on al l ma j or p oi nt s, vi r t ual l y i dent ic al w i th h i s. B ut th ey, i n f act,

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gai ned v ot es f r om many pe opl e who mar ked t hei r ba l l ots a gai ns t Gol dwat er . Th ese r esul t s made i t c l ear t hat n ot onl y di d G old wat er f ai l t o r ec ei ve a r outi ne R epubl i ca n v ot e; h e di d n ot even r ecei ve a ro ut i ne Conser vat i ve v ote . Congre ssi onal a nd ot her l osses s uf f er ed by t he GOP i n 1964 ar e c i t ed by t he Li ber al s a s f i nal p r oof t hat a C onse r vati ve R epubl i ca n " can't w i n. " I t is t her ef or e i nt er est i ng t o c ompar e th e o ut co me of t he Gol dwat er c ampai gn w i t h t he la st e l ec t i on conduct ed e xpl ic i t l y i n t he " Ei senhower mai nst r eam. " I n 19 58, t he R epubl i can par ty s ust ai ned a n et l oss of f or ty-e i ght House seat s, c ompar ed wi t h t hir t y-e i ght i n 1 964. The pa r t y i n 1958 l ost a t ot al o f t hi r t een S enate s eat s, c ompar ed wi t h t wo in 1 964. I n gu ber nat or i al r ac es, t he 1 958 G OP suf f ere d a net l oss of f iv e g over nor sh i ps; in 1 964 t he pa r t y act ual ly m ade a n et gai n of one. I n 1 958, t he par t y l ost 686 s t at e l egi s l at iv e s eat s, w hi l e in 1 964 i t l os t 5 41. The t r ut h is , t hen, t he per fo r mance was uni f or ml y w or se in 1958 t han i t was i n 1 964. 6 The Li ber al s i n th e G OP have br ought about t hei r own debacl es i n Pr esid ent i al years . I n 19 48, f or e xampl e, when De wey was s upposed t o wi n ha nds d own, th e G OP l ost a s t agger i ng t ot al of s ev ent y-f i ve seat s i n t he H ouse of R epr ese nt at i ve s, ni ne s eat s i n t he S enat e, and s ev en govern or shi ps - i n ea ch c ase a mu ch h i gher ag gr egate l oss t han was sust ai ned i n 1964. T he 19 64 el ect i on was t hen, in f act , a l esser c al ami t y, not a gr eat er o ne, t han was s uff er ed i n e i th er 19 48 o r 1958. The f ac t i s th at th e c harg es hu r l ed at t he head of G old wat er , and t he im pl i cati on th at " moder n" Republi cans al one know how t o bui l d t he nat i onal p art y a nd w i n el ect io ns, s im pl y ar e n ot t r ue. F ar fr om be i ng abl e t o w i n, t he Li ber al Republ i cans hol d champio nsh i p ma r ks f or engi neer i ng GOP de f eat s. Ni nete en s i xt y-f our i s a l so poi nt ed t o by L ib er al Re publi cans as pr oof t hat th ei r " New Yor k s tr at egy," w hic h s eeks t o wi n e l ec t i ons b y appeal i ng t o bl oc vot es i n t he l ar ge ci t ie s o f ke y i ndust r i al s t at es, i s s uper i or t o Go l dwat er ' s "S out hwes t s tr at egy," w hic h s eeks t o wel d t he tr adi t i onal l y Conserv at i ve m i d-West t o t he Sout h-S out hwest -West . I n t r ut h, t hi s st r ate gy w as not t est ed i n 1 964, s i nc e G ol dwat er was r unnin g n ot agai ns t a N ew E ngl ander , as wo ul d h av e b een t he ca se ha d JFK no t b een assas si nat ed, b ut a gai ns t a man w ho was al so a Sout her ner and a West ern er . I t s houl d a ls o b e po i nt ed o ut th at th e N ew Yor k st r ate gy h as wor ke d o nl y t wi ce s i nce 1936, a nd in b oth o f t hose ca ses a hi ghly p opula r w ar h er o def eat ed a n unappeal in g e gghead. Ther e wer e po si t iv e a spec t s to t he 19 64 ca l ami t y. G r as sr oot s par t ic i pat i on i n Republ ic an po l i t i cs r each ed a n al l-t i me hi gh; Gol dwat er r ec ei ved c ont ri but io ns f r om a l most 1 , 500, 000 i ndi vi duals , wher eas N i xon r ece i ved co nt r ib ut i ons f r om onl y 40, 000 i ndiv i dual s. ( Thi s i s f urt her pr oof , howeve r , t hat t he " f at ca t s" who h ad suppor t ed Ni xon and o th er Re publ i ca n c andi dat es i n t he p ast a bandoned Gol dwat er . ) Lef t wi ng g r oups sa w i n th i s ri se o f gr ass-r oot s Conserv at i sm a , har bin ger o f t he f ut ur e. Gr oup R es ear ch I ncorp or at ed, w hic h k ept an ey e on f re e-e nt erp r i se-o r i ent ed g r oups an d i ndiv i dual s f or t he la t e Walt er Reut her , i n a y ear-e nd re por t fo r 1 965 d i scl osed t hat Co nserv at i ve per f or mance s i nce t he G ol dwate r d ef eat , ra t her th an di mi ni shi ng, had experi enced a m ark ed up war d mo vement a nd st aked o ut ne w p os i t i ons of pol i ti cal s tr ength . ' T he Ant i-D ef amat i on Le ague expr ess ed th e o pi ni nn t hat The re al a cco mpl is hment of t he r adi ca l r ig ht [ Conser va t i sm] i n t he 19 64 c ampai gn was i n t he exposure o f mi l l i ons o f Amer ic ans t o i t s message, a nd new r ecr ui ts t o i t s m ember shi p, a nd i n th e r eser voi r of

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pot ent i al r ec r ui ts b ei ng bui lt u p . . . th r ough t hei r ef f or ts i n t he Gol dwat er c ampai gn. g By 1 964 t he Conser vat i ve movement h ad c ome s o f ar t hat Conser vat i ves w ere a bl e t o ac compl is h w hat T af t, o n t hr ee di f f ere nt occasi ons, ha d f ai l ed t o do - wi n t he n omi nat io n. T he movement , howeve r , w as not yet l arg e e nough t o wi n t he e l ec t i on. T he ca mpaig n noneth el ess succeeded, al bei t i n s t ra ngl ed t ones, i n get t i ng bef or e t he people some i mpor t ant i ss ues - cr i me i n t he s t re et s w as t he most obvi ous - whi ch s ubsequentl y b ecame g ra de A to pi cs f or a ll r esp ect able pol i ti c i ans. Dur in g 1 964 t he Conser va t i ves a t l east go t t heir f oot i n t he po l i t i cal d oor . The re al t r agedy of t he Gol dwat er c ampai gn w as th at it s l eader gave up t he cr usade w hen he wa s d ef eat ed at t he pol l s. O n N ov ember 4 , 1964, t her e wer e t wo k i nds o f Conserv at i ve s i n Amer i ca : s ad ones and mad on es. S ome w er e r eady t o cr awl in t o th ei r h ol e, re si gned t o th e t r i umph o f co l l ect i v i sm. T he m ad Co nserv at i ves wante d t o ca r r y on t he cr usade. G old wat er ' s c ard i nal si ns we r e tw o: f i rs t , th at f oll owi ng t he nomi nat i ng co nvent i on h e l ost t he i ni t i ati ve a nd went on t he def ensi ve; secondl y, f ol l owin g h i s def eat h e h anded t he p art y m ac hi ner y, w hic h t he Conser vat i ves h ad acqui re d t hr ough fo ur ye ar s o f bl ood, s weat , a nd t ear s, b ack t o t he L i bera l s. I n U . S. News & Wor ld R epor t o f December 21, 19 64, G ol dwate r w as asked how h e vi ewed h i s f ut ure r ol e i n t he Republ i can pa r t y. He s t at ed th at i t was hi s i nt ent io n t o: " . . . cont in ue t o be a wor ki ng member o f th e R epubl i can p art y - not t r y i ng t o di c t at e a nyth i ng, j ust pu t t i ng m y s houl der t o t he w heel . " T hus d id Gol dwat er i n one sent ence " t el egr aph" t o hi s t went y-s even mi l l i on suppor t er s th at he d i d no t i nt end t o f i ght f or Co nser vat i ve pr i nc i pl es at t he Januar y m eeti ng of t he Re publi can N at i onal C ommit t ee i n C hi ca go. The Gol dwat er a bdi cati on i n Januar y 1 965 di d mor e t o hur t t he C onser va t i ve cause and r e-e st abl i sh o nepar ty g overn ment i n t he Uni te d S t ate s t han di d th e N ovember 1964 e le ct i on d ef eat . O ut w ent Dean Bur ch an d i n came Ray Bl i ss, "M r . Pr agmat is t . " Ral ph de T ole dano wr ot e i n h i s nat i onal l y syndic at ed co l umn of J une 2 9, 1965: Li ke ot her Li ber al L ef t is t R epubl i cans, Mr . B l i ss h ad made no secr et o f t he f act t hat h e car es n ot a whi t about t he se nsi bi li t i es of t he Co nser vat i ves who mak e u p t he b ul k o f t he p ar t y ' s wor kers . Conser vat i ves , h e cont ended, have n owher e el se to g o. Gol dwat er w as a re l uct ant c andi dat e i n t he f i r st pl ace . H e ha d n o l ust f or t he power of t he Pr esid ency, as h ad R i char d N ix on, n or f or t he i ncr edi bl e am ount of w ork t hat g oes wi t h i t . T he Conse r vat i ve m ove ment f el l i n l ove wi t h Gol dwat er ' s ghost wr i t ers , w ho t ur ned o ut hi s c ol umns, speech es, a nd b ook s. U nfo r t unat el y Go l dwat er w as not hi s g hos t w r i te r s. He w as p r opel l ed i nt o c andi dac y b y th e z eal o f th e g ra ss-r oot s Conser vat i ves , w hi ch h e di d no t f ul ly s har e. H e had no d esi re t o capi ta l i ze on t he gr eat dept h of e xuber anc e a nd l oyalt y f el t by hi s har d-c or e suppor te r s al l o ver t he count r y. I nst ead o f co nt i nui ng t he cr usade G ol dwat er went ba ck to h i s ha m r adi o. T he ' 64 el ect io n w as wat er over th e d am - Gol dwat er ov er th e d am. The Li ber al Republ i cans, bel ie vi ng th at 19 64 w as a l os t c ause anyway , w er e wi l li ng t o l et th e C onse r vati ves h av e t hei r f l in g, k nowi ng t hat i t w ould b e di sast ro us. I n i t s Januar y 2 4, 1967 i ssue, Look Magazi ne s t at ed ed i t or i al l y co ncer nin g t he R epubl i cans :

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I n 1 964 t he over al l m ood of th e c onve nt i on' s p r of essio nal s wa s t hat i t d i dn' t r eal l y m at t er who w as nomin at ed, becaus e n o avai l abl e Republ i can co ul d beat P re si dent J ohns on. The p oll s s howed a bar e 35% f or Go l dwat er a gai nst J ohnson, t he sa me fo r N i xon, a nd e ven l ess f or Govern or s N el son A. R ocke f el le r o f Ne w Yor k and Wi ll i am W. S cr ant on of P enns yl vani a. A ls o, Go l dwat er h ad knocke d h i mse l f ou t r ai si ng mo ney f or t he par t y and ha d w on t he bi g Cal i fo r ni a pr i mary . T he conser vat i ves , f ur t her mor e, we r e s cre ami ng f or " a c hoi ce n ot a n echo, " and th e moder at es cor r ect l y as sessi ng t he mi ddle-r oad t emper of t he c ountr y ( whi ch i s now al most u ni ver sal ly r ecogni zed) [ si c] but s quabbli ng o ver w ho t hei r l eader s hould b e - deci ded t o le t t he c onser vat iv es f all o n t hei r fa ces. The st r at egy could n' t h av e b een s mart er . Had t he Li ber al R epubl i ca ns i n 1964 engi neer ed an ot her mi nori t y c oup, t he Conser vat i ves , p ar t i cul ar l y af t er Phyl l is S chl af l y ' s book, A C hoi ce No t A n Ec ho, woul d ha ve le f t t he Re publ i ca n p ar t y e n masse. T he sm ar t es t t hi ng f or t he L ib er als t o do w as t o l et t he Conserv at i ve s h ave a y ear , k nowi ng t hat t hey c oul d not wi n a nd t hat t hei r d ef eat c oul d be b l amed o n t he C ons er vat i ve phi l os ophy, set t in g t he st age f or t he r e-e st abl i shment o f a m i ddle-o f -t he-r oad Republ ic an pa r t y. The ma n w ho benefi t ed mos t f ro m t he Gol dwat er d ebacl e was R ic har d Ni xon. O bvi ousl y, Gol dwat er or s omeone e qual l y conse r vat i ve c oul d n ot be n omi nat ed i n 19 68, a nd G OP Conserv at i ve s w ould j ust a s o bv i ousl y n ot suppor t a ny of t he L i bera l R epubl i cans w ho h ad pu t t he k ni f e i n th ei r candid at e' s back. Ri chard N i xo n b ecame t he o nl y possib l e c andi date accept abl e to b oth w i ngs o f t he p art y. As t he 1 964 Republ i can co nvent i on a ppr oach ed, N ix on, l i ke a n ol d f i r ehor se, an d a ppar ent ly a gai nst h is b ett er j udgment, a gai n began t o smel l smoke. He ha d l ai n l ow, bi ded hi s ti me, a nd a voi ded t he s t op-Gol dwat er m ov ement u nt i l l at e i n t he g ame. He h ad made i t " per f ectl y c l ear" t hat he w as n ot ta ki ng si des i n t he G ol dwat er vs. R ock ef ell er pr i mar i es. Th en, as S t ephen He ss a nd David B r oder r eca l l i n t hei r book, The Re publ i ca n E st abl i shment : Just as s uddenl y, Ni xon swi t ch ed s i des a nd b ecame t he s el f -appoin t ed l eader of t he st op-Gol dwat er f or ces. A week af t er C al i fo r ni a had vo t ed, on J une 9 t h, he f le w t o Cl evela nd f or t he nat i onal G ove r nors ' C onfe r ence . . . . N ix on . . . a st ounded every one by a tt acki ng Gol dwat er at a pr ess c onf er ence. C it i ng t he S enat or 's v i ew of t he U ni t ed N ati ons a nd S ovi et-A mer ic an r ela t i ons , h i s sugges t i on t hat soci al securi t y b e made vol unt ar y, th at t he T ennessee Val le y Aut hor i t y b e sol d t o p r iv at e i nt er est s, an d c i vil r i ght s e nfo r cement b e l ef t t o t he st at es , a nd a n ati onal ri ght -t o-w or k l aw b e enacte d, N i xo n sai d, " I t w oul d be a t r agedy f or t he Republ i can par t y i n t he event t hat Senato r G ol dwat er' s v i ews, as p r ev i ousl y s t ate d, we r e n ot chall enged and re pudi ate d. " 9 Ni xon was t ry i ng, accor di ng to H ess and Br oder , t o s et u p R omney as a st al ki ng h ors e i n a l ast desper at e ef f or t t o p r oduce a c onvent i on deadlo ck f r om whic h h e, Ni xon, w oul d emerg e a s th e n omi nee. On J une 1 5, 1964, t he H er al d Tr i bune News Ser v i ce r epor t ed th i s r epudi at i on by N ix on o f hi s Ju ne 9 t h st ate ment th at Go l dwat er ' s vi ews woul d be a "t r agedy" f or t he par t y: Ri char d M. Ni xon di d e ver yt hin g p ossi bl e Tuesday t o jo i n t he Gol dwat er c amp her e except put on a G old wat er c owboy h at f or t he

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benefi t o f ph ot ogr apher s . . . . [ Nix on] decl ar ed t hat t he Se nat or f r om Ar i zona r eall y i s " mai nst r eam" o f t he p art y n ow t hat " he h as become a nat i onal r ath er th an a re gi onal c andi dat e. " Hess and B r oder ex pl ai n Ni xon' s br oke n f i eld r unni ng t hi s w ay : . . . pr i vate l y, t he l ast t wo weeks of J une, 1 964, N ix on b egan t o r eadju st h i s si ght s f r om t he 1964 n omi nati on t o t he 19 68 . . . . Ni xon evol ve d a n ew r ole f or hi mself : t he apostl e o f pa r t y uni t y wh o w oul d campai gn doggedly f or t he t ic ket i n 1 964 and f or a l l Republ i can candid at es in 1 966, a s a way of r ebui l di ng h i s po l i t ic al c api t al f or 1968.1 0 I t c oul d b e t hat Ni xon re al l y di d n ot w ant a s t al emate a t t he convent i on th at wo ul d c ause it t o t ur n t o hi m wit h t he nomi nat i on. He had kn own s in ce 19 60 t hat h i s t i me wa s 1 968. n ot 1964. H i s br i ef f l ur r y of a nt i -Gol dwat er i sm may have been a show t o k eep hi s cr edenti al s i n o r der w i th p ar t y Li ber al s. Ni xon knew th at Go l dwat er w as " doomed t o def eat ," b ut Ni xon nevert hel ess c ampai gned ti r el es sl y f or t he Ar i zonan, kn owi ng t hat he woul d t hus be come t he o nl y p os si bl e candid at e w ho w oul d n ot di v i de t he par t y i n 1 968, s in ce most o t her R epubl i can l eader s w er e s i t ti ng ou t t he campai gn. One we ek a f te r t he ' 64 el ect io n, N i xo n t ol d War r en Duf f ee of U PI t hat t he R epubl i ca n P ar ty h ad " gone t oo fa r r i ght , " an d n ow " most of al l ne eds s ome d is ci pl i ne. " Ni xon c ont i nued: " The R epubl i can par ty ' s nat i onal p osi t i on must re pr ese nt t he r esponsi bl e r i ght a nd th e r esponsi bl e ul t r al i ber al. " T he f ut ur e p osi t i on of t he GOP, Ni xon sai d, " must be t he cente r . . . . Th e f or mul a [f or v i ct or y] shoul d be th e Ei senhower-N i xon f or mula , n ot b ecaus e i t i s m ore t o t he l eft , b ut becaus e i t is t he r i ght posi ti on . . . . " N i xon pl ace d h i mse l f square l y i n t he "c ent er , " b ut f ai l ed t o comment on th e f act t hat t he mi ddle o f t he r oad h ad be en mo vi ng Le f t war d f or t hi r ty-f i ve year s. He di d, however, s t at e: " I wi l l di scoura ge - I w il l n ot t ol era t e - any act i vi t y o n behalf o f m ys el f by a nyone e ls e f or 1968." 1 ' S ur e, su r e. But w hen G ol dwat er dr opped t he l eader sh i p to r ch, Ni xon was J ohnnyon-t he-s pot t o p i ck i t up . I n an a r ti c l e i n t he New York T i mes o f Fe br uar y 14, 19 65, t he f oll owi ng comment w as made: When Bar r y Go l dwat er c ons ent ed t o t he r emoval o f t he man o f hi s choi ce a s Republ i can Na t i onal C hair man and r enounced h i s ow n Pr esid ent i al aspir at i ons, t he l eaders hi p of t he Republ i can pa r t y l ay t her e f or t he t aki ng. But no t f or l ong. Ri chard M . Ni xon ha s f ir ml y g ra sped t he l eader shi p ro l e, whi ch be i ng unof f i ci al , can b eco me an yt hi ng he w ant s t o mak e i t . He i nt ends, appare nt l y , t o mak e much of it .

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Be Sincere Whether You Mean It Or Not Wi t h t he 1 964 e l ec t i ons now hi st or y, t he Ni xon Ex pr ess b egan t o bui l d up s t eam whi l e i t s engin eer c ar ef ull y s t udi ed it s 1 968 t i met abl e. Ni xon' s l aw f i r m al l owed hi m seemi ngl y u nl i mi t ed t i me f or w or l d tr avel t o k eep u p hi s r eput at i on a s an e xper t o n f or ei gn a f fa i r s, an d f or campai gni ng on b ehal f o f GOP candi dat es. Hess a nd B r oder o bse r ved: For ma j or c hunks of e ach year he c i rc l es t he g l obe . . . on per sonal f act-f i ndin g j unke t s . . . . For ot her p ar t s of e ach year he c i r cle s t he Uni t ed S t at es . . . r esto r i ng hi s c re denti al s a s a pol i ti cal l eader . l Dur i ng t he 19 66 Co ngr essi onal el ect io ns, Ni xon ma de ap pear anc es in t hi r ty-f i ve st at es f or e i ght y-s i x Re publ i ca n n omi nees. I n ad di t i on he r ai sed l ar ge sums of m oney t o f i l l ca ndi dat es' ca mpaig n c of fe r s. Al t hough N i xo n w as c ampai gni ng f or ot her s, h e made L BJ - t he man most l i kel y t o b e hi s o pponent t wo ye ar s hence th e t ar get o f hi s assaul t . T ypi cal was t hi s N ix on s t at ement : Ever y t i me a house wi f e go es in t o a su per mar ket to day, she i s f aced wi t h th e H ig h C ost of Jo hnson . . . . E very t i me a b usi nessman t r i es t o make a lo an t hat w oul d p r oduce mo r e j obs , h e r uns in t o i nt ere st r ate s t hat a r e r eal ly t he Hi gh Co st o f Johnso n . . . . E ver y t i me a y oung coupl e t r i es t o buy a ho me th ese d ay s, th e d oor i s sl ammed i n t hei r f ace s b y t he H ig h C os t o f Jo hnson. 2 I r onic al l y , t he De mocr ats w i ll p r obabl y ma ke " t he H i gh C ost of N ix on" a maj or campaig n t heme i n 1972. l l A ^1 I n t he o f f-y ear el ect i ons t he Republ i cans pi cked u p f or t y-s even seat s i n t he House o f R epr esent at i ves , t hr ee S enat e se at s, ei ght govern or shi ps , a nd 5 40 se at s i n s t ate l egi sl at ure s. Th e E l ephant t hat ever yb ody h ad b een r eady t o co nsi gn t o t he g r avey ar d t wo y ear s b ef or e was b ack in f et t le a nd opt i mis t i cal l y l ook i ng f or war d t o th e ' 68 j ousti ng matc h w it h t he r i val Donkey. A nd Ri chard N i xo n r ecei ved much of t he c r edit f or t he c omeback . C andi dat es f or wh om he c ampai gned r an much bet t er , st ati st i call y, th an t hos e f or w hom he d id n ot a ppear . Wh at i s m or e, N i xo n, th e o l d mast er p oker pl aye r , a cqui r ed mor e IO Us th an a r i verb oat g ambl er. T hese pol it i cal IO Us al l h ad a 1 968 d ue da t e. Ni xon had t o do we l l i n t he pr i mar i es , a s he a dmi t t ed, t o r emove t he "l oser " i mage whi ch dogged h i m. Hi s m ain o pposi t i on i n t he New Hampsh i r e k ic kof f pr i mary w as Geor ge Romney, w ho conve ni ent ly c ut hi s own po l i t i cal t hro at b y t el l in g n ewsp apermen h e had be en b r ai nwash ed o n t he Vi et nam questi on. P ol l s sh owed Ro mney doi ng so m is er abl y t hat he dr opped o ut of t he N ew Hampsh i r e pr i mar y, l eav i ng t he f i el d t o Ni xon. The un opposed v i ct or y w as j ust t he ps ychol ogi cal boost t he Ni xon campai gn n eeded. Af t er th at it w as al l d ownhi l l t o M ia mi . I n h is q uest f or t he 1 968 n omi nat i on Ni xon a ssumed t he Conser vat i ves h ad nowher e e ls e t o go , a nd c our te d t he L ef t . By at t endi ng t he f uner al o f ci vil r i ghts a git at or Ma r t i n Lut her Ki ng, J r . al ong wi t h vi r t ual l y e ver y o th er p r es i dent i al o ff i ce seeker and bl ack nat i onal i s t , Ni xon m ade i t c le ar t hat h e was w i ll i ng t o c r awl f or t he Negr o bl oc vot e. Cer t ai nl y N ix on wi t h h i s conta ct s h ad a cce ss t o t he

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i nf ormat i on i n t he F BI fi l e on K i ng, whi ch r eveal s K in g' s c lo se associ at i on wi t h Communis t s. Ni xon, w ho ha d c al l ed t he C i vi l R i ght s B il l o f 19 64, descr i bed b y t wo fo r mer pr esi dent s o f t he Amer i can Bar A ss oci at i on a s t en per c ent c i v i l r i ght s and ni net y per ce nt g ove r nment c ontr ol , a " gr eat s t ep f or war d; " 3 ca pi t al i zed on t he hy st er i a f ol lo wi ng Ki ng' s deat h t o p us h a noth er ci vi l r ig ht s bi l l t hr ough C ongr ess. Accor di ng to t he Lo s A ngel es Ti mes of Mar ch 2 4, 19 68, NAACP member Ni xon h ad be en wo r k i ng behi nd t he sc enes t o s uppor t a f or ced h ousin g b il l b ef or e t he K i ng assass i nat i on. A cc or di ng t o Hu man Events , N i xon p l ay ed a st r at egi c r ole i n get t i ng Congr ess t o adopt t he hast il y d r awn 1 968 C i v i l Ri ght s Act . He n ot onl y pr essed f or adopt io n of t he " open housi ng" s ec t i on, w hi ch had never un der gone p r oper commit t ee h ear i ngs , b ut he h ad b een ur gi ng H ouse Republ i cans t o ac cept t he Se nat e ve r s i on o f t he C i vi l R i ght s B il l w i t hout an y a l t er at i ons. Such Ni xon li eut enant s a s Repre sent ati ve Cl ar k M ac Gr egor o f Mi nneso t a hel ped t o p er suade H ouse Republ i cans t o ac cept th e S enat e a mendment s i n t ot o. Ni xon's t ele phone cal l t o R epre senta t i ve Jo hn An der son of I l l i noi s, s wi ng ma n o n th e i mpor t ant House R ul es Commi t t ee, t urn ed ou t t o b e cr uci al t o t he f ate o f t he S enat e bi l l : The ru l es c ommi t te e h ad appear ed d eadl ocke d o ver wheth er t o send t he Se nat e bi l l to a S enat e-H ouse conf ere nce, wher e House members c oul d r ework t he le gi sla t i on, or t o send th e b il l t o th e H ouse f l oor f or a vot e wi t h a gag ru l e t hat w oul d p r eve nt an y a mendment what soever . Ni xon phoned A nders on an d u r ged h i m t o s end t he bi l l to t he House f l oor f or a qui ck vot e. Under pr essur e f ro m Ni xon a nd t he t ense co ndi t i ons i n t he countr y f ol lo wi ng t he mur der of K i ng, A nder son bu ckl ed. 4 The In si der s and t hei r pu ppets k now t hat dur i ng t he ps ychol ogi cal shock of a di sast er t he publ i c i s wi l l i ng t o a cc ept l egi s l at i on t hat w oul d not ot her wi se b e adopt ed. I n o rd er t o capt ur e N egro s uppor t i n hi s 1968 q uest fo r t he Pr eside nt i al n omi nat i on, N i xon f or med a n al l i anc e w i t h t he r evolu t i onary b l ac k p ower f anat i cs of C ORE. C ORE has adopt ed t he f or t y-year ol d C ommuni st c r y fo r a separ ate B l ac k N at io n, an d C ORE' s r et i r i ng chai rman, F lo yd Mc Ki ssi ck , t he v i ol ent l ef t wi ng Soci al i s t w ho h as r epudi at ed nonvio l ence, advoc at ed no t w el f ar e fo r N egr oes bu t a compl ete r edi st r i but io n o f t he w eal t h, begi nni ng wi t h g ove r nment s ubsi di zat i on of N egr o-o wned busi nes ses. Thi s ha s b een mi sla bel ed " bl ack c api t al i sm," and is a s ubt l e pe r ver sio n o f t he o nl y tr ue a nswer to t he Ne gr oes ' economi c p l ig ht , namel y, t he genui ne f r ee ent er pr i se syst em. Li ber al col umni st s Ev ans and N ova k r epor t ed: I n r ec ent d ay s, Ni xon h as b een i n c ont act wi t h CORE le ader s Fl oyd McKi ss i ck a nd R oy I nni s [ McKis si ck ' s succe ssor ] t hr ough i nt er medi ari es. Thus, t hei r sur pri si ng ag r eement o n economi c b l ac k p ower c oul d t ur n o ut t o b e Ni xon's f i rs t r eal br eak t hr ough i nto t he Ne gr o l eader sh i ps CORE t hen c ame o ut i n p ra i se of N i xon f or havi ng seen " t he re l evance o f bl ack power ," a nd cl ai med t hat N i xon i s th e " only P r es i dent ia l candid at e w ho i s movi ng i n t he d i r ect i on of C ORE' s p ro gr am. "6 W hat Ni xon and C ORE a dv ocat e i s n ot t he ch annel i ng o f pr i va t e c api t al i nt o Negr o-o wned or N egr o-managed b usin esses , b ut nonpro f i t c o-o ps fi nanced by g ov er nment l oans. Tax-f r ee, nonpr of i t co -o ps, f i nanced b y t he

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t axpay er s, do n ot const it ut e capi t ali sm. What N ix on mi st akenl y c al l s " Bl ack C api ta l i sm" i s i n r eali t y b l ac k c ommunes or B la ck S ovi et s. I n a f ur t her quest t o a tt r act support o f t he b l oc v ote o f L ib er al Negr oes, P ara de Ma gazi ne of Ju ne 1 6, 1968, r eveal ed th at N i xo n consid er ed Ed war d Br ooke of Ma ssachus et t s as h i s r unni ng mate . H owever , Br ooke h ad de ci ded t o t hr ow in h i s lo t w it h N el so n R oc kef el le r . Li ber al col umni st C ar l R owan, w ho s erv ed i n hi gh appoi nt i ve capaci ti es in t he Kennedy a nd Johnso n A dmin i st ra t i ons, r epor t ed t hat l ef t war d f or ces i n Massac huset ts : . . . r egar d Br ook e a s on e o f t hei r own - i nf il t r at i ng t he enemy camp - and maki ng t hem l i ke i t. T hey r egard t he Massach usett s S enat e r ace as a c ont est t o s ee wheth er a n i deolo gi cal Democr at c an go al l t he way to t he to p i n a R epubl i can m asquer ade. ? The gr eat p uppet show o f 1968 was t he N i xo n-R ockef el l er cont es t . Many an a st ut e o bs er ver bel i ev es t hat R ock ef el l er m ay have en t er ed t he Pr esid ent i al r ac e a t a t i me when he h ad l i t tl e c hanc e o f wi nni ng, sol ely t o b ri ng so me b adl y n eeded p ubl i cit y t o th e R epubl i can p art y' s r ace and t o sol i di f y C ons er vat i ve b ac ki ng f or N ix on. Rocky an d R ic har d wer e not t he enemi es t hey w ere p i ct ur ed as b ei ng. A DA member St ewar t Al sop wr ot e i n h is b ook, Ni xon a nd Ro ckefe l l er : Ther e ar e i n f act, i t s houl d be n ot ed, n o shar p i deolo gi cal di f f er ences bet ween R ocke f el le r a nd Ni xon, a s t her e we r e b etw een Dewey and Ta f t a nd Ei senhower and Ta f t . W hen R oc kef el le r w or ked i n Washi ngt on f or th e f i r st E i se nhower Admin i st r ati on, he o f t en f ound a n al l y in Ni xon on s uch i ssu es a s f or eig n a i d. The di f f er ence is r eal ly a di f f er ence of s t yl e a nd backgr ound an d a ppr oach t o p ol i t i cs : . . . [ Emphasi s a dded. ] $ Ni xon' s f r i endl y bi ogr apher , Ear l Mazo, says th at in W ashin gt on " Ni xon and Ro ckef ell er be came go od fr i ends and su ppor t ed e ach o t her consis t ent l y . . . . " 9 Af t er t he 1 956 e l ec t i on Ro ckefe l l er wr ot e Ni xon on N ov ember 7t h: " . . . under y ou an d t he P r esid ent t he R epubl i ca n par t y i s n ow emerg i ng, at h ome and ab r oad, as t he g r eat l i ber al p art y of t he f ut ure . " 1° J oseph A l so p, b r ot her of S t ewar t an d a l so a member of t he A DA, wr ot e i n a 19 63 co l umn on t he t hen up comin g e l ect i on: What t he R epubl i ca n p ol it i c i ans c al l t he " ol d N ew Y ork c r owd" wi l l al most cer t ai nl y s ti ck by N el son R ock ef el l er a s l ong a s pr opr i et y and go od manner s r equi r e t hem t o d o so. Bu t i t is a ve r y g ood g ues s t hat men l i ke f ormer G ove r nor Thomas E. De wey, an d t he f i nanc i al l eader s w ho used t o w or k wi t h Dewey, ar e al r eady t hi nk i ng h ar d a bout wher e t hey ca n g o i f R ock ef ell er d oes n ot make th e g ra de. A nd i t i s a n equall y g ood guess t hat t hey ar e t hin ki ng about goi ng t o N i xo n. l i Then t her e wa s t he l i t t le m att er o f Ni xon movi ng i nt o Rocky' s a part ment house and go i ng t o wor k f or t he l aw f i r m us ed by Chase Manhatt an fo r i t s t r ust account s. Rockef el l er may ha ve h eld s ome h ope t hat he c ould a ctu al l y wr est t he ca ndi dacy f r om h i s ow n p uppet , bu t a s t he. Wa l l St r eet Jo ur nal' s Ver mont R oyst er ob ser ved: I ndeed, M r . Rockef el l er 's i nit i al h al f -h ear te d c ampai gn seemed onl y t o d emonst r at e t hat he ex pect ed t o lo se t o Mr . Ni xon. Th e g ov er nor dr i f te d a l ong a l most a i ml essly w hi l e hi s vaunt ed st aff b ecame

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di sorg ani zed. M eanwhi l e, Mr . Ni xon s ai l ed o n ser enely , m ak i ng n o mi st ak es t hat c oul d g i ve t he New York er an o penin g . . . . I t w as o nl y af t er Sen. Ro ber t Kennedy ' s as sassi nat i on June 5 t hat Mr . Ro ckef ell er ' s campaig n g ot r ol l in g. By t hen, onl y a s l i m chanc e exi ste d o f st oppin g N i xon, b ut Rocky spar ed n ot hin g s pendi ng mi l l io ns f or na t i onal adver t i si ng, a nd pushi ng h i msel f t hr ough a f r enet i c cr oss-countr y c ampai gn . . . . 12 The Ro ckef ell er ca mpai gn suggest ed fr om th e b egin ni ng t hat th e N ew Y or k govern or w as act in g a s a st alk i ng h or se f or hi s o ste nsi bl e o pponent , Ri char d N i xon. F ir st t her e w as h i s re l ucta nce t o become a c andi dat e a t a d ate w hen he h ad t i me t o f or ge a su ccess f ul c ampai gn. T hen, w hen h e di d be gi n t o f l i rt w i t h t he id ea o f get t in g i n, he s oon b acke d o ff , c l ai mi ng t hat h i s ol d ar dor fo r t he P r esid ency was n o l onger t here a nd t hat t he r ank a nd f i l e wa nt ed Ni xon. He wo ul d n ot , h e sai d, di v i de t he par t y. O nl y af t er t he p ri mar ie s h ad come and g one, a nd N i xon had t he nomi nat i on se wed up, d i d Rocky e nt er t he r ace, sp endin g money l i ke a Rockef el l er and ke epi ng t he Re publ i ca ns in t he he adl in es. I t w as a n e lo quent p er f or mance . N i xon h ad t o h ave a n enemy on t he Lef t t o make hi m a s al abl e c ommodi t y t o th e C onse r vati ves. Th e I ns i der s knew ver y w el l t hat i f Ne l son Rockefe l l er came ou t a gai nst H el l , many Conser vat i ves w oul d b egin t o f i nd r edeemin g q uali t i es i n S ata n. Th us, i f R oc ky d i dn' t li ke N i xo n' s Conser va t i sm, i t m us t b e a v er y good br and of C onser vati sm in deed. Republ i can Co nserv at i ves began t o s ali vat e af t er Ni xon as i f he w er e t o t he Ri ght o f Bar ry Gol dwat er . At M ia mi t he count r y w as t r eat ed t o t he pi ct ur e of a superc onf i dent R ic har d Ni xon who s eemed no t t o ha ve a wor r y i n t he wor l d. H e d id n' t . And t he b i ggest t ip-o f f wa s t he s i ght of N i xo n' s superc ompet ent p ro f essi onal st af f c ompet i ng wi t h Ro cky's b umbli ng amat eur s - a g ro up c r awl i ng wi t h ju st th e s or t of hi gh-p r essu r e N ew Lef t t ypes gu ar ant eed t o of f end t he del egat es. Th er e may b e some who r eal ly b el i ev e t hat N el so n R oc kef el le r c oul dn' t put to get her a t eam o f f i r st-r at e pr of essi onal s, but t hey m us t b e po l i t ic al k i nder gar t ner s. As t he E l ephant He r d a sse mbl ed i n M ia mi Be ach f or t he quadr enni al cer emoni al no mi nat i ng d ance, Ri char d Ni xon k new he h ad t he pr i ze i n t he bag. Rel axi ng b efo r e t he f esti vi t i es st art ed, N ix on ca l l ed a pr ess co nf ere nce i n whi ch h e r epudi at ed h i s past ant i-C ommuni st s ta nds. A mer e t wo w eek s b ef or e t he r ape o f C ze cho-S l ovak i a b y t he So vi et s and t hei r henchmen, Ne w Yor k Ti mes h eadli nes bl ar ed: " Ni xo n S ays He Ha s Eased Vi ews On C ommuni st Bl oc Si nce 1960." M r . Ni xon expla i ned to t he newsmen a t Mi ami t hat t he C ommuni st Conspi r acy wa s n o l onger an unyi el di ng, monoli t hi c fo r ce. I n 1 960, t he c andid at e mai nt ain ed, " t he Communi st w or l d wa s a m onol i th i c w orl d. To day i t i s a spl i t wor l d, schi zo phr enic , w it h v er y gr eat d i versi t y . " As A mer i cans di ed i n V i et nam, Ni xon even sai d h e bel ie ved t hat t he "e r a o f conf ro nt at i on" w it h t he Communi st w or l d ha d e nded, u sh er i ng i n a new " era o f negot i at i ons wi t h th e S ov i et U ni on . . . a nd . . . t he l eader s o f th e n ex t s uper power , C ommuni st C hi na . . . . " I n s ubscr i bin g t o t he n ew myth s a nd i gnori ng t he ol d r eal i t ie s, Ri char d N i xon a nnounced t hat t he h ars h w or ds h e had fo r t he Communi st s i n h is 1 960 accept ance sp eech ar e t oday "i r r el eva nt . " And, he a dded, " as th e f acts c hange, a ny i nte l l i gent m an d oes change h i s ap pr oac hes t o t he pr obl ems. I t d oes n ot mean t hat h e i s an o pport uni st . I t me ans onl y t hat h e i s a pr agmat i st . "

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At t he c onvent i on t he N ix oni te s g r abbed Co nser vat i ve i ssues l ock, s t ock, a nd ba r r el. U nf ort unate l y t hey d i d not a dopt Co nser va t i ve sol uti ons, on l y th e i ssues. Bu t C onse r vati ve R epubl i ca ns w ho shoul d have known be t t er l oved i t . Th e o bj ec t , ho wever , was t o p r opagandi ze t he Co nser vat i ve wi ng o f t he Par t y, qui etl y p at i t s wo unded ego, and sel l i t a g il ded br i ck. That br i ck wa s l abele d P ar ty U nit y. The wa y t he scr i pt w as wr i t t en, t he di suni t y o f 1964 was n o l onger t he fa ul t of t hose d i sl oyal "L i bera l s" w ho b etr ayed an d sabota ged B ar r y Go l dwat er , b ut t hat of t he t wenty-s even mi l l i on i deolo gi cal der vis hes w ho h ad r un s cr eamin g o nt o t he swor ds of Ly ndon' s l egi ons, b eli ev i ng t hat t hei r sacr i fi ce wo ul d s omehow hel p to r e-est abl i sh o ur C ons t i t ut io n a nd t he Amer i ca n s yste m o f f r ee en t er pr i se. Now, wi t h a Li bera l c andi dat e i n p r os pect, i t w as t he t ur ncoat s of 1 964 who we r e l eadi ng t he c r y f or uni t y and pr agmat is m. Wi t h Wall ace i n t he r ace, t he L ib er als r eal iz ed th at t hey m ust h ave Conser vat i ve suppor t t o wi n. " Pr agmat i sm!" t hey cr i ed. A nd Co nserv at i ve Republ i cans echoed: " Pr agmat i sm!" I t w as a l l ve r y co r di al . Li ber al s e ve n p er mi t t ed t he f or mer Conser vat i ve spoke sman, a f ell ow n amed G ol dwat er, t o suppor t t heir p l ea f or un i t y b ef or e t he c onv ent io n. I t was li ke c all i ng t he v i ct i m of a muggin g a s a chara ct er wi t ness f or hi s a ss ai l ants - not so much of f eri ng p r oof o f t he v ic t i m's c ompas si on as pr ovi di ng ev i denc e t hat when t he mugger s st r uck t hey hi t t he man i n t he head har der t han anyone had re al i zed at th e t i me. C ons er vat iv es we r e n ow wel co med b ac k i nt o t he Republ i can Pa r t y. I t w as l i ke bei ng met at t he do or of y our own ho me b y a h osp i t abl e bur gl ar and i nv i t ed t o c ome i n f or a dr i nk. Cur i ous l y, Republ i can Co nserv at i ves seemed e l ate d b y such co ur t ly t r eatment f r om Par t y Li ber al s, an d g r ate f ul ly a ccept ed th e i ncre di ble i nv i ta t i on. Thus, t he R epubl ic an R i ght w as f or giv en fo r t he " cr i me o f 1 964" and i t s si ns we r e wa shed aw ay in t he so ot hin g w at er s o f Par t y Uni t y. I t wa s q ui te a tr i ck t o get t he C ons er vat i ve l ambs to l i e down wi t h t he L i ber al l io ns wh i l e t hei r ca ge w as bei ng c onstr uct ed, b ut t hat was p r ec i sely w hat happened. A s t he I ns i ders s cri pt ed a s oot hi ng of P ar t y C ons er vat i ves to k eep t hem away f r om t he Wall ace c ampai gn, t hey al so mov ed to k eep t he Pa r t y' s non-E st abl i shment L i ber al s (w ho al so t ake t hese co nvent io ns se r i ously ) f ro m c ommi t t i ng h ar a-k i r i at t he t hought t hat t he Republ ic an Pa r t y m igh t c ampai gn on C onser vati ve pr i nci pl es. I ndeed, t he scenar i o c all ed fo r m onument al s t agin g. The ca st o f t hi s pr agmati c e xt r avaganza co nt ai ned a pr ot agoni st on t he L ef t ( f or t he L i ber al s t o c heer a nd t he Co nserv at i ves t o hi ss) , a R i ght i st kn i ght of t he si l ver sc r een (t o mak e C onse r vati ve h ear t s go pi t t er-p at an d t o ho r r i fy u nsophi st ic at ed Li ber al s) , a nd a ce nt r i st ( an experi enced and hi ghl y co mpete nt p r of essio nal , sk i l l ed a t u ni t i ng t he Par t y i n a sh ot gun m ar r ia ge to l ast unt i l t he s ec ond week i n November ) . The ce nt r i st, a s you k now, g ot t he gi r l in t he en d. At M ia mi , M r. N i xo n w as t he on e, o n t he fi r s t b al l ot . And h is accept ance sp eech pr oved a mas t er pi ec e o f pr agmat i sm super bly e l oquent and to t al l y noncommi t t al. H e sounded t o th e c asual l is t ener l i ke a combi nat i on o f Bi l ly G r aham c all i ng f or a cr usade agai ns t s i n, John Wayne del i ver i ng a F our th o f Jul y s peech t o t he Amer ic an L egi on, Pat O' Br ie n e xhor t i ng Not r e Dame t o " wi n one f or t he Gi pper , " G eor ge Wal l ac e a t hi s i ro ni c b es t , an d Mar ti n L ut her K in g a sc endi ng t he mounta i n. T he s peech w as del iv er ed in t erms t hat dr ew posi t iv e r eacti ons f ro m bot h L i ber al s and C ons er vat i ves wi t hout o f f endi ng ei t her . S uch an ac compl is hment i s m or e d if f i cul t t han passi ng a n el ephant t hro ugh t he e ye of a donkey, a nd one mus t a dmi r e Mr . N i xon' s

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or at or i cal ex per ti se i f not hi s a nt i-i deolo gy. T he s peech w as amazi ng. Mr . Ni xon sai d th at to t he "n ew" Republ ic an Pa r t y t he e nemy o f li ber ty i s not co l l ect iv i sm i t sel f , but t he m i smanagement of c oll ect i vis m. Genera l i t i es abounded. Al t hough t he addr ess was f ar d i ff er ent i n t one f r om Ni xon' s accept ance speech o f 1 960, in w hi ch he ha d a t t empt ed t o out pro mi se th e D emocr at s i n de t ai l , t he th eme w as t he same. The Wal l St r eet J our nal h ad d ubbed t he 1960 ac cepta nce a weddin g o f th e " Wel f ar e St at e t o f i sc al r esp onsib i l i t y." T hat t heme was r epeat ed i n 1968 - but t hi s t i me N ix on he dged hi s b et b y a tt ackin g t he consequences of th e ver y col l ecti vi sm he p r oposed. Ri char d N i xon k new t hat i n 1 968 t he mood of t he nat i on h ad be come i ncr easi ngl y Conse r vat i ve ; Ameri cans we r e si ck o f cour t deci sio ns handcu f f i ng t he po l i ce, of t he s candal r i dden " War o n Pover t y, " o f j oggin g i nf la t i on, a nd of t he l oot i ng a nd bur ni ng o f our c i ti es by psychot i c B la ck Na t i onali st s and r evo l ut io nar y de l i nquent s. As Amer ic a' s p re-e mi nent r eader o f t r ends , h e de vot ed h i s 19 68 ac cept anc e speech t o a n at t empt t o st eal a mar ch o n t hese is sues - al l r ai sed by Geor ge Wal l ac e - j ust as h e had at t empt ed i n 1960 t o st eal a m arc h o n t he is sues ra i sed by J ohn K ennedy. Th e d if f er ence , a s al ways wi t h Mr . Ni xon, w as a mat te r o f so l ut io ns: T hi s t im e h e wa s a rg ui ng th at hi s al chemi st s co ul d cook u p a t ot al l y ne w b ra nd o f f edera l c ol le ct i vi sm guar ant eed to c ure w el f ar e p ro bl ems, r acia l h osti l i t y, v i ol ence in t he st r eet s, a nd pr obabl y w ar t s. Ri char d N i xon di d say m any o f t he r i ght t hi ngs i n t hat speech - and he s ai d t hem beaut i fu l l y. He t alk ed of t he Amer i ca n R evol ut i on bei ng t he o nl y t ru e a nd cont in ui ng re vol ut i on, an d o f what pr i vate i ni t ia t i ve ha s d one f or our co unt r y. He sp oke o f l aw and o r der a nd Amer i ca' s decl i ni ng wo r l d p os i t i on. B ut by r eadi ng th e a ddr ess, r at her t han mer el y l i s t eni ng t o i t , one d i sc overs t hat he c onveyed many i l l uso r y i mpr essio ns. T he s peech i mpl i ed t hat w e would r ecapt ur e t he Pueblo a nd fr ee it s c r ew, b ut made no s pec i f i c commit ment . It s ounded a s i f N i xo n w oul d s t op t he war i n Vi etn am, b ut i t s ai d n ot hi ng ab out w in ni ng i t . I t dwelt o n l aw a nd or der , but pr omis ed o nly a wa r o n "o r gani zed c ri me . . . l oan s har ks . . . nu mber s r acket eer s . . . f i l t h pe ddl er s a nd t he na r cot i cs p eddl er s . . . . " wi t h no menti on of t he Co mmuni st s a nd t hei r B l ack N ati onal i st c omrades, who ar e makin g g ood t heir p r omi ses of g uer r i l l a war f ar e. I t al so seemed t o s ay t hat Ni xon woul d cut fe der al spendi ng a nd t axes ; b ut agai n, t hi s was on l y a n i mpl ic at i on made by th e t one of th e r heto r i c. Her e was a ca ndi dat e w ho even seemed t o be p r omis i ng an e nd t o f or eig n a i d - t he ver y m an w ho had s ai d i n hi s a rt i c l e of O cto ber 1967 i n t he C ounci l o n For ei gn R ela t i ons' magaz i ne, Fo r ei gn A f f air s, th at h e sought a n ew Mar sh al l P la n t o du mp ev en v ast er ' 's ums o f f or ei gn a i d i nt o bot t omle ss As i a. The Re publ i ca n p la t f or m commit t ee l abor ed mi ght il y a nd b r ought f or t h an i deol ogic al m ous e. It w as th e p er f ect pl at f or m f or Ni xon t o st and on. O ne w ag r emar ke d t hat a nyone f ro m Mao Tse-t ung t o A t t il a t he Hun co ul d c omf or ta bl y r un o n i t . I t made v i r t uall y n o commi tment s. I t di d co ur ageousl y decl ar e t he Par t y fo r g ood a nd agai ns t e v i l, b ut i t was ve r y h azy a bout h ow t o t el l w hi ch i s whi ch. Cer t ai nl y t he p l at f or m t ended t o b e f ar mor e L ib era l t han e ven Ni xon' s a cce pt anc e s peec h, an d t he Pa r t y " moder at es" c al l ed i t h i ghl y " pr ogr essi ve. " James Rest on o f t he Ne w Yor k Ti mes , g l oat i ng over t he p l at f or m' s abandonment of Conser vat i sm, w r ot e: . . . [ t he Re publi cans] have l ear ned f r om t hei r di sast r ous

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campai gn o f 1964. Nobody i s pu t t i ng par t y i deol ogy a bove p art y uni t y, n ot ev en Go l dwat er . I n f act , Gol dwat er , Re agan, N i xon and Ro ckef ell er ha ve a l l accept ed t he o bje ct i ves of a par t y pl at fo r m t hat H umphr ey or e ven M cCart hy co ul d a cc ept . Ah y es , a nd Mao an d A t t il a t oo. Fol l owi ng Mia mi , Ni xon sh i f t ed g ear s i nt o t he s moot hes t , most pr of essi onal, m ost publ ic r el ati ons-o r i ent ed c ampai gn ever conduc t ed. On e o f t he d ev el opment s in m oder n p oli t i cal l i f e t hat has concer ned b ot h D emocr at s and Republ ic ans i s t he r i se of p ubli c r el ati ons f ir ms an d t heir b r ai nchi l d, t ele vi si on campai gni ng. T V, i t i s genera l l y f el t , pu t s a pr emi um o n w it a nd good lo oks at t he expens e o f i nt ell ect ual depth a nd th e d is cussi on o f i ssues . U gl y ol d Abe L i nc ol n, i t i s of t en not ed, w oul d be at a d i st i nct di sadva nt age a gai ns t o ne o f t oday' s s l i ck M adi son A ve nue pr oducts . N ow, e very t hi ng i s c har i sma - t hat undef i nabl e " i t " t hat J FK h ad an d H HH and RMN d on' t . Whet her y ou appr ov e o r di sappr ove of T V as a pol i t i ca l w eapon depends u pon how wel l y our c andi dat e uses t he medi um. The R epubl ic ans l oved i t i n 1952 and 1 956 w hen " f at her -i mage" E i senhower' s " s i nc er i ty " came acr oss bet t er t han Baby Dumpl i ng S t ev enson's e gghead i nt el l ec t . I n 1960, however , t he t abl es wer e t ur ned as t he Ni xon-K ennedy T V de bat es t ur ned o ut lo oki ng l i ke r obust a nd su nt anned C har l es At l as ve r sus a pal e and p uny C ount D r acu l a in n eed of a shave. I n 1 968, N i xo n r eal i zed t hat he must l earn h ow to t urn T V i nt o a n asset or f ace a not her d ef eat . I n O r egon Ni xon w as a ske d w hat he th ought of a rt i f i c i al l y cr eat ed pol i ti cal i mages. He r epl i ed: People a r e mu ch le ss i mpr essed w i t h i mage ar gument s th an a r e col umni st s, comment at or s, a nd pol l ste r s. And I fo r o ne r ej ect ed t he ad vi ce of t he p ubl i c r ela t i ons e xpert s w ho s ay th at I' ve g ot t o s i t by t he ho ur an d w at ch m yse l f . T he A mer i can pe opl e may n ot l i ke my f ace but t hey' r e goi ng t o l is t en t o w hat I h av e t o sa y. Wi t h t hat h e pr epar ed t o l aunc h t he most expensiv e p ubl i c r el at i ons-and-T V-do mi nat ed c ampai gn i n t he hi sto r y o f Amer ic an e l ec t i ons . Law pa r t ner Leonar d G ar ment pu t t oget her Ni xon' s st aff o f h ig h-powere d i mage b uil der s. They i nc l uded H arr y Tr el eaven, wh o h ad r un id eas up t he J. W al t er T hompson f l agpol e fo r ei ghte en y ear s f or s uch c l i ent s a s Pa n A mer i can, RCA, and F or d; Fr ank Shakes pear e, who had s pent a l i ke n umber of y ears a t CBS; a nd P aul Keyes, a p r oducer of " Laugh-I n, " who w as supposed t o conve y t he i mpr es si on th at Ni xon h ad a se nse o f humor . * T he make-u p man f r om t he Johnny C ar son show was h i re d t o ma ke su r e t hat N i xo n n ever a gai n w ent bef ore t he ca mer as l ookin g l ik e a b aggyeye d C ount D r ac ul a w it h i nsomni a. Wi t h TV, t he i mage i s e ve r yt hi ng. A nd t he i mage of t he m an ne ed have no r el at i on t o t he r eal man. T he c andi dat e becomes a pr oduct t o be peddle d l i ke soap or i nst ant mashed pot ato es. T he b r ig ht-c ol ore d b ox may be l i e w hat i s wi t hi n. R aymond P ri ce, a N i xon speec hwr i t er a nd TV advi so r , w as ver y bl unt about t hi s in a me mo t o Ni xon: I t ' s not w hat ' s th er e t hat c ount s, it ' s wh at ' s pr oje ct ed - and car r yi ng i t one st ep f urt her , i t ' s no t w hat h e pr oj ect s, b ut r at her what t he v ote r r ec ei ves. I t ' s not t he m an we h ave t o change, but r at her t he re cei ved i mpre ssi on. And t hi s i mpr essi on o f te n d epends mo r e on t he medi um a nd it s u se t han i t d oes on t he ca ndi dat e h i msel f . 13

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Pr obabl y t he most f asci nat i ng account o f t he N i xo nHumphr ey campai gn y et pr oduced i s The Sel l i ng of th e P r esi dent 1968, by J oe McGi nni ss o f t hePhi l adelp hi a I nqui r er ( unt i l r ece nt l y owned by N ix on' s c l ose f r i end and appoi nte e a s Ambassa dor t o t he Cour t of S t . James ' , Wal t er A nnenber g). 14 T he book j acket descr i bes Mc Gi nni ss ' m is si on: Wonder i ng i f a p re si denti al ca ndi date c oul d b e ad ver ti sed a nd sol d l i ke a car or a c an of pe as, J oe M cGi nni ss i nf ormal l y jo i ned t he Ni xon f or ce s a t t he v er y e ar l y s t ages of t he ca mpaig n. A r ound th e c l ock, d ay-t o-d ay, he l i ved w i th t he te chnic i ans, ghost wr i t ers , expert s, a nd pol ls t er s. * Tr ele aven' s pr i va t e o pin i on of N i xon, q uot ed b y Joe McGi nnes s i n hi s The Se l l i ng of t he P r esid ent 1968, pa ge 56 , w as: " . . h e c omes ac r oss as s uc h a n ut t er bor e. I don't t hi nk t he man h as had an o r i gi nal observ at i on i n h is l i f e." Whet her i t wa s a n adver t i s i ng c oncept m eet i ng, a t ele vi si on t api ng, a p anel se l ect i on, a n " et hnic s pec i al i sts ' " di scussi on; whet her a t a hyste r i cal moment o f a nt i c i pat ed t ri umph, o r a qui et moment o f m is gi vin g a nd sel f -d oubt, J oe Mc Gi nni ss w as t here , l i ste ni ng, aski ng - el i ci t in g s ome o f th e mos t c andi d, tr ul y h uman di sc l osur es an d i ns i ght s e ver m ade a bout our el ect ora l p ro cess. I t seems i ncr edi bl e, but a ppar ent l y n obody on t he Ni xon st af f made an y a tt empt to d i sc over wh et her M cGi nni ss was f r i endl y o r host il e b ef or e a dmi t t i ng hi m i nt o t he i nner sanctu m. T hey k now n ow; McGi nni ss' s book was o n t op of t he be st-s el l er l i s t f or ma ny m ont hs ru nni ng, and i t p r ese nt s a most unf l at te r i ng pi ct ure o f Ni xon an d h is c ampai gn te am. McGi nni ss, it t urn ed o ut, w as a v er y nasty L i bera l , a Eugene McCart hyi t e, and qui t e po ssi bl y a s py f or t he H umphr ey campai gn. B ut d esp i t e h is f oami ng-a t -t he-mout h Li ber al i sm, McGi nni ss' bo ok co nt ai ns some gems of c onv er sat io ns he s at i n on t hat r eveal t he t ot al cynic i sm o f t he Ni xon ca mpaig n. I n p re par i ng f or t he a l l -i mport ant p ar t t hat T V wo ul d pl ay i n t he ca mpai gn, H arr y T r ele aven wr ot e: Ther e' l l b e f ew op por t uni t i es f or l ogi cal per suas i on, whi ch i s al l ri ght - because p r obabl y mor e pe opl e vot e fo r i rr at i onal , e mot i onal r easons t han pr ofe ssi onal p oli t i c i ans s uspe ct . 15 " I a m not g oi ng to b ar r ic ade mysel f i nt o a t el evi si on st udi o and make t hi s a n ant is ept i c campai gn, " Ni xon t ol d a pr ess conf ere nce shor tl y a f t er h i s nomi nat i on, as h e pr epar ed t o do j us t t hat. S i x mont hs e ar l ie r , Ni xon h ad s aid , " We'r e g oi ng t o bui l d th i s w hol e campai gn a r ound te l evi sio n. Yo u f el lo ws [h i s T V advi so r s] j us t t el l m e what you w ant m e t o d o an d I 'l l d o it . " 16 T he Ni xon campai gn r eli ed heavil y o n te n o ne-h our speci als , s pr ead a ro und t he c ount r y, t hat f eat ur ed a n audi ence o f shi l ls f r om t he l ocal Re publi can c lu bs. They wer e coached t o sc r eam li ke cr azy e ve r y ti me N i xo n a ns wer ed a q ues t i on and th en t o mob hi m a t th e e nd o f t he s how t o g iv e t he vi ewer s t he im pr essio n t hat t he candid at e w as j ust o ozi ng w i th char is ma. R epor t er s w er e never a l l owed i n t he st udi o l est t hey r epor t t hat t he s hows w er e s t aged. St af f m ember s cyni cal l y re f er r ed t o th e shi l ls a s " th e a ppl ause machin e. " T he s emi-s hi l ls w ho fe d N ix on t he questi ons a lw ays i nc l uded o ne Negr o ( t wo mi ght be o f fe nsi ve and no t t o have one w as unt hi nkabl e) , a housewif e, a busi nes sman, a L i ber al , and a

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wor kin g man. I n mo st c ase s a ll w ent smooth l y b eca use Ni xon ha d w el l -r ehear sed a ns wer s t o a l l t he st andard q ues t i ons, whi ch h e h ad a nswer ed hundre ds o f t i mes si nce New Hampshi re . I n f act , Ni xon di d t ur n hi mself i nt o a v er i ta bl e human co mpute r , w i th s t or ed a nswer s f or t he most common q uesti ons, such as : " Is t her e a ` new' N i xo n?" Response : " My answer i s y es , t her e i s a n ew Ni xon, i f yo u a r e t al kin g i n te r ms of n ew i deas f or t he n ew wor l d and th e A meric a w e l i ve in . " Ga r r y Wil l s descri bed t he N i xo n h uman c omput er pr ocess : . . . . The ta pes wer e s ent t o Washi ngt on, wher e comput er s t yp ed " per so nal i zed" a ns wer s - one par agr aph p er c oncer n, di al ed ou t o f a bank of 7 0 st ock answer s t o th e most common q uest i ons. That d ia l i ng pr oces s w as a p erf ect e xt ensio n o f th e man w e w at ched on t ele vi sio n. Bud Wi l k i nson w oul d a sk t he sa me q ues t i ons , o r a panel w oul d, o ver a nd over . Ther e woul d be a pa use ( t he i nt er nal d i al in g) , a s i gnal ed mechani cal fr own of c once r n an d " per sonal i zed" t ypin g ( pr in t -o ut on t he f ace - st i ll f uzzy, t hat m achin e h as n ever been per f ect ed) , and N ix on woul d f i nal ly d eli ver , in h i s t i ght r esonant v oic e - l i ke Di sney' s Audi o-A ni mat r oni c f i gure o f L in col n, i mpr ov i s i ng G et t ys bur g Addr ess es t o a bal l et of pr ogr ammed g es t ur es - one of t he 70 p ar agr aphs s t or ed i n t hi s wal ki ng memor y b ank. 1 7 But so met hi ng w ent a wr y i n P hi l adel phi a, wher e lo cal cal l -i n s how h ost Jack McKi nney , a non-s hi l l, w as ac ci dent al l y asked t o b e one of t he questi oner s. McGin ni ss de scr i bes t he re par te e: Jack McKi nney d i d not l ead w it h h i s r i ght but h e t hr ew a m uch st i f fe r j ab t han Ni xon ha d b een e xpec t i ng: W hy ar e y ou s o r el uct ant t o comment o n Vi et nam t hi s year when i n 1952, f aced wi t h a s i mil ar is sue i n K or ea, y ou w ere s o f re e w it h your par t i sa n r emar ks? Not a cr i ppli ng qu est i on, b ut t her e was an u ndert one of unf r ie ndl i nes s t o i t . W or se, i t h ad been put t o hi m in p r of es si onal f or m. Ni xon had be en e xpect i ng, m aybe, a r equest f or comment on th e war , t o w hi ch h e woul d ha ve gi ven t he s t andar d Wi t h-P eace-N egoti at i ons-At -S uch-A-D el i ca t e-S t age r epl y. But her e w as a qu est i on whi ch a ssumed t hat r epl y an d r equest ed t hat i t b e def ended, i n l i ght o f a seemin g cont ra di ct i on. N ix on s t epped back, a bi t of f b ala nce. Thi s so r t of t hi ng t hr eate ned t he s t abi l i t y of t he w hol e f or mat ; t he basis b ei ng t he hypoth esi s th at Ni xon c oul d ap pear to r i sk a l l by g oin g l i ve whi le i n f act r i ski ng not hi ng b y f ac i ng t he lo ose synt ax and pr edi ct abl e, s l oppy t hr ust s o f am at eur s. Ni xon t hr ew up a n evasi ve f l ur r y. B ut t he g ri n w as gone f r om h is f ace. Not o nl y d id h e k now n ow t hat he w oul d h ave t o be c ar ef ul of McKi nney, h e was f or ced t o w onder , fo r t he f i r st t i me, w hat he m ig ht encount er f ro m t he o t hers . 1 8 Af t er Ni xon had ea si l y fi el ded s t andar d qu est i ons f r om t he Ne gr o, t he busi nessman, t he housewif e, et c. , M cKi nney g ot hi s s ec ond s hot : I t w as M cKi nney' s t ur n ag ai n: Why w as N i xo n r ef us i ng t o a ppear o n any of t he ne ws co nf r onta t i on shows such as M eet t he Pr ess? Why w oul d he f ac e t he publ ic o nl y i n s ta ged s et t i ngs s uch as t hi s, w her e t he questi ons w er e a lm ost c er t ai n t o b e wor ded g enera l l y enough t o a ll ow hi m an y v ague s ort o f a ns wer he w ante d t o gi ve? Wher e t he p re sence o f t he ch eer i ng st udi o a udie nce was s ur e to i nt i mi dat e any q uest i oner w ho cont empl at ed t r ue engagement ? Wher e Ni xon moved so q ui ck l y fr om on e questi oner to t he next th at he e l i min at ed any p os si bil i t y o f f ol lo w-u p, any ch ance fo r t ru e d i scu ssi on . . . ?

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" I ' ve done th ose qui z s hows, Mr . M cKi nney. I' ve d one t hem u nt i l t hey wer e r unni ng out o f my ea r s. " Th er e was n o questi on o n one po i nt : Ri char d N i xon w as upset . St ar in g h ar d at Mc Ki nney, h e gr umbl ed s omet hi ng about why t her e shoul d be mo r e f uss a bout H uber t H umphr ey not ha vi ng pr ess conf er ences and l ess a bout hi m and Meet t he P r es s . . . . The a udi ence c heere d. Su ddenl y, N i xo n, p erh aps sensi ng a weakness i n McKi nney w her e h e had f ear ed t hat n one e xi st ed, per haps r eal iz i ng h e had no c hoic e, su r el y bu oyed up b y t he ch eer s, deci ded t o s l ug i t o ut . " Go ah ead, " he s ai d, g est ur i ng, " I wa nt yo u t o fo l l ow up. " McKi nney c ame b ack c r edit abl y, u si ng t he wor d " amor phous" a nd compla i ni ng t hat v i ewer s wer e bei ng asked t o s uppor t Ni xon fo r Pr esid ent o n t he basi s of " not hi ng bu t a wi nk a nd a sm i l e" pa r t i cu l ar l y i n r egar d t o Vi etn am. " Now, Mr . M cKi nney , m aybe I ha ven' t been as s peci f i c . . . . " and Ni xon w as o f f on a th or ough r ephr asi ng o f h is V i et nam nonposit i on, whi ch, w hi l e i t co nt ai ned n o subst anc e - hence , c ould n ot accommodat e anyt hi ng n ew - sounded, t o uni ni t i at es, l i ke a p ubl i c st ep f orw ar d. The audi ence w as ecsta t i c. Ou t number ed, t wo hu ndr ed f or t y-o ne to o ne, McKi nney c oul d d o not hi ng b ut smi l e and sh ake. hi s h ead. 1 9 The bi g t el et hon on t he Sunday b ef ore t he el ect io n w as e ven mor e r i gged. A b at t er y of gi r l s w er e b ro ught in t o accept questi ons b y phone, b ut th e q uest i ons Ni xon w as to a nswer h ad been sel ecte d a nd r ehear sed i n advance. Q uest i ons f r om cal le r s a ppr oxi mat i ng th e p re-sel ect ed q ues t i ons w er e t hen mat ched so th at e mce e B ud Wi l kin son coul d say s omet hi ng l i ke: Mr . N ix on, Mr s. J .J . J ones o f Pompano B each , Fl or id a, w oul d l ik e t o kn ow what y ou i nt end t o do a bout p ensi ons f or s t ar vi ng w i nos. Th en Mr . Ni xon c oul d r eply : " I ' m gl ad you a sk ed th at questi on, M rs . J ones. [ You b et h e w as - af t er s pendi ng al l th at t i me r ehear si ng. ] Let me make i t pe r f ect ly c l ear b l ah, b l ah, b l ah t he usual double t al k. "2 ° I t al l s ounded ver y sp ont aneous, al t hough i t was a comple t e s how b i z f r aud. Anyway, t he campai gn f ra ud on l y c ost $ 25 mi l l io n a nd t hat was g i ve n v ol unt ar il y. The cost t o t axpayer s in b r ok en campai gn p r omi ses has b een c onsi der abl y hi gher . Par t way t hro ugh t he c ampai gn t he i mage ma ker s be gan t o d oubt t hat t hey w er e s uc cessf ul l y cr eat i ng an im age o f t he " new Nix on" as war m and p ers onabl e. T hey d eci ded o n a new f or mat f or T V spots t hat f eat ur ed N i xo n' s voi ce be hi nd a s er ie s o f s t i l l pi ct ure s r api dl y fl ashin g o n th e s cr een. Mc Gi nni ss d esc r i bes t he new st r at egy: The wo r ds w oul d be t he sa me on es N i xo n a lw ays u se d - t he wor ds of t he ac cept anc e s peech. Bu t t hey w ould al l seem f re sh an d l i vel y b ec ause a s eri es o f s t i l l pi ct ure s w oul d f l as h o n t he s cr een whi l e Ni xon spoke. I f i t wer e do ne ri ght , it w oul d p er mi t T re l eaven t o cr eat e a Ni xon i mage t hat wa s e nt i r el y i ndependent of t he w or ds. N i xo n w ould s ay hi s same ol d t i re some t hi ngs but no o ne woul d have to l i st en. T he w ord s woul d become Muzak . S omet hi ng pl easant a nd l ul l in g i n t he b ac kgr ound. The fl ashi ng pi ctu r es w oul d be c ar efu l l y sel ect ed t o cr eat e t he i mpr es si on th at so mehow Ni xon r epr ese nt ed compete nce, r espect f or t r adit i on, se r enit y, f ait h t hat t he Amer ic an p eopl e we r e b ett er th an people a nywher e el se, a nd t hat a l l th ese pr obl ems o t her s s hout ed about meant not hi ng i n a l and bl esse d w i t h t he t al l est bui ld i ngs, s t r ongest ar mi es , b i ggest fa ct or i es , c ut est c hi l dr en, a nd r osi est s unset s i n t he

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wor l d. E ven bet t er : t hr ough as soci ati on wi t h t he pi ctu r es, Ri chard Ni xon coul d become t hese ver y t hi ngs. 2 1 Eugene J ones, t he man w ho c r eat ed t hese ad s w i t h t he l aughi ng, pl ayin g c hi ld r en and t he gl ori ous s unset s and R ic har d Ni xon, t ol d McGi nni ss t hat h e was l eavi ng t he c ount r y af t er t he el ect i on because h e di dn't t hi nk t hi s was a ny p l ac e t o ra i se chi l dr en. The cy ni ci sm of bu i l di ng a p hony T V i mage was m at ched by t he hypocr i sy o f Ni xon' s s t and o n t he i ss ues. Long re gar ded a s Ameri ca' s number o ne po l i t ic al w eat her va ne, N ix on co nst antl y p ro mi sed " new l eader shi p" whi l e at t he same t i me us i ng pol l s to d eci de w hic h posi ti ons w er e t he m ost popula r . I n a c olu mn t i tl ed "N i xon Re bor n - I n A P oll ' s I mage, " Joseph Al sop wr ot e: I n t hi s y ear' s l ur i d p r es i dent i al c ampai gn, o ne of t he m ost i mport ant f ig ur es behi nd t he scenes has ce r t ai nly b een J oseph B ach el der of P ri ncet on, N . J. Bachel der i s a p ol l er w it h a smal l pl annin g-a nd-a nal ys i s s t af f o f hi s ow n. H e al so has a cce ss, by c ontr act , t o D r . Geor ge Gal l up's nat i onwi de po l l i ng a ppara t us and t o t he Ga l l up ma chi ner y f or sor ti ng and co mput ati on in P r i nce t on. Long ag o, Ba chel der b eca me R i ch ar d M. Ni xon' s p er so nal pol l er , and Bachel der h as s i nce been t aki ng pol ls f or Ni xon, a l most n ons t op, in d ept h a nd o n a v er y bi g sc al e. The re sul t s t hat Bachel der h as p assed o n t o N i xon a r e among t he most c l osel y guard ed s ecr et s of t he Republ i can ca ndi dat e. Y et i t i s t r ansp ar ent ly o bvi ous t hat t he f or mer V i ce P r esid ent 's c ampai gn st r ate gy i s heavil y p ol l-d omi nat ed. I n o rd er t o see wh y t hi s i s so , y ou have onl y t o gl anc e a t th e publ is hed r es ul t s of o t her , le ss s ecr et i ve p ol l er s, su ch a s Loui s Har r is . T here i s a n ear -p er f ec t f i t bet ween H ar ri s ' s most r ec ent f i ndin gs a bout t he m ood of t he c ountr y a nd t he th i ngs t hat Ni xon an d Spi r o T. A gnew h av e b een sayin g a nd doi ng si nce t hey t ook t he s t ump. Anot her e xampl e of t he Ni xon campai gn c yni ci sm was t he candid at e' s maki ng A t t orn ey Ge ner al Ramsey C l ar k a mai n t ar get f or h i s campai gn r ehet or ic o n l aw a nd or der . Of co ur se Cl ar k d ese r ved ev er y br i ckb at a nd mor e, b ut pr i vate l y N i xo n t hought ve r y hi ghl y of h i m. Ri char d H ar ri s w ro t e i n t he Ne w Yor ke r Appare nt l y Ni xon hi msel f di d not e njo y h is a t t ack s o n t he At t orn ey G ener al . " Ramsey C l ar k i s re al l y a f i ne f el lo w, " h e sai d t o hi s cl osest associ at es du r i ng t he c ampai gn. " And he' s done a good j ob. " I n v ie w o f on e o f t he c andi dat e' s t op a dvi ser s, t he ca ndi dat e had f elt compel l ed t o use t hi s " si mpl is t i c a ppr oach " t o st i r up t he vo t er s. The tw o C FR candid at es, Ri char d N i xon a nd Huber t Humphr ey, we r e r emark abl y al i ke i n t heir v i ews, d esp i t e t he " i mage" of b ei ng p ole s apar t i deol ogi call y. N eit her devi at ed f r om t he of f i c ia l C FR f or eig n pol i cy o f " in t er nat i onali sm, " by w hic h A mer i ca is c ommi t t ed t o o pposi ng Communi sm wit h s o-c al l ed D emocr at i c Soci ali sm. Bot h N ix on an d H umphr ey pr i ded t hemse l ves on b ein g s ta unch su pport er s o f l ar ge f or ei gn a i d gi veaways. Thi s i s t he co r ner sto ne of t he fo r ei gn pol i cy o f t he C FR, a s i t pours m oney i nt o t he c of f er s of t he i nt ern at i onal b ank er s a nd t hei r l aw f i r ms. Bot h candi dat es ha ve a l ways go ne r i ght d own t he l i ne i n s uppor t of t he i nf amous "H ouse th at Hi ss B uil t , " t he U nit ed Na t io ns. Bot h N ix on and Hu mphr ey have advocat ed th e e st abl i shment o f a U N ar my th at wo ul d

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supers ede o ur o wn. B ot h RMN an d H HH have suppor te d U ni t ed Wor l d Federa l i st s and At l ant i c Uni on w or l d gover nment schemes. Whi l e Ni xon i n t he p ast had ta l ked a har d l i ne a gai nst C ommuni sm, i n h is p r ess confe r ence at t he o ut set o f t he M i ami c onvent i on, h e had r evers ed t his s t and. T his b r ought h im i nto a p osi t i on si mi l ar t o Humphr ey ' s on r esi st ance t o Co mmuni sm. Hubert H umphr ey ha s b een a l eadi ng ad vocat e o f th e w el f ar e st at e at h ome, w hic h N ix on a t one ti me o pposed. But b y 1960, N i xon had done an a bout-f ace on t he wel f ar e s t ate , t hough h e st i ll p ai d l i p se r v i ce t o t he fr ee e nte r pr is e s yste m. Ni xon j us t i f ie s t he wel f ar e s t ate i n Conser vat i ve t er ms whi l e Humphr ey d oes i t i n L i ber ale se. Humphr ey a nd Ni xon h ave bot h suppor te d a ll c i v i l r i ght s b i l ls , bot h t he g ood o nes a nd th e b ad o nes. I t wa s i r oni c t o see N AACP member Ni xon campaig n t hr ough th e S out h a s a c hampi on of h ome r ul e and a st aunc h o pponent of s chool b us i ng. Gi ven t hese c lo se p ara l l els i n t hei r re cor ds, how i s i t th at Ni xon i s w i del y be l i eved t o be a m oder at e Conserv at i ve , w hi le H umphr ey i s c onsi der ed a qu i t e r adi cal Li ber al ? Muc h o f it g oes b ack t o t hei r ear l ie r p ol it i cal car eers , w hen t hese l abel s h ad a g re at d eal m or e val i di t y . M any a rd ent s uppor te r s o f bot h men r emember t hem as t hey wer e, not a s t hey ar e. Hu mphre y h as t ai l or ed h i s appeal t o su i t la bor uni on and min or i ty e l ement s. Ni xon' s t ar get h as al ways b een " mi ddl e Amer ic a, " n ow g ener al l y known as " t he s i le nt m ajo r i t y. " T here f or e, b ot h men ha ve o f te n s ai d s ubst ant ia l l y t he s ame t hi ng, b ut th ey ha ve c ouc hed i t i n ve r y di f f er ent l anguage. A N i xo n campai gn s peech an d- a H umphr ey campai gn s peech we r e a s di f f er ent a s wi nt er a nd su mmer. I n g ener al, s o w er e t he a udi ences. B ut when Ge or ge Wal l ac e c l aim ed th at t her e w as n' t a di me's w or t h of di f f er enc e b et ween t he tw o c andi dat es , h e wa s m or e a ccur at e t han h e r eali zed. Wa l l ace w as r ef err i ng t o t he t wo p art i es' st ands on fo r ced in t egra t i on, but th at was no t t he r eal s t or y. The r eal st or y l ay in t he CF R c ont r ol ov er bo t h candid at es. Rhet or i c a sid e, th ey s t ood f or v i r t ual l y t he s ame t hin g a nd bot h wer e r un b y t he s ame b oss es i n New Yo r k. O ne w as wor k i ng t he Li bera l s i de of th e s t r eet a nd t he ot her was w ork i ng t he C ons er vat i ve s i de o f t he s ame s t re et . Whi l e t he E st abl is hment I ns i der s h ad every t hi ng t o g ai n a nd not hin g t o lo se, no mat te r w hi ch c andi date w on, i t w as o bvi ous i n 1968 t hat Humphr ey w as onl y a f oi l f or N ix on (a l t hough h e al most beat hi m) . The "b i g money" we nt b ehi nd Ni xon t he R epubl i can j ust as i t had g one behi nd J ohnso n t he D emocr at fo ur y ear s e ar l i er . The Ma r ch 1 970 i ss ue o f For t une ( page 1 04) d i sclo sed: Af t er Ni xon's n omi nat i on, n ati onal-l evel Republi can commi t te es spent near l y $25 mi l l i on on th e p r esi denti al c ampaig n, wh i t e c ompar abl e post -c onvent i on ex pendi t ur es by t he h ar d-p r esse d D emoc r at s came to l ess t han hal f o f t hat - about $ 10, 600, 000. T hi rd-p ar t y candi dat e Ge or ge C. Wal l ac e r epor t ed spendi ng $ 6,9 85, 455. But it w as th e R epubl i can r evi val a mong la r ge c ont r i but ors , especi al l y bu si nes smen, t hat r eal l y pai d t he G . OY. ' s way i n 1968. Lar ge cont ri but or s, t r adi t i onal l y Re publ i ca n, wh o h ad desert ed G old wat er t o suppor t L yndon J ohnson, r et urn ed t o t he fo l d more o penhanded t han ever bef ore . Nowher e i s th e r et ur n t o t he Re publ i ca ns mo r e a ppar ent t han in t he pa t t er n of c ont r i buti ons by m ember s of t he Bu si nes s C ounc i l [a v i r t ual s ubsi di ary o f t he C FR1, a n el i t e gr oup of m en

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who ow n, f i nance, or m anage th e c ount r y ' s maj or ent erp r i ses . . . . Busi ness C ounci l cont r i but i ons , p re domi nant l y Democr at i c in 1 964, wer e once agai n ov er whel mi ngly R epubl i can i n 19 68, b y bet te r t han t hr ee t o one. One B usi ness Council m ember w ho went f ul l ci r c l e was C . Dougl as Di l l on, U nder S ecr et ar y of S ta t e i n t he Ei senhower A dmi ni st ra t i on and Secr et ar y of t he Tr easu r y u nder P re si dents K ennedy a nd J ohnson. In 1960, Di l l on gave $26, 550 t o Republ ic ans and n oth i ng t o D emoc r at s. F our year s l at er he p ut u p $ 42, 000 f or J ohnson, n ot hin g f or G ol dwat er . But i n 1 968, D i ll on co nt r i but ed on l y t o Republ i cans ( $9, 000) . . . . ~x Geor ge Wal l ac e, wh o n ot abl y fa i l ed to w i n support a mong i ndust r i al i st s, re cei ved not hi ng. Guess who w as n ot t he E st abl is hment 's c andi dat e! Anot her i ndic at i on a s t o where t he Es t abli shment st ood o n N ix on was th e s t and t ake n b y it s k ey l i t er ar y s poke sman. I n a l ast gasp bef ore h angin g u p hi s t yp ewr it er , W al t er Li ppmann, a CFR f ounder who was fo r y ears k nown a s "t he of f i c i al voi ce o f t he E sta bl i shment , " pont if i cat ed f r om Mt . O ly mpus: . . . I t h as become p ai nf ul l y cl ear t hat t he D emocr ati c par ty i s t oo di sorg ani zed t o ru n t he countr y . . . . Thi s l eaves us w it h N i xon a s t he o ne and onl y c andi dat e w ho can be e le ct ed an d s hows t he pr omi se, l ik e i t or n ot, o f bei ng ab l e to p ut t ogeth er a n admi ni st r at io n t o r un t he g ove r nment . . . . I d o not shr in k f r om t he pr ospect o f Ni xon as p r es i dent . He is a ver y much b et t er man t oday t han h e wa s 1 0 year s ago, and I ha ve li ved t oo lo ng myse l f to t hi nk t hat men a re w hat t hey ar e fo r ever and ev er . . . . Al l in a l l we c annot d eny t hat t he ne ar fu t ur e wi l l be d i f f ic ul t , and I have co me to t hi nk t hat on t he centr al i ssu e o f an o r gani zed govern ment , t o d eal w i t h i t Ni xon i s t he onl y o ne w ho may b e abl e t o pr oduc e a g ov er nment t hat c an gover n. 22 Li ppmann' s ap par ent s ucces sor , James Rest on ( CFR), r efr ai ned f r om maki ng a d i re ct re commendat i on, b ut made i t q ui te c l ear t hat t he i deolo gi cal di f f er ences popula r l y b el i eved t o e xi st be t ween t he tw o candid at es we r e ep hemer al . R es t on admi tt ed t hat i n vot i ng f or Ni xon t he v ote r s w ere c ast i ng t hei r ba l l ot s f or so met hi ng t hey w oul d not r ecei ve. A cco r di ng t o R es t on: He [ th e v ot er ] h as n o c le ar id eol ogic al ch oi ce th i s ye ar , a s t he vot ers h ad in 1 964 . . . . The vo t er s wa nt a change. T hey a r e cl ear ly l eadin g t he n at i on t owar d w hat t hey suppose t o be - pr obabl y q ui t e in accur at el y a q ui t e conser vat i ve Ni xon a dmi ni st r at i on . . . . Ri char d N i xon a nd Huber t Humphr ey d o not di f f er about goal s. They bot h accept t he tw o r el at ed pr i nci ple s [ in t er nati onali sm and t he wel f ar e s t ate ] t hat h av e g ui ded A mer i can [ i . e., C FR] pol i cy o ver t he l ast gener ati on . . . . 23 A t hir d p r ofe ssi onal L i ber al who s urp r i sin gl y ( to m ost Republ i cans) endor sed R ic har d Ni xon was St ewar t Al sop of t he Fabia n-Soci al i s t A mer i cans f or Democr at i c Ac t i on. A l sop' s r ecommendat i on i n

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Newsweek w as t ot al l y t hro ugh t he b ack d oor , a s he t urn ed o n one of t he f ounder s o f hi s ow n A DA or gani zat i on: Ther e i s a co mpell i ng, if r ath er n egat i ve, c ase t o b e made fo r t he pr oposi ti on th at t he nat io nal i nt er est u r gent l y de mands t he el ect io n o f Ri chard M . N ix on as P r esid ent of t he Uni t ed S t at es . T he case r est s la r gely o n t he m ount i ng ev i denc e t hat t he el ect i on o f Huber t H. H umphr ey woul d be a na t i onal d i sas t er . . . . A s t al emat e bet ween t he Whi t e House and Ca pi t ol Hi l l exi st ed when Jo hn F. K ennedy w as m ur der ed. But p oor H uber t H umphr ey has b een desert ed b y v i r t ual l y a ll t he l i ber al D emocr at s and th e i magi nat iv e i nt ell ect uals w ho hel ped t o ma ke K ennedy's b r i ef r ul e exci t in g a nd pr oduc t i ve de spi te t he st al emat e. 2 4 Pr esumabl y, Ni xon woul d do m uch of w hat t he " i magi nat i ve i nt el l ect ual s" mi ght r ecommend, t hough most of t hem would a l ways d i sl i ke N ix on per sonal l y . The ma j or r eason gi ven by A l so p f or suppor t i ng Ni xon was t hat he c ould p ull o f f a st aged s ur re nder i n V i et nam. Al sop cont in ued: . . . . N i xon c oul d n egot i at e wi t hout m ajo r p ol it i cal damage a Vi et nam s et tl ement t hat mi ght get H umphr ey i mpeac hed. Ni xon i s a n abl e man wi t h o t her q ual i f i cat i ons f or t he P r es i dency, b ut t hi s is t he hear t of t he c ase f or Ni xon . . . . Li ppmann, R es t on, and Al sop, al l ce r t i f i ed E sta bl i shment spokes men a nd a l l ext r eme L i ber al s, suppor t R epubl i cans a bout e ver y t hi r d bl ue mo on, but i n 1968 t hey o bv i ousl y r eali zed t hat t her e wa s a n excell ent o ppor t uni t y t o advance L eft war d wi t h Ri chard N i xon si mpl y becaus e h e w oul d d i sgui se hi s p r ogr ams i n a Co nserv at i ve cost ume. On N ov ember 5, R ic har d Ni xon made g ood h is r emark abl e comebac k, al t hough t he f i nis h w as much c l oser t han most p eopl e had p r edi ct ed, a nd Ni xon appeare d t o be l osi ng st r engt h as th e c ampai gn pr ogr ess ed. Ri char d N i xon h ad achi eve d t he g oal he h ad s ought s o covet ous l y fo r many year s. The qu est i on was: What pr i ce di d h e have t o p ay t o g et t o t he pi nnacl e of th e p ol it i cal heap? Her e was a ma n w ho w as do wn an d o ut bot h pol i t i ca l l y and f i nanci al l y i n 1962. He w as t aken t o N ew Y or k, gi ven a c ushy p art ner ship i n a l aw fi r m, bought a c ooper at i ve a par t ment he c oul d n ot af f or d, j oin ed th e f i nes t c lu bs, l iv ed th e l i f e of a mi l l io nai r e, acqui r ed n ear l y a m i l l io n d ol l ar s in a sse t s, t ra vel ed t he wor l d sever al t i mes, s pent hi s t i me p oli t i ck i ng, a nd w as ma de Pr esi dent of t he U ni t ed S t at es. S omebody u p t her e li ked R ic har d Ni xon. That somebody w as t he Est abl is hment I ns i der s. Ni xon wa s w il l i ng to p ay t hei r pr i ce, a s T af t w as n ot , and so , a s Ta f t ha d n ot been abl e t o do, Ni xo n became Pr esid ent of t he Uni t ed S t at es .

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Sincere Advice From The Unsilent Minority Fol l owi ng N ix on' s hai r bre adt h el ect io n t he p undit s o f t he L ib er al medi a di sgorg ed to ns o f advi ce t o t he P r es i dent -e l ect. T he to ne wa s s et by t he C FR' s Joseph K r af t i n a n ar t i c le t i t l ed " Nix on' s Fi r st Job: T o Gai n Uni t y Th r ough C oal it i on." E xer ci si ng hi s t yp i call y i nvol ut ed Kr af tmanshi p, t he ul t r aLi ber al c ol umni st opi ned t hat t he P r es i dent-el ect must ab andon " . . . p ar t i sansh i p fo r a g enui ne move to war d coal it i on w i th m aj or el ement s o f what i s s t il l t he m aj or par ty i n t he countr y - t he Democr at s. " 1 For mer a dvi se r t o Pr esi dent Ei senhower A rt hur L ar son ur ged th e Pr esid ent t o move t he R epubl ic an p art y L ef t war d: Ther e ar e t wo k i nds o f br i ngin g-t ogeth er o r coal it i on p oss i bl e. One, whi ch is t he sour ce of ge nui ne concer n t o Ni xon's o pponent s, woul d be t o f al l ba ck up on t he f amil i ar c onser va t i ve co al i ti on o f Republ i cans wi t h t he most c ons er vat iv e S out her n Democr at s. Th e o th er w oul d b e t o at t r ac t t o a centr al c ore o f moder ate R epubl i cans a w hol e r ange o f di ssat i s f i ed moder at e a nd l i ber al D emocr at s a nd i ndependent s, y oung people , N egro es, opponent s o f t he V ie t nam war a nd o f t he d r af t , an d ur ban r esi dent s su f f er i ng f r om t he my r i ad ai l ment s o f t he c it i es. The su r est wa y [ fo r N ix on] t o " bl ow i t " wo ul d be t o ad opt t he f i r st cour se . . . . I t h as been obser ve d b ef or e t hat t he r ol e of t he R epubl i can par t y, l i ke t hat of t he Conser vat i ve Par ty i n E ngl and, h as so met im es seemed t o b e t o co me a l ong a ft er a bu r st of i nnov at i ve l egi sl at i on, a nd cont ri but e a t al ent f or consol i dat i on a nd ef f i c ien t a dmi ni st ra t i on . . . . Si nce t he k ey t o success i n th e N i xon A dmi ni st r at i on wi l l b e 269 admi ni st r at io n, no t l egis l at io n, t he pl ace t o l aunch t he c oal i t i on i s i n t he s t af fi ng of t he Ex ecuti ve B r anch an d o f th e o per at i ng pr ogr ams at a ll l evels . T hat i s why th e i mpor t ance o f a n unusu al l y ge ner ous al l oca t i on of r esp onsi ble j obs t o D emocr at s, i ndependent s, an d di ssent er s wa s n ev er h i gher th an n ow . . . . w hat w oul d b e a mor e auspic i ous be gi nni ng t han t o cal l i n Danie l P . Mo yni han, w ho i n hi s appr oach t o t hes e p ro bl ems combin es g enui ne compassi on wi t h u nbl i nkin g r eal is m and pr of es si onal exper t i se?2 For fa r -L ef t " Republi can" Ar t hur , ar so n, n ot even Lef t i sh Democr at s w er e f ar e nough t o por t . La r son wr ot e: Al t hough i t i s r eassur i ng t o see N i xo n a nd H umphr ey pl edgi ng uni t y, t he "c oal it i on" mu st re ach e ve n f ur t her th an th i s - t o th ose di saff ect ed l i bera l s, b la cks, st udent s, in t el l ect ual s, a nd ur banit es who su ppor t ed n eit her N ix on no r H umphr ey . . . . For se ven y ear s I obser ve d a t cl ose r ange Ni xon t he el ect ed Vi ce Pr esid ent . On t he st r engt h o f t hat ob ser va t i on I can t est i f y t hat Ni xon i s q ui t e c apabl e of d evel opi ng a b r and o f Republi canis m br oad e nough t o br i ng i nt o a wor ki ng r ela t i on t he d is par at e e l ement s I h ave ment io ned. I t i s cur i ous t hat t he Li ber al s w ho h ad cal l ed John F. K ennedy's mi cr os copi c v i c t or y o ver Ni xon i n 1 960 a " mandate " w er e n ow cal l in g Ni xon a m i nor i t y pr esi dent a nd s cr eami ng f or a co al i ti on w i th t he Lef t . Not hin g c ould h ave b een mor e i l l ogi ca l . Ac t ual l y, i f Ni xon' s vot e was

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added t o t hat r ecei ve d b y fo r mer Al abama Gove r nor Ge or ge Wal l ace , t he r epudi at i on of t he D emocr at s' wel f are-s t at e-a t -h ome, no-w i n-w ar-a br oad pol i ci es w as overw hel mi ng. B ut n o o ne w as advocat i ng t hat N ix on fo r m a coal it i on g ov er nment w i th t he di saf fe ct ed t en m il l i on who c ast th ei r vot es f or G eor ge Cor l ey Wal l ac e. T hey w ere a ppare nt l y t hi r d-c l ass c i t i ze ns w ho di d not d ese r ve a v oi ce, e ven t hough m uch o f N ix on' s campai gn r het or i c was l if t ed l ock, st ock and c r ac ker bar r el f r om Wal l ac e, w hos e c ampai gn speech es a t tr act ed h uge cr owds ar ound t he countr y. The Lo s A ngel es Ti mes' Wa shi ngt on c or r espondent , Rober t J . Donova n, w as not as s t r id ent as o t her L i ber al s wh o d emanded a c oal i t i on wi t h t he L eft . D onovan wr ot e: " The su m and s ubsta nce of a N ix on Admi ni st r at io n w il l b e th e d ef ense of th e p ol it i cal cent er i n Amer i ca agai ns t a ssaul t fr om t he r i ght a nd le f t . "4 Ni xon had h im sel f st r esse d many t i mes t hat h e w as n ot a Conser vat i ve but a c ent ri st . " Amer i ca n eeds t o he ar th e v oi ce s o f t he br oad and v it al ce nt er . The ce nt er is u nder s avage at t ac k. I t must be hel d at a l l cost ," t he Pr esi dent-e l ect st at ed. 5 Du r i ng hi s c ampai gn Ni xon had p la yed down t he i deol ogi cal d i ff er ences t hat w i l l det ermi ne whet her t he countr y s hall c ont i nue to h ead l ef t or s hal l s wer ve ba ck t oward t he tr adi ti onal st and of a f r ee en t er pr i se R epubl ic . " The ol d quar re l s b etw een management an d l abor , b et ween De mocra t a nd Republ i can, bet ween l i ber al an d c onse r vati ve must b e put o n t he ba ck b urn er un t i l we d ec i de t oget her i f s oc i et y i t sel f i s go i ng t o sur vi ve, " th e Pr esid ent -e l ect sai d. 6 Donova n c r owed t hat w hi le C ons er vat iv es wo ul d b e gi ven s ome bauble s, t hey w oul d b e ho l l ow ones. " As a r ewar d f or past s er vi ces - and ma ybe h is o nly r eward - Sen. St r om Thur mond ( R-S . C. ) wi l l be i nv i te d t o st at e di nner s - and wi l l l ov e e ve r y m i nut e of t hem. " Do novan pr edic t ed t hat , ig nor i ng t he Conser va t i ves w ho pu t h im i n o ff i ce, t he Pr esid ent w oul d ma ke a pi t ch t o L i ber al in t el l ect ual s: " . . . t he n ew Pr esid ent , ha vi ng seen hi s p re decesso r m angl ed by t he i nt el le ct ual s, wi l l set o ut t o sh ow t hat , i n h i s f ashio n, h e i s a s hospi ta bl e t o t hem as P re si dent John F. K ennedy was. " 7 Donova n a l so pr edi ct ed th at th e c ampai gn pr omi ses t o el i mi nat e wast e and g ov er nment s pendi ng woul d never spr out wi ngs . W r ote D onovan: . . . He w i ll e spouse t he " new e conomi cs" - t he doct r i ne t hat t he go ver nment s hal l u se i t s t ax i ng and sp endi ng power s t o mai nta i n a he al t hy e conomy . . . . A c ont i nued r i se i n g over nment s pendi ng [i s a ssur ed] , par t l y as a r esu l t o f mi l i ta r y r equi r ement s a nd o f bui l t-i n i nc r eases i n ex i st in g pr ogra ms. I nc l udin g e very t hi ng, N i xon e sti mat es an a nnual i nc r ease o f $10. 8 bi l l i on [ i n spendin g] . . . . . . . . I t is n ot f or n ot hi ng t hat Ni xon cal l s hi mself a pr agmat i st . 8 Many Conser va t i ves w er e conf id ent , ho wever , t hat t he Ni xon admi ni st r at io n woul d at l eas t p ar t i al l y r epudi at e th e p ol i c i es of t hose he h ad s o c aust i ca l l y d er i ded on o cca si on dur i ng hi s campai gn. A n opt i mi st i c Ru ssell K i r k wr ot e: Obl i gat ed t o no po wer f ul i nt er est s [s i c ] f or h i s el ect i on, he [ Ni xon] i s fr ee to a ct de f ensi vel y fo r our common good, and t he g ood o f t he wo r l d . . . .

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Mr . Ni xon o wes n ot hi ng to t he Republi can l i ber als , w ho b i t t er l y oppose d h i s nomi nat i on an d c ont r i bute d l it t l e t o hi s el ect i on. H e i s f r ee f r om t he s l ogans o f yeste r year . Mr . Ni xon o wes n ot hi ng to t he men o f bi g b usi ness, w ho su pport ed and ca j ol ed Pr esid ent J ohnson so l ong a s t hat p ol i cy ser ved t hei r t ur n. He i s f r ee to a ct on b ehal f of t he fo r gott en A mer i can. I f e ve r a P re si dent w as f r ee t o l ead t he peopl e, unf et t er ed by pr omis es t o specia l i nt er est s, R i char d N ix on i s t hat man. 9 Vacati oni ng i n S an J uan, Puert o R i co, c olu mni st James Jackson Ki l pat r i ck wa s c onf i dent t hat Ni xon woul d i gnor e t he pl eas fr om th e Lef t . Ki l pat r ic k o bs er ved: The wo r d t hat w ash es a shor e on t hi s sun-d r ench ed i sla nd is t hat Ri char d N i xon i s get t i ng t ons of b ad advic e t hese d ays : H e is b ein g ur ged t o t urn t o t he l eft i n hi s p oli ci es and a ppoi ntment s, wi t h a v i ew t oward s r ecapt ur in g t he lo st le gi ons of t he g r eat nor th east . The wo r d c omes i n par t fr om Rober t No vak, t he p undi t , who h as been r oughi ng i t her e f or t he past fe w d ay s. H e i s s uggest i ng t hat Ni xon " may go f ar l ef t war d b y Ei senhower st andard s. " He e xpec t s th e n ew cabi net " t o be s pec kl ed wi t h le f t-o f -c ent er R epubl i cans . " Why in t he wo r l d shoul d Ni xon t ur n to t he l ef t ? What 's t he le f t done f or h i m l at el y? A nd how i s i t co nceiv ed t hat h e owes s ome " debt " t o N el son R oc kef el l er ? Ni xon wi l l bl under - and bl under badly i f h e veers t o p or t i n f or min g h i s admi ni st r at io n a nd f r amin g h is p r ogra m . . . . But th e g r eat est ar gument a gai nst a ny t urn t o t he l eft b y N ix on l i es i n t he nat ure o f t he m an. N i xon could n ot op t f or n ewer and gaudie r p r ogr ams of p ubli c w el f ar e, or f or g i ddy f l i ght s o f fe der al i nnova t i on, wi t hout a bandoni ng t he wh ol e t enor of h i s f al l ca mpaig n. H e woul d t hen be f air l y c har geabl e w i t h hypoc r i sy, double-d eal in g, b ad f ai t h, a nd al l t he r est . He wo ul d b e unt ru e t o hi mself ; a nd t hat he wi l l not d o. Of co ur se, Ni xon wi l l go g ener al ly t o t he r i ght . H i s own deepes t i nsti nct s wi l l no t l et h i m go a nywher e el se. 10 Al t hough t he obser vat i ons o f Ki r k a nd K i lp at r i ck ar e per f ectl y l ogi ca l i f on e i gnor es Ni xon's l ong-t i me connecti ons wi t h t he C FR, t he f act r emai ns t hat he l i ve d i n Nel son R ock ef el l er ' s ap ar t ment h ous e a s Rockef el l er 's n eig hbor in N ew Yor k Ci t y an d u sed Nel so n R ocke f el le r ' s per sonal a t to r ney, J ohn Mi t chel l , a s hi s campai gn m anager . Th e Pr esid ent s oon made i t cl ear t hat h e was l i s t enin g t o t he K ra f t s and Lar sons a nd not to t he Ki r ks a nd K i lp at r i cks . H e announc ed th at h e woul d sol i cit " f re sh i deas, ne w i deas , d is sent i ng i deas, f r om many segment s o f t he U. S. p ubl i c . The i nte l l ect ual c ommunit y w i l l not be r eached b y cr eat in g " a li t t l e of f i ce" i n t he Whit e H ouse t o r ecr ui t br ai ns , N ix on s aid , " because i f w e ar e n ot w ort hy o f suppor t f r om t he i nt ell ect ual communi t y [i . e. , t he a ca demic L ef t ] we ar e n ot goi ng t o get it . . . . I consi der m yse l f a n i nt ell ect ual . . . w e w ant t o have a c ont i nui ng r el at i onship w i th t he be st br ai ns in t hi s co unt r y, wi t h t he co l l eges, u niv er si t ie s, fo undat io ns, busi ness o r gani zat io ns, " Ni xon sai d. l l Many wi shf ul-t hi nki ng C ons er vat i ve R epubl ic ans r at i onal i zed aw ay Ni xon' s a ct io ns du r i ng hi s e ig ht y ear s a s Veep in t he Ei senhower admi ni st r at io n, an d h i s of t en Li ber al s t at e-

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ment s dur i ng hi s own t wo Pr esi dent i al c ampai gns, by sa yi ng, i n e ss ence, " Just wai t un t i l he g et s i nt o of f i ce. T hen h e c an b e hi s o wn man. The r eal Ni xon is a st aunch Conser vat i ve. " Ref ere nces 1. L os A ngele s l im es, N ov ember 8 , 1 968. 2. I bi d. , November 1 7, 1 968. 3. I bi d. 4. I bi d. , N ov ember 7 , 1 968. 5. I bi d. 6. I bi d. 7. I bi d. 8. I bi d. 9. S ant a A na Regis t er , No vember 1 0, 1968. 10. W as hi ngt on S t ar N ews Ser vic e, N ove mber 25, 1 968. 11. Los A ngele s T im es, J anuar y 13, 1 969.

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The Pachyderms Return Dur i ng t he el ect io n c ampai gn many i nf l uent i al C onser va t i ves wer e appr oached by N i xo n e mi ss ar i es a nd to l d in k nowin g c onf i denti al to nes t hat , af t er " Di ck" w as el ect ed, " f or every L i bera l b ro ught in t he f r ont door , seven Conser vat i ves w oul d b e br ought i n t he back door . " Most Conser vat i ves h opef ul l y accept ed t his p r omi se, ma ny, because of pa st experi ence, agai ns t t heir b ett er j udgment. I n r eal i t y t he r ev er se has pr oven t o b e t r ue. W hi l e a f ew Conser vat iv e a dvis er s ar e d angl ed ( l i ke so many c harms o n a b r ace l et ) b efo r e t he i ncre asi ngly i ncr edul ous Amer ic ani st s, t he st at us quo has p r ev ai l ed o ver t he Li ber al bur eaucr acy, whi le N i xon' s " good g r ey m en" d ut i fu l l y at t empt t o ap pl y t he sa me t ype o f busi ness e f fi c i ency t o so ci al i sm t hat t hei r counte r par t s i n Ge r many appl i ed t o H i t le r ' s concentr at i on c amps. A nd, we mig ht a dd, t he same mo r al it y a ppli es in b ot h cases. Shor tl y a f t er h i s el ect io n R ic har d Ni xon assemble d a br ai n tr ust t o s ta f f t he new Republ ic an ad mi ni str at i on. T he i deolo gi cal make-u p o f t he br ai n t ru st ers w as t o be r ef le ct ed i n t he appoi nt ments t hey m ade. One of t he ke y m en w or kin g b ehi nd t he s cenes f or Ni xon o n t he sel ect i on o f t al ent t o st af f t he n ew admin i st r ati on wa s J oseph E . Johnso n, a me mber of t he board o f d ir ect or s o f th e C ounci l on F ore i gn Rel ati ons a nd pr esi dent of t he gr ossly m i snamed Ca r negi e Endowment fo r I nt ern at i onal P eac e. J ohnson i s a f or mer chi ef as si sta nt t o, and c l ose f r i end o f , So vi et spy A lg er Hi ss. W hen h e was i ndi ct ed, H i ss was 275 pr esid ent o f t he Car negie E ndowment f or In t er nati onal P eac e; h e was succeeded b y Joseph E . Jo hnson. Accord i ng t o i nt er nat i onal l y r especte d j our nal i st E dwar d H unt er , Johnso n w as " act iv el y e ngaged i n p r epar i ng a l t ern at i ve R epubl i can per sonal i t i es t o r epl ace t op Democr at i c pa r t y o ff i c i al s, " i n a N ix on r eor gani zat io n " t o br i ng i n p r ec i sely t hose Republ i cans as su ccessor s who ar e most si mil ar t o t hose bei ng di spla ced. " Si nce Ri chard N i xo n w as par t ia l l y r es ponsi bl e f or t he unmaski ng of H i ss, i t is i ncr edi bl y i r onic t hat he s houl d p ic k H is s' s s uc cesso r t o he l p st af f a Republ ic an admi ni st r at io n. Johnso n w as chai rman o f a c onf er ence hel d i n t he St ate D epart ment on N ov ember 14-1 5, 19 68, b y t he Amer i can F ore i gn S er vi ce Associa t i on. Hunt er s t at ed: " The t heme u nder l yi ng t he t wo d ays o f speeches a nd pr i vat e d i scu ssi ons w as t he r et ent i on of p ower t hro ugh p er sonal sel ect i on. " Those at t endi ng th e c onfe r ence i nc l uded su ch f ami l i ar Est abl i shment ar i ans a s Ad am Yar mol i ns ky, Her man Kahn, Doak Ba r nett , Ar t hur L ar son, R . Ri chard R ubot t om Jr . , an d C harl es E. ( " Chip " ) Bo hl en. Ni chol as K atz enbach, w ho at t hat t i me h ad an nounc ed h i s r esig nat i on but was la t er r et ai ned, a t t ended as r epre senta t i ve of S ecr et ar y of S ta t e Rusk. A l augh g r eet ed K at zenbach' s sa l ut at i on t o " f ell ow o f fi cer s and f el l ow Republ i cans . " F ormer Yo ung C ommunis t L eaguer Adam Yar mol in sky, who, accor din g t o U. S. Ne ws & Wor l d Report , h ad been r esponsi bl e f or securi ng t he appoi nt ment of Ro ber t St r ange M cNamar a to t he po si t io n o f Secr et ar y o f Def ense, d is cusse d t he r et ent i on o f a c la ss o f appoin t ees develo ped b y t he Kennedys c al l ed t he " In-a nd-Out ers . " Y armol i ns ky poi nte d o ut t hat a p r ocedur e must b e assur ed b y whi ch t hese per sons coul d cont i nue t o move be t ween o f f i ci al go ver nment p os t s a nd r el at ed j obs out si de, a s i n g r aduat e school s and " t hi nk f act or i es. " On D ec ember 7, 1 968, t he AP n ote d t hat a noth er of M r . Ni xon's chi ef t al ent scout s w as Dr . Gl enn O ld s, wh o ( said

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Human Event s on No vember 23, 1969) co nf err ed o ver a ppoi nt ment s f or t he Admi ni st r at io n w it h A dam Yar mol i nsky. Y armol i nsky , t he s on of t wo wel l-known comr ades a nd a key fi gur e in t he Kennedy a dmi ni st r at i on, i s n ow a pr of es sor a t Har va r d, w her e he o nce l ed th e Y oung C ommuni st League. N o doubt Yar moli nsky had s ome f as ci nat in g s uggest i ons f or O l ds. Human Events l ament ed: Dr . Gl enn O ld s, a chi ef t al ent s cout f or t he N i xo n Admi ni st r at io n, co nt i nues h i s l i ber al w ays . H avin g p re vi ously s uggest ed t hat Ni xon ta p L BJ r ej ect s R ober t M cNamara a nd Ar t hur Gol dber g f or t he Cabi net , O l ds h as al so re commended th at th e P r esi dente l ect br i ng Geor ge Bal l back i nt o t he g overn ment. Dr . O l ds sa ys h e " was i nvol ved i n hel pi ng t o ge t t he Peace Cor ps goi ng" ; h e al so wo r ked wi t h Sa r gent Shr i ve r i n se t t i ng u p V IS TA. Just how he b ecame a Ni xon t al ent scout is a my st er y. Ol d's o wn ex pl anat i on was ra t her ha zy: " Mr . N ix on sa i d, ` Gl enn, I d on't w ant you to b e concer ned w it h p ol i t i cal par ti sanship . ' " The ma n i n ch ar ge of t op Ni xon a ppoin t ment s w as an i nt er nat io nal banker n amed Pet er F l anig an. St uar t Loor y not ed of h im , i n th e L os Angele s T i mes o f Mar ch 3, 1 969: The ke eper of t he document k nown i n th e N ix on A dmi ni str at i on as " t he Pl umb Bo ok, " one o f t he most p ower f ul m en in t he capi t al d uri ng t hese ear l y days of t he new pr esi denc y, ha s n o of f i c ia l t i t le , d ra ws n o sal ary a nd is p r epar i ng t o l eave t own a s qui et l y as he c ame. He i s Pet er M. F la ni gan, t he man w ho ha s d ir ect ed t he ta l ent sear ch f or al l t he t op-l evel posi t io ns - cabin et o f fi cer s, t hei r deputi es a nd t he occupant s o f sl ot s on a ll t he im por ta nt b oar ds an d commis si ons i n Was hi ngt on. I nst ead o f le avi ng t own, Fl ani gan j oi ned t he Whit e H ouse s t af f . He i s a s enio r p ar t ner in t he i nt er nat i onal b anki ng fi r m o f Di l l on, Reed & Co. , wher e he w ork s f or J FK' s Secre t ar y of t he Tr easur y, C . Dougl as Di l lo n, a me mber of t he board o f d ir ect or s o f t he Co unci l on F or ei gn Re l at io ns. I n t he 1960 c ampai gn F l anig an w as chai rman o f t he Ci t i zens f or Ni xon or ganiz at i on. Wr ote L oor y: Whi l e he w ork ed fo r N i xon l ast y ear , a mor e s enio r p ar t ner in h i s f i r m, f or mer Tr eas ur y S ec r et ar y C . Do ugl as D i l l on, w or ked h ar d pr omot i ng t he c andi dacy of N ew Y or k Govern or N els on A. R ockef el l er f or t he Re publ i ca n n omi nat i on. Col umni st L oor y ' s descr ip t i on of F l ani gan suggest ed th at h e was pl ayin g C ol onel Ho use t o Ni xon' s Woodr ow Wi l son: He w as n ever appoi nt ed to a go ver nment p os i t i on. Yet hi s o f fi ce can be r eached q ui ck l y by c all i ng t he Whi t e H ouse sw i t chboar d. One Whi t e House of f i ci al c all s F la ni gan's r ela t i onshi p t o t he Whi t e Ho use " t he Czar " an d s ay s o bj ec t i ons t o i t wer e r ai sed short l y a f te r t he i naugur at i on. T he obj ecti ons wer e c onsi der ed a nd r ej ec t ed, ho wever . . . . And al ong wi t h submi t ti ng a sampl in g o f eval uat i ons by o t her s to t he Pr esi dent , F la ni gan al so expr esse s h is o wn op i ni on o n e ac h appl ic ant . An d a s an a i de s aid , " Hi s power o f s uggesti on i s consid er abl e. "

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Fl anig an d i d not exact l y l ean over ba ckwar ds t o br i ng Conser vat i ves i nto t he ad mi nis t r at i on. A year a nd a ha l f l ate r R al ph d e Tol edano n ote d: I n f ac t , a qu i ck l ook a ro und of f i c i al W ash i ngt on shows t hat , wi t h a f ew excepti ons, t he p eopl e who l aid i t on t he l i ne f or Mr . N ix on o ver t he la st t wo decades a r e consp i cuousl y a bs ent . It c oul d, o f cour se , b e t hat t hese ol d b at t l er s f or Ni xon l ac k t he q ual if i cati ons f or W hit e House posi t io ns - or th at P ete r M agnus F la ni gan, t he pat r onage-a nd-kni f e-w i el der i n re si denc e, ha s d i sco ver ed t hat t hey al l h ave p oli t i cal bad br eat h. Howeve r , t he absence o f t he ol d N i xon s t al war t s goes beyond t hese per sonal c ons i dera t i ons. For t hey r epr esent , i deol ogic al l y sp eakin g, t he mi l l i ons of Am er i cans w ho put M r. N i xo n i n of f i ce and w ho a r e expect ed i n November t o gi ve hi m a Re publi can Senate a nd Ho use. These Amer ic ans m ade Mr. N i xon, b ut t hey ha ve, i n ef f ect , l ost t heir f r anch i se.l Yet an ot her of t he P r esid ent 's t op pr ocure r s o f t al ent f or th e admi ni st r at io n w as L eonar d G ar ment , a f or mer Ni xon la w p ar t ner , who, accord i ng t o t he Wal l S tr eet Jour nal of Au gust 12 , 1 968, " . . . consid er ed hi mself a v ery l i ber al D emocr at - unt il h i s co nvers i on t o t he Ni xon c andi dac y. " G ar ment' s j ob was to r ecr ui t n on-R epubl i can Lef t is t s i nto t he admi nis t ra t i on. E vans and Novak wr ot e i n t he Washin gt on Po st on N ovember 8, 1 968: Ni xon ai de Le onard G ar ment , a pol i t ic al li ber al i n N ix on' s la w f i r m, has b een e xp l or i ng t he r anks of l i ber al D emocr at s a nd some New-Lef t t hi nkers t o cul l i deas an d s i ze up pe r sonalit i es . . . . The Lo s A ngel es Ti mes o f May 24, 1 969, i n an a r ti c l e t i t l ed " Out si der w it h I ns i de T ie s, " sai d o f Leonar d G arment : Ther e ar e t im es in t he Whi t e House wh en th e d i scu ssi on a mong Pr esid ent N ix on' s st af f r eaches a p oi nt wh er e s omeone wi l l sa y: " What does Le n t hi nk a bout t hi s?" So s omeone wi l l pi ck u p a p hone, d i al 2 98-5 970, and g et L eonar d Gar ment . . . a nd, i f n ec essar y, G arment can g et f r om hi s d es k c hai r acr oss t he st r eet and t hr ough t he s out h-w est gat e o f t he Whi t e Ho use ( where h e i s not li kel y t o b e spot te d e nt er i ng) wi t hi n a f ew mi nute s t o r ender h i s ad vi ce i n p ers on. Gar ment ' s n ame a ppear s on n o Whi t e Ho use r ost er . He is n ot on f edera l s al ar y. Ye t h e is o ne of t he key men i n t he Ni xon Admi ni st r at io n. He n eeds n o c l eara nce t o get t hr ough t he gat e. He w ear s n o Secr et Ser vic e b adge a s ot her vi si t or s m ust . . . . Gar ment s t udi ously a voi ds i nte r v i ews, p r ef er r i ng t o st ay a s f ar behi nd t he sc enes as p oss i bl e . . . . Af t er t he e le ct i on, h e st ayed on i n a s mal l o f f ic e a t campaig n headquar t er s h el pin g p ut t he ne w a dmin i st ra t i on to get her . . . . That hal f -b l ock wal k mu st ha ve b een g ett i ng t o be to o much. Accor di ng to c ol umni st Vi ct or Ri esel i n t he I ndi anapoli s S ta r o f Jul y 21, 1 969, G ar ment , af t er r et ur ni ng fr om t he Mosco w F i l m Festi val , moved i nt o th e Whi te H ous e a nd, sai d U. S. Ne ws & Wor l d Report , w as r egard ed a s Ni xon' s " No. 1 i dea man." " Off i c i al ly , " wr ot e R ie sel , " Gar ment i s specia l c ouns el to t he Pr esi dent o n t he ar t s , v ol unt eer i sm

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and mi nor i t ie s - r emin i scent of a [ Fr ankl i n] Roosevel t i an ai de, Dave Ni l es. " ( Davi d K . Ni l es was a Whi t e House cont act m an f or S ov i et agents . ) L eonar d Gar ment has been c al l ed Ni xon' s Har ry H opkin s - si nce Hopkin s w as f or al l p r act i cal pur pose s a Sovi et agent. G ar ment i s cur r ent l y i n charg e o f th e Was hi ngt on b r anch of Ni xon' s l aw fi r m, b ut none of t he Li bera l s w ho oppos ed J udge H ay nswor th ' s co nf i r mat i on t o t he Supr eme C ourt b enc h h ave sai d anyt hin g a bout G arment 's f l agra nt conf li ct o f i nt ere st . James Rest on ( CFR) i nadve r t ent l y r eve al ed t hat Ro ber t Ander so n ( CFR), I ke' s Secr et ar y o f t he T re asury , a m ember of t he Busi ness Advi so r y C ounci l - whi ch c ompri ses t he h i er ar chy o f t he C FR - and a par t ner o f th e I ns i der in t er nat i onal banki ng f i rm o f Car l M . Loeb, Rhoades a nd Co. , was s neaki ng i n a nd out of N i xon' s ap ar t ment , obvi ous l y w ant i ng not t o be s een. R est on wr ot e: I t i s a f asci nat in g p ar ade - f r om ol d-f ashio ned C hi ppendal e Republ i cans l i ke Ever et t McKin l ey D ir ksen t o f unc t i onal m oder n Democr at i c ty pes l i ke P at r i ck Moyni han o f M. I . T. Most of t hem [ t hose at t endi ng s es sio ns at w hi ch appoi nt ments a r e di scuss ed] come o ut o f Ni xon' s q uart er s sayi ng t hat i t w as al l ve r y i nte r esti ng, a nd s ome o f t hem, l i ke Ro ber t Ander so n, sl i p d own t he f r ei ght e l ev at or ou t o f si ght . . . . 2 Two ot her a dv i sers f r om t he ca mpai gn bel ie ved t o h ave pl ayed a par t i n s t aff i ng t he N i xo n a dmi ni st ra t i on ar e J . I r win M i l l er ( CFR) , head of C ummi ns En gi ne Co . , an d K i ngman Br ewst er ( CFR) , p r esi dent of Yal e Uni ver si t y . 3 Mi l l er was t he f i rs t l ay man t o ascend t o th e pr esid ency of t he pol i t ic al l y- powerf ul N at i onal C ounc i l of C hur ch es an d w as cal l ed b y E sq ui r e magazi ne t he man most q ual i f ie d t o be P r es i dent of t he U ni t ed S t at es. He w as a b ack er of t he "p oor peopl e's a r my" t hat i nvaded Wash i ngto n dur i ng 1 968. Mi l le r , w ho has al ways been a R ockef el l er m an, ser ved a s chai rman o f a s pec i al p re si dent i al pa nel t hat r ec ommended l i bera l i zat io n o f U. S. tr ade wi t h t he C ommuni st s. B oth M i l l er a nd Br ewst er h ave t i es w i t h t he Fo r d F oundat io n: M i ll er is a m ember of i t s boar d of t r us t ees, a nd Br ewste r - who made h eadl i nes i n t he spr i ng of 1970, when he s aid t hat Bl ack Pant her B obby S eale c oul d n ot get a f ai r t r i al i n t his c ount r y o n a c har ge o f mur der i ng a pol ic e i nf or mant - has ser ved o n a specia l c ommi t t ee f or t he F ord F oundat i on. 4 The sc r eeni ng o f t housands o f pr ospec t s fo r r ank-a nd-f i l e j obs wi t h t he N i xo n a dmi ni st ra t i on was h andl ed by H arr y F le mmi ng, age 28. H e i s t he s on of t he r adi cal A r th ur F l emmi ng, L ef t is t p re si dent of th e Nat i onal C ounci l of C hurc hes and h ead o f t he D epar t ment o f Heal t h, Educat i on, an d Wel f ar e un der Pr esi dent E is enhower . H uman E vent s of December 1 4, 1968, r eport ed th at F l emmi ng' s f r i ends sa i d h e was "a r i out and-o ut li ber al who ac t ual l y pr efe r r ed Ro ckefe l l er to N i xo n. " Young Fl emmin g, wh o mi ght b e t hought har dl y ex per i enc ed en ough at 28 t o be a n aut hor i t y o n nat io nal t al ent , sent le t t ers t o a ll 7 0,0 00 per sons l i ste d i n Who' s Who in A mer ic a, so l i ci t in g s uggest i ons f or pr esid ent i al appoi nt ments . ( The e di to r s of t hi s vol ume h ave exhi bi t ed a mar ked b i as i n l is t i ngs t o f avor th e L ef t . ) H e sai d t hat ne i t her p ar t y nor id eol ogy would b e a bar r ie r t o se l ecti on, a nd m any R epubl i cans compla i ned ab out t he l arg e n umber o f j obs Fl emmin g w as h andin g o ut t o " Li ber al " D emocr at s. S o bad wa s t he s i t uat i on t hat S enat or Ro ber t Dol e of K ansas, ha l f in j est and wh ol l y in e arn est , ur ged Republ ic an l awmak er s t o i nclu de t his l i ne i n a ny l ett er s o f r ecommendati on fo r a

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Ni xon appoi nt ment: " Even t hough Z i l ch i s a R epubl i can, h e' s hi ghly qual if i ed f or t he j ob. " Bat t le L i ne, t he publ i cat i on of t he A mer ic an Co nser vat i ve Uni on, i n i ts F ebr uar y-Mar ch 1969 is sue, had t hi s t o say: Sl owly b ut su r el y i t h as f i nal l y d awned on R epubl i can par t y r egula r s a cro ss th e n at io n t hat t hey have been ta ken. Fi r s t t her e was t he ho cked-u p p os t -e l ecti on b usi ness a bout a " gr eat t al ent h unt " by t he ai des of t he Pr esi dent-e l ect Ni xon among t housands of A mer i cans who mi ght be q ual i f i ed t o s er ve i n Washin gt on. The GOP pol s, r eady, wi l li ng a nd Republ i can, di d not u nder st and w hy t hei r appl ic at i ons f or j obs c ar r i ed no mor e w eig ht t han a li st i ng i n Who' s Who. Af t er al l , ho w many of th e t hous ands of c i ti zens l i st ed i n th e 2287 pages be t ween M essrs . A agaar d an d Z ugger h ad a ctu al l y wo r ked f or t he el ect i on of Ri char d Ni xon . . . ? The co l umn of L i ber al s Ev ans and N ova k i n t he Los Angel es Ti mes of F ebr uar y 13, 19 69, r epor t ed: Thus t he N i xo n A dmi ni st ra t i on . . . i s r unni ng ba dl y af oul of i t s own pa r t y o ve r j obs a nd pat r onage. So me su ch t r oubl e i s i nevi t able i n any ne w a dmin i st ra t i on, but wh at s ets t he Ni xon Admi ni st r at io n a par t i s t he un pr ecedent ed deci sio n n ot t o c le an ho use. To t he c ont ra r y, Republ ic an po l i t i c ia ns ar e c onvi nced t hat Mr . Ni xon i s s o concer ned a bout ge t t i ng al ong wi t h th e D emocr at s, w ho st i l l cont ro l C ongr ess, t hat th e p ro mi sed bur eaucr at i c house cl eanin g i s i ndef i ni t el y po st poned. That may h elp M r . Ni xon wi t h t he D emocr ats . B ut i t ' s a f ar cr y f r om t he p art y-b ui l di ng o per at i on R epubl i cans w er e absolu t el y ce r t ain Mr . Ni xon w oul d pu t i nt o sweepi ng e ff ect i f h e ev er en t er ed t he Whi t e House. Li ke many o th er Re publ i cans , M r s. Phyll i s S chl af l y, w ho ha d d one much t o a chie ve Ni xon' s el ecti on b y or gani zi ng Re publi can w omens' gr oups , w as ext r emel y u ps et by t he Ni xon pol i cy. I n an a r t i cl e f or t he May 10 , 1 969 Human E vents t i tl ed " Pat r onage I s th e N ame o f th e G ame, " Mr s. Schl af l y p r oc l ai med: Ever s i nce Ri chard N i xon won t he P r es i denc y i n No vember 1 968, t he pr ess has b een f il l ed w it h v ar i at i ons o n t he p r in ci pal t heme: P r esid ent Ni xon ca n o nl y f i l l 1, 500 t o 3 ,0 00 fe der al j obs - t he r est of t he f edera l e mplo yees ar e l oc ked i n b y Ci vi l Ser vic e. Thi s c l ai m is p r epost er ous a nd R epubl i cans a t e ve r y le vel s houl d cal l t he b l uf f o f t he D emocr at s a nd t he li ber al s who ar e t r yi ng to p ut i t o ve r . The De mocr ats h ave n ever per mi t t ed Ci vi l Ser vi ce t o im pede th ei r pol i ti cal o bj ect iv es. P r esi dent s R oosevel t , T r uman, Kennedy and Johnson r ut hle ssl y go t r id o f R epubl ic an h old overs - Ci vil S er vic e t o t he cont ra r y n otw i t hst andi ng - and used e ve r y po ssi bl e t acti c t o pu t Democr at s o n t he payr ol l and keep t hem t her e. N o hol ds w er e bar r ed i n t hei r p ur ge of R epubl i ca ns a nd payro l l p addi ng wi t h D emocr at s. The el i mi nati on of t hi s payr ol l p addi ng wo ul d b e a f ul f i l l ment o f Republ i can ca mpaig n p r omi ses and a se r v i ce t o t he o ver bur dened A mer i can t axpay er s . . . . Thi s f ai l ur e t o us e f eder al pa t r onage [ dur i ng t he E i se nhower Admi ni st r at io n] is a l so pr obabl y a pr i ncip al r eas on wh y, i n ever y subsequent ye ar of t he Ei senhower A dmi ni st r at i on, t he Republi can par t y

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st eadi l y l ost g r ound a nd mor e of i t s candi dat es wer e def eat ed . . . . Ther e ar e h undr eds o f t housands o f j obs wh i ch must b e t ur ned o ver t o Republ i cans i f w e ar e t o accompl i sh pol i cy c hanges . . . . Ther e shoul d be th ousands o f Republ ic ans f l oodi ng i nto f edera l of f i ce s f r om every s t at e i n th e u ni on - espec i al l y f r om t he s t at es whi ch cont r ib ut ed subst ant i al l y t o N i xo n' s v i c t or y. T his i s t he o nly way we c an se cur e t he c hange f or w hic h t he A mer ic an pe opl e vo t ed. Candid at e N ix on ad mi t t ed publi cl y, wh en he s poke t o Re publ i ca n del egat es i n caucu s a t Mi ami Beach du r i ng t he c onventi on i n 1968, t hat one of t he gr eate st f ail ur es of t he Ei senhower admi ni st r at io n w as t he comple t e l ack o f Whi t e Ho use act i on i n b ui l di ng up t he R epubl i can Par t y or gani zat i on. S It a ppear s t hat G OP hi st or y n ot onl y r epeat s i t sel f , i t s t ut te r s b adl y. As t he m ont hs d r agged o n i t be came mor e and more o bvi ous t o di smay ed R epubl i ca ns t hat t her e w ould b e no h ouse cl eani ng o f t he f edera l b ur eaucr ac y, w hic h b y i t s v er y n at ur e i s overw hel mi ngl y Li bera l . I n an a rt i c l e in t he Long Beach ( Cal i f. ) P re ss T ele gr am t i t l ed " Wher e' s t he N ew Br oom?" N i xo n par t is an J ames J ac kson Ki l patr i ck l ament ed: Out wi t h i t : Mr . Ni xon, t hus f ar , d is appoi nt s . . . . Wher e i s t he ne w b r oom o f our a utu mn ex er t i ons ? Mr . Ni xon h as n ot cl eaned h ous e. T o be s ur e, a ne w c abi net is i n of f i ce , b ut what of t hat? B ure aucr acy i s a k i nd of r oot v eget abl e: W hat counts i s u nder gro und. It i s at t he t hi r d and f our t h l evel s t hat memora ndums ar e dr af t ed, r egul at i ons enf or ced, sp eeches p r epar ed, and pol i ci es s haped. I f M r . Ni xon f ai l s t o d ig d own t o t hese l eve l s, and t o put in n ew men w it h n ew i deas, h e w il l h ar vest th e s ame o l d t hi ng . . . . Human Event s added o n May 1 0, 1969: " . . . w hi le R epubl i cans occupy t he hi ghest-p ayi ng j obs, D emocr at s r emain e nt r enched i n t he second-l evel j obs wh er e pol i cy i s o ft en s et. " N ix on' s fr i endl y bi ogra pher Ra l ph de T ol edano commente d: . . . Mr . N ix on [h as] f or got te n t he pr i me r ul e of p oli t i cs, so wel l appl i ed by Fr ankl i n D. Ro osevelt a nd Har r y S. Tr uman: R ewar d y our f r i ends a nd puni sh y our enemie s. T he oppos i t e h as b een t r ue i n t hi s admi ni st r at io n . . . . 6 Gi ven t he d ebt s to t he In si der s o f th e E as t er n Li ber al Est abl i shment r un up b y Mr . Ni xon i n or der t o b ec ome Pr esi dent , an d t he men wh o p i cke d t he ap poi nt ees t o t he n ew a dmi ni st r at i on, i t i s no wonder t hat Conser vat i ves f are d s o po or l y. A gai n we ci t e Mr . de Tol edano: The "c onser va t i ves " w on t he el ect i on f or Ri char d Ni xon - and t hey ar e lo si ng th e e le ct i on t o h im . I t ca n n o l onger be de ni ed th at t hose t o t he r i ght of ce nt er wh o c ar r i ed th e e le ct i on f or Ni xon h av e g ot t en l ess t han t he b ack o f h is h and f or th ei r ef f or t s. Obvi ousl y, th e s poi l s a re g oin g t o th ose who d i d t heir w or st, o r best , t o s ee Ni xon' s o pponents t r i umph . . . . 7 Thi s bei ng the c ase , i t is i nte r est i ng a nd i nst r uc t i ve t o r ef l ec t o n th e men w ho di d r ec ei ve ap poi nt ment s f r om t he n ew pr esi dent .

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Whi l e st umpin g t he h ust in gs du r i ng th e c ampai gn, Mr . Ni xon ha d gi ven t hi s de scr ip t i on of t he men h e would a ppoin t t o hi gh po si t io ns i f el ec t ed: " I d on' t w ant a g ov er nment o f yes me n i n wh i ch hi gh o ff i c i al s ar e as ked t o dance l i ke puppet s o n a pr esi dent i al s t ri ng. " $ Fol l owi ng t he e l ec t i on, r umors a s t o who woul d be p i ck ed f or t he cabi net p osit i ons wer e of c our se r i fe . E va ns a nd Novak h opefu l l y f or eca st t hat " he [ Ni xon] m ay go f ar l ef tw ar d b y Ei senhower st andar ds. " 9 T he Chr i sti an Sc i ence Moni to r r epor t ed t hat N ix on wa s " gi vi ng se r i ous t hought " t o t he se l ect i on o f Nel son Rockef el l er as S ec r et ar y of De f ense a p oss i bi l i ty t hat r eceiv ed th e a pprov al of n one ot her t han Wi l l i am F . Buckle y J r . I t w as a l so poi nte d o ut t hat Rockef el l er woul d fi t i n as Secr et ar y o f St ate . T he names of o t her p ro mi nent Republ i can Li bera l s wer e bandi ed about l i ke so many p i ng-p ong bal l s . Howeve r , t he j obs di d not go t o R ock ef ell er o r any of t he ot her bi g-n ame East er n Est abl i shment R epubl i cans , b ut i nst ead w ent p r i mar i l y t o o l d Ni xon conf id ant s an d s ec ond-e chelo n E st abl i shment m en. R oc kef el le r w as appare nt l y co nt ent t o o per at e t hr ough l i eut enants r ath er t han s t ir u p a hor nets ' n es t b y ta ki ng a j ob hi msel f . U . S. N ews & W orl d R epor t observ ed i n i t s Ma r ch 1 7, 1 969 i ssue: " Some ` cons er vat i ve' Re publi cans ar e co mpl ai ni ng th at t oo many appoi nt ments b y t he N i xo n A dmin i st ra t i on have been i nf l uenc ed b y Govern or N els on Ro ckef ell er . . . . " The Ne w Yor k Ti mes ' T om Wi cker , a l it er ary s pokes man f or t he el i t e snobs, wr ote t hat " one of t he not abl e e vent s o f t he t ra nsi ti on per i od w as th e c ol l ect i ve s i gh o f r el i ef t hat w ent u p f r om th e l ib er al East er n E st abl i shment " wh en Ni xon made h is a ppoint ments . ' ° Th e L ib er al pr ess was m il dl y ent husia st i c. " The qual it y o f pr agmat i sm, ma y i ndeed, best sum up t he ba si c c har acte r i st i c of Ni xon' s i ncomi ng c abi net ." The Ne w Yor k Ti mes i t self s nif f ed, on D ece mber 12 , 1 968: " As a gr oup Mr . N ix on' s men b ear a much c lo ser r es embla nce t o t he Kennedy-Johnso n t eam t hey r epl ace t han t o t he E i se nhower Republ i can t eam f r om whi ch t hey ar e t heor et i ca l l y descended. " On t he s ame dat e t he h yst er i ca l l y L ef t i st Washi ngt on Post g av e i t s ap pr oval: The Ni xon C abi net, a nd th at s mal l par t o f t he suppor ti ng ca st whi ch was u nv ei l ed e ar l ie r , ha s a l ook o f car ef ul p r ac t i cal mi ndedness, a s ens e o f pu r pose f ul ness , a nd a n a ir o f compet ence, t aken i n t he mai n . . . . . . . i t i s enough t o s ay t hat M r . Ni xon has b egun w el l , b y col l ec t i ng a r ound hi m t he s ort o f c ompet ent m en t hat ar e t he pr er equi si t e t o a compete nt Go ver nment . " Even LBJ s aid h e had a "g ood opi ni on" o f cabi net appoi nt ees he knew.1 2 D emoc r at ic N at i onal Ch ai r man Lawre nce F . O' Bri en d esc r i bed t hem as " a gr oup of d is t i nguis hed men wi t h f i ne b ack gr ounds . " Al l t he Li bera l s s eemed re l i eved. The Amer i can Conse r vat i ve U nio n' s B at t l e Li ne w as n' t qui t e so t hr i ll ed. I t r heto r i cal ly a ske d i n Fe br uar y 1 969: " Who e ver hear d of most of t hese m en, m uch l ess ever h av i ng seen t hem a t a R epubl i can Li ncol n D ay di nner a nywher e . . . ?" Most obser ver s c oncl uded t hat t he C abi net was m ade u p of " good gr ay men" w ho w ere u nl i ke l y to s t eal any of N i xon' s th under but we r e har dly w hat Ni xon had p ro mi sed - " a Ca bi net made up o f th e a bl est m en i n A mer i ca, l eader s i n th ei r own r i ght a nd n ot me r el y by v i rt ue of appoin t ment ." ' 3

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I n f ac t , t he appoi nt ees ver y much r es emble d t he " yes men" w hom Ni xon had s ai d d ur i ng t he c ampai gn th at he d i d no t w ant . A nd on cl oser i nspec t i on, some of t he " good gr ay me n" do n' t a ppear qui t e so g r ay . Some of t hese a ppoi nt ees ar e per sonal f r ie nds a nd a sso ci ate s o r pol i ti cal c ro ni es of t he Pr esi dent - men l i ke, fo r i nst ance, R ober t Fi nch of C ali f or ni a, a n ol d i nti mat e, w ho wa s f ir st Ni xon' s S ecre t ar y of H eal t h, Educat io n, an d Wel fa r e an d i s no w Pr esid ent i al Advis or ; J ohn N . Mi t chel l , At t or neyGenera l , w ho was Ni xon' s c ampai gn manager i n sp i t e o f t he f act t hat h e has c lo se ti es wi t h Nel son Rockef el l er ; and Wi l l i am P. Ro ger s, Secr et ar y o f St ate , a n ol d an d c l ose f r ie nd o f t he Pr esi dent s i nc e h i s Vi ce-P r esid ent i al campai gn, w ho a s Ei senhower ' s At t or ney-Genera l had sp ear headed th e move t o d es t r oy Se nat or J oseph M cCar t hy an d h ad a l so pl ayed a m ajo r r ol e i n t he dr af t i ng of th e C i vil R i ght s A ct of 19 57. O th er ap poi nt ees a re i deolo gi cal Li bera l s, D emocr at s o r th eor et i cal ex -D emocr at s, CF R member s, a nd ot her t ypes of s t r ange b edfe l l ows f or an a l le gedl y Conser vat i ve Republ i can Pr esid ent - f or exampl e, H enr y A . Ki ss i nger ( CFR), S pecia l A ss i st ant f or Nat i onal S ecu r i t y Af f ai rs a nd th e mos t i mport ant m an i n t he N i xo n A dmi ni st ra t i on, b ar no ne; Ar t hur Bur ns, n ow chai rman o f th e e xt r emel y power f ul F eder al Reser ve B oar d, w ho was a N ew Deal Democr at b efo r e h e t ur ned " moder n R epubl i can" a nd w as ap poi nt ed t o Pr esid ent E is enhower ' s Co uncil o f E co nomic A dvi so r s; Jacob Be am (C FR) , now Amer i can Ambas sador t o R us si a, wh o a s Ei senhower 's Ambas sador t o Pol and h ad be en in vol ved i n th e War sa w s ex a nd sp y s ca ndal s and ha d r esi gned h i s post under myst er i ous ci r cumst ances, o nly t o b e appoi nt ed di r ect or o f t he U. S. A r ms Cont r ol a nd D i sa r mament A gency a nd l at er , under LBJ, Am bassa dor t o Czech o-S l ovakia ; a nd Pr esid ent i al Couns el or Dani el P at r ic k M oy ni han, sel f-p r of es sed " Li ber al r adi ca l " wh o s al va ged - expensi vel y - t he Gr eat So ci ety u nder t he Ni xon ad mi nis t r at i on.

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President Of The Universe The ul t i mat e goal of t he I nsid er c ons pi r at or s i s an a l l-p owerf ul Wor l d Super st at e, whi ch t hey wi l l c ont r ol. T he ca r t eli st s a nd monopol i st s wi l l t hen b e abl e t o p arc el ou t f r anc hi ses o n t he w orl d' s nat ura l r esour ces, t r ansp or t at i on, fi nance , a nd commer ce t o t hei r own c l i que o f o li gar ch s. T he I nsid er s w on' t h ave t o wo r r y a bout pe sky upst ar t c ompet i t or s, b eca use t her e wo n' t be a ny compet i t or s. You won' t be a bl e t o be i n busi ness w i th out a l i cens e f r om t he monol i th i c Wor l d Supers t at e. Thi s expl ai ns t he seemi ng c ont r adi cti on of s o many o f t he super-r i ch advoca t i ng a wor ld s oci al i s t gover nment . Ther e wi l l be o nl y t wo cl asses - t he I ns i ders w i th t hei r manager i al el i t e and t hei r enf orc er s a t t he t op, a nd t he ot her 99 p er c ent of t he p opula t i on, m ade up o f sl ave-d r ones , a t th e b ot t om. Th ese ar e t he same condi t i ons t hat pr evai l t oday i n t he C ommuni st c ountr i es, wher e, contr ar y t o Communi st phi l os ophy, some ar e much m ore e qual t han ot her s. E ven R ed Ch i na pr ovid es R oll s R oy ces f or i t s hi gh mu cky-mucks, o r d id , w hi l e t he wor ker s i n th at pr ol et ari an pa r adi se ar e f or t unat e i f th ey ow n bi cycl es. M ar xi sts h ave al ways w or ked t o el i mi nat e t he m i ddle c l as s, and Ma r xi sm i s t he t ool of t he s uperw eal th y I nsid er s. Speaki ng f or t he I ns i ders , J ames Warb ur g, whose f at her w as pr i mar i l y r es ponsi bl e f or t he cr eat io n o f t he F eder al Reser ve S yst em and wh ose r el at i ve s f i nanced t he C ommuni st R evolu t i on i n R uss i a, t ol d a Senate C ommit t ee on F ebru ar y 289 17, 19 50: " We shal l h ave wor ld g overn ment whet her o r not y ou l i ke i t - conquest o r consent . " Sel l in g t he Amer ic an p eopl e th e i dea of wor l d gover nment has n ot been an e asy t ask. T he af t er mat h o f Wor l d War I , dur in g w hi ch a l l of t he se cr et tr eat ie s a nd double-d eal in gs s urf aced at V ers ai l le s, convin ced i so l at io n-i nc l in ed A mer i ca t hat f or ei gn ent angl ement s w er e t o be a vo i ded. Onl y t he g r owt h o f i nt er nat i onal C ommuni sm, al ways car efu l l y n ur t ur ed b y w hat w oul d a ppear to b e i ts a r ch-e nemy, t he super-r i ch i nt er nat i onal b anker s, ha s a l t er ed Amer i ca's a t ti t ude to war d f or eig n e nt angl ement s. Bu t w hi l e A mer i cans h ave accept ed d efe nse al l i ances, th ey ar e st i l l w ar y o f wor l d govern ment , becaus e t hey r eal iz e t hat, w i th 5 p er cent of t he wor ld ' s p eopl e an d 5 0 pe r c ent o f t he wo r l d' s weal th , w e wo ul d l i t er all y b e l oot ed t o pa y t he t axes f or t he wo r l d s uper sta t e. The Li ber al medi a have cr eat ed a n i mage of t hose who o ppose " i nt er nat i onal i sm" o r t he " Amer i ca la st " f or ei gn pol ic y a s ra bi d chauvi ni st s who de spi se ever yt hi ng an d e ve r yone t hat i s n ot Amer ic an. Those who b el i eve we s houl d mi nd o ur own busi ness a nd l et o th er countr i es m in d t hei r s h av e b een g i ven t he n ame " i sola t i oni st s, " a t erm t hat has b een m ade s ynony mous wi t h bi got ry a nd ba ckwar dness. I n tr ut h, f or al most on e h undr ed an d f if t y y ear s A mer i cans had t r aded wi t h t he r est of t he wor l d, i mport i ng and e xpor t i ng g oods and car r y i ng o n nor mal di pl omat i c re l at i ons w i t h al l l egi t i mat e go ver nment s. But A mer i ca had st ayed s t r i ct l y ne ut r al i n a ll f or eig n w ar s a nd had ne i t her t r i ed t o set th e p ol ic i es of f or ei gn go ver nment s no r l et t hem est abl is h o ur s. Pr ej udi ce, ha t r ed, a nd pr ovi nc i al i sm had not hi ng t o do w i t h it . I n hi s Far ewel l A ddr ess, Geor ge Washi ngt on had wa r ned: " Again st t he i nsid i ous wi l es of f ore i gn i nf l uenc e, th e j ealo usy of a f re e p eopl e o ught to b e consta nt l y aw ake; si nce hi st or y a nd experi ence pr ove t hat f or ei gn

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i nf l uence i s one of t he most banef ul f oes o f Republi can gover nment . " Si nce aban- doni ng t hi s phi l os ophy Amer i ca h as be en in vol ved i n a per petu al wa r f or per pet ual p eace in w hi ch we fi ght o ne f ore i gn w ar a f te r a noth er , each one pr opagandi zed as t he war t hat w il l l ead t o pe r manent p eac e. Ever r eady to p l ay bot h s i des of t he st r eet, t he Ul t r a-L ef t has now la r gel y become " neo-i sol at i oni st, " b y whi ch i s m eant f avo r i ng t he t er min at i on of e ve n t he sembla nce o f r esis t ance t o t he a dvanc e o f Communi sm. Th i s pe r ver t ed i sol at i onis m appl i es on l y to t he mi l it ar y, as t he "n eo-i sol at i oni sts " w oul d a ctu al l y st ep up f ore i gn a id t o soci al is t and Co mmuni st c ount r i es. Lef t is t s h ave a l ways a dvo cat ed c ent ra l i zat i on o f power i n govern ment . When t her e is o nly o ne ce nt r al g overn ment t o i nfi l t r at e a nd t ake over , in st ead of t housands of lo cal g ov er nment s, th e j ob i s i nf i ni t el y si mpl if i ed f or t he woul d-b e t ot al i t ari an di ct at ors . K ar l Mar x's C ommuni st Mani f est o c le ar l y im pl i ed t he ev ent ual e st abl i shment of a s i ngl e wor l d soci ali st st at e - a w or l d g ove r nment . I n 1915, i n N o. 40 o f t he R us si an or gan, The Soci al is t D emocr at , Ni col ai L eni n p ro posed a " Uni t ed S ta t es of t he wor l d. " T he pr ogra m o f th e C ommuni st I nt ern at i onal o f 1936 s ay s t hat w or ld d i ct at or shi p " ca n b e es t abli shed onl y by t he v i c t or y o f so ci ali sm i n di f f er ent c ount r i es or g r oups o f countr i es, af t er whi ch th e P ro l et ar ia t R epubl i cs would u ni t e on fe der al l i nes wi t h th ose al r eady i n ex i st ence , a nd t hi s syst em woul d expand . . . a t l engt h f or min g t he wor l d uni on of S ov i et S oc i al is t R epubl i cs. " Joseph S t al in d i vi ded h is pl an f or a chi evement o f t hi s Communis t wor l d f eder al i sm i nt o t hr ee st ages: ( 1) So ci al i ze t he economi es of a l l na t i ons , p ar ti cul ar l y t he West- er n ca pi t al is t i c democr ac i es; ( 2) b ri ng ab out f eder al uni on of v ar i ous gr oupi ngs o f t hese so ci ali zed n at i ons; a nd ( 3) amal gamat e al l o f t he fe der al uni ons i nt o one wo r l d-w i de uni on of s oci al i s t s t at es . Wor l d gover nment has a st r ong emot i onal ap peal fo r A mer i cans, based on t hei r u ni ver sal desir e f or wor l d peace. The In si der s have t he C ommunis t s r att l i ng t hei r saber s w it h o ne hand and da ngl i ng t he ol i ve br anch wi t h th e o th er . N at ur all y e very one gr avit at es to war ds t he ol i ve br anch, not r eal i zin g t hat t he ol i ve br anch i s c ont r oll ed b y anot her a r m of t he e nt i ty t hat i s r at t l i ng t he sabers . Ther e ar e b as i call y t wo t i ght l y in t er l ock ed gr oups pr omoti ng wor l d gover nment . The f ir st , t he U nit ed Wor l d F eder ali st s, pr opose s t ur nin g t he UN i nt o a w or l d go ver nment t hat w ould i ncl ude t he Communi st s. The ot her , th e A tl ant i c Uni oni st s, wo ul d f or m a new na t i on, t he Un i t ed St at es of At l ant i ca, bu i l t ar ound t he NA TO c ount r i es , a s a suppos ed d ete r r ent t o C ommunis m. T he I nsid er s m ani pula t i ng th e w or l d govern ment mo vement w or k bot h si des of t he s t r eet , t ak i ng a dv ant age o f t hose who w is h t o appease C ommuni sm and th ose w ho w i sh t o o ppose i t . Ri char d N i xon h as been as socia t ed w it h b ot h f acti ons of t he wor l d govern ment pi ncers m ovement . I n t he O ct ober 1 949 i ssue o f t hei r ma gazin e, W orl d G ov er nment News, t he U ni t ed Wor l d Fe der al i s t s st at ed: " The Movement , w hi l e suppor t i ng th e e ff or t s of t he Uni t ed Nat i ons, s hal l w or k t o tr ansf orm i t b y f undament al amendment in t o a wo r l d f eder al gover nment ." The Un i t ed Wor l d Feder ali st s or gani za t i on was b or n i n 1947, when t hr ee hundr ed a sso r t ed Li ber al s, s oci al i st s, a nd Communi st s f r om a number o f o ne-w or l d gr oups me t a t As hevil l e, N or t h Ca r ol i na, a nd combin ed i nto a si ngl e gr oup. The U WF i s an a f f il i at e of t he Wor ld

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Movement f or Wor ld F edera l G ov er nment , w hi ch w as est abl i shed i n Swi t ze r l and i n 1 946. U WF i s th e l ar gest wo r l d g ov er nment g r oup i n t he Uni t ed S t at es ( exce pt f or t he Communis t s) , and t he m ost v i goro usl y act i ve i n i ts p r opaganda. U WF want s a " wor l d g ove r nment " t hat w i ll m ake wor l d l aw a nd e nfo r ce i t di r ec t l y u pon i ndi v i dual s, wh o w i l l t here af t er be " wor l d c it i zens " n o lo nger ci t i zens o f t hei r r espec t i ve nat io ns. Thi s movement h as at t r act ed mo r e p ers ons i nf l uent i al i n b usin ess l i f e t han any ot her , an d h as b r anch es in f i f t een c ount r i es. I n i t s " Bel i ef s, Pur pos es a nd Pol ic i es" (r ev i se d N ovember 1-2 , 1 947) , t he U WF st at ed: . . . Wor l d peace can b e cr eat ed a nd mai nt ai ned onl y under a wor l d f eder al g ove r nment, u niv er sal and st r ong en ough t o p r ev ent ar med conf li ct b etw een nat i ons, a nd havi ng di r ec t j ur is di cti on o ver t he i ndi vi dual an d t hose matt er s wi t hi n i t s au t hor i ty . To a cco mpl is h t hi s, U WF l eader Gr env i l l e Cl ar k st at ed: The ma nuf actu r e of a l l wa r w eapons wo ul d be p r ohi bi t ed t o t he member n at i ons. Su ch manuf actu r e w oul d b e conf i ned t o t hose ar ms r equir ed b y t he wo r l d p ol i ce f or ce an d w oul d b e conduc t ed s ol el y i n ar senal s o wned and o per at ed by t he Uni te d N at io ns) I n a n ef f or t t o br i ng a bout th e w or ld p oli ce f orc e, th e U WF i s ver y act i ve i n l obbyi ng f or va r i ous di sarmament bi l l s, g l oati ng, f or exampl e, i n i t s of f i c i al newsp aper , The Fe der al is t s , i n N ovember 1963, " Per haps t he T es t B an Tr eaty d i dn't i ntr oduce t he mi l l enniu m, bu t i t put an e nd to y est er day." I n S ept ember of 19 52, a t a c onf er ence h eld i n L ondon by t he Wor l d Associ at i on of P ar l i ament ar i ans f or Wor l d Gover nment , r epr ese nt ati ves of t he U ni t ed Worl d F eder al i st s w or ked wi t h member s of t hat or gani zat i on i n th e p r epar at io n o f a pl an f or a wor l d pol i ce f or ce a nd occupat i on ar mi es t o e nfo r ce " peace." The Pl an e sta bl i sh ed t hat a f te r t hey had succeeded i n r evi sin g t he U. N. C har t er ( at s ome f utu r e d ate ) a nd c onver t i ng t he Uni te d Nat i ons i nt o a w or l d g ove r nment , t hes e c onspi r ato r s wo ul d d epl oy " peace-k eepin g" f orc es ar ound th e g lo be. A cc or din g t o th i s fo r mal l y pr epar ed s cheme, t her e wo ul d be a " Wor l d Di ct at or , " th e e i ght " Zone Di r ect or s, " and fi f t y-o ne "R egi onal D i re ct or s," none of w hom woul d e ver be a ll owed to s erv e i n th ei r r especti ve co unt r i es . T hat , o f cour se , woul d ensur e " i mpar t i al it y. " The Pl an, e xp osed by C olo nel Eugene Pomero y a nd t he i nt ern at i onal l y fa mous jo ur nal i s t D ougl as Reed, pr ovid ed t hat n o Amer ic an t r oops of t he " Peace " f or ce w oul d e ve r b e st at i oned i n or e ve n near t he U nit ed St at es, but ou r n at io n a nd C anada w oul d b e oc cupie d b y ar mi es f r om Russia , M ongol i a, and p ro bably E ast Ger many. R ed t r oops f r om ot her co unt ri es a s wel l woul d be s cat t er ed over t he r est of th e s i x re gi ons i nt o whi ch it w as deci ded t o di v i de Nor t h Amer i ca , i n or der t o e nf or ce th e a ut hor i t y of th e n ew wor l d gover nment and p r ev ent Amer ic ans f ro m engagi ng i n t he " cr i me" o f " shel te r i ng behi nd nat io nal al l egi ance. " Becaus e o f th ei r t r emendous popul at i ons, t he Chi nese C ommuni st s and th ei r S ov i et Comr ades w oul d d omin at e t he Worl d P ar l i ament o f such a govern ment . I f t hi s c hi ll i ng pl an i s al l owed t o r each f r ui t io n - as th e conspi r at or s i nt end t hat i t sh al l - Ameri ca i s dead. Si nce UWF a dv ocate s " uni on now" wi t h th e C ommuni sts , i t is n ot sur pri si ng th at it a l so st r ongl y b ack s a id a nd tr ade wi t h t he e nemy.

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UWF sp onsor ed r eso l ut i ons i n t he v ari ous st at e le gi sla t ur es cal l in g f or wor l d gover nment . By 1 953 t he r esol ut i on had p ass ed tw ent y-t hr ee st at es, but i n t hat year Cal i f or ni a r esci nded i ts a ppr ov al an d s i x t een o t her s t at es t her eaf te r f ol lo wed Cal i f orn i a. The w orl d govern ment fo r ces, h oweve r , di d n ot gi ve up. T hey s i mpl y c hanged t hei r t act ic s. D i re ct ac t i on th r ough l egi sl at i on h avi ng b een b l ocke d, th ey now tu r ned th ei r pr opaganda as saul t t o t he " st r engt heni ng" of t he Uni t ed N at i ons C har t er . We c oul d, l it er all y, l i st f or a h undr ed pa ges t he C ommuni st and Lef t is t f r ont a f fi l i at i ons o f t hose who fo unded t he Un i t ed Wor l d Federa l i st s. Even our n ec essar i l y l i mit ed f i le o f Senat e and Ho use Commit t ee d oc ument s s hows s eve n h undr ed fo r t y a ff i l i at i ons of t he f or t y-t wo ke y f ounder s of t he Uni t ed Wor l d Feder al i s t s wi t h of f i c ia l l y c i t ed Communi st fr ont s an d p ro j ect s. And, goi ng j ust a s t ep f ur t her , w e f i nd f r om a s i mi l ar s canni ng of t he pu bl i c r ecor ds o f some o ne h undr ed ei ghty o f f i ci al s and member s - one-s i xt h of w hom a r e members o f t he C FR - t hat a t ot al o f one h undr ed s i x t een have somehow managed t o amass a t l east 1, 250 af f i li at i ons wi t h Communi st fr ont s an d p ubl i cat io ns. Whi l e most me mbers o f t he U WF ar e D emocr at s, t he or gani zat i on al so has s t ro ng su ppor t f r om moder n Republ i cans. I n a message t o t he Uni t ed Wor l d Feder al i s t s i n Ma y 1 963, f ormer P r es i dent E i senhower st at ed: " The Uni te d Wor ld F eder al i sts , a dher i ng t o c ommon s ta ndard s o f j ust ic e a nd i nt ern at i onal c onduct , re qui re s t he cont in ued s uppor t of al l th ose d edi cate d t o fr eedom. " Al so suppor ti ng th e U WF i s M oder n R epubl ic an J aco b J av i t s, wh o sent t hi s m es sage t o t he one-w or l der s: I w ant t o c ommend t he Wor l d F eder al i sts f or t hei r cont in ued f in e ef f ort s o n be hal f of w orl d p eace u nder a wor l d ru l e of l aw, f or yo ur out sta ndi ng cont ri but i on on be hal f of t he Uni t ed Nat io ns, a nd y our spi r it ed t r adi t i on o f s er vi ce. 3 I n S ept ember of 19 68, c andi dat es f or publi c o f f i ce re cei ved a l et t er f r om t he Un i t ed Wor l d Feder ali st s t hat s ta t ed: Our or gani zat i on has b een e ndor sed an d c ommended by al l U . S. pr esid ent s in t he l ast 20 y ear s a nd by t he c ur r ent n omi nees f or th e pr esid ency. As e xa mpl es we q uot e a s f ol l ows: Ri char d N ix on: " Your or ganiz at i on can pe r f or m an i mpor t ant ser vic e b y co nt i nui ng t o emphasi ze th at wo r l d p eace ca n o nl y come t hr u wor l d l aw. Ou r g oal i s wo r l d peace. Our in st r ument f or a chi ev i ng peace wi l l be l aw and ju st i ce. I f we c oncent r ate o ur en er gie s t owar d t hese ends, I a m ho pef ul t hat r eal pr ogr ess c an be made. " Hubert H . H umphr ey : " Ever y o ne o f u s i s co mmi t t ed t o br ot herh ood among al l n at i ons, b ut no o ne pur sues t hes e g oals w i th m or e di gnit y a nd dedi ca t i on th an th e U ni te d Wor l d F eder al is t s . " Ther e r eal l y was n ot a d i me' s wo r t h o f di f fe r ence. Vot er s w er e gi ven t he c hoi ce bet ween CFR wor l d go ver nment a dv ocate N i xon and CFR wor l d gover nment advocate H umphr ey. Onl y t he r het or i c was c hanged t o f ool t he p ubl i c . Ri char d N i xon i s, of c our se, f ar t oo cl eve r t o ac t ual l y j oi n t he UWF, but h e has su ppor t ed t hei r l egis l at iv e p r ogr am si nce h is e arl y days i n C ongr ess. I n t he Oct ober 1 948 i ssu e o f th e U WF publ ic at i on Wor l d Gover nment News, on p age 1 4, th er e appear s t he f ol l owin g announcement: " Ric har d Ni xon: I nt r oduced worl d g ov er nment r eso l ut i on ( HCR 68) 1 947, a nd A BC (Wor l d Gover nment ) r esol ut i on 1948. "

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Of s peci al in t er es t t o th e U WF t hr oughout i t s h is t or y has b een i t s ca mpai gn t o re peal th e C onnal l y Reserv at i on, where by t he Uni te d St at es h as re ser ve d t o it sel f t he p ower to d eci de w hat m at t er s a re essent i al l y wi t hin t he do mesti c j ur is di cti on o f t he U. S. a nd may n ot be br ought u nder t he j ur i sdi ct i on o f t he Worl d C ourt . T he U WF wa nt s r epeal of t he C onnal l y Re ser vati on, whi ch wo ul d mean t hat t he U ni t ed S t at es woul d accept " as bi ndi ng t he r ul i ngs of th e I nt er nat io nal C our t of Just ic e [ Worl d C our t ] o n di sar mament , on i nt erp r et at i on o f t he U. N. Char te r a nd l aws, and o f i nt er nat i onal t re at i es." T he abol i ti on of t he Connal l y R ese r vati on w oul d l eave u s at t he m er cy of th e A f r o-A si an and I r on Cur t ai n bl ocs t hat domi nat e t he U. N. I t w oul d b e t ant amount t o sur r ender i ng t he sover eig nt y of t he U. S. t o i t s enemie s, a nd would t hus be a gr oss vi ol ati on o f t he Pr esi dent i al oat h t o " pr es er ve, pr ot ec t a nd def end t he Co nst it ut i on of t he U ni t ed S t at es. " Ye t R ic har d Ni xon f or many year s ha s a dv ocat ed t he r epeal of t he C onnal l y Re ser vati on. I ncr edul ous pat r io t s w ho wr ote N i xon about h i s ad vocac y o f it s r epeal wer e sent a copy of a l et t er dat ed Ap r i l 14, 1 960, f ro m Ri char d Ni xon t o E ugene P ul l i am, p ubl is her of t he Phoeni x R epubl i c and G aze t t e, i n whi ch Ni xon f l at ly s t at ed t hat h e f avo r ed r epeal . I n th e l et te r N ix on sai d: " I b eli eve . . . th at th e i nt er venin g y ears h ave s hown t hat our so -c al l ed ' sel f-j udgin g r eser vat io n' i s no l onger n ec essar y. " Act ual l y , t he i nte r veni ng y ear s - dur in g w hi ch t he U. N. ha s e xp anded t o t ake i n t he Af r o-A si an mi ni-s t at es , w hose c ommon d enomi nat or i s a hat r ed o f t he U nit ed S t at es an d a d es i r e t o g et t hei r hands on o ur weal th - have shown t hat t he p r ot ect io n o f th e C onnal l y Reserv at i on i s mor e necessar y t han e ver. Pr esid ent N ix on ac t ual l y goes f ar b ey ond mer e r epeal o f t he amendment e mbodyin g t he r eserv at i on, t o ad vocat e " worl d r ul e t hr ough wor l d l aw" - t he of f i c i al s l ogan o f t he UWF - i n wh i ch t he Worl d C ourt i s t o be made t he Supr eme Cour t o f th e Wor l d. ( Mr. N ix on d oes n ot ment io n w heth er Ea r l W arr en sh oul d be ma de i t s Chi ef J ust ic e. ) The N ew Yor k Ti mes of A pri l 1 4, 1959, comment i ng on a s peech made b y Mr . Ni xon t he da y b ef or e, st at ed: An i mpor t ant and f ar-r eachi ng p r oposal f or r eal i zin g t he gui din g i deal of b oth t he Uni t ed St ate s a nd t he Un i t ed Na t i ons w as m ade b y V ic e Pr esid ent N ix on in h i s sp eech bef or e t he Academy of Po l i t i cal S cie nce. The id eal , lo ng pr ocl ai med b y Amer i ca n s ta t esmen, i n par t i cul ar Pr esid ent E is enhower , a nd e mbodi ed in t he Uni t ed Nat io ns C har t er , i s t o est abl i sh a peacef ul w orl d i n whi ch t he r ul e of f or ce w i ll b e r epl aced by t he r ul e of l aw. To t hat e nd Mr . Ni xon p ro poses t o e le vat e t he I nt er nat i onal Cour t of J us t i ce at T he Hague t o a r eal S upr eme Cour t of t he w or l d wi t h f ar wi der j ur i sdi ct i on a nd em pl oyment i n i nt er nat i onal d is put es and w it h t he po wer t o make bi ndi ng d eci si ons especi al l y in c ase s i nvol vi ng di f f er i ng i nt er pre t at i ons o f i nt er nat i onal t r eati es an d a gr eements t hat have been a domi nant e l ement i n t he conf li ct b etw een t he f r ee w orl d a nd t he Co mmuni st b l oc . . . . Mr . Ni xon c har act er i zed hi s p ro posal as s ti l l u nof f i c ia l . B ut he has wi de A dmi ni str at i on backin g f or i t a nd, i n li ne wi t h P r es i dent Ei senhower ' s St ate o f t he U nio n messa ge, f or ecast A dmi ni st r at i on r ecommendat io ns to C ongre ss to g i ve ef f ect t o i t by mo di f y i ng A mer i can re ser va t i ons [ t he Connal ly R ese r vat i on] a s t o t he court ' s j uri sdi ct i on whi ch set a pat t er n f or ot her nat i ons . . . . Mr . N ix on' s pr oposa l d es er ves bot h st udy an d s uppor t .

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Gi v i ng t he Wor l d Cour t po wer over A mer i ca and A mer i cans h as been a l ong-t i me UWF g oal . A nd M r . Ni xon i s i n th e p ro cess of r evi t al i z in g t he co ur t . Ac cor di ng t o t he Lo s A ngel es Ti mes o f May 3, 1 970: Among t hose i nt ere st ed ar e S ec r et ar y of St at e Wil l i am P. R oger s and hi s u nder secre t ar y, El l i ot R i char dson, w ho ha ve bo t h made r ece nt speech es ur gin g r eviv al an d e xt ensi on of t he court ; a n as sor tment o f hi gh f eder al j udges; a bi par ti san g ro up of c ongre ssmen l ed by R ep. P aul Fi ndle y ( R. -I l l . ); U . N. Secr et ar y G ener al U T hant - and, somewher e in t he wi ngs, Pr esi dent N i xo n . .. . I t i s not a cc i dent , t hen, t hat ce r t ain S t at e Depar t ment l eader s ar e al r eady har d at w or k t r yin g t o sc r ape up s ome c ase s f r om dusty f i l es t o t ake t o t he c our t . . . . The ot her m aj or wo r l d g ov er nment m ove ment i s t he At l ant i c U ni on gr oup, w hi ch bel ie ves t hat g et t i ng ha l f a l oaf i s hal f wa y t o get t i ng a whol e l oaf . Li ke St al i n, t hey bel i eve t hat c i r cumst anc es n ece ssi ta t e a nat i on' s g oin g t hr ough a r egio nal g ov er nment s et-u p b ef or e g oi ng on t o wor l d gover nment . Al t hough t he U WF se eks i mmedi at e a mal gamati on wi t h t he Co mmuni st c ount r i es , t hat i dea i s o f te n h ar d t o se l l ; so t he I ns i der s h ave A t la nt i c Un i on, whi ch i s o st ensi bly a nti-C ommuni st . An d i ndeed, t here a r e some si ncere , i f na i ve, ant i-C ommuni st s in t he At l ant i c U nio n mov ement who su ppor t abol is hi ng th e U ni t ed S ta t es and f or mi ng, wi t h t he c ount r i es of W es t er n Eu r ope, a n ew nat io n, t he Uni te d St at es o f A tl ant ic a. M ost m ember s o f At l ant i c U ni on, however, a r e ext r eme L i ber al s f r om whom s el dom i s heard a n a nt i Communi st wor d, except w hen t hey ar e u r gi ng th e n eces si t y of j oin i ng i n a U nit ed S t at es of E ur ope t o guard a gai ns t t he a dvanc e o f Communi sm. The id ea o f At l ant i c U nio n i s not n ew. I n f act , i t h ad i t s or i gi n i n t he f er t il e b ra i n o f an E ngl i shman n amed C ecil R hodes, w hose id ea was to r econquer t he U nit ed St at es an d mak e i t an i nt egra l p ar t of th e Br i t is h E mpir e. To t hi s end he est abl i shed t he Rh odes Fo undat i on, pr ovi di ng f or t he educat io n i n Engl and o f br i ght young Amer ic ans. An dr ew Car negi e, th e s t eel m agnat e, i n r et ur n f or t he pr omi se o f a d ukedom i n hi s n at i ve Scot l and, w as per suaded t o assi st i n t he p l an, a nd i n 1 910 t he Car negi e E ndowment f or I nt ern at i onal P eac e w as est abl i shed. I n 1 939, a Rh odes Schol ar a nd ol d-t i me one-w or l der b y th e n ame o f Cl ar ence S t re i t wr ot e a book cal l ed Uni on Now, wh i ch advocate d a gr adual a ppro ach t o fi nal w or l d un i on b y way of r egio nal uni ons, s t ar ti ng w i th t he uni on bet ween t he U. S. and B r it ai n. Accor di ng to t he Car negi e Y ear B ook o f 1 940, th e C ar negi e Endowment f or I nt ern at i onal Peace f i nance d t he p l acin g o f f our hu ndr ed c opi es o f t he S t re i t bo ok i n l i br ar i es o f t he Uni t ed St at es a nd se nt ov er o ne t hous and c opi es t o car efu l l y s el ect ed e di t or s, ne wspaper s, an d j ourn al i st s i n th e U ni t ed St at es a nd Ca nada. C ommit t ees wer e se t u p al l o ve r A mer i ca, and Mr . St r eit r eport ed th at o ver t wo mi l l i on A mer i cans h ad s i gned p eti t i ons aski ng f or un i on wi t h B ri t ai n. I n U ni on No w, S t re i t , who h as been a c l ose associa t e of C ommuni st s and s oc i al is t s a l l hi s adul t li f e, had sai d t hat t he m ore c omple x t he w or l d becomes, " th e mor e u r gent [ is ] i t s need f or w orl d g ov er nment . " On p age 256 of h i s book he s t ate d: I nt o t hi s w or l d ca me U nio n N ow, c hall engin g t he dogma of a bso l ut e nat i onal s ove r ei gnt y a nd asser t i ng th at a wor l d or gani zat i on not onl y was ne cessary , b ut m ust be s tr onger t han t he L eague of N at i ons, mu st b e based u pon di f f er ent p ri nc i pl es , o n ci t i zenshi p r at her t han nat i onal sovere i gnt y. I t [U ni on No w] pr ocl ai med t he n eed of w or l d g ove r nment a nd

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i ns i st ed t hat n o count r y needed t hi s mor e ur gentl y t han t he Uni t ed St at es . I n S tr ei t ' s own wo r ds ( page 25 7) , A tl ant ic U ni on was t he f i r st s t ep t owar ds compl et e w or l d go ver nment : "U ni on No w h el d t he f or mat i on of a f r ee f eder al gover nment t o b e th e eventu al g oal a nd ur ges t he fi r s t s te p t owar ds it s U ni on N ow of th e democr aci es . . . " I n 1 941, S t re i t pu bl i shed a not her b ook, ent it l ed U ni on No w wi t h Br i t ai n, i n whi ch he c l ai med t hat t he u nio n h e ad vocat ed w oul d b e a st ep t owar d t he fo r mat i on o f a f r ee wor l d gover nment ; but t he b ook i t self m ade i t c le ar t hat b y j oi ni ng a u ni on w i th o t her n at io ns, Amer ic a w ould b e amal gamat ed wi t h t he s oci al i s t and C ommuni st s yst ems t hat exi st ed i n th ese o th er na t i ons. I n t he Washin gt on Eveni ng S t ar o f J anuar y 5, 1 942, a n ad a ppear ed under t he h eadi ng: " I n Un i on Now L i es t he Power t o Win t he War a nd t he Peace - a P et i t i on." T he pet i t io n s ai d: We g ai n f r om t he f act t hat a ll t he So vi et Republi cs ar e n ow uni t ed i n o ne g ove r nment, a s al so a re a l l t he C hi nese-s peaki ng p eopl es once so d i vid ed. Sur el y we a nd t hey must agr ee th at un i on n ow o f t he democr aci es wher ev er p oss i bl e i s e qual l y t o t he genera l advant age. Le t us b egi n n ow a w or l d U nit ed St at es. A r eso l ut i on ur ged a f eder al uni on wi t h co mmon ci t i zenshi p, di r ect t axati on of c i t i ze ns, r esponsi bi l it y f or l aw en f or cement , aut hor i t y t o coi n and b or r ow money, a monopol y of a r med f or ce s, an d t he abi l it y t o admi t ne w member s. At o ne t i me St r eit ' s o r gani zat i on f av or ed i nc l udi ng t he R uss i ans. On A pr i l 2 7, 1942, t he bo ar d of d i r ec t or s of F eder al Uni on adopte d a n ew p oli cy s t at ement , w hi ch s aid : We b el i eve th at we c an be st pr eser ve and ext end t hose basi c f r eedoms w hic h a re t he he r i t age o f we st ern c i v i li zat io n b y fo r mi ng n ow . . . a f eder al un i on w it h t hose p eopl es wi t h w hom we have co mpell i ng nat ura l t i es . . . . W e bel i ev e t hat t he wor l d im per at i vel y needs an al l-i nc l us i ve i nt er nat i onal or gani zat i on i n wh i ch t he U nit ed S t at es . . . R uss i a . . . a nd o t her power s k nown a s t he U nit ed Na t i ons should t ake t he le ad. Fol l owi ng Wor l d War I I , when t he i dea o f f or mi ng a u ni on wi t h Russi a became u npala t able t o th e A meri can publ i c, St r ei t , s howi ng t he ag i l i t y posses sed b y al l one-w or l der s, r ev er sed h i s fi el d and announced t hat U ni on N ow would b e a bul war k a gain st wo r l d C ommunis m! St r eit , w ho may ha ve g ott en hi s i deas o n At l ant ic U nio n f r om var i ous t r act s o n t he su bj ect publ is hed b y t he Fabi an Soci al i s t S oc i et y i n E ngl and, c l earl y h as no h os t i l i t y t owar ds c oll ect iv i sm. He s aid i n Uni on Now: "D emocr acy n ot o nly a l l ows mank i nd t o choos e f r eel y b et ween capi ta l i sm an d c ol l ect i vi sm, but i t i nc l udes M arx i st gover nment s. " I n h is p amphl et s St r ei t asks t he q ues t i on: " Does t he r i se o f soci al i sm i n some West ern E uro pean de mocra ci es pr event o ur fe der at i ng wi t h t hem?" He a ns wer s wi t h an e mphat i c "N o! " St r eit ' s o r gani zat i on t o pr omot e U nio n N ow was ca l l ed Feder al Uni on, a nd w as f i nance d b y gr ant s f r om t he C ar negie E ndowment f or I nt ern at i onal P eac e, o f whi ch Communi st sp y A l ger H i ss w as la t er t o become p r esid ent .

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I n Mar ch 1 949, F eder al Un i on set u p a p oli t i cal act i on u ni t cal l ed t he At l anti c U ni on C ommi t t ee. The f i r st pr esi dent of t hi s Commit t ee w as f ormer S upr eme Cour t Ju st i ce O wen J. R ober t s, who t est if i ed b ef or e t he S enat e Fo r ei gn Rel ati ons S ubcommi t t ee in 1 950 t hat j oi nin g U ni on N ow woul d mean t he U nit ed St at es go ver nment w oul d ha ve t o sur r ender i ts r i ght s a nd power t o c oi n mo ney, le vy ta xes a nd t ari f f s, r egula t e i mmi gr ati on, e nact ci t i zensh i p la ws, d ec l ar e war , an d mai nt ai n st andi ng a r mi es. Rober t s has sai d h e consi der s na t i onal s over ei gnt y a " si l ly s hi bbol et h" a nd be l i eve s t hat U. S. and Wes t er n Eur opean u ni on " must be b ui l t on a c ommon c i t i zens hi p." 4 The Lo s A ngel es Ex ami ner on Fe br uar y 8, 19 51, d es cr i bed w hat At l ant i c U nio n meant t o Amer ic a: What Senat or Kef auver a ct ual ly i s p ro posin g i s th at th e U ni te d St at es s ummon t he nat i ons o f West er n Eur ope a nd of f er t o abol is h i t sel f a s a nat io n, s urr ender i ng i ts s ove r ei gn powers t o t hose nat i ons. They woul d im pose t hei r soci al i sm i n pl ace o f o ur r epubl i can sel f -g overn ment , ext r ac t t axes f r om u s a s t hey pl eased, d ra f t o ur men f or th ei r a rmi es and o ur women f or th ei r f act or ie s, appro pr i at e t he bul k of o ur pr oduc t i ve we al t h f or t hei r ow n e nr ic hment . How ca n a ny Senato r o r Re pr ese nt at i ve e l ec t ed t o r epre sent th e people o f t he U nit ed S t at es br i ng h im sel f t o a dvo cat e so c l ear a pol i cy of n at i onal sel f -d est ru ct i on? How ca n a ny adul t A mer i can ev en co nsi der such an i dea? Yet le ss t han a do zen y ear s af t er i ts f oundi ng th e A tl ant i c Uni on Commit t ee h ad g r own t o ei ght hundr ed sevent y-o ne we al t hy and i nf l uent i al member s, o ne hundr ed s eve n o f whom wer e me mber s of t he C FR, and th i r t y , member s of t he Un i t ed Wor l d Federa l i st s. El mo Roper ( CFR and UWF) , t he p oll st er , f or mer l y P r es i dent o f t he A t la nt i c Un i on Commit t ee, in h i s book, The Go al I s Govern ment of A l l t he Wor l d, bet r ay ed h ow At l ant i c U ni on fi t s i nto t he wor l d govern ment sc heme: Some of us w ho ha ve be en i nte r este d i n Wor l d Gover nment fo r severa l y ears n ow have co me to get her t o fo r m t he At l ant i c U ni on Commit t ee. Ou r o bj ect i ve i n th i s c ommi t t ee i s t o have t he C ongr ess p ass a r eso l ut i on suppor t i ng t he ca l l o f a C ons t i t ut io nal Conventi on of a t l east t he A tl ant ic P act nat i ons. Under t he s ubt i t le " How Federa l U ni on Wi ll W or k," M r . Roper st at ed: Such a u ni on would h ave t he ri ght t o conduct f ore i gn r el at i ons, mai nta i n a r med f or ces, is sue cur r ency , r egul at e commer ce a nd communi cat i ons b et ween s ta t es i n t he uni on an d g ra nt c i ti zensh i p. T he uni on must ha ve th e p ower t o t ax . . . . Ther e wo ul d be n ot hi ng, t her e must be n ot hi ng, i n s uch a u ni on w hic h w oul d b e out of c onsonance wi t h t he ai ms a nd obj ec t i ves of t he U ni t ed N ati ons. A r eso l ut i on cal l i ng f or a n At l ant i c U nio n C onvent i on w as i nt r oduced in t o Co ngr ess i n 19 49. S enat or Est es Kef auv er o f Tennes see t ook t he l ead i n pushi ng t he r esol uti on, whi ch ha d t he s uppor t o f Senato r s Wi ll i am Ful br i ght ( CFR) , H uber t Humphr ey ( CFR) , J aco b J av i t s ( CFR), H er bert L ehman ( CFR) , a nd Ri char d N i xo n. Ot her s in a nd out o f Congre ss w ho suppor t ed th i s or s ucceedi ng bi par ti san bi l l s in cl uded Wi l l ia m Bento n ( CFR) , J ohn F os t er D ul l es ( CFR) , Mi l t on E i senhower ( CFR), T homas F i nl et t er ( CFR), H enr y For d 11 ( CFR) , Wi l l i am C. F ost er

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( CFR), C l ar k Ker r ( CFR) , Mr . Ni xon' s al t er e go, Henr y Ki ss i nger (C FR) , John V. L i nds ay (C FR) , Ge or ge C. M ars hal l ( CFR) , Eugene McCar t hy ( CFR) , Char le s S . Rh yne ( CFR) , Ar t hur S chl es i nger J r . (C FR) , Adl ai St evenson ( CFR), a nd Th omas Wat son ( CFR) . T he b i ll h as ne ver passed Congre ss, al t hough i t has be en i ntr oduce d a gain a nd agai n by w or l d g ove r nment pr omot er s, so me ca l l i ng t hemse l ves De mocra t s a nd some, R epubl i cans . I n Febr uar y 1 951, W or l d G ove r nment N ews, t he of f i c ia l p ubl i cat io n o f t he Uni t ed Wor l d F edera l i st s ( pages 8 a nd 9) , hai l ed Ri char d N i xon f or sponso r i ng th e A tl ant i c Uni on Resol ut i on t he s eco nd ti me i t was i nt r oduced in t o th e S enat e. The on e-w or l d advocat es ne ver g iv e u p. J ohn Fost er D ul l es , t wo days af t er he h ad been se l ecte d b y Pr esi dent E i senhower t o be ou r Secr et ar y o f St ate , w i r ed t he Second Congr ess o f t he At l ant ic U nio n Commit t ee, wh i ch was m eet i ng i n B uf fa l o (N ovember 2 2, 1952) , expre ssi ng hi s su ppor t of t hei r i dea a nd suggest i ng t hat N ATO b e convert ed in t o a f edera l u ni on. T he N ATO Tr eat y had b een r at i f i ed i n 1 949, u nder T ru man, as a mi l i t ary a l li ance to p r ot ect t he f r ee w or l d again st e xpandi ng Communi sm. Ma ny ha d i deas o f expandin g t hi s i nt o a f eder al un i on. I n a n ar t i c le o n wor l d go ver nment , U. S. Ne ws & Wo r l d Repor t of Febr uar y 2 4, 1956, s t at ed: Among Republi cans, P r esid ent Ei senhower ha s e ndor sed t he i dea of s ome f or m of u nio n. Vi ce-P r esid ent R ic har d Ni xon and Go ver nor Chr i st i an H er t er of M assa chuse t t s, as m ember s o f t he Senat e and th e House a f ew year s ago, in t r oduced r es ol uti ons c al l i ng f or c onventi ons t o s tu dy t he quest i on o f uni ty . S ecre t ar y of S t at e J ohn F oste r D ul l es has en dor sed such a s t udy . Not al l R epubl i cans, h owever , bought t he gl obal oney. U. S. N ews & Wor l d Repor t quote d S enat or Br i cker of O hi o a s ca l l i ng t he bi l l to s et up a n At l anti c U ni on c onv ent io n a n "e xpl or at i on of t he d esi ra bi l it y o f j unkin g t he Amer ic an D ecl ar ati on o f I ndependence. " B ri cker re gar ded t he pl an as o ne under whi ch " t he Uni t ed St at es w oul d become a v as sal pr ovin ce i n a r egi onal su per st at e e vo l v i ng o ut of N ATO, " a nd t he Amer ic an B i ll o f Ri ght s woul d go d own t he dr ai ns St r ei t and h i s or gani zat i on a r e undaunt ed by t he fa ct th at t hey have yet t o f or ce t hei r pl an past C ongr ess , d espi t e st r ong bi par ti san suppor t , a nd t hey cont i nue t o push an d g ai n moment um. A r epor t f ro m At l ant i c U nio n o n t he " Remar ka bl e A dv ance of t he At l ant i c F eder al U ni on Concept i n 19 66" boast ed t hat At l anti cans had s tr ong pot ent ia l Pr esid ent i al suppor t . F re edom and U ni on ma gazi ne of Ma r ch 1 966 l is t ed as b ac ker s wh o h ad e ndors ed th e A t l ant i c Uni on De l egat i on B ar r y Gol dwat er , Ma r k Ha t f i el d, R i ch ar d N ix on, Nel son Rockef el l er , Geor ge Romney , a nd Wi l l ia m Scr ant on. Congr es sman Paul Fi ndl ey ( R.-I l l . ), w ho i nt r oduced th e l at est A tl ant ic U ni on bi l l i n C ongr ess, s t at ed: Based on t hes e e ndor sement s, I p r edic t t hat t he next Republ ic an Pr esid ent w il l w or k t o ac hi eve A t l anti c u ni on . . . . V ir t uall y a l l t he pr esid ent i al l evel l eader shi p of t he Republ i can par t y t hus su pport s t he most pr omi sin g p ro posal f or un i t i ng f r ee peopl e s i nce t he A mer i can Revolu t i on, 1776-8 9. Ri char d N i xon, i n hi s l et t er of e ndor sement t o Fi ndl ey , s aid : " As Cl ar ence S t re i t pr obabl y t ol d you I have suppor te d t hi s r esol ut i on f or many year s an d I wi sh y ou e ver y s ucce ss in your ef f or t s. " 6 Dur i ng 1964 Ni xon ha d t ak en t i me o f f f r om hi s c ampai gn t o s end t he commit t ee t hi s s ta t ement, d ate d S epte mber 1: " I t i s f i t t i ng

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t hat t he U nit ed St at es, t he wo r l d' s f i r st t r ul y f edera l g over nment , should b e a mai n f or ce be hi nd t he e ff or t t o f i nd a b as i s f or a b ro ad f edera t i on of t he At l anti ca na t i ons." T he message f ort hr i ghtl y conclu ded: "T he At l ant i c Uni on R esolu t i on i s a f or war d-l ookin g p r oposal whi ch acknowl edges t he de pt h and b r eadt h of t he i ncr edi bl e ch ange whi ch i s g oi ng o n i n t he w or l d ar ound u s. I u r ge i t s ad opt io n. " Ni xon was m er el y echoi ng t he bel i ef s and ai ms o f Nel so n Rockef el l er . The same i ss ue of F r eedom and Un i on magazi ne q uot ed Rockef el l er as m ai nt ai nin g: Our ge ner at io n i s cal l ed on fo r . . . p oli t i cal cr eati vi t y an d economi c c ons t r uct i on - on an i nt er-c ont in ent al basi s . . . . I ha ve f ol l owed w i th s ympat hy an d i nt er est t he de vel opment of t he jo i nt r eso l ut io n [ f or an At l ant i c Uni on C onvent i on] a nd de epl y bel i eve t hat i t s en act ment w oul d b e an h i st or i c mi l esto ne i n t he an nal s of h uman f r eedom and wor l d peace. Al l th i s b i par t i sa n s uppor t el at ed St r ei t, w ho gl oat ed: I n t he p ast , t he mai n s uppor t f or A tla nt i c Uni on r esolu t i ons came f r om t he D emocr ats ; t he Republ i cans - wi t h not able e xce pt i ons - wer e i ndi ff er ent or h os t i l e. Thi s year t he p r oposal , wi t hout l osin g i ts Democr at i c ba cki ng, g ai ned l eader ship a t t he p r es i dent i al l ev el . I t al so gai ned a h i gher p er centa ge o f suppor t f r om Republ i can and Democr at i c me mbers hi p i n t he House de spi te t hi s bei ng an e l ec t i on year . Thi s advance i s hi ghl y im por ta nt f or i t in sur es f ul l bi -p ar t is an suppor t s houl d t he P r esid ent deci de t o l ead t owar d A tl ant i c Uni on . . . . Whenever Mr . N ix on ha s b een queri ed o n hi s su ppor t of d is sol v i ng t he Un i t ed St at es i nt o th e n ew n at i on o f At l ant ic a, he h as vo ci f er ousl y deni ed t hat At l ant i c U nio n h as a nyt hi ng to d o w it h mouse-t r appi ng Amer ic a i nt o a w or l d s uper st at e, a nd hi s ver bi age i s desi gned t o make i t a ppear t hat a ny one who in t i mat es s uch a t hin g i s gui l t y of a monst ro us un f ounded s l ander agai ns t h i m. Onl y t hose who ha ve a ctu al l y t aken t i me t o s t udy t he f act s know who i s doi ng t he t ru t h-t wi sti ng. A tl ant ic U ni on, w hic h h as a g r eat deal of d ual m ember shi p wi t h UWF, ma kes n o bones a bout t he f act t hat i t i s t he h al f way h ouse t o wor l d gover nment . On t he t went y-f i f t h anni ve r sar y of A tl ant i c Uni on i n 1 964, C la r ence St r eit a dmi tt ed, once agai n, h i s or ganiz at i on's o ne wor l d ambi ti ons: The At l ant i c Un i on i t means t o s ee c ons t i t ut ed n ow wi l l be b ut a nucl eus d esig ned t o g r ow i n pe ace t hr ough gener at i ons t o c ome, u nt i l t he Fe der at io n o f t he F re e e mbr aces t he wh ol e r ac e o f mor t al man. Si nce becomin g P re si dent, M r . Ni xon has re mai ned ver y qui et about t he At l ant i c Uni on m ovement . No d oubt , a ny m ove i n t hi s d i r ec t i on i s bei ng saved unt i l af t er 1972. At l anti c U ni on, h owever, h as no t f or got t en Mr. N i xo n. A t Federa l U ni on' s Aw ar d D in ner i n Washi ngt on, D. C. , on N ove mber 20, 1 970, fo under Cl ar ence S t re i t p r esent ed t he At l ant i c U nio n P io neer Aw ar d t o R i char d Ni xon f or e i ght een ye ar s of champi oni ng t he ca use o f est abl i shi ng " t he U ni t ed S t at es o f At l ant i ca. " The aw ar d b ear s th i s i nsc r i pti on: RI CHARD M. NI XON, Pr esi dent of t he Un i t ed St at es. F ars eei ng Senato r , h e Cosponso r ed i n 1 951 t he Or i gi nal A t la nt i c Un i on Resol uti on.

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As V ic e P r esi dent, h i s Bo l d Ac t i on Le d t o t he 1 962 A tl ant i c Convent i on i n P ar i s . A lo ne am ong P re si dent i al As pi r ant s, h e Wr ote t he 19 66 Ho use Hear in g, U r gi ng a St r onger B il l - St i ll P endin g - Wi t h t hese Wor ds t hat Hi st or y w i l l Remember : "T he Un i t ed St at es shoul d be a Mai n Fo r ce" f or a " Feder at i on of F re e A t l ant i c Nat i ons . . . I n t he A ge of t he Rocke t , Dr eams b ecome Real i t y w it h a Speed Di f f i cu l t t o I magin e. T he At l ant i c Uni on Resol ut i on . . . a F orw ar d-l ookin g P r oposal . . . Ac knowl edges t he . . . I nc r edib l e C hange Go i ng o n Ar ound U s. I U r ge i t s Ad opt io n. " Mr . Ni xon h as t ake n a m aj or st ep t owar d su r r ender i ng Amer i can sovere i gnt y wi t h hi s a dvo cacy of S enat e ra t i f i cat i on of t he Uni t ed Nat i ons' G enocid e C onve nt i on. T hi s t r eat y i s so L eft i s t -o r i ent ed a nd so danger ous t hat n o Pr esi dent in t wenty-o ne ye ar s h as s ucc eeded i n shovin g i t th r ough t he Se nat e. T he Ge nocid e C onve nt i on w as fi r s t submit t ed t o t he Senat e by P re si dent Tr uman i n 19 50. Publ i c opposi t i on caused i t t o be bo t t l ed up i n t he S enat e For ei gn Rel at i ons Co mmi tt ee, wher e i t h as l ai n dor mant e ver s i nce. I n 1953 P re si dent E i senhower t r i ed t o g et t he t r eat y r ev i vi f i ed an d r at i f i ed, but opposi ti on wa s t oo gr eat and t he a t te mpt w as a bandoned. The same t hi ng happened u nder Pr esid ent J ohnson i n 1 966. N ow P r esid ent Ni xon ha s p ut t he pr est ig e a nd pr essu r e o f hi s ad mi ni str at i on s ol i dl y b ehi nd t he e f fo r t t o obt ain r at i fi cat i on, d esp i t e t he f act t hat t he Amer i can Bar Associ at i on has al l al ong b een o n r ecor d as s t r ongl y op posi ng t hi s gi veaway o f Amer i ca n r i ghts a nd so ver ei gnt y. Li bera l D emoc r at s Tr uman, K ennedy, an d J ohnson coul d not a ch i eve passage o f t hi s m is named t r eaty , b ut N i xon may wel l succeed w here o t her s h ave f ail ed, s im pl y because most Amer i ca ns accept t he Ma di son Avenue i mage of Mr . N i xon a s a s t aunc h d ef ender agai ns t t he Lef t . The co nvent io n w as a dopte d b y t he U .N . i n 1948, and si nce t hen some sevent y-f i ve nat i ons have r at i f ie d t he i nst ru ment, a mong t hem t he Sovi et U ni on - a s ponsor of t he t r eat y. Co l umni st J ames J . Ki l patr i ck comment s: And if i t s eems re mar kabl e t hat t he mast er s o f th e K re ml i n sh oul d have s i gned t hi s document , w ip i ng t hei r ha nds s ti l l st ai ned wi t h t he bl ood of K aty n, it i s b ec ause t he G enoci de C onvent i on does no t a ppl y t o pol i ti cal o r r evol ut i onar y g ro ups. It a ppl i es o nl y t o " nat i onal , et hnic al , r ac i al or r el ig i ous gr oups, " a nd t he Kr eml in h ar dly e ver seeks t o e l im i nate t hem as s uc h. T he camps o f S ib er i a house not hin g b ut bums? Ki l pat r i ck co nt i nues: The So vi et Un i on's r at i fi cat io n o f th e t re at y h as t his i mport ance onl y: I t is b ei ng used by p r oponent s o f th e c onvent i on a s a c l ub f or beat in g o n th e S enat e. Th e R us si ans, we ar e t ol d, a r e ashamed o f t he Uni t ed S t at es . H ow c oul d we fa i l t o embr ac e a t re at y so e nl ig ht ened a nd humane? Yes, how c oul d w e f ai l to b e sucker ed i nt o t his t r ap? Who coul d be o pposed to a tr eat y ou t l awi ng t he ki l li ng o f human bei ngs? T he Washin gt on Po st ha s c al le d o ur f ai l ur e t o r at i f y t he t r eat y an " unsig ht l y st ai n on t he good name" of t he U. S. A. Al so demandi ng pa ssage ar e su ch L eft i s t or gani za t i ons as t he Amer i ca n C iv i l L i ber t i es U ni on ( ACLU) , t he Amer ic an H umani st Commi tt ee, Amer i cans f or D emocr at i c Act i on ( ADA), t he League f or I ndust ri al De mocr acy ( LID ) , t he Uni ta r i an-Uni ver sal i st Assoc i at i on, t he Uni t ed Aut o Wor kers , t he N at i onal Co unci l of C hur ches , a nd t he Co mmuni st P art y. Wi l l i am Loeb, publ i sh er of t he Manchest er (N . H. ) Uni on Leadei , c omment ed:

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. . . t he g enoci de t r eaty i s act ual ly a n ol d C ommuni st t r i ck: P ut a n i ce l abel on so met hi ng - l i ke " home or m ot her " - and you c an count on t he c ust omer s ( or t he v ote r s) not r eadi ng t he f i ne p r in t . I t i s i n t he fi ne p r in t w her e t he Communi st s hook you. T he g enoci de tr eat y, i f passed, w ould g o f ar t owar ds dest r oyi ng fr eedom of s peech f or e ver y Amer ic an, i t would p ut we apons i n t he h ands o f th e s ta t e w hic h c oul d make i t v er y easy t o i mpr i son al most any i ndi v i dual . The da nger s i n t he U ni t ed S t at es ' r at i f y in g o f th e U .N . ' s Genoci de C onv ent io n w er e spell ed o ut by Ki l pat r ic k: One of t he fo r bi dden a cts [ of t he G enoci de C onvent i on] i s " causi ng s eri ous bodi l y or menta l h ar m t o me mber s of t he g r oup. " E it her " menta l h ar m" means s omet hi ng, o r i t means n ot hin g. It m eans, w e must suppos e, w hat ever i t m ay some day b e const r ued to m ean b y j udges, f or eig n o r do mesti c, p r es i di ng a t t he t r ia l o f so me pu bl i c of f i c ia l o r pr iv at e per son char ged w i t h t hi s gauzy cr i me. Anot her f or bi dden act i s " deli ber at el y i nf l i ct i ng o n t he g r oup condit i ons of l i fe c al cul at ed t o b r in g a bout i t s physi cal d es t r uct i on i n w hol e o r i n p ar t . " C ri mi nal s t at ut es, we a r e t aught , m ust be st r i ct l y c ons t ru ed. Who c an const r ue t hi s c la use? What is m eant, a t anot her p oi nt , b y " publ ic i nci t ement? " W hat i s me ant by " compl i cit y i n genoci de?" Wh o k nows?$ The tr eat y al so pr ovi des f or an " i nte r nati onal pe nal t r i bunal " t o have j ur i sdic t i on i n s uch c ase s. T his g r oup w oul d h ave t he power t o yank Amer i cans b ef or e i t and t r y t hem f or t he c ri me of c ausin g " ment al har m" t o s ome mi nor i t y gr oup. We h ave h ad pl ent y of ex per i enc e w it h c i v i l r i ght s gr oups s eein g " ra ci sm" under ever y bed, and o ne can i magin e t hat t hey woul d go h og-w i l d i f t hey could h aul any pe r son or gr oup agai nst w hom t hey have a g r i pe, r eal o r i magi nar y, b efo r e a sympat het i c gr oup of i nte r nati onal ma gi str at es. Thi s coul d co nceiv abl y l ead t o s ecre t s ei zur es, depor t at i ons , a nd t r i als . A mer i cans would b e st r i pped of t he pr ot ect i ons gu ar ant eed t hem by t he C onst i tu t i on. Mr . Ni xon made su r e of t hi s when as V i ce Pr esi dent he w ork ed b ehi nd th e scenes t o e ngi neer t he de f eat of t he Br i ck er A mendment , w hi ch w oul d have guar ante ed th at n o t r eaty c oul d super sede th e C onsti t ut io n' s pr ot ec t i ons. ( See Chapt er V l .) Col umni st H ol mes Al exander , in w r i t in g o f Ni xon's r eco mmendat i on t o t he S enate ( whi ch, i nc i dent al l y , has th e b acki ng of " Conse r vati ve" At t orn ey G ener al John N . Mi t ch el l ) , says, i n e f fe ct , t hat t he P r es i dent i s o nl y ki ddi ng. N ix on, Al exander s ay s, k nows t he t enor of th e S enat e and th at i t woul d not r at i f y so monst r ous a t hi ng. S o, h e w ri t es, we should n' t w or r y ab out N ix on' s r ecommendati on, n o mat te r h ow danger ous i t m ig ht b e. As co l umni st J ohn S ynon r emar ked: How c yni cal . T hat' s l ik e s ayin g n ot t o w or r y ab out h andi ng a l oaded g un to a ni t wi t . The Un i t ed St at es Senat e, I ' m her e to t ell y ou, i s c apabl e of r ati f y i ng anyt hi ng, g enoci de, h omic i de, or s uic i de. The Se nat e wi l l su cceed i n r at i f y i ng i t on l y i f a n umber o f weak-kneed Republi cans who w oul d no r mal l y oppos e i t su bmi t t o t hre at s, ar m t wi sti ng, a nd p r omi ses of p ork b ar r el p r oj ect s fo r t hei r h ome s t at es. I f M r. N i xon has been o nl y k id di ng ab out hi s d evo t i on t o f org i ng t he li nks i n t he chai n of t he Wor l d Supers t at e t hat i s t o be w el ded ar ound A mer ic a' s wr i st s, t hen he i s a c ons ummat e hypoc r i t e. But hi s commit ment to w orl d g over nment g oes back near l y a q uar t er o f a c ent ur y,

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and in deed he w oul d n ot now be i n t he Whit e H ouse i f he w er e not commit t ed t o t hi s ul t i mat e g oal o f t he I ns i ders . I t is M r . Al exander and th e m i l li ons of o t her c ompl acent Republ i cans who ar e f ool i ng t hemse l ves by r ati onal i zi ng th at M r . Ni xon d oes not me an b usi ness ever y st ep of t he way to w or l d gover nment . For th ose w ho c an r ead be t ween t he li nes, Mr . Ni xon' s devot i on t o wor l d gover nment i s q ui te o bvi ous. Ho wever , h e ne ver uses t he t erm " wor ld g overn ment, " w hi ch w oul d p r oduce a st r ong r eact i on, bu t r at her t he eu phemi st i c st andar d code wor ds of t he w or l d gover nment addi ct s, " wor ld o r der. " M r. N i xon o f t en speaks of "b ui l di ng a ne w wor ld o r der , " but th at p hra se is m eanin gl ess t o a ll b ut a f ew. I f th e I nsid er s ar e succes sf ul , t he "n ew worl d o rd er " w il l p ro babl y be b ui l t , u lt i mate l y, on t he e xi sti ng U. N. s t ru ct ure . P r esi dent Ni xon has lo ng b een a U. N. ent husia st , d es pi t e t he f ac t t hat , o f al l pe opl e, he k nows b est t hat t he pr i mar y aut hor o f t he U . N. C har te r , Al ger H is s, wa s a S ov i et spy - f or he h el ped t o convi ct hi m. Al t hough t he U ni t ed N ati ons h as l ost m uch of i ts l ust er f or t he p ubl i c, i t h as st i ll b een t he benef ic i ar y of t he gr eate st p r opaganda b ui ld-u p i n hi st ory , d es pi t e th e f ac t t hat i t s cr eati on h ad t he f ul l s uppor t of t he Communi st s. The Communis t s kn ew t hey coul d ma ni pul at e i t, a nd Pol i t ic al Af f ai r s, t he of f i c i al t heore t i cal j our nal o f th e C ommuni st Pa r t y, U. S. A., i n i ts A pri l 1 945 i ssue t ol d th e c omr ades: Gr eat popul ar s uppor t a nd e nth usi asm f or t he U nit ed Na t i ons pol i ci es s houl d be b ui l t up, wel l o rg ani ze d, a nd ar t ic ul at e. But i t i s necess ar y t o do mo r e t han t hat . T he opposi t i on mu st be r ender ed s o i mpote nt t hat i t wi l l b e unabl e t o ga t her any s ig ni f ic ant s uppor t i n t he Se nat e ag ai nst t he Un i t ed Nat i ons C har t er a nd t he t r eat ie s w hi ch ar e to f ol l ow. [ Emphasi s added. ] Shor tl y a f t er h i s el ect io n P re si dent Ni xon a nd hi s S ec r et ar y of St at e-d esi gnat e Wi ll i am Roger s v i s i t ed " t he house t hat Hi ss b ui l t " ( on l and donat ed by th e R ocke f el le r f amil y) , " so t hat b y t hi s v is i t , " Ni xon sai d, " we c oul d in di cat e our cont i nui ng su ppor t of t he U ni t ed N ati ons and ou r i nt ent i on i n t hes e y ear s a head t o do e ver yt hin g t hat we c an to st r engt hen th i s or gani zat i on as i t wo r ks i n t he cause of p eac e t hr oughout th e w or l d. " 9 Al l of t hi s r eal ly s hould n ot be s urp r i sin g. T he Pr esi dent wa s quot ed i n a f avora bl e b io gr aphy, N i xo n, by E ar l Mazo and S t ephen Hess, as s ay i ng: "A m I a c onserv at i ve or a l i ber al? M y answer i s t hat I ' m an i nt ern at i onal i s t ." 1 0 A n i nt er nat i onal i st i s o ne who i s n ot a nat i onal i s t . He is o ne wh o p ut s o t her n ati ons, or t he wor l d, ahead o f hi s ow n c ount r y. He i s on e w ho a dvoca t es peace by y oki ng A mer i ca i n a n or gani za t i on wi t h th e w or ld ' s mo st m urd er ous w ar mak er s. He i s one wh o bel i ev es t hat s ove r ei gnty o ver t he Un i t ed St at es shoul d r esid e o ut si de t he Un i t ed St at es. T hi s may se em l i ke a ra t her cu r i ous p osi ti on fo r o ne who ha s t aken a n oat h t o uphol d t he Consti t ut i on of t he Un i t ed St at es, whi ch set u p a s ov er ei gn nat io n, b ut Mr . Ni xon is n ot al one i n t hi s cont ra di ct i on. I t i s t he Li ber al p osi t i on, a nd Mr . N ix on h as st ate d unequi vocal ly n umer ous ti mes: " I ' m a l i ber al o n f or eig n p ol ic y. " 11 B ut most peopl e ar e no t a war e of t hi s st at ement . Th ey ar e o nl y aware o f h is campai gn o r at or y, i n w hic h h e has d enounce d i n th e s tr ongest possi bl e t er ms t he a rc hi t ec t s o f di sast er w ho have l ed A mer i ca i n s t umbl i ng f r om one fo r ei gn pol i cy d i sast er to a not her f or o ver t wenty-f i ve year s. O nc e i n of f i ce he f oll owed t he s ame p ro-C ommuni st pol i ci es a s hi s pr edecess or s. As u l tr a-L i bera l D r . Li ncol n P . Bl oomfi el d ha s e xp l ai ned: " I f t he c ommunis t d ynami c wa s g r eat l y ab at ed t he we st m i ght l os e w hate ver i ncent iv e i t has f or w orl d g over nment . "

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The r eason t hat M r. N i xon has f ol l owed t he same po l i cie s, a nd even kept t he sa me " arc hi t ec t s" i n posit i ons of p ower , i s t hat he i s co mmi tt ed t o t hese pol i cie s. If h e w er e n ot , h e wo ul d t oday be a pr osper ous l awyer i n C al i f or nia , b ut a p oli t i cal h as-b een. Rat her t han a pol it i cal ha s-b een, Ri chard N i xo n t oday i s Pr esid ent o f t he Uni t ed St at es . T he I ns i der s r ewar d we l l t hos e w ho a r e wi l l in g t o pl ay th ei r g ame. Ma ny s t udent s of t he I nsid er s' co nspir acy bel i ev e t hat t hey i nt end t o es t abl i sh t hei r t ot al i t ari an w or l d supers t at e du r i ng Mr . N ix on' s second t er m. I t w oul d do ubt l ess c ome about t hr ough a se r i es of p r ec i pi t ate d a nd m ani pul at ed c r i ses i nvo l v i ng a w orl d-w i de monet ary d ebacl e, a maj or d epr es si on i n A mer i ca, maj or moves ar ound t he wor l d by t he Sovi ets , a nd p ossi bly w ar in t he Mi d-East . Wor l d govern ment wo ul d come a s a s av i or , pr omi si ng w orl d p eace and an e nd to t he Communi st th r eat . Most Amer i cans w oul d n ot r eali ze unt i l i t i s t oo la t e t hat t he pr obl ems w er e c r eat ed in o r der t hat wor l d govern ment mi ght be a ccept ed as a s ol ut i on. A worl d g over nment b y i ts v ery n at ure m ust b e a soci al i s t govern ment . The pl anner s want t o e xte nd th ei r p la ns ov er t he ent ir e wor l d. T he In si der s w ant t o co nt r ol t he ec onomy of t he w hol e pl anet . A wor l d gover nment r equi r es a wo r l d s upr eme co ur t , an d Mr. N i xon i s on r ecord i n f av or of a w orl d s upr eme co ur t . And a wor l d gover nment must have a w or l d pol ic e f or ce t o enf or ce t he l aws o f t he Wor l d Su per st at e and ke ep t he sl ave s f r om r ebel l i ng. The Lo s A ngel es Ex ami ner of Oc t ober 28, 19 50, r epo r t ed t hat Co ngr es sman Ri chard N i xon had i nt r oduc ed a " r esol ut i on cal l in g f or t he es t abl i sh ment of a Un i t ed Nat i ons p oli ce f or ce . . . . " So w e k now wher e Mr . Ni xon s t ands o n t hat one! But w hy would M r . Ni xon want t o see t he U nit ed St at es su cked i nt o t he wo r l d g ov er nment t r ap? C oul d i t be t hat t he I ns i der s h ave p r omi sed hi m th at h e wi l l be t he or gani zat i on' s f ir st p r es i dent ? Y ou must admi t i t b eat s b ein g a n at t or ney i n bucol ic W hit t i er . Ref ere nces 1. Pl an f or P eac e, Ne w Yor k, I nst i t ut e f or In t er nati onal Or der , 1954. 2. Quot ed f r om Uni t ed Wor l d Feder al i s t s pamphl et , "W e B el i eve in Wor l d Peace Thr ough Wor ld L aw. " 3. I bi d. 4. Human Event s, M arc h 5 , 19 55. 5. U. S. News & Wor l d Repor t, F ebr uary 2 4, 19 56, p. 8 2. 6. Fr eedom and Uni on, M ar ch 1966, p . 9 . 7. Los An gel es Ti mes, M ay 12 , 1 970. 8. I bi d. 9. I ndi anapol i s St ar, D ecember 18 , 1 968. 10. Qu ot ed in I ndi anapoli s N ews, A ugust 11 , 1 968. 11. Ib i d.

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The More It Changes The co r ners t one of R i ch ar d Ni xon' s r i se t o p oli t i cal p ower was st aunc h o ppos i t i on t o b ot h C ommuni sm and Soci al is m. In f act Ni xon of t en equate d C ommuni sm and S oc i al is m; t hat w as one o f hi s t r ai t s t hat most i nf uri at ed Li ber al s. N i xo n k new t hat Kar l Mar x in h i s Communis t Mani fe st o o f 1848 had u se d t he w or ds i nt er changeabl y. I t i s not fo r not hin g t hat Russi a c al ls i t se l f t he Uni on o f S ov i et Soci al is t Republ i cs. As N i xo n s o el oquent l y s ta t ed i t i n 19 52: Ther e' s o ne di f f er ence be t ween t he Re ds an d P i nks . T he P i nks want t o s oci al i ze Amer ic a. T he Reds want to s oci al i ze t he wo r l d a nd m ake Moscow t he wo r l d capi t al. T hei r p at hs a r e si mi l ar ; t hey h ave t he same Bi bl e - t he t eachi ngs o f Kar l Ma r x. l The ba si s o f socia l i sm is " big g overn ment" - bur eaucr acy, cont ro l s , d ef i c i t spendi ng, a nd in f l ati on. S oc i al is m i s th e r oad t o t ot al gover nment . When yo u g et t her e you have C ommunis m. N i xo n o nc e r emark ed, " . . . I d on't w ant a ny pa r t of a ny ro ad - mi ddl e, r i ght o r l ef t - whi ch e ventu al l y l eads t o t ot al g ove r nment . " 2 I n a pamphl et e nt i t l ed " The Ni xon St and," N i xo n s ai d: " I f I w er e t o p ic k o ne maj or i ssue i n t hi s 1 968 el ect i on i n whi ch t he ca ndi dat es have a b asi c di sagr eement , i t i s w i th r egar d t o t he ro l e o f govern ment . Ther e ar e s ome w ho b el i ev e t he w ay to a be t t er so ci ety i s f or gove r nment t o ge t b ig ger a nd b i gger - whi ch m eans t he r i ght s and r esponsi bi l it i es of p eopl e w il l g et smal le r a nd smal le r . . . . "3 315 " The choi ce we f ac e t oday , " he m ai nta i ned at o ne poi nt i n t he campai gn, " ve r y si mpl y is t his : D o we c ont i nue do wn a r oad t hat l eads t o b ig g overn ment and l it t l e peopl e, or do w e t ak e a new r oad, o ne t hat t aps t he e ner gi es of t he gr eat est e ngi ne of p r oduct i vi t y t he wor ld h as ever seen - t he engi ne of A mer i can i ndust r y a nd Ameri can p ri vat e ent erp r i se? . . . Pr i vate e nte r pr i se, f ar mor e e ff i c i ent l y t han t he govern ment , can pr ovi de t he jo bs, t ra i n th e u nempl oyed, b ui ld t he homes, o f f er t he new o ppor t uni t i es wh i ch wi l l p ro duce pr ogr es s - not pr omis es - i n so l v i ng t he pr obl ems of Am er i ca." 4 I n o pposi ng " bi g gover nment " Ni xon wa s n ot o nl y d oi ng w hat w as mor all y r i ght , h e was d oi ng wh at w as pol it i cal l y r i ght . A n Au gust 1968 Gal l up P ol l showed t hat 46 p er c ent of A mer i cans f el t t hat "b i g govern ment " was th e " bi ggest t hr eat t o t he c ountr y. " Thi s w as cont ra st ed to o nly 1 4 p er c ent w ho f el t th at w ay i n 19 59. G al l up comment ed: "A l t hough b i g gover nment has be en a fa vor it e R epubl i can t ar get f or ma ny ye ar s, ra nk an d f i l e Democ r at s ar e n ear l y a s cr i ti cal of g ro wi ng Fe der al p ower as ar e R epubl i cans. " 5 Ho wever , a c lu e a s t o what woul d ac t uall y h appen dur i ng t he Ni xon ad mi nis t r at i on w as gi ven i n t he Fe br uar y 3, 19 69 i ssu e o f t he Wal l S tr eet J our nal: A t r io o f N ix on Ad mi ni str at i on C abi net o ff i c i al s gave a p ar ti al pi c t ur e o f ho w " Great S oc i et y" p r ogra ms wi l l f are u nder t he Republ i cans. Ther e won' t be a ny a t t empt t o di smant l e th e J ohns on Admi ni st r at io n p ro gr ams, nor wi l l t her e be a m ajo r e ff or t t o expand publ ic s pendi ng fo r t hem. I nst ead, t her e w il l b e a gener al t i dy i ng up t hr ough mu ch Govern ment al r eorg ani zati on, a m i ni mum o f new l egi s l at i on and a maj or

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ef f ort t o i nv ol ve pr i vate i ndust r y, vol unt ar y a genci es a nd ot her nongov er nment al en t i t i es i n th e c ause o f soci al change. 6 And NE A c ol umni st Br uce Bi ossa t r eveal ed t hat d es pi t e al l t he " ver y si ncere " c ampai gn r het or i c : No o ne i n t he t op Ni xon e nt our age r eal l y i magin es t hat t he f edera l g over nment i s g oi ng to b e r educed i n s i ze . I ts b i gnes s i n a b i g and gr owi ng countr y i s ac cepte d a s in escapabl e. The ta sk i s t o mak e t he bi gnes s w or k and, cr i t i ca l l y, t o p ers uade t he Amer i can peopl e t hat f eder al act i ons - and t he l ess er ac t i ons of s t at e and l oc al go ver nment s - r eall y e nd up g et t i ng th i ngs done wh i ch af f ect p eople w ho have pr obl ems t hey need t o h ave s olv ed. ? I n o th er w ord s, th e N i xon a dmi ni st r at i on gave u p on fu l f i l l in g t hat campai gn p r omi se even bef or e I naugur at i on D ay. T hi s mi ght l ead on e t o bel i ev e t hat Ni xon a nd hi s c ohor t s we r e ne ver v er y s in cer e ab out doi ng bat t le w i t h t he De mocr at-i nst it ut ed we l f are s t at e i n th e f i r st p l ac e. Ther e was a t i me when R ic har d Ni xon denounced s uc h " me-t ooi sm" i n no uncert ai n t er ms. He t ol d a L os A ngele s c ro wd o n Apr i l 20, 1 949: Ther e ar e s ome w ho b el i ev e t hat t he onl y way w e can wi n i s to g o down t he r oad w i th t he De mocra t i c P ar t y on a m e-t oo ba si s, ex cept t hat we s houl d g o t hem one b et t er . I t i s t r ue t hat such a p r ogra m mig ht w i n f or us , b ut i n w in ni ng th i s wa y, w e woul d be a bdi cat in g o ur r esponsi bi l it i es t o t he people . 8 But it w as ob vi ous b y N ix on' s appoi nt ment of s uch w elf ar e-s t at er s as R ober t F in ch an d G eorg e R omney t hat t he G r eat Socie t y w as home saf e. We w er e g oi ng t o have e ff i c i ent l y a dmi ni st er ed so ci ali sm under t he El ephant B r ig ade. Sur el y anybody c oul d r un a b ure aucra cy m ore ef f i ci ent l y t han t he s pendocra t d onke ys. Af t er ta ki ng of f i ce, h owever , t he GOP f ound t hat t r y i ng t o make s oc i al is m e f f ic i ent was l i ke t ry i ng t o mak e t he Paci fi c d r y. The Ni xon ad mi nis t r at i on a bandoned i t s so l emn pl edge t o f ig ht bi g g over nment , a nd began expandi ng it o n a ll f r ont s. Thi s move w as i ndi cat ed i n t he s t acca t o-s t y l e " Newsgr am" i n U . S. News & Wor l d Repor t of Fe br uar y 2, 1 970: As M r. N i xon' s p la ns, s ke t ched i n h is s t at e-o f -t he-u ni on speech, t ake hol d: Wa shi ngt on w il l m ov e e ven deeper i nt o peopl e' s l iv es. For exampl e - Educat i on, ov er th e l ong haul, w i l l be f in anced mor e by Washin gt on. School d i s t ri ct s ar e s howi ng t hey want addi t io nal U. S. money t o s ave l oca l t axes . Wel f ar e, u nder t he p r ogra m dra wn u p by M r. N i xon, i s t o b e ba sed on mor e u ni fo r m st andar ds s et i n Wash i ngto n, m oney p ai d o ut by Washin gt on. Housin g, o nce a lo cal m at t er , i s t o r el y f ur t her on fe der al deci si ons. Much th e s ame g oes f or heal t h. The dr i f t fo r ecas t b y hi gh of f i ci al s i s t owar d s ome sor t of n ati onal heal t h-p ayment a r r angement eventu al l y . " Consu mer i sm," a s i t b egi ns to w or k, i s se en a s poi nti ng t owar d addi ti onal fe der al l y s et st andar ds fo r g oods u sed by n ear ly e ver ybody. I t ' s t o b e fe der al m oney t hat pays fo r m any n ew l ocal pol i ce f ac i li t i es. " New Feder ali sm, " as c onc ei ved b y M r. N i xo n, i s based on r et urn i ng mor e money c oll ect ed b y Was hi ngt on t o t he St at es. But it i s

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t o b e Congr es s a nd t he Pr esi dent wh o d ecid e o n t he t ax r ate s t hat pr oduc e t he money. What t he n ati on se ems t o be ap pr oachi ng is g enera l a gr eement t hat bi g pr obl ems ar e t o b e ha ndl ed v i a Washi ngt on. Re f or m movement s in t hi s countr y a l mos t a lw ays f ol l ow t hat p at h. Mr . N i xon' s is n o e xce pt i on. That t hi nk i ng w i ll a ccele r at e as t he nat io n b ecomes mo r e populo us, u rb an ar eas s pr awl acr oss St at e l i nes, busin ess a nd communi cat i ons t ie s t i ght en. St at es a r e se en to b e h unt i ng a n ew r ol e, not r eal l y sover eig n. " Conse r vat i ve s" wi l l o bje ct . " Li ber al s" w i l l compla i n Mr . Ni xon i sn' t movi ng f ast enough. B ut t he P re si dent w i l l t r y t o p l eas e t he cent er m aj ori t y . Tr adit i onal pump pr i mi ng - ver y easy mo ney, bi g G ov er nment spendi ng - would r i sk a n ew bur st of i nf l at i on, i t i s r easo ned. Pl anni ng, i ns t ead, i s emphasiz i ng Gover nment tr ai ni ng pr ogr ams f or t he j obl es s. Next s t ep w oul d be n ew met hods o f i nduci ng c ompani es t o h i r e t he newl y t r ai ned. T ax i ncent i ves, G overn ment subsi di es wi l l b e mul l ed. The da y w hen Gover nment guar ant ees ev er yone a j ob m ay not be f ar of f . When i t c omes t o t he f eder al budget , about t o b e unvei l ed, no t e t hi s: Seeds bei ng pl ante d n ow by M r. N i xon and Congr ess p oin t t o bi gger spendi ng i n year s beyond 1971. S pecif i cs ar e b egi nni ng t o t ak e s hape. The id ea t hat , b ec ause th e c ount r y is g ett i ng b ig ger or w e ha ve mor e t echnolo gy, t he g ove r nment i s fo r ced t o b eco me Bi g B r oth er is f al l ac i ous. Act ual l y , t he b i gger t he count r y, t he l ess a bl e t he ce nt r al govern ment is t o gover n ef f i ci ent l y. Dur i ng t he 19 60' s, th e s i ze of th e f eder al go ver nment , an d o f f edera l s pendi ng, f ai r l y explo ded. Ro ger Fr eeman, a sc hol ar at t he Hoover I nst it ut e at S t anf or d Uni ver si t y an d a f or mer member of t he Whi t e House st af f, p oi nte d o ut : Mor e t han h al f o f t he $ 129 b il l i on in cr eas e i n f eder al expendi t ur es bet ween f i sc al 19 53 a nd 1971 was a ppl i ed t o s oci al pur pos es, l es s t han o ne-f i f t h t o d efe nse. Def ense m eanwhi l e shr ank f r om 64 p er cent of t he f eder al b udget t o 36 p er cent , f r om 13. 6 p er cent of t he Gr oss N at i onal P r oduc t t o about 7. 2 p er cent . I n o th er w ord s, th e s hare o f f eder al r evenues a nd o f t he G r os s Nat i onal P r oduct al l ocate d t o nat i onal d ef ense ha s b een c ut al most i n hal f s i nce 19 53. Most o f t he huge s av i ngs wer e ap pl i ed t o s oc i al pur pos es, w it h e ducat i on one of t he mai n gai ner s. Col umni st P aul S co t t r eve al ed t hat un der Ni xon de f ense s pendi ng i s s hr i nki ng, w hil e s pendi ng on s ocia l w el f ar e pr ogr ams i s ex pandi ng: Whi l e ever ybody ha s b een t al ki ng a bout t he n eed f or re or der in g nat i onal p r io r i t ie s, a dr amati c c hange i n gover nment s pendi ng al r eady has ta ken p la ce. For th e f i r st t i me s i nce Wor ld W ar II , f eder al ex pendi t ur es t hi s year f or h eal t h, educat io n, we l f ar e and la bor p ro gr ams wi l l exceed def ens e e xpendi t ur es. Thi s hi ghl y s i gnif i cant change i n n at i onal p r i ori t i es was hi ghli ght ed b y t he r ece nt p ass age i n t he House of a ppr opr ia t i on bi l l s f or th e D epar t ment s o f La bor , and H eal t h, Educati on & Wel f are .

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These gi ant money bi l l s, t he l ar gest i n hi st or y, conta i n a n est i mat ed $ 74. 3 bi l l i on f or so ci al pr ogr ams. T his c ompar es wi t h th e $73. 6 nat i onal d ef ense sp endin g b udget n ow p endin g b ef or e C ongr ess a nd whi ch i s e xpect ed t o b e r educe d f ur th er . I n 1 953, f eder al e xp endit ur es f or na t i onal def ense t ota l ed $49. 4 bi l l i on a s c ompar ed t o $ 7. 1 b il l i on f or th e g over nment ' s s oci al pr ogr ams. 9 Some di l i gent s oul w ho ma de a count of t he n umber o f f eder al admi ni st r at iv e a genci es came up w i t h mor e t han 2, 400 - most of t hem, pr obabl y, u n-C onsti t ut i onal . Co ngr essman Wi l l i am Rot h ( R.-D el . ) assi gned t o st af f members t he t ask of c alc ul at i ng t he number of f eder al ai d pr ogr ams i n ex i st ence , a nd t he to t al came t o 1, 315 a s o f Septe mber 1969, 225 mor e t han t he pr evio us y ear . A cc or di ng t o Co ngr essman Wr i ght Pat man t her e ar e near l y 1, 600 advi sor y c ommi t t ees a nd commi ss i ons i n t he ex ecut i ve b r anch a l one. By e ar l y i n hi s a dmi ni str at i on, Ri char d Ni xon had a dded fo r t y t o t he t ot al . Of t hese 5 , 315 p ro gr ams, bur eaus, a nd c ommi ssi ons , M r. N i xon announced t hat h e had f ound fi f t y-s even t hat co ul d be d i spensed wi t h. For ex ampl e, Mr . Ni xon be l i eve d t hat t he Republ ic c oul d sur vi ve w i th out a b ure au o f t ea ta st er s. But , al as, at l as t r epor t , mo st o f t he fi f t y-seven bur eaus , i nc l udi ng t he dought y t ea t ast er s, h ad sur v i ve d t he a xe, pr ovin g o nce again t hat ol d bu r eaus never di e, an d t hey s el dom eve n f ade away. It i s not a s i f t her e we r e n ot pl ent i f ul ta r gets f or Mr . Ni xon' s s calp el in t he bu dget and t he b ure aucr acy i f he w er e si nce r el y i nt ere st ed. But Ri char d Ni xon came to W ash i ngt on not t o b ur y bi g govern ment , but to m ul t ip l y it . The ma j or c ause of t he ph enomenal m us hr oomi ng o f bi g gover nment has be en t he f anta st i c ex pansi on o f " Wel fa r e" i n al l it s f or ms a nd gui ses. D uri ng h i s succe ssf ul quest f or t he Pr esid ency, Republ i can ca ndi dat e R i ch ar d Ni xon to l d th e N at io nal Al l i ance o f Busi nessmen: As w e l ook th r ough t he ag es - and welf ar e i s n ot new - we ha ve f ound t hat in evi ta bl y w hen s uc h p r ogr ams cont i nue a nd escal at e i n any soci et y, w elf ar e t ends to d est r oy t hose wh o h ave r ecei ved i t and t o cor r upt t hose w ho di spens e i t. I t w as s i x t een mont hs l at er , as P r esi dent-e l ect, t hat Mr . N i xon agai n addr ess ed hi msel f t o t he s ubj ec t o f " Wel f ar e. " Thi s t im e h e was speaki ng b efo r e an a ssembl y of t he na t i on' s G over nor s at C olo r ado Spr i ngs: We c onf r ont ed t he f act th at in t he pa st fi ve y ear s t he F edera l Govern ment al one spent mo r e th an a qu ar t er o f a t r i l li on do l l ar s on soci al p r ogra ms - mor e t han $2 50 bi l l i on. Yet f ar f r om s olv i ng o ur pr oble ms, t hese ex pendi tu r es had r eaped a har vest o f di ssat is f acti on, f r ustr at i on and bi t t er di vi sio n. Never i n h uman h is t or y ha s s o much be en sp ent b y so ma ny f or s uc h a n egat i ve re sul t . . . . Mr . Ni xon w as n ot exagger at i ng. U . S. News & Wor ld R epor t f or Januar y 1 3, 1969, r eveale d t hat t he number o f A mer i cans r ecei vi ng " Wel fa r e" h ad j umped o ver 5 0 per c ent d uri ng a de cade of u npar al le l ed pr osper i t y , and by t he end of 1 968 i t t ot al ed ne ar l y 10 m i ll i on per sons. T he Washi ngt on Evenin g S t ar i nf or med u s t hat " Wel f ar e" ro l l s acr oss t he co unt ry w er e pr ol if er at i ng a t t he a sto ni shi ng r ate o f 200, 000 p er mont h. I n i ts i ssu e o f Fe br uar y 3 , 19 69, U. S. N ews a dded:

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I n t he p ast ei ght year s, f eder al s pendi ng f or e ducat io n, o l d-a ge pensio ns, h eal t h, handout s t o t he p oor a nd a l l ot her " soci al wel fa r e" has ju mped to 6 1 bi l l i ons a ye ar . A dd t he mor e th an 51 b i l l io ns sp ent by S ta t e a nd l ocal g overn ments f or si mi l ar a i d, and t he bi l l e xc eeds 112 bi l l i ons a y ear . . . . I t i s 40 p er cent mo r e th an t he U. S. spends annual l y f or def ens e, i ncl udi ng w ar in V i et nam. I n a ddi t i on t o t he $ 112.4 b i ll i on s pent by g overn ment at a l l l evels f or "s oci al p r ogra ms, " pr i vate w elf ar e o ut l ays amount t o a noth er $50. 7 bi l l i on - a t ot al o f $163.1 b i l l io n. Th i s, s ai d U .S . N ews & Wor l d Report , a ccount s f or a l most 20 p er ce nt of t he en t i r e U. S. ou t put of goods and s er vi ces . T he same sour ce i nf orms u s th at 36 p er ce nt of a l l f edera l s pendi ng, and 4 4 per cent of a l l st ate s pendi ng, now f all s wi t hin t he ca t egor y o f "s oci al w el f ar e. " Thi s m ak es ex pendi tu r e fo r such handouts s eco nd o nly t o t hat f or n ati onal de f ense . Yet , U. S. N ews n ot ed, d es pi t e t hese absolu t el y st agger i ng f i gure s, " all i deas w i t h of f ic i al backin g s eem t o po i nt i n onl y one di r ect i on: to war d bi gger, c ost l i er re l i ef exper im ent s. " A t th e f eder al l evel al one t her e ar e n ow 1 12 pover ty a i d pr ogr ams, ha ndl ed by e le ven separa t e a genci es; s i x t y-n i ne vocat i onal pr ogr ams, o per at ed by e i ght di f f er ent f eder al agencie s; an d f or ty-t hr ee separ at e p ro gr ams f or chi l dr en, a dmi ni st er ed by f i ve d i f f er ent agenci es . Whi l e mi l l i ons o f j obs go b eggi ng, th e n umber o f t hose o n " Wel fa r e" i s i ncre asi ng nat i onal l y at a n annual r at e of 1 0 pe r c ent compounded. Yet th e Wal l St r eet J ourn al re por t ed on Ap r i l 2 4, 1 969: Pr esid ent N ix on ha s a sked h i s t op d omest ic p ol i cy e xper t s t o expl or e a d eepl y per pl exi ng so ci al ph enomenon . . . . I n s hor t , th e Gr eat Soci ety e nla r ged th e d emand f or w elf ar e a nd a l so i ncr eased i t s supply . " My mai n concl us i on i s t hat t he i ncr ease i n t he c ase l oad i s a good t hi ng. Mor e el i gi ble f ami l i es ar e g et t i ng as si sta nce, so t he syst em i s i n t hi s sense wor kin g b et te r , " sums u p one Whi t e Ho use wel f ar e s peci al i st . T hi s j udgment i s share d b y ma ny ot her N ix on Admi ni st r at i on of f ic i al s . . . . Assumi ng t hat P r es i dent Ni xon' s f i gur e o f $50 b il l i on per y ear f or "W el f ar e" o ver t he pa st fi ve y ear s w as a ppr ox i mate l y a ccu r at e, t he aver age A meri can f ami l y pays about $1 , 250 per year i n d i r ec t a nd i ndi re ct ta xes t o suppor t t hos e w ho can' t or w on' t suppor t t hemsel ves . T hi s means t he av er age p r oduc t i ve Amer i ca n h as dur i ng t he la st ha l f-d ecade p ai d out $6 , 250, and wo r ked ap pr oxi mat el y 3, 000 hour s, t o su ppor t t hese pr ogr ams. Ye t , a ssu mi ng t hat th er e ar e appr ox i mat ely f our m i l l i on fa mi l i es i n Amer i ca l i v i ng i n p ov er t y, e ver y one of t hese f amil i es c oul d ha ve h ad a t ax-f r ee i ncome of $ 12, 500 pe r year wi t h t he a mount o f money al r eady b ein g s pent . P ro babl y as m uc h a s one-h al f t o t hr ee-f our th s o f th i s mo ney g oes f or o ver head an d s al ar i es f or th e p over t ycra t s, w it h p ro babl y l ess t han 2 5 per cent o f " Welf ar e" expendi t ur es ever r eachin g t he h ands of th e p oor. E ven s o, al t hough f i gure s v ar y f r om st at e t o s ta t e a nd accor di ng to t he si ze of t he f ami ly a nd ot her c i r cumst ances , m onth l y di r ect cash payment s t o " Wel fa r e" r ec i pi ent s i n i ndust r i al st at es now a ve r age $250 to $ 300 p er f ami ly u ni t - mor e i ncome t han i s p r ov i ded by t he Congr ess f or m any o f our mi l i t ar y f amil i es. I n a ddi t i on, accor di ng to U . S. N ews & Worl d R epor t o f Apr i l 28, 1969, a t ot al of 3 . 8 mi l li on A mer i cans e ach year now r ece i ve f r om t he

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t axpay er s s ome 2 4. 7 p ounds o f f r ee fo od pe r m onth - i nclu di ng fl our , canned m eat , r ai si ns, b ut t er , l ar d, and se vent een o t her s t apl es. The fe der al Food St amp Pr ogr am ( whi ch h as been gr eat ly e xpanded) pr ovid es f ood a t a d i scount of r oughl y 3 3 per c ent t o 2. 9 m il l i on Amer ic ans w ho h ave b een ent i ce d o nt o t he dol e. In a ddi t i on, 2. 3 mi l l i on chi l dr en r ece i ve f r ee s ch ool l unches f r om t he g ov er nment a nd an addi ti onal 16 . 7 mi l l i on get su bsi di ze d l unches, whi l e 200, 000 youngs t er s re cei ve f r ee br eakf ast s un der a r ecent l y in i t i at ed p r ogr am. Most of t hese g i ve away sc hemes h ave r eceiv ed C ongr essi onal appr opr i at i ons f or e xpans i on appr oxim at ely 2 5 p er c ent d ur i ng t he comi ng y ear . I t h as b een est i mat ed b y U. S. News & Wor l d Re por t t hat in o r der t o e qual t he val ue o f c as h, fo od, m edi cal and r ecr eat i onal ser vi ces a va i l abl e w i t hout ch ar ge an d t ax-f r ee t o t hose who fi nd i t conveni ent to l i ve i dl y on " Wel f ar e" at th e e xpense of t hei r wor k i ng f ell ows, th e a ve r age ta xpaye r w oul d h ave t o ea r n i n excess o f $ 7, 000 per y ear . T he d i f f er ence i s t he 2, 000 h our s of to i l whi ch t he w or ki ng t axpaye r m us t p ut i n e ac h y ear t o ea r n a li v i ng, whi l e t he " Wel f are " p eopl e s it f at l y on th ei r g ov er nment c hec ks. Exactl y o ne year f r om t he d ay t he Re publ i ca n P ar t y n omi nat ed h i m f or Pr esi dent , R ic har d Ni xon summar il y p re empt ed nat io nal t el ev i si on t i me t o s pell o ut " hi s" r evolu t i onary n ew " Wel f ar e" pr ogr am. The Pr esid ent d amned t he c urr ent syst em i n t he s t r ongest t er ms an d p ro posed t hat t he v ari egat ed st at e we l f are p r ogra ms be r epl ac ed by a f eder al mi ni mum f l oor f or " Wel f ar e" re ci pi ent s i n ever y st at e pl us su bsi di es t o t he "w or ki ng poor" a nd a gi gant i c j ob-t r ai ni ng p r ogr am. The P re si dent ' s scheme was de scr ib ed i n U. S. News & Wor l d Repor t f or August 25, 1969: I f e nact ed by C ongr ess, t he Ni xon p ro posal w oul d mor e t han do ubl e t he nu mber of p eopl e o n r el i ef , t r i pl e t he n umber o f chi l dr en r ece i v i ng assi st ance an d a dd a l most 4 bi l l i on dol l ar s t o th e f eder al co st s of wel f ar e i n th e f ir st f ull y ear o f o per at i on. A t th at ti me, a cc or din g t o Admi ni st r at io n e st i mat es, t her e w ould b e at l east 2 2.4 m i l l io n p eopl e r eceiv i ng G ov er nment a i d, o r 1 o ut of e ver y 9 A mer i cans . . . . Rel i ef r ec i pi ent s i n t he nat io n w ould t hen e xceed t he t ot al popula t i on of s uch a l arg e St ate a s C al i f orn i a - 19. 3 mi l l i on - or Ne w Yor k - 18. 1 mi l l i on. T ot al c ost t o t axpayer s w oul d r un ar ound 1 5 bi l l io n d ol la r s a year in f eder al , St at e and l oca l f unds. * Accord i ng t o Ted Lewi s of t he New Yor k D ai l y N ews, m uc h o f th e phi l os ophy be hi nd Ni xon' s pr oposals c ame f r om * Af t er N i xon pr ese nt ed hi s " New F eder al i sm" [ t he name appar ent l y t aken f r om a b ook by t hat t i t le w r it t en b y Nel so n R ocke f el le r ] t o assembl ed Govern or s i n Col or ado S pr i ngs a month l ate r , t he Gover nor s de manded t hat t he f eder al govern ment t ake ov er al l " Welf ar e" f i nanci ng. The l one di ssent i ng vo i ce was t hat o f Lest er Maddox o f G eor gi a. Lyndon J ohnso n' s Secr et ar y o f Heal t h, E duc at i on and Wel f ar e, John Gar dner - a k ey I ns i der a nd m ember o f t he C ounci l on F or ei gn Re l at i ons , who ha s r ecent l y or gani zed " Common C ause, " a g r ass-r oot s l obbyin g or gani zat i on ai med a t e st abl is hi ng a t ot al M ar xis t s ta t e t hro ugh f edera l l egis l at io n. A cco r di ng t o L ewi s, Mr . N i xo n s ent t he f ol l owi ng not e t o H EW Secr et ar y F in ch: " John Gar dner ' s Go dki n le ct ure s ( at ta ched) expr ess bet te r t han anyth i ng I h ave y et re ad wh at I ho pe wi l l s erv e a s t he b as i c ph i l osophy o f t hi s

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admi ni st r at io n. I commend t hem f or yo ur we ekend r eadin g. S i nc er ely , RMN. " * x The le ct ur es r ef er r ed t o wer e del i ver ed at H ar var d C ol l ege by LBJ' s onet i me HEW Secr eta r y Ga r dner , who qui t t he J ohnson c abi net i n a di sput e o ver wel fa r e meth ods . . . . None of t he s i gnif i cant t asks can b e accompl i shed, s ai d G ar dner , " i f we a r e un wi l li ng t o ta x o ur se l ves. " Then Pr esi dent i al Assi sta nt Da ni el P. M oyn i han, a L i ber al Democr at a nd member o f th e b oar d o f di r ect or s o f t he soci al is t A DA, w ho was la r gel y r esponsi bl e f or dr af t i ng t he Ni xon "W el f ar e" p r ogr am, comment ed: What t he P r es i dent r eal ly has done i s make an h i st or i c and f undament al assert i on o f nat io nal r es ponsi bi l i t y t o pr ovi de mi ni mum i ncomes t o po or pe opl e, s t op t ax i ng t hem, st ar t supple ment i ng t hei r i ncomes a nd hel p t he s t at es fi nd e nough re sour ces t o do t hi s. The re sponse f r om t he Lef t t o t he Pr esid ent ' s Fami ly A ssi st ance Pl an ( FAP) pr oposa l w as near ly u nanim ous appr oval . R epubl i can B att l e Li ne quot ed a D emocr at i c l eader : " I f t hi s pl an go es th r ough, Ri char d Ni xon wi l l ta ke ov er H uber t Hu mphr ey' s c onst i t uency an d G eorg e Wal l ac e' s t oo. " W ri t i ng in t he Chi cago T r ib une f or A ugust 1 7, 1969, Wal t er T r ohan q uot ed a not her t op D emocr at: " ` I wi sh we h ad t hought o f it , ' a t op e co nomic a dvi so r f or L yndon B . Johnson t ol d t hi s comment at or . ` I t 's a m arv el ous v ot e cat cher . " ' Th e N ew Y or k Ti mes' James R es t on, sp okesmanappar ent f or t he Est abl i shment n ow t hat Wal t er Li ppmann h as hung up h i s t ypewr i t er , was even mor e e ff us i ve: . . . . H e [N i xon] h as be en de nouncin g t he " wel fa r e st at e" fo r 2 0 year s, b ut he i s now s ayi ng th at p ove r t y i n A meri ca in t he m i dst of specta cul ar pr osper i t y is i nto l er able a nd must be w i ped o ut . . . . A Republ i can pr esi dent ha s c ondemned t he wor d " wel f are , " emphas i zed "w or k" and " tr ai nin g" a s condit i ons of p ubl i c a ssi st anc e, sugges t ed t hat t he s t at es a nd t he c it i es be g i ven m ore f eder al m oney t o deal wi t h t hei r so ci al an d e co nomi c pr oble ms, b ut s t il l c omes o ut i n t he en d w i t h a p ol i cy o f spendi ng mor e money f or r el ie f o f mo r e po or people t han t he we l f ar e st at e Democra t s ev er d are d t o pr opose i n t he past . Thi s i s b egin ni ng t o b e t he s t or y o f Am er i ca n p ol it i cs . . . . . . . And n ow o n t he most c ont r over si al qu est i on of do mest i c pol i cy , h e ch anges t he rh et ori c, t he phi lo sophy and th e a dmin i st ra t i on, but pr oposes mor e wel f are , m or e p eopl e o n publ i c assis t ance, whi ch w i l l t ake mor e f ede r al f unds th an an y o t her p r es i dent i n t he h i st or y o f t he Republ i c . . . . Nevert hel ess, N i xo n h as t aken a g r eat s t ep f or war d. He h as c l oake d a r emar kabl y p r ogr essi ve [ sic ] w el f ar e po l i cy i n c ons er vat i ve l anguage . . . . . . . He h as r epudi at ed hi s ow n p ar t y's r ecord o n soci al pol i cy at h ome a nd even hi s o wn hawki sh a t ti t udes a br oad, a nd t hi s t el l s us someth i ng b ot h a bout t he Pr esi dent an d t he c ountr y. For he h as ob vi ous l y c onc l uded t hat t he Amer i can peopl e a r e f or peace abr oad and f or a mo r e de cent di str i buti on o f weal th a t h ome, an d t he ch ances ar e th at t his w i ll p r ove t o be b ot h good pol i cy and go od pol i ti cs.

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A week l at er Resto n c r owed t hat N i xon w as " z i g-z aggin g t o th e l ef t ." T he Ne w Republ i c 's T . R. B. a l so f ormal l y we l comed N i xon i nto t he Fabi an u nder worl d w i t h a c ol umn t it l ed " Ni xon Out smar t i ng Democr at s" : Most i mpor t ant , fo r t he f i r st t i me in U . S. h i s t or y h e accepte d t he id ea o f a n ati onal mi ni mum i ncome f or al l A mer i cans. I t woul d cover not me r el y th e p oor -w ho-g et-a i d bu t t he pr evio usl y ex cl uded " wor ki ng poor ." W e h av e w ai t ed f or i t al l t hes e y ear s. T hi s i s a n ew bal l game; i t ' s her e a nd i t 's i r r eve r s i bl e . . . . The d is par it y b et ween th e h aves a nd have-n ot s i s s o gr eat t hat no r andom p la n c an deal wi t h i t, w e t hi nk, and it c an on l y yi el d t o a nat i onal , c ompr ehens i ve p la n. Mr . N i xon m ay not r eal i ze i t , b ut t hat 's w hat he h as s t ar te d . . . . . . . And t he p l an d oes pr ovid e a p la t f orm t o b ui l d on . T hi s i s t he fi r s t n at i onal m i ni mum i nc ome p ro gr am f or a ll A mer i cans. I t ' s t he st ar t of s yst emati c i ncome mai nt enanc e. Ev er y s ig n p oi nt s t o t he di r ect i on i n whi ch t he co unt ry w i l l go. The so ci al i st N ew Republi c w as n ot sh y a bout c all i ng a s hovel a shovel . I t ch eer ed t hat t he Pr esi dent ' s pr oposals a mount t o " cr eepi ng soci al i sm. " One re ad w i th a ga sp: " It m ust ha ve b een q uit e a s ce ne, t he Camp Davi d ca bi net m eet in g a t whi ch Pr esid ent N ix on in f or med t he Neander t hal men th at h e had ac cept ed and woul d as ser t cr eepin g soci al i sm, th e p ri nc i pl e of th e F eder al Go ver nment g uar ant eei ng a mi ni mum i ncome t o al l d is advant aged A mer ic ans." The Washi ngto n P os t ' s R os coe Dr ummond w ent e ven f ur t her , comment i ng: What ev er h appened t o c ons er vat i ve R ic har d Ni xon? Her e he i s in t he l ead fo r t he m ost f ar-r angin g, g r oundbre aki ng, dar i ng, s ocia l -w el f ar e r ef or m s in ce t he ear ly y ear s of th e N ew Deal . . . . St r ange t o co nt empl at e bu t t he t i me may co me w hen p eopl e w i ll t hi nk of R i ch ar d M. N i xon a s t he R epubl i ca n F r ank l i n D. R oose vel t of t he 19 70s! Newsweek a l so c all ed t he pl an " Ni xon' s N ew Deal " and quot ed el at ed L ef t is t s in p r ai se o f t he p r oposals : " I ' m bot h a mazed and p l eased," a ppl auded Wal t er Hel l er , J ohn Kennedy' s c hi ef ec onomi c advis or a nd pi oneer a dvo cat e of Federa l w el fa r e mi ni mums . . . . Some Johnson A dmi ni st r at i on vet er ans st ar ed e nvi ousl y at p l ans t hought t oo r adi cal i n t heir t i me. Campai gn suppor t er s of R ober t K ennedy and E ugene Mc Car t hy spott ed c aus es th at t hei r own c andi dat es h ad champi oned . . . . I t wa s t he f i nest h our i n a much-b uf f et ed s i x mo nt hs f or P at M oyn i han an d H EW' s S ecr et ary R obert Fi nch . . . . R i ch ar d N ix on . . . c onf i ded t o a f r i end h i s co nvi ct i on t hat [ r ef er ri ng to D i sr ael i ] " Tor y me n w it h l i ber al pr i nci ple s a re w hat has en l ar ged democ r acy in t his w or l d. " I t i s i r oni c t hat R i char d N ix on s houl d qu ot e t he m an who s ta r t ed Engl and o n th e r oad f r om empir e t o mi ni-s t at e, i f l es s s o t hat RM N should b e p ra i sed f or h is L i ber al i sm and compar ed w i th F DR. Of c our se, it i s t he " f or got te n A meri cans, " t o wh om Ni xon appeal ed s o successf ul l y d uri ng hi s c ampai gn, who w il l h av e t o pa y f or what wi l l a mount t o 2 0 mi l l i on a ddi ti onal dr ones on th e " Welf ar e" r ol l s. I n i ts i ssu e o f Au gust 25, 1 969, U. S. N ews & Wo r l d R epor t not ed:

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Once on t he books, p r ogra ms ar e r ar el y, if e ver , cut back . . . . Expert s a r e al r eady t al ki ng ab out 3 0 t o 40 b i l l io n d ol l ar s a year as e ve nt ual cost f or a fu l l y devel oped s ys t em o f mi nim um i nco me fo r al l . Fr ank S. M eye r , th e r emai ni ng har d-l i ne Conser va t i ve on t he st aff of N at i onal Revi ew, c hara ct eri zed t he P r es i dent ' s pl an in t hes e w or ds : The Ni xon w el f ar e pr ogr am i s a p r ogra m f or p r ogre ssi ve pauper i zat i on o f an i ncre asi ng s ect io n o f t he A mer i can p eople . I t was j ust such p auper iz at i on t hat was o ne of th e o ut st andin g c ause s a nd sympto ms o f t he de cay o f Rome. F or " br ead a nd ci r cuse s, " s ubst i tu t e a f edera l d ol e and a t el evi si on set i n every w el f ar e h ome. Mar xis t s h ave l ong c her is hed dr eams of a f eder all y g uar ant eed annual i ncome f or Amer i ca . P re vi ously N i xo n h ad st aunc hl y o pposed t he Mar xi st guar ant eed annual i ncome. "N i xon' s t he One" who s aid , w hi l e c ampai gni ng o n May 15 , 1 968: One of t he re asons I d o not ac cept . . . a g uar ant eed annual i ncome o r a negati ve i nco me ta x i s be cause o f m y convi ct i on t hat doi ng so, fi r s t , wo ul d not e nd pover t y, a nd s eco nd, w hi l e it mi ght be a substi t ut e fo r w el f ar e, i t w oul d h ave a ve r y d etr i ment al e f fe ct on t he pr oduc t i ve ca pacit y o f th e A mer i can people . . . t hat i s w hy I t ak e a di m vi ew o f t hese pr ogr ams. to The Amer i can Conse r vat i ve U nio n n ot ed: Despit e h i s f l at deni al t hat he was pr oposin g a guar ante ed an nual i ncome, P r esi dent Ni xon's " f ami l y a ss i st ance p l an" i s j ust th at . Numero us w elf ar e exper t s not ed t hat t hi s pr i nc i pl e i s cent r al t o Ni xon' s p l ans , a nd c onser vat iv es f ear t his w i l l open t he d oor t o even hi gher m i ni mum i nc omes g uar ant eed f or al l . P ubl i c opi ni on pol ls h ave shown t he g re at ma j or i t y of Am er i cans o pposed t o such a s cheme b ec ause of w hat l i ber al s sneer i ngl y ca l l " t he P uri t an E th i c, " t he p opul arl y suppor t ed t heor y t hat e ve r y ma n s houl d w or k f or an i nc ome. A y ear l at er Ni xoni te s w er e a dmit t i ng t hat th e F AP was a guar ant eed an nual i ncome, a ta ci t c onf essi on t hat e arl i er t hey h ad b een pr evar i cat i ng. l ' Whi l e t he N ix on sc heme wo ul d r epl ace t he much c ri t i c iz ed A i d f or Dependent C hi l dr en, i t wo ul d onl y i nc r ease t he in cent i ve f or re l i efe r s t o p ro duce mo r e ch i l dr en. L et us i nsp ect t he c ons equences o f Mr . Ni xon' s b r eed-a nd-f eed pr ogr am. Suppos e a m an a nd a " Welf ar e mot her ," w ho may b e absol ut e st r anger s, de ci de t o s pend t he n i ght t oget her c ommunin g w i t h t heir nat ure s. F or hi s moment s wi t h t hi s Ve nus, t he man m ay pay b y spendi ng t wo mo nt hs wi t h Me r cur y, but t he t axp ayers w i l l pay fo r t hat eveni ng o f pl easu r e f or at le ast t he n ext t wenty-o ne ye ar s, an d p ro babl y f or th e n ext sevent y-f i ve. I n a ddi t i on, t he ch ances a r e gr eat t hat t he f i r st i l l i c it o f fs pr i ng wi l l be t he st ar ti ng p oin t f or a not her geomet r i c p ro gr ess i on o f " Welf ar e" re ci pie nt s w hose st at us wi l l t her eaf t er be " guar ant eed. " What i s t he or i gin al f ath er ' s r esponsi bi li t y? Fr om a pr acti cal s t andpoi nt , none. To t he mot her , t he chi ld i s a guar ant eed an nual meal

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t i cket . W hat i s yo ur r esp onsib i l i t y? We ar e t ol d by Mr . N i xon t hat i t i s y our r esponsi bi l i t y ov er th e l i f et i me of t hat chi ld t o l abor t housa nds o f hours , a nd t o d eny t he f r ui ts o f your l abor to y our own chi l dr en, i n or der t o s uppor t t he o ff spr in g o f su ch br ood-mot her s. T his i s e uphemi sti cal ly c al l ed " hav i ng a soci al c onsci ence. " I t ha s a mor e accura t e n ame b ut, a l as, t hat name is i nappr opr ia t e fo r r epet i t i on her e. We a re t ol d t hat bi r t h co nt r ol w i l l be i nt r oduced i nto t he Ni xon pr ogra m a t so me po i nt , bu t o f cour se bi r th c ont ro l t abl et s an d d ev i ces ar e re adi l y avai la bl e n ow. I t i s n ot because o f i gnora nce o r pover t y t hat t hey a re n ot used. Whi l e t he b ro od-mot her s m ay be s ch ool d ro pouts , t hey ar e g r aduat es c um la ude of t he uni ver si t y of t he st r eet, a nd ar e anyt hi ng b ut i gnor ant w hen i t comes t o s ex . T hey ar e s i mpl y i n t he b aby busi ness f or f un and p r of i t . And s ome o f t hem are b r az en e nough to b e pr oud of i t . I n t he b est Or well i an f as hi on, R i char d N ix on b era t ed t he cent ra l i zat io n o f power i n Was hi ngt on o ver t he pa st th i r t y ye ar s, and t hen pr oposed t o nat i onal i ze " Wel f are " u nder M r . Rocke f el l er' s mi snomer , " th e N ew F edera l i sm." T hose a l re ady f ami l i ar w i t h t he r esul t of f eder al in t er ve nt i on i n p ubl i c s ch ool s, l abor di sput es, le gi sla t i ve r edi st r i ct i ng, a nd a l l eged j ob d i scri mi nat i on c an h ard l y a ppl aud now what t hey h av e o pposed fo r s o l ong. Yet ev en a s Mr . Ni xon w as b egui l i ng t he Go ver nors w i th o f f ers o f f edera l m oney w i t h no st r i ngs at t ach ed, J ohn P ri ce, a f or mer l eader o f t he Le f t i s t " Republ i can" Ri pon S oci et y, no w o n th e s ta f f o f Dani el P . Moynih an, w as t ell i ng e di t or s i n Chi cago o n Au gust t wel f th t hat i f t he s t at es r efu sed t o g o al ong wi t h f edera l " Welf ar e" s t andar ds, th e A dmi ni st ra t i on woul d have t o " bl ack j ack th e s ta t es" by w i th hol di ng f unds u nt il t hey c ompli ed. The pa r t o f Mr . Ni xon' s pl an t hat w as m ost a ppeal i ng t o t he publ ic w as th e t yi ng o f " Wel fa r e" f unds to j obs or j ob-t r ai ni ng pr ogra ms. Y et t his i dea h as mor e ho l es t han S wi ss ch eese. As H uman Events p oi nte d o ut : The Pr esi dent h i msel f l ef t a l ar ge lo ophol e f or t hose who d on' t want t o a ccept w or k b y st r essi ng t hat a ny j ob mus t b e " sui t abl e. " Who wi l l det er min e t he " sui ta bi l it y" o f a j ob? . . . What assura nces, mor eov er , d oes t he t axpay er ha ve t hat t hos e el i gib l e f or wor k wi l l ac t uall y b e fo r ced t o f i nd w ork o r s eek j ob t r ai ni ng? Wil l t he A dmi ni st r at i on s et u p some t ough en f or cement machin er y o r, a s i s l i kel y, pe r mi t so f t-h ear te d s ocia l a genci es t o moni t or t hi s mo st im por t ant t ask ? . . . Want t o b et ? The Pr esi dent ' s "r ef or m" i nvit es e ven m ore c heati ng an d f r aud t han i s p r ese nt l y f ound i n t he " Wel fa r e" syst em. Human E vents r emi nded us: Mor eov er , t he e nti r e p r ogr am coul d be come a b onanza fo r c hi se l er s and lo af er s - j ust as h ave m any w el f ar e s ch emes in t he past . Appl ic ant s f or fa mi l y al l owances, fo r i ns t ance, would n ot be s ubj ect t o much scr uti ny. T o r ecei ve a go ver nment c heck, al l t hey w oul d h ave t o do woul d be t o f i l l out a si mpl e st at ement of n eed, s ayi ng w hat t hey expect t hei r i ncome t o be i n t he b enef i t year . Mo nt hly a mount s w oul d b e mai l ed d i r ect l y to r ec i pi ent s f r om a centr al f eder al agency, wi t hout pr el im i nar y i nvest i gat i on . . . .

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Most Conser va t i ves h ave conclu ded t hat t he P r esid ent 's p r opos ed r ef orms a r e no r ef or ms at a l l. A s w it h t he w ar in V i et nam, Am er i ca ns ar e of f er ed a c hoi ce b etw een f al se al t er nat i ves. Every t hi ng Mr . Ni xon has sa i d i n i ndi ct i ng t he c urr ent " Wel f are " s yste m i s t r ue, but hi s pr opos al s f or r efo r m or i gin at ed wi t h th e s ame Fabi an Soci ali st s who p ut t he count r y i nt o t he cur r ent " Welf ar e" quagmir e. It ' s a n escala t i on of m ore o f t he s ame. Regard l ess of t he good in t enti ons o f many l egi sla t or s, t he on l y r eal sol ut i on t o t hi s n ig ht mar e - a s al vat i on f r om t he f at e w hi ch bef ell R ome - i s to t ake " Wel fa r e" o ut o f t he h ands o f t he p ol i t i ci ans and so ci al wo r kers . A f t er a l l, a ccord i ng t o U . S. News & Wor ld R epor t , Amer ic ans v ol unt ar i l y g iv e $ 55 b i l l io n a year i n pr i va t e c har i t y, and woul d gi ve mu ch mo r e t o t r ul y good ca uses i f t hey w ere r el i eve d o f th e enor mous c urr ent t ax b urd en. The al t er nati ve to p hasin g o ur c ur r ent s ys t em i nt o a pr i vat e one i s t o go t he r oute o f R ome a nd b e o ve r r un by a r mi es of t he po or demandi ng b re ad an d c i r cu ses whi l e th r eate ni ng re vol ut i on. As t axe s g o hi gher a nd hi gher t o s uppor t ever hi gher and h ig her " Wel f are " b enef i t s, mor e and more A mer i cans, ei t her b y ch oi ce or b eca use of c i r cu mst ances, wi l l deser t t o t he r anks of th e p ar as i t e c l ass. Eventu al l y th e r emnant of t he A mer ic an mi ddl e-c l ass wi l l be c aught i n a v i se bet ween t he Fabi ans a bove a nd t he p ro l et ar i an a rmy b el ow. The se cond ma j or i ngr edie nt of t he Pr esi dent ' s "N ew Fe der al is m" i s r ev enue sh ar i ng w i t h t he st at es. Al t hough t he f i r st p ar t of t he " New Federa l i sm" i nvolv es a la r ge st ep t owar ds cent r al i zati on a nd nat i onal i zati on of w el f ar e, "r evenue shari ng" i s pr omot ed a s a maj or s t ep t owar d decent r al i zat i on. As p art o f t he p r opaganda t o se l l th i s pr ogra m Ni xon h as st at ed: A t hir d o f a centu r y o f cent ra l i z i ng power a nd re spons i bi l i ty i n Washin gt on ha s p ro duced a b uro cr at i c monst r osi t y, c umber some, unr esp onsi ve, i nef f ect i ve . . . . A ft er a t hi r d of a cent ur y of po wer f l owin g f r om t he peopl e and th e s t ate s t o Washi ngt on i t i s ti me fo r a new fe der al is m i n whi ch power, f unds, a nd r espons i bi li t y w i ll f l ow f r om Washing t on t o t he st at es a nd th e p eopl e. 12 As u su al , N ix on pr omot es mor e soci ali sm, but d esc r i bes t he pr obl ems i n ver y Conser va t i ve t er ms. Machi avel l i and Or wel l woul d have be en pr oud of h im . T heor et i ca l l y, th e g ra nt s t o t he st at es and lo cal g ov er nment s ar e to have " no s t ri ngs at t ached, " ju st a s wer e Feder al Ai d t o Educat i on g ra nt s. But N ix on' s ai des pr i vat el y a dmi t th e g r ant s a re j ust bai t t o f ur th er ce nt r al iz e p ower i n t he fe der al govern ment . Even Mr . Ni xon hi nt ed at th i s w hen h e made h is p r oposal s: Consid er f or a moment t he name of t his n at i on: t he U ni t ed S t at es of A mer i ca. We e st abl i sh mi nim um nati onal st andar ds be cause we a re uni t ed; w e en coura ge l oca l s uppl ement s b ec ause we a r e a f eder at i on o f St at es , a nd we c ar e f or t he un f or t unat e be cause t hi s i s A meri ca. 1 3 Onl y t he most p oli t i cal ly n aiv e c ould b eli eve t hat t he N i xon pr ogra m would a ctu al l y de centr al i ze power. A s J ames J. K i l pat r i ck r emark ed: " . . . t hi s po wer t o c ontr ol fo l l ows t he Fe der al dol l ar a s sur ely a s t hat f amous l amb a cc ompanie d l it t l e Mar y. " N i xo n' s r ev enue-shar in g p r ogr am ac t ual l y centr al i zes t he power it p r et ends to decent r al i ze. T he Supr eme Cour t h as r ul ed, i n t hi s i ns t ance qui t e l ogi ca l l y, th at wh at ever t he f eder al gover nment f i nanc es i t can cont ro l . A s soon as t he st at es a nd lo cal govern ments g et ho oked on t he f edera l f unds , t he c ont ro l s wi l l b e put on j ust as t hey w er e i n

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educat i on, ag r i cul t ur e, and ev er y o th er fi el d t he g ove r nment has at t empt ed t o t ake over by f i rs t s ubsi di zin g i t . No p ol i t i cal i nst it ut i on of a ny k i nd, at an y t i me i n h i st ory , e ver gave away anyt hi ng o n a n o-s t r i ngs-a t t ach ed b asi s. Yo u c an't d ece nt r al iz e govern ment by c ent r al i z in g t he t ax co l l ect i ons. House Ways an d Means C hai r man Wi l bur Mi l ls h as ca l l ed t he r evenue-s har in g p l an a " tr ap" t hat " co ul d b ec ome a massiv e w eapon agai ns t t he i ndependence of st at e a nd l oca l g over nment . " T he pl an, s ai d Mi l l s, " goes i n th e d i r ec t i on of c ent r al iz ed g ove r nment . " l a The Ad mi ni str at i on, f or i nst ance, d oes n ot p r opos e t o s i mult aneousl y p hase o ut ot her p r ogra ms wh i l e p hasi ng i n r eve nue shar in g. N ot at al l . T he r evenue-s har in g p r oposal wi l l b e j ust one mor e l ayer of p r ogr ams pi l ed ont o t he t housands t hat al r eady e xi st . The pl an w oul d n ot r educe s t at e o r lo cal t axes, but me r el y ad d o n t o f eder al ta xes. I ndeed, a cco r di ng t o D r. A r t hur B urn s, i t coul d r ai se st at e and l oc al ta xes. Re publi can B at t l e Li ne r epor t ed: I ndeed, t he r evenue-s har in g p r ovi si on of t he Ni xon P l an mi ght l ead t o e ven hi gher s t ate t axe s, a dmi t t ed pr esi dent i al a i de D r . Ar t hur Bur ns, b ecaus e t he F edera l s har e p aid t o each s ta t e wo ul d b e based o n t he st at e' s mat chi ng t axe s; th e h i gher t he s t at e t ax, t he mor e t hey woul d get b ac k f ro m Washi ngt on. I s Human Event s added: Ther e ar e o th er dr awbacks a s wel l . So me of f i c i al s h ave admit t ed t o a haunt i ng f ear o f t ax s har i ng b ec ause so many e xis t i ng fe der al a i d pr ogra ms a r e " open-e nd. " The c os t t o t he U .S . g ov er nment i s l i mi t ed onl y by t he abi l it y a nd wi l l in gness of s ta t es t o come up w i th m atc hi ng f unds. W hat woul d happen, i t i s a sked, i f st at es wer e t o u se t heir t ax-shar in g money t o mat ch fe der al g r ants u nder o l d pr ogra ms? S ay s o ne of f i ci al : " They co ul d b le ed th e T r eas ur y whi t e wi t h it s o wn money. " 1 6 Repr es ent at iv e J ohn B yr nes ( R.-Wi s. ), t he ra nki ng R epubl i can on Ways and Me ans, al so lo oks a t r evenue s har i ng wi t h a j aundi ced e ye . Speaki ng t o a l egi sl at i ve c ommi t t ee of t he A ppl et on Ci t y C ounci l i n Appl et on, W is consi n, B yrn es sa i d: I n t he f i r st pl ace , t here j ust i sn' t any f eder al r evenue t o shar e. We h ad a f eder al f unds def i ci t o f $1 0 b il l i on in t he 1970 fi scal year ; t he wa y C ongr ess i s s pendi ng money no w we ar e l ooki ng at a not her def i ci t f or t hi s year a t l east a s g re at an d p r obabl y much h ig her . The f edera l g over nment h as no t hi ng t o s har e wi t h t he st ate s e xcept a f edera l debt of $ 380 bi l li on . . . . The cr uci al er r or i n r eve nue shar i ng i s th at i t encour ages i r r esp onsi ble s pendi ng. I t d oes s o by r emovi ng fr om on e s et of l egi sl at or s t he on us o f l evyin g t axes t o pay f or t he spendi ng t hey aut hor i ze, th us el i mi nati ng th e b est r est r ai nt w e have agai nst unj ust i f i able s pendi ng . . . . The fi r s t p at h t o wi sdom i s to r ecogni ze t hat a ll l eve l s o f govern ment ar e s queezi ng bl ood f r om t he sa me t urn i p - t he Amer i can t axpay er , a nd t hat n o g im mi ck, s uch as r ev enue sh ar i ng, t o di sguis e whi ch l eve l i s pu t t i ng o n t he p r es sur e, i s g oi ng t o make i t a ny easi er f or hi m. 1 7 Revenue s hari ng is a not her w ay o f p as si ng t he b uc k f ig ur at i ve l y and li t er al ly . T he r eal pr oble m i s to k eep g overn ment f r om sp endin g s o

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much money in t he f i r s t pl ace, n ot to f i nd n ew ways t o f il ch r eve nues f r om ot her go ver nment l ev el s. I f R i ch ar d Ni xon we r e re al l y in t er es t ed i n " re t ur ni ng p ower t o th e p eopl e, " he w oul d s i mpl y cu t f eder al spendi ng i nst ead of e scal at i ng i t a s he ha s d one. I n t he N i xo n s ch eme of t hi ngs, "p ower t o t he p eopl e" is r eal l y a sl ei ght-o f -h and pr ocedur e r esult i ng i n " power t o th e P re si dent. " Whi l e he i s l ookin g a r ound f or p l aces t o s l i ce th e b udget , Mr . Ni xon mi ght consid er t he f or ei gn a i d pr ogr am. R ic har d Ni xon has al ways been a s uper-s t aunc h s uppor t er of f or ei gn a i d, s i nc e t hi s i s a CFR sacr ed c ow. But du r i ng hi s c ampai gn he i mpl i ed (t hough, o f co ur se, h e never act uall y s ta t ed) th at fo r ei gn ai d wo ul d b e sl ash ed d uri ng a Ni xon admi ni st r at io n. He t ol d audi ences t hat " th e w hole f ore i gnai d pr ogr am needs a c ompl et e r eevalu at i on, " a nd l et hi s h ear er s come t o t heir o wn conclu si ons as t o what he r eal l y m eant b y t he s ta t ement . O n anot her occasi on d uri ng th e c ampai gn Ni xon pr ocl ai med: . . . Al l o f Ameri ca' s fo r ei gn c ommit ments m ust be r eappr ai se d. Over t he p ast 2 5 years A mer ic a h as p r ovid ed mo r e t han 1 50 bi l l i on dol l ar s i n fo r ei gn a i d . . . I s ay th e t im e h as come f or o t her n at i ons of t he f r ee wor l d t o b ear t hei r f ai r share o f t he b urd en. 1$ Nat ura l l y t hat i mpl i cat io n w as m usi c t o ta xpayers ' e ar s. B ehi nd t he sc enes Ni xon w as ta ki ng a t ypic al l y equi voc al an d c ynic al st and o n t he su bj ect of f or ei gn ai d. Ti me magazi ne of J uly 2 6, 1968, r eport ed t hat Ni xon, at a br eakf as t o f GOP Congr ess men, ga ve th i s a nswer to a questi on o n how to v ot e on t he f or eig n a id b i l l : " I f I c ame f ro m a t i ght di st r ic t , I' d v ot e again st i t . I f I di d n ot - and i t w ould n ot def eat m e I 'd v ote f or it . . . . " Th i s wa s t he t ype of l eader ship , mor ali t y , a nd i nte gr i t y t hat t he n ati on' s vot er s wer e bei ng asked t o r al l y behi nd. T i me a dmi tt ed: " Some Re publ i cans w er e di smay ed b y Ni xon' s advi ce . " I t has lo ng t r oubl ed Ni xon suppor t er s wh o w or ked c lo sel y wi t h hi m th at o n many i ssues he h ad t wo op i ni ons, a pr i vate o ne an d a publ i c s t and t hat di f f ere d f r om i t . Thi s i s why many o f hi s st r onges t suppor t er s fr om the e arl y d ays have abandoned hi m. T hey c oul d n ot t ake t he tw o-f aced act i ons a ny mor e. Some have g one b ey ond r ef er r in g t o hi m as " Tr i cky Di ck" and h ave h ung t he ap pel la t i on "M r . Co nni ver" o n hi m. Once i n o f f ic e, Ni xon a sk ed fo r f or ei gn ai d t o be r ais ed b y $900 mi l l io n, d ecl ar i ng: U . S. assis t ance [ t o fo r ei gn nat i ons] i s essent i al t o e xp r ess an d a ch i eve ou r n at i onal goal s i n t he i nt er nat i onal communi t y - a w or l d o r der o f peace and ju st i ce.' 9 N ot e t he phr ase s " i nt er nat i onal c ommuni t y" a nd " wor l d or der " - t ypic al c ode w or ds f or " wor ld g overn ment, " w i t h whi ch N i xon al way s l aces h i s f or ei gn p oli cy speech es. H e has sai d: For eig n a i d must be s een f or what i t i s - not a b ur den, b ut a n opport uni t y t o h el p o t her s t o f ul f i ll t hei r a spir at i ons f or j ust ic e, di gnit y, a nd a b ett er l i fe . N o mor e th an at h ome can pe ace b e achie ved and ma i nt ai ned w it hout vi gor ous e f f or t s to m eet t he ne eds o f t he l ess f or t unat e. 2° We c an c ar r y t he wor l d on o ur backs, but we c annot s ta nd a l one. I f w e r eal l y wante d t o he l p th e r est of th e w or ld we wo ul d e nc our age t hem t o c ur e t heir b ackwar dnes s t he same way we d i d - by re pl aci ng f eudal i sm and so ci al i sm wi th t he fr ee ent erp r i se sy st em. M eanwhi l e, st ar vin g s av ages ar e n ot a bout t o ov er r un t he Un i t ed St at es. M assed b odi es a r e no su bst i t ut e f or t echnol ogy . At t he s ame t i me he w as announci ng mo r e fo r ei gn gi veaways t o f ur t her s ocia l i ze t he n in et y-n i ne count r ie s t hat r ecei ve ou r a i d

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( i nclu di ng Co mmuni st c ount r i es ) , M r . Ni xon w as al so ra i s i ng t he nat i onal d ebt l i mi t . B ut hi s r equest f or $2. 6 b il l i on was j us t t he t i p of t he f or eig n a id i ceber g. Ac cor di ng t o Congr ess man Ot t o P as sman, t he bases f or b ac ki ng $1 b i ll i on f r om t he f ore i gn a id b udget a r e summed u p i n t hr ee t ell i ng ar gument s: -T he ac t ual ov er-a l l to t al o f " new r equest s f or f or eig n assi st ance" f or th e f i sca l y ear s t art i ng Jul y 1 , 1970, i s $ 12. 133 bi l l io n, n ot mer el y $ 2. 2 bi l li on. T he l att er i s onl y one i t em i n a l ong l i s t of p r oposed f or ei gn ai d expendit ur es scat t er ed th r ough t he Pr esid ent ' s f ul l budget . - Appro xi mat el y $ 20 b i l l io n " in a ccumul at ed u nexpended f unds vot ed by C ongr ess i n p r io r y ear s" i s pi l ed u p i n t he var i ous gover nment agenci es e ngaged i n f or ei gn ai d s pendi ng. - Some 50 p er cent of t he $375 bi l l i on n ati onal de bt re pr esent s money bor r owed b y t he T re asury t o b e di sbur sed ab r oad i n g r ant s an d l oans. O ver -a l l co st o f f or eig n a i d f r om 1946 t hr ough f i scal 1970 i s i n excess o f $ 190 b il l i on in cl udi ng t he i nt er est o n bor ro wed f unds. " The i nt er est o n our s t agger in g f eder al de bt f or t hi s f i scal year i s $ 15. 958 bi l l i on, " s aid P ass man. "O ne-h al f of t hi s i mmense a mount is due to o ur fo r ei gn a i d ex pendi t ur es pl us i nt er est . D ur i ng t hi s wor l dwi de s pendi ng s pr ee, o ur gol d ho l di ngs h ave been r educed f r om near ly $ 23 bi l l i on t o l es s t han $ 11 bi l l io n. F urt her , our b al ance-o f -payment s s i tu at i on h as be come ser i ous . " I t is a n o ld s t ra t egem of t he b ur eaucr ats , " P ass man decl ar ed, " t o fr agment f or ei gn a i d pr ogr ams b y scatt er i ng t hem t hr oughout th e b udget u nder d i ff er ent t i t l es . I n t hat wa y t hey hi de t hem i n or der t o c ov er up t he re al sc ope a nd i mmense c os t o f f or eig n a i d. It t ook me many h ours o f di ggi ng and por i ng t o p ut t ogeth er t his h i ghl y r eve al i ng l i s t ." 21 Vi goro usl y op posin g N i xon' s pr oposed hi ke i n f ore i gn ai d, Congre ssman H. R. Gr oss on J une 1 1, 19 69, decl ar ed: Wi t h t he F eder al debt a t ar ound $ 375 bi l li on, r equi r i ng t he appr opr i at i on o f mor e t han $ 17 b i l l io n t hi s y ear j ust t o p ay t he i nt ere st o n t he de bt , w it h i nf l at i on chewi ng u p t he do l l ar , I a m ut t erl y a maze d t hat d emands sh oul d be m ade f or an ot her mul t i-b i l l io n d ol la r f or ei gn gi veaway p r ogr am. 22 Typi ca l o f t he i mpact of t he N i xon admin i st r ati on on R epubl i can Congre ssmen who in t he pa st ha ve s t eadf ast l y f ought ag ai nst t he f i nanc i ng o f socia l i sm at h ome a nd ab r oad was t hei r re act i on t o th e Ni xon f or ei gn a i d pr ogr am. " I am b l eedi ng over th i s th i ng, " Congre ssman E. R os s A dair ( R.-I nd. ) sai d. Hi s re cor d sh owed t hat he h ad never vot ed f or fo r ei gn ai d du r i ng hi s e ig ht een year s i n C ongr ess. B ut wi t h a Republ i can pr esi dent h e admi tt ed t hat h e was u nder g re at p r es sur e t o g o al ong wi t h th e n ew b i 11.2 3 I n S ept ember 1970, N ix on r eve al ed what th e " re f or ms" i n fo r ei gn ai d wo ul d b e t hat he h ad t al ke d a bout d uri ng t he campai gn. Th e i dea, h e expl ai ned, wa s t o channel o ur f or ei gn a i d money t hr ough U ni te d N at i ons agenci es s o t hat t he r eci pi ent s w ould n ot f eel co mpr omi sed by l i vi ng on our mo ney. 24 Thi s " r ef orm, " ad vocat ed b y Li ber als f or year s, i s an ot her st ep t owar d t he da y w hen t he amount of f or ei gn ai d money t o be s pent wi l l be d et er mi ned b y t he U . N. a nd no t b y Congr es s. Tu r ni ng over f or eig n a i d t o t he U . N. wi l l be a g ia nt st ep t owar d Mr . Ni xon' s " wor l d or der. " One of t he mo st sc andal -r i dden b oondoggl es i n t he h i st or y o f t he nat i on i s t he m i sn amed War o n Pover ty . N umer ous

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i nvest i gat i ons h av e s hown t hat i t i s not onl y a cor nuc opi a fo r c ro oks but , wor se, has sy st emati cal ly b een a s our ce o f f unds f or r ev ol uti onar y mi l i ta nt s. It i s har d t o f i nd a maj or U . S. b l ack mi l it ant , fr om St okel y Car mic hael to R ap Br own t o H uey N ewto n, wh o h as not at s ome t i me been on t he War on P ove r t y p ay r ol l. R epubl i cans i n C ongr ess , w i t h f ew except i ons, vi gor ousl y o pposed t he e st abl is hment of t he War on P ove r t y, and ma ny h ave c all ed f or i t s abol i shment as v ar io us of f i c i al and unof fi c i al in vesti gat i ons h ave d i sclo sed t he a nti-A mer ic an a t ti t udes o f many of i t s empl oy ees. Du r i ng hi s c ampai gn, N i xon w as f ul l of der ogat or y re mar ks a bout t he War o n Povert y a nd st r ongl y i mpl i ed t hat under hi s " new l eader ship " a dmi ni st ra t i on t hi s mo nst ro si t y wo ul d be abol is hed. On o ne occasio n h e decl are d: A c urr ent p ov er t y pr ogr am t hat s hould b e el i mi nat ed is t he Jo b Cor ps. T hi s i s on e p r ogr am th at h as been a f ai lu r e. I t s ounds g ood, b ut i t c os t s $ 10, 000 a y ear t o t ra i n a ma n f or a j ob t hat may n ot e ven exi st. But , as h e ha s d one w i t h so ma ny o f hi s ca mpai gn pr omi ses, on ce Ri char d N i xon a ssu med o ff i ce he r ever sed hi msel f on th e War on P over t y i ssue. T he Ne w Yor k T i mes ' s uper-L i bera l T om Wi cker a cknowl edged: The Pr esi dent a l so h as mo ved t o e xt end t he l i f e of t he J ohnso n-cr eate d O f f ic e o f Economi c O ppor t unit y f or a not her y ear , a n even f ur t her d epar t ur e f r om th e N ix on c ampai gn l in e. Th i s a ppear s t o r ef le ct a j udgment - as Pa t M oyni han put s i t t hat t he p ov er t y pr ogr am' s "g oal s ar e va l i d a nd t his A dmi ni st r at i on w is hes t o e mbra ce th em as i t s ow n goal s. ' ° 25 I n a speci al messa ge t o Congre ss o n Febr uar y 1 9, 1969, t he Pr esid ent a ss er t ed: " Fr om t he exper i ence of O EO, w e ha ve le ar ned t he val ue of h avi ng in t he Fe der al G overn ment an a gency wh ose s peci al concer n i s th e p oor . " H e t hen cal l ed f or a o ne-y ear ext ensio n o f t he Of f i ce o f E co nomic O pport uni ty , s t at in g t hat " t he OEO h as b een a v alua bl e f ount of i deas a nd ent hus i asm . . . . " O n June 2, 1 969, t he Washin gt on Post re por te d: Pr esid ent N ix on ye st er day b r oadened hi s co mmi t ment t o t he Nat i on' s w ar on po ver t y agency b y a sk i ng Congr ess t o ext end i t s li f e f or tw o y ears , i ns t ead of o ne year as o r ig i nal l y i nt ended. Thi s was f oll owed on J une 1 3 by a W as hi ngt on P ost r epor t t hat : Donal d Ru msf el d [ Di re ct or of O . E. O. ] , fa r f ro m pr esi di ng over th e l i quid at i on of t he O f f i ce o f Economic O ppor t uni ty , h as m oved i n hi s f i r st 18 d ays o n t he j ob t o re vi ve it a s t he d omi nant i nnovat i ve f or ce on mos t a spec t s of d omest i c po l i cy. 26 A d i sg ust ed I ndi anapol i s N ews c omment ed: The Ni xon a dmi ni st r at i on cover ed i t se l f wi t h c onf usi on t hi s mont h when i t f or ce d t hr ough a conti nuat i on o f t he s candal ri dden "w ar on povert y" o n i t s pr esent f oot in g. Despit e t he f act t hat N ix on ca mpai gned a gai nst th e j er r y-b ui l t " pover t y" s et-u p i n t he 1 968 e le ct i on, hi s r egi me l obbie d s t r enuousl y t o p re vent ne eded changes i n t he p r ogr am and t orp edoed a n a mendment f or

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whi ch t her e appear ed t o be a mpl e s uppor t i n t he U. S. House of Repr es ent at iv es . . . . The ne t r esul t o f t hi s is t hat t he N ix on ad mi ni str at i on h as sal vaged o ne of th e most di scr edi t ed of li ber al Democr at i c pr ogr ams i nt act i n o bv i ous cont r adi ct io n t o th e r het or i c whi ch br ought t he admi ni st r at io n t o of f i ce. T he " mess" t hat t he n ew r egi me w as supposed t o c le an u p i n t hi s a re a g oes on as b ef ore , w it h n o st r uctu r al c hanges ot her t han a change o f pe r sonnel a t t he to p. T his i s an i mpli ci t v i ol at i on o f t he t r ust re posed i n t he n ew r egi me by th e v ot in g p ubl i c . . . . As R ep. E di th G r een, D -Or e. , comment s, th e a ppro ach f avor ed b y Rumsfe l d " did n ot have a si ngl e c hange - not a s i ngle c hange i n t he . . . p r ogr am i n t er ms o f a dmi ni st r at i on - i n te r ms o f st r uc t ur e - i n te r ms of a ll t he ab uses t hat ha ve oc cur r ed - and i n t er ms o f what I t hi nk ar e out r ig ht v i ol at i ons b y [t he Of f i ce of Economi c O ppor t uni t y ] o f congr essi onal i nt ent . . . . The o nl y c hange i n t he b i l l was to s ay to t he OEO, `W e w il l g i ve you an a ddit i onal $ 295 mi l l io n t o sp end i n t he way yo u w ant t o sp end i t. ' " 27 Yes th e " Cons er vat i ve" Ni xon admi ni st r at io n a sked f or $ 295 mi l l io n mor e t han t he L ib er al Johnson a dmi ni st r at i on had b een s pendi ng. Then, under t he gu i se o f " r efo r ms, " par t s of t he War on P over t y we r e t r ansf er r ed t o o th er d epar t ment s w her e t hey c ould b e hi dden mor e easi l y i n b ig ger b udget s. I n k eepi ng th e War on Po ver t y, t he Ni xon ad mi nis t r at i on sur r ender ed t o b la ckmai l. A co l umn by J ose ph A l so p o f Mar ch 2, 1 969, di scus sed t he r eas on w hy Ni xon h as no t a bol i shed t he Communit y A ct i on pr ogra ms u nder t he O f f i ce E conomi c Op por tu ni t y . The Co mmuni ty A cti on pr ogra ms e mpl oy about 29, 000 n on-p r of es si onals o n a f ul l -t i me basi s. Accord i ng t o Al sop, a s ubst ant i al m aj or i ty o f t hese pe opl e co me fr om t he ur ban g het t os, a nd th e n on-p r of es si onal emplo yees in t he ghet t os now co nst i t ut e a new a nd power f ul v es t ed i nt er est . A ls op t hen w ent o n t o s ay : The re ason th e v es t ed i nt er est w as no t t ac kl ed he ad on , w hi ch i s f r eely a dmi tt ed by t he hi ghest N i xon pol ic ymakers , w as t hat " t hey woul d have bur ned t he pl ace d own, if w e' d t er min at ed th e p ro gr ams j ust l i ke t hat ." The Ni xon a dmi ni st r at i on has a ls o made l i t tl e o r no a t te mpt t o c l ean t he m il i t ant s o ut . Accor di ng to H uman E vent s: Human Event s al so has i t on un i mpeach abl e aut hori t y th at t he OEO i s s ti l l f undi ng t he B l ac kst one R anger s ga ng i n Chi cago a nd i s suppor t i ng le aders o f U S, t he p ar ami l i t ar y, b l ac k r acis t g ro up h eaded by C al i f or nia ' s Ro n K ar enga. Kar enga' s g ro up i s consid er ed on e o f t he most danger ous b la ck " Maf i a" gr oups i n e xi st ence. Whi l e Rumsf el d w as u nawar e o f i t , O EO mi li t ant s di s t ri but ed numero us c opi es of a n i nf l ammat or y " t r ai ni ng" m anual t o e very O EO r egi onal o f fi ce in t he co unt ry . C al le d " Tr ai ner 's M anual f or Communi t y Act i on A gency B oar ds, " th e b ookl et st r esse d t hat r ecour se t o r i oti ng i s a l egi t i mat e means f or ga i ni ng p r oper c ommuni t y act i on. That t he O EO emplo yees ha ve n ot changed u nder R umsf el d was dr amat i cal l y under scor ed l ast week wh en 1, 000 c ommunit y a ct io n l eader s f r om acr oss t he co unt r y gat her ed a t a t hre e-d ay co nf er enc e o f t he Nat i onal A sso ci ati on f or Communi t y De vel opment in M ary l and.

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When OEO Di re ct or Rumsf el d a ske d t he nat i on' s c ommuni ty a ct i on l eader s t o av oi d " t act i cs o f conf r ont at i on, " h e was pr ompt l y denounced f r om t he f l oor . Th e c onfe r ees, i n f ac t , qu i ckl y adopte d a p os i t i on paper t hat ac cused t he Ni xon Admi ni st r at io n o f be i ng t he " enemy of t he poor " and ur ged a l l Am er i ca ns t o j oi n " t he a rmy o f di ssent er s." I n b ri ef , t he O EO does no t l ook m uch bet te r u nder N i xo n t han i t di d un der J ohnson. 2 8 We c oul d g o on f or p ages l i sti ng t he f eder al p r ogr ams f or merl y denounced b y Republ i cans as bo ondoggl es, t hat t he Ni xon a dmi ni st r at i on has ex panded. T he Ni xonit es ha ve made n o over al l at t empt t o squeez e t he wat er out o f bl oat ed g ove r nment b udget s. Cer t ai nl y t her e h ave b een s ome i nst ances i n whi ch t he Pr esi dent , w it h g re at h oopl a an d f anfa r e, has t hr eat ened to v eto a par t ic ul ar bu dget r equest , a nd a c oupl e of i nst ances i n whi ch h e h as a ctu al l y do ne so . B ut t hese wer e so m uch " show bi z. " Even t he b udget s t hat r epl aced t he ve t oed budgets w ere hi gher t han t he LB J a ppro pr i at i ons th at ca ndi date N i xo n s o ac cur at el y denounced. T his t ype of h oax i s go od fo r o ne's p oli t i cal i mage, a nd in t he Ni xon a dmi ni st r at i on, i mage i s al l -i mport ant . Un der Ni xon, t he wel f ar e s t ate m arc hes o n and on a nd on, be comi ng an ev er b i gger bu r den t o t he t axpay er s who must c arr y t he l oad. As a de j ecte d Chi cago T r i bune admi tt ed, " The mor e i t ch anges , t he mor e i t r emai ns th e s ame. "

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The Great Socialist Revival One of t he mo st st ar t l i ng a r ti c l es ev er pr i nt ed i n a n Amer i ca n magazi ne a ppear ed i n t he Septe mber 21 , 1 970 i ssue o f New York ( not t o be c onf used wi t h The N ew Yor ke r ) M agazi ne. I t i s ent it l ed " Ri chard Ni xon and t he G r eat S ocia l i st Revi val . " Th e t heme o f t he ar t ic l e i s t hat Ri char d Ni xon i s a secr et M ar xis t , wo r k i ng wi t h t he g i ant f oundat i ons and in t er nati onal bankers , m out hi ng pl at it udes in p r ai se o f f r ee ent er pri se wh i l e q ui et l y soci ali z i ng t he c ount r y t hr ough d eeds. The ar t w or k gr aphi cal l y i l l us t r at es t he poi nt ; i t sh ows t he f amous (i n Communi st c ir cl es anyway) p ost er o f Mao Ts e-t ung wi t h h is l i tt l e Mao beanie a nd co l l arl ess R ed C hin ese u ni f or m t r i umphant ly w avi ng a hu ge bl ood-r ed Co mmuni st f l ag - except t hat t he f ace i n New Yor k M agazi ne i s not Ch ai r man Mao' s, but R ic har d Mi l hous N i xo n' s. Su bsequent p ages sh ow wor ker s g i vin g t he C ommuni st c l enched-f i s t r evol uti onary s al ute , a nd t he fi nal p anel sh ows a wor ker g i v i ng t he sal ut e wi t h t he F eder al Reserv e b ui ld i ng i n t he backgr ound. I f o ne r ead t he ar t i c l e wi t hout not i ng t he na me of t he au t hor, o ne mi ght wel l c oncl ude t hat someone h ad somehow s pi ri t ed a manusc r i pt out o f t he edi t or ia l o ff i ces of A mer i can Opi nio n i n th e d ead o f ni ght and N ew Yor k Magazin e h ad r un it j ust f or f un. On c l ose r s cr ut i ny, howev er , c er t ai n fe at ur es of th e a r t ic l e gi ve away t he f act t hat i t s au t hor i s a n I ns i der o n th e L ef t . A s i s i ndeed t he ca se. T he m an behi nd t he t ypewr it er fo r t hi s amazi ng l i te r ar y r evela t i on is n one o t her t han Har vard 345 Pr of es sor J ohn K ennet h Ga l br ai t h, t he P eck ' s bad boy o f t he In si der Est abl i shment . Bef ore r eadin g t he a r t i cl e o ne i s t empt ed t o t hin k t hat G al br ai t h may be w r i t in g s at i r e. Bu t a c l oser l ook di scl ose s t hat h e is w r it i ng onl y hal f i n j est, a nd wh ol l y i n e arn est . Such a t acti c l eave s a conveni ent ba ck door t o s l ip o ut of i n case t he s i tu at i on g et s st i cky . Thi s pl oy w as u sed s ome year s ago b y anoth er u l tr a-L ef t is t I nsid er , Ri char d R over e, in a n a rt i c l e f or E sq ui r e t i t l ed " The Amer i ca n Est abl i shment . " In d et ail i ng t he e xis t ence a nd wo r k i ngs o f th e Est abli shment , R ove r e, wi t h t ongue i nser t ed p art w ay in c heek, g ave a n excell ent d es cr i pt i on o f t he Counci l on Fo r ei gn Rel ati ons, it s sat ell i t es, and th e c hi ef p ers onal i ti es in vol ved. R ove r e s t at ed: " The di r ect or s o f t he Counci l on Fo r ei gn Rel ati ons m ak e u p a s or t o f Pr esid i um f or t hat p ar t of t he E st abl i shment t hat g uid es o ur desti ny a s a n ati on. " Ga l br ai t h i s a member o f t he CF R, a nd t he subj ect of hi s r eveal i ng a rt i c l e, R i char d N ix on, h as a l so b een a member o f t he CF R, and du r i ng hi s 1 968 P r esi denti al c ampai gn wr ote a n a rt i c l e f or t he of f i ci al C FR or gan, F or ei gn Af f ai r s ( whi ch d i f f er s f ro m i t s " under gr ound" c ount er part , P ol i t i cal Af f ai r s , o nl y i n st yl e and sophis t i cat io n) . At l ast count m or e t han one h undr ed member s of th e C FR had be en a ppoi nt ed t o k ey p osi t i ons i n t he N i xo n a dmi ni st ra t i on. B ot h Ni xon and G al br ait h, t hen, a re m ember s o f t he s ame r ul i ng e li t e, compos ed o f men fr om t he gover nment , f oundat i ons, b i g busi nes s, an d i nt ern at i onal b ank i ng - al l under th e C FR u mbr el l a. For Ga l br ai th , t o pr onounce th e P re si dent a s oc i al is t i s no t a n accusa t i on, but a compl im ent . He w ant s h is o wn De mocra t i c P ar t y to q ui t pussyf oot i ng ar ound a nd pr ocla i m i t s adher ence to s oci al i sm. The Cambri dge s age w ri t es i n hi s l at est book, Who N eeds Th e D emoc r at s? * : " . . . Th e D emo-

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• Thi s pa per back c ont ai ns se venty-o ne pa ges o f t ext and s el l s fo r $ 1. Soci al i s t G al br ait h i s ap par ent l y a f i l t hy , g r eedy c api t al i st w hen i t comes t o h i s own r oyal t ie s. cr at ic P ar t y must hencefo r t h use t he wor d soci ali sm. I t d escr i bes what i s n eeded . . . ." At l eas t G al br ai t h i s f r ank; mo st o f hi s fe l l ow soci al i s t s hi de be hi nd th e e uphemi sti c t er m, L i ber al is m. A s U. S. News & Wor l d Repor t r ecent l y n ot ed: " The ` li ber al ' m ovement i n A meri ca da t es back t o t he r i se of s ocia l i sm and t ra de-u ni oni sm a r ound th e t ur n of t he t wenti et h c ent ur y. " Soci al i s t s ha d a di f f i cul t t im e s el li ng th ei r i deol ogy u nt i l t hey st ol e t he h onor abl e w or d " Li ber al i sm," w hose meani ng was o nce t he opposi t e o f what i t i s to day. Today's L i ber al i sm i s de r i ved f r om soci al i sm, wh ose f at her i s K ar l M ar x; and Marx m ade n o d is t i nct i on bet ween s ocia l i sm and C ommunis m i n hi s C ommuni st Manif est o. I f Gal bra i t h r eal l y want ed t o b e br ut all y h onest h e would u se th e t er ms Mar xis m and Communi sm as wel l as s oci al i sm. L enin b eli eved th at soci al i sm woul d co me t o backward c ountr i es l i ke R us si a by r evol ut i on and to i ndust r i al nat i ons l i ke G r eat Br i ta i n o r Amer ic a b y th e c re epi ng met hod, v i a t he ba l l ot bo x. Th er ef ore , a ll C ommuni st s wor k fo r soci al i sm. Th ey un der st and w hat t he nai ve and w el l -meanin g a mate ur Li bera l ( as di sti ngui shed f ro m t he pr of es si onal Li ber al l i ke G alb r ai t h) does not - t hat t he d if f er ence b etw een " democra t i c" soci ali sm as pr acti ced i n Engla nd o r Sweden, a nd t he op enl y to t al it ar i an soci al i sm pr acti ced i n Russi a a nd Chi na, i s o ne n ot of d egr ee bu t o f t i me. * Gal bra i t h w as a fo under , and has s erv ed as c hai rman, of t he 60, 000-member F abi an-s oci al i s t A mer i cans f or Demo- " Of co ur se, v i r t ual l y a ll A mer i can Li ber al s a nd most soci al is t s consid er t hemsel ve s l oyal A mer i cans and ha ve n o i dea t hat t hey a re unwi tti ng me mber s of a wor l d-w i de conspi ra t or ia l m ovement t hat t ak es many f or ms. They become ext r emel y a ngr y wh en L i ber al is m i s eq uat ed w i t h soci al i sm, wh i ch i s i n tu r n eq uat ed wi t h Communis m, be cause t hey ar e, i n mos t c ases , s in cer el y oppos ed t o t ot ali t ar i ani sm. A mer i ca c an b e saved f r om pl ungin g i nt o t he mi dni ght m ora ss o f t ot ali t ar i ani sm on l y when a s uf f ic i ent number of si ncer e and ho nest Li ber al s a r e educat ed b y knowle dgeable ( and c ompas si onat e) C onser va t i ves t o u nder st and t he nat ure a nd th e i nt er l ocki ng st r uc t ur e of t he Wor ld R evolu t i onar y Movement , h eaded by i t s smal l cl i que of In si der s. cr at ic A ct i on ( ADA) . H e has al so b een a f fi l i at ed wi t h t he a vo wedly soci al i s t L eague f or I ndust r ia l D emoc r acy, w hi ch spawned t he bomb-t hr owi ng S t udent s f or a Democr at i c So ci et y ( SDS) . G al br ait h h as never been accused of be i ng a nt i -C ommuni st . He c ont ends of t he Sovi ets t hat " t hey ar e b as i call y j ust l i ke us. " Wh om do es h e mean by " us"? Gal bra i t h i s pr obabl y b es t k nown f or hi s book T he A f fl uent Soci et y, w hic h p ro pounded t he t heor y t hat g over nment a nd it s s er vi ces ar e be i ng s ca ndalo usl y st ar ved w hi l e t he pr i vat e consu mer l iv es in l uxury . H i s sol uti on: T ax t he l at t er mor e heavi ly t o suppor t t he f or mer mor e gener ous l y. The ex pl oi t f or wh i ch G al br ait h i s le ast known is p r obabl y hi s par t ic i pat i on i n pr epar in g a s i ni s t er O r wel l i an pl an publ i shed a s t he " Repor t F r om I r on Mount ai n o n t he P os si bil i t y a nd D esi r abi l it y o f Peace. " * T he j acke t o n th e D el t a e dit i on of t hi s opus st at es: Report F r om I r on Mount ain [ t ak en f r om t he si t e of t he f ir st meet in g] u nve i l s a h i t her t o to p-s ecr et r eport o f a g overn ment commis si on th at wa s r equest ed t o e xpl or e t he c ons equences o f l asti ng peace on A mer i can soci ety . T he s hocki ng re sul t s of t he s t udy, a s

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r eveal ed i n t hi s r epor t , l ed t he g ove r nment t o co nceal [ and subsequent l y deny] t he ex i st ence o f t he co mmi ssio n - t hey had f ound t hat , among ot her t hi ngs, p eac e may never be p oss i bl e; t hat even i f i t wer e, i t w oul d p ro babl y be u ndesi r abl e; th at " def endin g t he nat i onal i nt ere st " i s not t he r eal p urp ose o f war ; t hat w ar i s n ec essar y; t hat war de at hs sh oul d be p l anned and b udget ed. The re por t is a bl uepr i nt f or t he " per petu al w ar f or per pet ual p eace" t echni que b ei ng us ed b y t he In si der s i n Vi et nam, whi ch i s d oubt l es s dest in ed t o be u se d s oon i n ot her p ar t s of t he w or l d. Accor di ng to t he I r on Mount ain B oys , " soci al ch ange" ( r ead soci ali sm) can b est b e br ought a bout d uri ng w art i me. Peopl e wi l l accept a g re at er de gr ee of cont ro l a nd ' The r epor t was pr epar ed at He r man Ka hn' s ( CFR) Hudson I nst it ut e. t axati on w hen t hey c ome in t he gu i se of n at io nal def ense. G alb r ai t h admi ts i n t he N ew Yor k ar t i c le : I n t he p ast t he wa r p ower h as been no t or io usl y a cover f or soci al i s t e xp er i ment a nd, f eel i ng t hat t he e nd ju st i fi es t he means , soci al i s t s ha ve no t h esit at ed, o n o cc asi on, t o st r etc h t he l aw. Thi s st r at egy a l so a l l ows t he r evol ut i onar i es f ro m bel ow s t udent s, mi nori t i es, and "t he p oor " - t o de mand "p eace" a nd "s oci al j ust ic e. " Whi l e vi si t in g i n Engl and, G al br ai t h admit t ed t hat h e was i ndeed one of t he re por t' s a ut hor s. The A sso ci ate d P r ess p i ck ed u p t he admi ss i on, bu t f ew p apers p r in t ed i t - many undoubt edl y not unders t andi ng h ow monst ro us wa s t he boast, o r t he c onf essi on ( whic hever i t w as ) . I n Amer ic a, h owever , Gal br ai t h is a l eader of t he "p eace" movement a nd f ei gns s ympat hy wi t h t he y oung men who ar e s ent t o th ei r deat hs i n w ar s t hat a r e not me ant t o be wo n. O n t he co ver o f t he Del t a Pr ess edi t i on, G al br ai t h ( wi th t ongue w hol l y i nse r t ed in c heek) denounces t he r epor t a s someth i ng t hat m ig ht h ave e manat ed fr om th e t wi ste d m i nd of De an R usk ( who l i ke JKG hi msel f i s a member of t he C FR, t he fa t her of n o-w i n wa r s) . Th us, Gal br ait h d enounces Gal br ai t h. War is peace. S l aver y i s f r eedom. Th e i ncre di bly d evi ous G al br ai t h i s al so r eport ed t o have wr i t t en a f av or abl e r evie w o f "T he Re por t Fr om Ir on Mounta i n" t hat a ppear ed under a p seudonym. S uch deceit f ul ness i s beyond t he co mpr ehensi on of m ost p eopl e. B ut i n or der to b e a c onspi r at or , o ne must be a l ia r f or n o c onspi ra cy c an succe ed u nle ss it s e x i st ence i s conceal ed b y l i es. Gal bra i t h b egan hi s N ew Yor k ar t i c l e by pr ocl ai mi ng: Cer t ai nl y t he l eas t p r edi ct ed devel opment under t he Ni xon Admi ni st r at io n w as t hi s gr eat new t hr ust t o s ocia l i sm. O ne encount er s people w ho st i l l ar en' t awar e of i t . Ot her s m ust be ru bbi ng t hei r eyes, f or ce r t ai nly t he por t ent s s eemed a ll t o t he cont ra r y. A s an op ponent of so ci al i sm, M r. N i xon seemed st eadf ast . . . . I t i s t r ue th at th e r eali t y of R i char d N ix on is i n shar p co nf l ic t wi t h t he i mage h e has c ar ef ull y p r oje ct ed f or t he p ast t wenty y ear s. The pu bl i c ' s memor y i s no t or io usl y sh or t , but t hose wh o h ave wat ch ed Ni xon' s d eeds ( i n cont r as t t o hi s w or ds) over t he p ast t wo de cades k now t hat Gal br ait h w as r i ght. Ni xon act uall y b egan movi ng Le f t w ell b efo r e he b ec ame V ic e P re si dent i n 19 52, a nd b y t he e nd of Ik e' s s ec ond t er m, sophis t i cat ed L i ber al s kn ew he w as in t hei r c amp. R i ch ar d Wil son, Chi ef

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of L ook' s Was hi ngt on B ure au, act ed as a tr ansmi ss i on bel t f or t he I ns i ders w hen he w ro t e a fe at ure a r t i cl e i n Look of S ept ember 3, 1 957, t i t l ed " The Bi g Ch ange in R i ch ar d N ix on. " I n t his s t or y, w hic h cont ai ned v ir t uall y u nqual i f ie d p r ais e f or t he "n ew Ni xon, " Wi l son wr ot e: " He ha s m ade a d is t i nct t ur n t o t he l ef t . When t he choic e h as been bet ween t he Republ ic an ri ght a nd t he Republi can l ef t , Ni xon has s i ded wi t h th e R epubl i can l eft . " The Ga l br ai th a r ti c l e i n New Yor k m agazi ne a dmi ts t hat t he economi c p hil osophi es o f t he l at e l av ender l echer , J ohn Maynar d Ke ynes, pr omot e s oc i al is m. K eyn es, who t r ie d t o t ur n th e B ri t i sh Fa bi an Soci ety i nt o a s or t of R oar i ng Tw ent ie s G ay Li bera t i on Fr ont , has b een t he economi c p atr on sa i nt o f Fr ank l i n D . Roose vel t , Beni to M ussol i ni , Adol f Hi t l er , J ohn Fi t zg er al d Kennedy, L yndon Ba i nes Jo hnson, and l ast b ut not le ast , Ri chard N i xon. * T hat N i xon s ubs cr i bes t o Ke ynesi an Economi cs, we h ave a bundant ev i dence. T he Wal l St r eet Jour nal n ote d o n December 5 , 1968: I t ' s c l ear , t oo, t hat t he P r es i dent -e l ect want s t he Go ver nment * No st udent of p ol i t i cal sc i ence , e conomi cs, o r c onspi ra cy s houl d fa i l t o r ead a nd st udy t he V er i t as Foundat i on's K eynes A t Har var d, b y Zygmund D obbs . t o u se f i scal a nd monet ar y p ol i cy t o ur ge t he n at i on al ong a saf e economi c c our se. To t hat ext ent h e ac cepts t he "N ew Ec onomi cs " p ur sued by t he K ennedy a nd J ohnso n A dmi ni st ra t i ons . . . . The Jo ur nal 's R i ch ar d J anssen had w ri t t en even be f or e t he e le ct i on, o n Oct ober 2 1: I n f ac t , t he Ni xon c amp i s s tr essi ng t hat i t ' s no l ess c ommit t ed t o t he b asi c pr i nc i pl e of G ove r nment-g ui ded e conomi c gr owt h t han t he Johnso n-K ennedy A dmin i st ra t i ons have been. Mr . N ix on h as l abel ed hi msel f a " new e co nomi st, " a id es n ote , a t ag c ust omari l y a t ta ched t o such Democr at i c se er s a s Wal te r W . He l l er, G ar dner A ck l ey a nd A r th ur Okun, t he c ur r ent chai r man o f Pre si dent J ohns on' s Council o f Economic Advi se r s . . . . Pr esid ent i al economi c a dv i ser Her bert S t ei n e ven wr ote a b ook t i t l ed C onser vat iv es A r e Keynesi an, Too, t he t heme o f whi ch was descri bed b y Busin ess Week o f May 3 , 1969 ( page 88) , as f ol lo ws: The gr eat fi scal re vol ut i on i n Ameri ca . . . w as n ot th e excl us i ve p ro duct of K eyn esi an e conomi st s and D emocr at i c p oli t i c ia ns. Rat her i t w as a n event fo r w hi ch R epubl i ca ns, c onser va t i ves, and busi nessmen ar e en t i t l ed t o an a l most e qual s hare o f t he c r edi t . And th at al one s houl d l ay t o r est any w orr y t hat t he Ni xon Admi nis t r ati on wi l l r ever t t o a nt edi l uvi an at t i t udes i f t he g oin g g et s r ough i n t he war ag ai nst i nf l at i on. For mer H ar var d P ro f essor Seymour H arr i s , a t op Ke ynesi an a nd a member o f t he F abi an-s oci al i s t ADA, wr ot e: Cur r ent p r onouncement s by l eader s o f t he Ni xon Ad mi nis t r at i on sound l i ke th ose of t he abl e economic a dvi ser s of 1 961-6 8. Th i s i s not sur pri si ng si nce t he n ew economi st s i n t he N i xon Admin i st r ati on, f or t he mo st p art , h av e l earn ed th ei r e co nomi cs under th e s ame i nf lu ences as t he K ennedy-J ohnso n e conomi sts . . . .

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Har var d t ur ned o ut t he la r gest n umber o f t he n ew economi st s who in t ur n moved t o Wash i ngto n t o wo r k fo r t he KennedyJohnso n admi ni st r at io ns. Now Ni xo n o ff er s u s Paul McCr ack en, Henr y Wa l l i ch a nd Hendri k H outh akker , t he f i r st t wo H ar var d t r ai ned, t he l ast a H arv ar d t eacher . T hey a l so m obi li zed John D unl op and G ott f r i ed H aber l er , bot h di st in gui shed e conomi st s of lo ng s t andi ng at H arv ar d, t o c hai r commit t ees to i nve st i gate i mpor t ant pr oble ms . . . . Ar e th er e t hen n o di f f ere nces bet ween P r es i dent Ni xon' s e conomi cs and th ose o f hi s pr edeces sor s? I ndeed, t her e a r e; b ut on t he f undament al s t he obj ect iv es an d means o f achi evin g t hem ar e st r i ki ngl y s i mi la r . I t i s f or t unat e f or t he c ount r y t hat M r. N i xo n h as abandoned hi s at t acks on " gr owt hmanshi p" a nd on g ove r nmenta l r es ponsi bi l i t y f or t he fu nct i oni ng of a h eal t hy economy. F or h e wi l l ne ed th e h el p of govern ment to m axi mi ze ou t put and min i mi ze i nst abi l i ty . T hat i s wh at t he Ne w Economi cs i s a l l about . . . . I t i s not s ur pr i si ng t hat h e embr aces f i sc al p oli cy, as t he Democr at s d o. z The GOP h as been r ai l i ng again st K eyn esi an def ic i t s pendi ng f or near ly f our decades, b ut nat io nal l y syndic at ed co l umni st J R Ter Ho r st observ ed i n t he In di anapol i s St ar o f Oct ober 3 0, 1968: Even Ni xon, i nt ere st i ngly , h as d i scar ded t he o l d GOP axi om of bal anc i ng e ve r y Fe der al budget e ver y year. H i s e mphasi s no w i s on " t he i nt ell i gent bal anc i ng o f t he economy over t he b us i ness c ycl e" - whi ch i s t he p hi l os ophy of t he New Economic s w hi ch h as domin at ed bu dgeta r y pol i cy t he la st ei ght y ear s. Fabi an-s oci al i s t K ey nes boast ed t o a f r i end t hat hi s s ys t em woul d be t he " eut hanasia o f c api t ali sm" a nd w oul d d estr oy fr ee e nte r pr is e under t he g ui se of s avi ng i t . Keynesi an "N ew Economi cs " i s bu t a euphemi sm f or F abi an-s oci al i s t e co nomic s. T he onl y honest descr i pt i on of t he N ew Ec onomi cs ( soc i al is m) i s " Communi st economi cs, " s i nce Mar x, t he fa t her of m oder n s oci al i sm, a s we h ave s ai d, used t he w or ds i nt erc hangeabl y. The f i ft h p la nk o f Mar x's C ommuni st Mani fe st o i s " cent r al i zat i on of c r edi t i n t he h ands of t he st at e . . . . " A s a c el ebr at ed K eynes i an hi msel f, G alb r ai t h ca nnot ha ve be en v ery much sur pr i se d a t what he c all s " t he new soci al is m" un der N ix on, even t hough t he pu bl i c i s i ncr easin gl y f la bberg ast ed. Gal bra i t h d oes, ho wever , seem t o h ave b een s omewhat su r pr i sed t o see Ni xon mov i ng t owar ds socia l i sm in w ays o t her th an K eyn esi an monkey i ng w it h g ov er nment s pendi ng to " boost " t he e conomy. Th e Wiz ar d of H ar var d (w hi ch i s t he r eal l and of O z) pr ocl ai med i n h i s ar t i cl e: I n a n i nt el li gentl y p l ura l e co nomy, a c ert ai n n umber of i ndust r i es sh oul d be p ubl i c l y owned. El ement ar y c onsi der at i ons of publ ic c onveni ence r equir e i t. F or mo vi ng and h ousi ng peopl e at modera t e c ost , p ri vat e en t er pr i se d oes n ot s er ve. B ut I h ad come r el uct ant l y t o t he c onclu si on t hat so ci ali sm, e ve n i n t hi s mo dest desi gn, w as someth i ng I woul d never see. Now I am bei ng r esc ued by t hi s new so ci al i st u psu r ge p ro mot ed, o f al l t hi ngs, by s oci al i s t s not on t he l ef t but o n t he ri ght . An d t hey h ave t he bl essi ng, a nd c oncei vably m uch mor e, of a Re publi can A dmi ni st r at i on. Pr of es sor G al br ait h c onte nds t hat t he " new s ocia l i sm" i s t he basi s of t he " Ni xo n G ame Pl an, " b ased o n t he s ucc essfu l F abia n-

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soci al i s t c onspi ra cy i n Engl and. G alb r ai th r ef ers t o i t a s "t he doct ri ne o f t he co mmandin g h ei ght s" : The ne w s ocia l i sm al so sh ows an a cute s ens e o f st r at egy. I n t he year s af t er Wor l d War I I i n Br i t ai n, where s oci al i sm had a fa i r ru n, Br i t is h s ocia l i sts d evelo ped t he d oct r i ne of t he commandi ng hei ght s. The st at e w oul d no t t ake over t he e nt i r e economy. I t woul d ai m f or t hat par t whi ch wa s s o st r at egi c th at i t s l oss destr oyed capi t al i s t power , shat te r ed i ts m ora l e a nd so se cur ed soci al c ont ro l o ve r t he r est . The new co nser vat i ve soci al is m i n t he U ni t ed St at es has ta ken o ve r t he st r ate gy o f t he co mmandin g h ei ght s wi t h a vengeance. And Mr . N i xon a ppear s t o be be gi nni ng w her e th e B r i ti sh, accord i ng t o Pr ofe ssor Ga l br ai t h, a ls o b egan: . . . t he f ir st of t he he i ghts w hi ch t he Br i t i sh socia l i st s mar ked o ut fo r c apt ur e af t er Wor l d War I I was t he r ail r oad sy st em. I t had gr eat s ymbol ic v al ue. M ore t han t ext il es, w at er tr ansport or s te el , t hi s was t he i ndus t r y w her e mo der n la r ge-s cal e capi t al i sm began. So, pr o ta nt o, it w as wher e soci al i sm s houl d begi n. To b e ast r i de t he t r ansp or t at io n s ys t em c ar r i ed al so th e i mpr essi on i f not t he r eali t y o f power. The ra i l r oads w ere s i mi la r l y mar ked out b y t he ne w Ameri can soci al i sm f or i t s f i r s t of f ens i ve. Th i s wa s c once nt r at ed o n t he bi ggest of t he s yst ems, in deed th e b ig gest tr anspor t at i on c ompany i n t he Uni t ed St at es , t he Penn Cent r al. T he at t ack was not l ed by th e p asse ngers a nd shi pper s, t he t wo gr oups whi ch h ad be en mo st a ggr essiv el y a bused by pr i vat e c apit al i sm i n t hi s i ndust r y. Nor di d t he wor ke r s, o nc e t he b i g bat t al i ons of s oci al i sm, r eact . T he soci al i s t t hr ust agai nst t he Penn Cent ra l w as l ed by t he ex ecuti ves o f t he r ai l r oad - by th e agents a nd i nst ru ment s of t he c api ta l i sts t hemse l ves. Thi s i s a n ad mi ssi on t hat s oci al i sm i s n ot a m ove ment of downtr odden masses b ut a t ool of t he power-h ungry i nt ell ect ual a nd f i nanc i al e li t e. The s oci al i st s w ould h ave u s a cc ept t he t heor y th at govern ment ow ner ship a nd cont r ol o ver t he me ans of p r oduct i on o f g oods and se r v i ces i s th e r oad t o sh ar i ng t he we al t h. Soci al i sm i s not a shar e-t he-w eal th p r ogra m, bu t i s in r eal i t y a consol i dat e-a nd-c ont ro l -t heweal t h p ro gr am ai med at m ak i ng s er f s ou t o f th e u ps t ar t mi ddl e c l ass. T hi s expl ai ns t he par ti c i pat io n o f many of t he super -r i ch i n soci al i s t m ov ement s. I f t hey wer e mer el y suf f er in g f ro m a g ui l t co mpl ex becaus e o f in her it ed w eal t h (w hi ch do ubt le ss i s a r eas on i n some cases) , t he super-r i ch coul d as suage t hei r c onsci ence s b y gi vi ng away t hei r mansi ons, ai r pl anes , a nd y achts a nd j oi ni ng t he r est of u s peasant s w i th o ur $20, 000 m ort gages. I nste ad t hes e I ns i der s hi de ( and compound) t hei r we al t h in si de t ax-f r ee f oundati ons and a voi d t ax es b y pur chasi ng an d s el l i ng s t oc ks t hro ugh Swi ss ba nks. As D r. G al bra i t h not es, when t he P enn C ent r al R ai l r oad f aced bankr upt cy, i t r an ( wi th t he ur gi ng of s eve nt y-s even banks) t o t he go ver nment , in vi t i ng t he U. S. t o i nves t $ 200 mi l li on i n Penn Cent ra l a s a f i r st s t ep. The Ni xon ad mi ni st r at i on wel co med i t wi t h open ar ms. Thi s dr amati c r ush t o so ci al i sm won t he i ni t i al appr ova l o f t he Republ i can ad mi nis t r at i on. E ve r yt hi ng, i ndeed, se emed gr eased a nd r eady t o g o, s ays Gal bra i t h. By t his w e a ss ume t hat D r. G alb r ai t h r ef ers t o t he fa ct t hat Penn C ent r al had h ir ed th e l egal s erv i ces of R andol ph Gut hri e o f Ni xon's " f or mer " la w f i r m of Mu dge, Ro se, Gut hr i e and Al exander . Bu t t he m ove was bl ocked by R ep. W r i ght P at man, Ch ai r man o f t he Ho use B anki ng and C ur r ency C ommit t ee. Gal br ai t h co mment s:

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But it s eems l i kel y t hat t he set back i s on l y t empor ary . O t her r ai l ro ads a re k nown t o wa nt go ver nment p ar t i c i pat i on i n t heir c api t al s t r uct ur e. Th er e i s n o ch ance t hat th e P enn C entr al wi l l g et t hr ough r eceiv er shi p, m uch l ess escape f r om i t , wi t hout publ i c c api t al . Even i f he f eel s s t ro ngl y about def endi ng p ri vat e ent er pr i se, Mr . P at man cannot st and up a gai nst t hi s k in d o f pr essur e f or ever . The ha ndwr i ti ng is o n t he w all . M ost r ai lr oads ar e v er y s haky , caught b et ween a busi ness s l ow-d own, l abor demands, i nf la t i on, and th e I nt ers t at e Co mmerc e C ommi ssi on, w hi ch c ont r ol s ra t es. The c hi ef ca uses of t he r ai l ro ads' pr obl ems w er e s ummar i zed b y P ro f esso r M i chael Co nant , wr i t in g i n th e Wal l S t r eet J our nal of S ept ember 17, 19 70: The Fe der al l egi sl at i on whi ch i nhi bit s s uc cessf ul m anagement i s of t hr ee main t ypes. T he mi nim um r ate r egul at i on keeps r ai l ro ads f r om l oweri ng many r ate s f or commodi t i es i n w hi ch r ail r oads c ompet e w it h hi ghway a nd wat er car r i er s. Th e e f f ec t i s t o i ncr ease t he na t i on' s i nvest ment in t r uc ks w hic h p ol l ut e th e c ount r ysid e w hi l e r ail r oads coul d do a mo r e ef f i c i ent j ob of c arr yi ng most co mmodi t i es fo r di s t ances o ve r 2 50 m i l es. The se cond gr oup of s t atu t es ar e r ail way l abor la ws, whi ch pu t s o much power in t he uni ons t hat t hey f or ce t he emplo yment of l ar ge numbers o f unneeded w ork er s. Fe at her beddi ng i n t he r ail r oad i ndust r y i s r eal and t he pol it i cal po wer of r ai lw ay un i ons pr event s t he enactment o f l aws t o f ost er it s t er mi nat io n. The th i r d g ro up of s t at ut es pr event s th e d i sin vestment i n pl ant t hat can b e oper at ed o nly a t a n et lo ss. These ar e t he l aws r el ati ng t o pool in g o f op er ati ons, tr ackage r i ght s a nd a bandonment s. T he many par all el r ail r oads a nd th ousands o f br anch l i nes wer e bui l t bef ore t he days of t he har d r oad, t he mo t or t r uck an d t he a i r pla ne. The p r es ent gr eat excess capac i t y i n r ai lr oad l in es an d y ar ds c an onl y be come an i ncr easi ng so ur ce of l oss es as r eal est ate t axes and cost s of mai nte nance of w ay i ncr ease . . . . Rai l ro ad management s w oul d l ik e t he publi c t r eas ur y t o g i ve t hem shor t-r un fi nanci al a i d. I n l ig ht of t he fa ct s out l i ned a bov e, h owever , no r easonable t axp ayer ca n s uppor t pu bl i c l oans t o f ai l i ng ra i l r oads, t he pr oposal now bef or e t he Co ngr ess. U nti l t he t hr ee gr oups of Fe der al s t at ut es a r e amended, s uc h " lo ans" wo ul d mer el y be s ubsi di es t o i nef fi c i ency whi le r ai l ro ad lo sses an d b ankr upt ci es co nt i nued t o i ncr ease. T he A mer i can ta xpaye r s m ust n ot be s o f ool is h a s to t hro w money down th i s bo t t oml es s p it . The on l y r eal s olu t i on to t he Rai l r oads' be vy o f di l emmas w as pr opos ed b y Pr of es sor O sc ar Co ol ey in t he Anaheim B ull et i n of J uly 2 0, 1970: The In t er st at e C ommer ce Commis si on sh oul d be a bol i shed. T he compet i t i on of s ubst i t ute m eth ods o f t r ans por t ati on tr ucks, wat erw ays, pi peli nes, ai r pl anes - not t o menti on th e v er y r eal competi t i on bet ween t he ra i l c ompani es t hemse l ves, i s a mpl y pr ot ect in g t he c ust omer s. The ra i l r oad compani es sh oul d be s et f r ee t o f i x t heir o wn ra t es, pr ovid e s uch ser vi ces a s t hey choose t o pr ovi de - af t er a l l , t hey must se r ve t he p ubl i c if t hey ar e to m ake a p r of i t , a nd i n ever y re spect t o r un th ei r o wn b usi ness.

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But Ri char d Ni xon, f or al l h is c ampai gn ta l k a bout h ow g overn ment cont ro l s p r oduce st agnati on, has n ot even suggest ed th i s p oss i bi li t y . Doubtl ess n at i onal i zat i on w i ll p r oceed t hr ough a ser ie s o f st eps i nvolv i ng s ubsi die s a nd l oan guar ant ees. The Pr esi dent d i d not p us h p la ns f or i nf us i ng money in t o t he Pe nn C ent r al dur i ng t he ca mpai gn, b ut t he Wal l S tr eet J our nal r eport ed o n Sept ember 1 4, 1 970: " Some s our ces b el i ev e t hat l ar ge amount s o f fu nds f or t he Penn Cent r al w i ll b e f or t hcomi ng a ft er th e November e l ec t i ons . . . . " No w t he pl an can b e pr omot ed a s gi v i ng a badl y needed " boos t t o th e e co nomy. " I n th e meant i me a b i l l has pa ssed Congre ss a nd been si gned by th e P re si dent t o es t abli sh a $3 40 mi l l i on f edera l l y c har t ere d N at io nal Rai l r oad P ass enger Cor por at i on. Thi s bi l l , whi ch t he O ct ober 20, 1 970 Wal l S t r eet J our nal du bbed " semi -nat i onal i zati on, " pr ovi des f or g overn ment t akeove r o f passenger ser vic e. Ni xon' s S ecre t ar y of T r ansp or t at i on J ohn V ol pe g ave u s a c l ue t o t he th i nki ng of th e N ew Leader shi p Te am: " The o nl y o pt i on f or k eepi ng ser vic e i nt ac t - t he onl y o ne w e coul d th i nk of - i s ta ke-o ver by t he Govern ment . " 3 And th e E st abl i shment m edi a ha ve i ndeed st ar t ed t o b eat t he bo ngo dr ums f or a govern ment ta keove r o f ra i l r oads. T im es ma gazi ne edi t or i al i zed: " Washi ngto n s eems t o be t he o nl y power t hat ha s t he pot ent i al , at l eas t , o f bui l di ng a ra t i onal , b ala nced nat i onal r ai l syst em. " We mus t n ot l ose s i ght of t he f act t hat t he si xt h pl ank of M arx ' s Communi st M ani f est o c al ls f or " cent ra l i zat i on o f t he means of communi cat i on a nd t r anspor t in t he ha nds of t he st at e. " T hi s i s ex act l y what t he I nsi der s have in m i nd. T hey wi l l doubt le ss be b ai l ed o ut of t hei r Penn Ce nt r al i nvestment s at a ha ndsome pr ofi t . T he t r uth i s, we don' t know who c ont r ol s t he Pe nn C ent r al behi nd t he sc enes (a ssumi ng t hey do s t i ll c ont r ol t he P enn C ent ra l a s t hey co nt r ol l ed t he Pennsy l vani a) . But no w, G alb r ai th g et s down t o t he r eal ni t t y-g r i t ty i n h i s ar t i cl e: I mport ant a s t hey ar e, ho wever , t he r ai l ro ads . . . ar e n ot t he ul t i mat e g oal o f t he n ew socia l i sm. The ul t i mat e t ar get i s Wa l l St r eet . T hi s i s as i t s houl d be, a nd her e i t i s maki ng i t s gr eat es t move - one t hat f or d r ama a nd a k i nd o f s angui nar y ga l l w oul d b e appr ec i at ed even by s uch a mas t er o f t hese a r t s as t he y oung Leon Tr ot sk y h i mse l f . The al l usi on t o Tr ot sky i s i nt er est in g, si nce T ro t sky was f in anced b y t he Wal l S t re et fi r m o f Kuhn, Loeb an d C ompany, and th e l ar gest fu nd r ai ser f or Ni xon' s 19 68 c ampai gn i s r epor t ed t o h ave b een K uhn, Loeb par t ner L ewis S t ra uss. Ga l br ai t h c ont i nues : The Wal l S t re et ob j ect i ve i s not hi ng l ess t han th e N ew Y or k St ock Exchange i t se l f , t he v ery h ear t o f Am er i ca n, e ven w orl d c apit al i sm, t he Ever es t o f th e c ommandin g h ei ght s. The o ppor t uni t y a r is es, as e ver, f r om economic c r is i s . A known, a ppr ec i able b ut un di scl osed nu mber of member s o f th e S to ck E xch ange have be en hi t b y fa l l i ng r evenues, hi gh cost s and t he s l ump i n th e s to ck m ark et an d t hus i n th e v al ue o f t he securi t i es th ey ow n. I n consequence of t hi s a nd t hei r own i nef f i ci ency, t hei r capi t al i s i mpai r ed, t he c hance s f or r epair a r e poor an d, a mi r acl e a part , t hey c annot m ak e g ood t o th ei r c us t omer s t he money and securi t i es le f t wi t h t hem f or specula t i ve use . . . .

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I t i s si gni fi cant t hat in h i s ar t i c le G alb r ai t h nowher e a dvoc at ed t he el i mi nati on of a l l Wa l l St r eet fi r ms. Obvi ous l y th e I nsid er fi r ms wi l l sur vi ve t he v i ol ent dr ops i n t he s t oc k m ar ke t c aused b y changes i n Federa l R eser ve po l i ci es whi ch t hey cont r ol or t o whi ch t hey ar e pr i vy. * L os Angele s s t ock b r ok er J ohn Weber r epor t s th at h e was to l d b y a v ery h i gh of f i ci al i n t he mu t ual fu nd in dust r y t hat a t op Securi t i es and Ex change Commi ssi on of f i ci al a dmi t t ed t o h i m i n 19 64 t hat w hat S EC want ed t o s ee w i t hi n a d ecade w as a c ons ol i dat i on an d e li mi nat io n o f br oker age f ir ms un t i l o nl y t en Wal l St r eet f i r ms sur vi ved. Ga l br ai t h, howeve r , b eli eves ( or c la i ms t o) * See t hi s a ut hor 's a r t i cl es, " The B anker s" a nd "T he Fe der al Reserv e, " i n A mer i can Opi nio n, M arc h a nd A pr i l 1970 r espect i vely ; a l so avail abl e f r om Amer i can O pin i on a s a s in gl e c ombi ned r epr in t . t hat t he f eder al gover nment wi l l e vent uall y d omin at e al l o f Wal l St r eet . G al br ai t h wr i t es: The Wal l S t re et ve hi cl e of t he n ew so ci ali sm i s t he pr oposed Securi t i es In vesto r P r ote ct i on C or por at i on [ si c] , o r SI PC, a f und cr eate d b y th e S to ck E xch ange whi ch i s t o be g uar ant eed b y th e govern ment to t he ext ent of a bi l l i on d ol l ar s. Thi s wi l l p ay o f f t he cust omer s, cr edi to r s a nd vi cti ms o f t he fa i l ed ho uses. B ecaus e o f some r esi dual o pposi t io n t o so ci ali sm i n Wal l St r eet , SI PC i s b ein g b il l ed, r at her i magin at i ve l y, a s an in sur ance f und. S i nce t he f i r ms t o b e r escued a r e al r eady i n d eep t r oubl e, it i s t he f i rs t i ns ur ance f und i n some t i me t o i nsur e a gain st ac ci dents t hat h ave al r eady o ccur r ed - t o pl ace a p ol ic y o n bar ns whi ch have al r eady b ur ned d own. B ut t hi s i s a det ail . A s th e n ew s oci al i s t s see t he p r os pect (o ne ma y a ssume) , severa l o f th e l ar ger s to ck ex change house s w i l l event ual l y f ai l . The govern ment wi l l st ep i n t o c onser ve t hei r asset s again st t he cl aim s i t has pa i d. T her e wi l l b e st r ong p r essu r e to m i ni mi ze ha r dshi p and unempl oyment by ke epi ng f i r ms goi ng. The gove r nment w i l l obl ig e - t he f ami li ar y i el di ng t o p r es sur e agai n. Pr ese nt l y ot her f i r ms wi l l fa i l and th e g over nment w i l l f i nd i t sel f i n a domi nant p osi t i on on t he St r eet a nd in t he Exchange. The re sul t of t his p l oy woul d be t hat a ha ndf ul of I ns i der fi r ms woul d have a monopol y on W al l St r eet , w i t h gover nment capi ta l t o us e t o acquir e w hate ver t hey m ig ht wa nt . G al br ait h i n hi s a rt i c l e sa ys of t hi s pl an: . . . no o l d-f ashio ned s oc i al is t e ver had a b et t er i dea f or get t in g a f oot hold o n Wal l S tr eet . Th ei r hat s shoul d b e of f t o t he n ew man. Fr i edr ic h E ngel s, a r i ch and g ent l emanl y b us i ness man w ho l ove d f ox-h unt in g, w oul d; on e s ense s, es peci all y a ppr ove. The Ha r var d seer concl udes h is a mazin gl y r eveal in g a rt i c l e wi t h a di scus si on of " Nix on G ame Pl an" s t r at egy. H e b egi ns b y obser vi ng th at : Mr . Ni xon i s pr obabl y n ot a gr eat r eader of M ar x, b ut Dr s. Bur ns, S hul tz a nd McCr ack en ar e e xcel l ent schol ar s w ho k now hi m wel l and co ul d h av e b ro ught th e P re si dent abr east . . . . * Gal bra i t h s ay s o f Dr . B ur ns, a f el l ow member o f t he C FR " Pre si di um" w ho has mo ved f ro m a posi t i on o f advi ser t o Ni xon t o head t he a ll-p owerf ul Federa l R eser ve Bo ar d:

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A c ons pi r acy t heor y o f hi st ory i s a lw ays t oo t empt i ng. D r . Ar t hur Bur ns as t he Ker ensky o f t hi s r evol ut i on, t he F eder al Reser ve B ui l di ng as i ts S mol ny , t ig ht m oney r at her t han o ra t or y as i t s weapon, f orc es unl eas hed w hi ch, as i n th e c as e o f Ke r ensk y, n o man ca n c ontr ol - t hese t hought s a r e al mos t i r r es i st ib l y a t tr act iv e. Mi x i ng f act wi t h what h e cer ta i nl y mu st kn ow t o be f ic t i on Gal br ait h d escr i bes t he " Game Pl an" : . . . i t i s beyond d enyin g t hat t he cr i sis t hat ai ded t he r us h i nt o soci al is m was e ngi neer ed by t he Admin i st r ati on. Money wa s del i ber at el y made t i ght . The budget was de l i ber at el y made r es t r i ct i ve. The ef f ect of t hes e a ct i ons i n r ais i ng i nt er est r ate s a nd depr es si ng t he ec onomy was fi r ml y ac cl aim ed a s t he Ni xon G ame P la n. T he di f f ic ul t i es of Pe nn C ent r al , Lockheed a nd t he me mber f i r ms of t he N YSE wer e par t o f t he same g ame - and soci al is m, as w e h av e s een, i s t he name of t he ga me. C ause an d c onse quenc e w er e never c l oser ; c ause c oul d not ha ve b een m ore d el i ber at el y c ontr i ved. And su spi c i on i s deepened b y t he s ens at i onal s i le nce of conser vat i ves . As G al br ai t h i s fu l l y a war e, i t w as t he Fe der al Reserv e B oard a nd not Ni xon t hat moved to t i ght en money. I t i s th e * I t sh oul d be n ote d t hat Gal br ai t h se r ves wi t h Ar t hur Bur ns as a t r uste e f or t he Tw ent i eth C ent ur y F und, fo unded i n 1 919 b y a wealt hy Bost on m er chant , Edwar d A. F il ene, wh o w as a f f i li at ed wi t h pr o-Communi st o rg ani za t i ons. The T went i et h C entu r y Fu nd h as f i nanced Fabi an-s oci al i s t a ct i v i ti es i n t he U. S. f or hal f a c entu r y. Among th e of f i ci al s o f t he Fund h av e b een s uch peopl e a s Ar t hur Schl esi nger Jr . , Jul i us R obert O ppenhei mer ( sel f -c onf es sed t o have been at o ne t i me a f i nanc i al c ont r i but or t o t he Communis t s) , and E va ns Cl ar k ( anot her f r i end o f t he S ovi et s) . Federa l R eser ve Bo ar d a nd n ot t he a dmi ni st r at i on t hat cont r ol s t he money f aucet. E conomi st Dr . Mi l t on Fr i edman w r ote b efo r e N i xo n' s i naugur at i on: " Sin ce f i sc al po l i cy d oes n ot ma t t er, a nd mo net ar y p ol ic y i s c ont r ol l ed b y t he i ndependent ` Fed, ' th e a dmin i st ra t i on wi l l no t r eal ly h ave cont ro l o ver economi c p ol i cy." 4 B urn s h im sel f st at ed on November 1 1, 1969: The re sponsib i l i ty o f t he F ed i s t o superv i se monet ary p ol i cy . . . . The F RB' s aut onomy w as c onc ei ved f or pu r poses of ma i nt ai ni ng th e i nt egr i t y o f t he cur r ency . I t hi nk it ' s qu i t e p ro per t hat m oney aut hor i t y b e i ndependent of po l i t i cal a uth or i t y. Asked, i n a n i nt er vi ew re por te d i n th e May 5 , 1 969 i ss ue o f U. S . News & Worl d R epor t , "D o y ou appr ov e o f th e l at est c re di t -t i ghte ni ng mo ves?" Ni xon' s S ecre t ar y of t he Tr eas ur y, Da vi d Kennedy, t old t he in t er vi ewer : " I t ' s not m y j ob t o a ppro ve or d i sappr ove. I t i s t he act i on o f t he Federa l R eser ve. " Thi s does n ot m ean t hat t he FR B i s no t p ar t o f th e c onspi r acy o f whi ch Gal br ai t h wr i t es. I f t he F edera l R es er ve wa s c re at ed in 1 913 f or t he re asons i t s de f enders c l ai m, i . e. , t o est abli sh ec onomi c st abi l i t y by p ut t i ng a n e nd t o boom-a nd-b ust cycl es, i t ha s b een an en or mous f ai l ur e. I f , on th e o t her h and, i t wa s c re at ed by t he I nsi der s t o pr oduc e i nf la t i onar y b ooms f ol l owed by d epr essi ons o r r ecessi ons i n

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whi ch t he s to ck ma r ket fa l l s out o f bed, al l owi ng I nsi der s t o accumul at e en or mous p r ofi t s fr om both b oom a nd bu st , t hen t he " Fed" h as been a t r emendous success . S in ce t he cr eat i on o f t he " Fed, " whi ch Li bera l s g uar ant eed w ould e nd depr ess i ons f or ever , w e have ha d t he wor st depr ess i on i n t he hi st or y o f th e c ount r y, and se ver e re cessi ons i n 1 920, 1 936-3 7, 19 48, 1 953, 19 56-5 7, 19 60, 1 966, an d 1 970. I f you have advance knowl edge of F eder al R es er ve pol i cie s y ou c an ma ke a k i l l in g w heth er th e s t ock m ark et i s goi ng up o r down, and i f you cont ro l t he men wh o make t hese p ol i c i es you c an contr ol t he t i min g o f t he bo om and t he bust . Th e F RB i nf l at ed wi l dl y (i . e. i ncr ease d t he money suppl y, t hus b i ddin g u p pr i ces) d uri ng L BJ' s s ec ond t er m. Du r i ng Ni xon' s f i r st y ear i n o ff i ce t he " Fed" h ad t o s to p i nf l at i ng or fa ce r unaway i nf la t i on. * The t im e h ad c ome t o s hear t he sheep. B et ween December 1 968 a nd Jul y 19 70, t he s t oc k m ar ket l os t 3 5 per c ent o f i t s val ue. Si nce t he s ame I ns i der s who co nt r ol t he Fe der al Reserv e a l so cont ro l N i xon, G al br ai t h' s s ta t ement about t i ght money i n h is di sc ussio n o f th e N ix on G ame Pl an i s t ru e i n essence i f not f r om a t echni cal s ta ndpoi nt . t An d N ix on' s fi scal pol i cie s ( ta xi ng an d spendi ng) w or ked hand i n gl ove w i t h t he "F ed' s" t empor ar y h al t i ng of money expansi on. Dur i ng t he ca mpai gn Ni xon t al ked o f t ax-c utt i ng: My a dmi ni st ra t i on wi l l be o ne i n w hic h w e ar e g oi ng to d o what i s n eces sar y but w it h l es s m oney . T hat p ol ic y, di r ect ed t oward a chi ev i ng a b al anc ed bu dget , wi l l s t op t he r i se i n p ri ces and le ad t o a r educt i on i n t ax es. s He s peci f i cal l y . pr omi sed o n numer ous o cc asi ons t o en d t he 1 0 p er c ent sur t ax o n i nc ome. Then, sai d U. S. N ews & Wor l d Re por t, " Af t er t aki ng of f i ce , P r esi dent Ni xon i n Mar ch a ske d C ongr ess t o e xt end t he s urt ax f or an ot her year ." The Pr esi dent ' s ex cuse wa s t hat t he sur t ax w as ne eded t o c ont r ol i nf l at i on. Th i s wa s a bsur d. Co ngr essman H. R. G r os s, " The t er m " in f l ati on" i s used commonl y t o mean th e w age-p r i ce spi r al. Thi s i s i ncor r ect. I t i s physi cal l y i mposs i bl e to h ave a s ust ai ned a nd genera l w age-p r i ce spi r al unl es s t he govern ment is i ncr eas i ng t he m oney supply . Y ou can' t f i l l a quart j ar wi t h a pi nt of w ate r . t Si nce t he Fe der al R eserv e h as a bsolu t e co nt r ol ( di r ec t l y o r i ndi re ct l y) over t he c r uc i al money su ppl y f aucet, o ne woul d assume t hat appoin t ment s t o th e B oard w oul d a t t ra ct gr eat nat i onal a t te nt i on a nd be subj ec t ed t o t he ver y c lo sest scr ut in y f ro m Congr ess. But c an y ou name one ot her m ember of t he Boar d besi des B urn s?. . . Nei t her c an anyone e l se you kn ow. T o t he best o f our knowl edge, Co ngr ess has never re j ecte d a s i ngle a ppoin t ment t o t he B oar d, de spi t e t he fa ct t hat a s Pr of . Ha ns Sennhol z t ell s u s, t he vi ews of t he appoin t ees on m onet ar y po l i cy have r anged b et ween i nf l at i onar y an d h yper-i nf l at i onar y. on J une 1 1, 1969, st at ed t hat t he 1 0 per cent s ur t ax on i ncome, wh i ch ext r ac t s f r om t he t axpay er s some $ 12 b i ll i on a year , " hasn't w ork ed becaus e t he Govern ment ha s s im pl y t ak en th e money a nd spent i t . " 6 Congre ssman John Rar i ck added: Ther e i s s omet hi ng p at ent l y as i ni ne about t he t heor y t hat i t i s i nf l at i onar y f or t he man who ear ned t he dol l ar t o s pend i t on h is f ami ly - but t hat i t i s no t i nf la t i onar y f or t he Gover nment to t ake t he dol l ar a way f r om hi m and gi ve i t t o someone e l se t o sp end.

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I n f ac t , i t i s l es s i nf la t i onar y t o l et th e man who ha s e ar ned t he money keep it , b ec ause he wi l l save a t l east a p art o f i t , w her eas t he govern ment wi l l sp end e ve r y la st p enny a nd m or e. Taxes f ur t her f eed t he wage-p r i ce spi r al, b eca use t hey a re a c ost o f pr oducti on an d must be added on t o t he pr i ce o f a p ro duct at e ver y l evel . T her ef or e, t he sel l i ng pr i ce o f t he pr oduct i s in cr eased b y al l o f t he ad di t i onal t axes on i t s i ngre di ent s. T he I ndi anapol is S t ar edi t or i al i zed o n Jul y 13, 19 69: Last year t he H ous e, a ppr oved t he t ax s urc har ges by de mandi ng a $6 b il l i on cu t i n expendi t ur es b y t he g ove r nment a nd a c ut of 2 40, 000 empl oy ees f ro m t he p ayr ol l . Th er e w as n o cut i n spendi ng - i t i ncr eased. Th er e was n o cut in t he pa yr oll . I t in cr eas ed. T he t axp ayer s wer e doubl e-c r osse d. The Pr esi dent , h owever , was ad amant . He ma de t he sur ta x v ot e a l oy al t y t est and t hr eat ened c ons ci ence-s t r i ck en C ongr essmen w i th c uts i n f edera l s pendi ng i n t heir h ome d i st ri ct s. Washi ngt on cor r espondent P aul Scot t r epor te d i n t he Y ak i ma Eagl e of J uly 3 , 1 969: An e st i mat ed f or ty R epubl i cans d r opped t hei r o pposi t io n t o th e cont ro ver si al t ax p ro posal a f t er t he Pr esi dent l ai d d own hi s l oyal t y gauntl et d uri ng hi s w eekl y Whi t e H ous e c onf er ence w i th G OP Ho use Leader s. I n a hal f -h our t abl e-p oundi ng s ess i on, t he P re si dent t ol d t he GOP l eader s t hat t he sur t ax must be e xt ended or " my whol e i nf l at i on c ont r ol pr ogra m c ould g o down t he d r ai n. " " Republ i can member s o f Co ngr es s, " t he P r es i dent t ol d t he l eader s, " shoul d b e ma de to u nders t and t hat I r egar d t heir v ote o n t he t ax bi l l as a par t y lo yal ty t est ." The Pr esi dent s t re ssed th at "I w i l l be w at chi ng t he vo t e c l os el y and fu t ur e ad mi nis t r at i on a cti ons t o hel p members w i ll b e g ui ded by t he way th ey v ote . " Scot t' s r epor t w as c onf ir med by t he vot e, as d esc r i bed i n Newsweek o f Jul y 14, 1 969: As t he h our of r ecko ni ng ne ar ed, n ot al l t he A dmi ni st r at i on' s mi ni ons w er e bei ng s o d is cr eet . R ep. Wi l li am L . Scot t, a V i rg i ni a Republ i can, compla i ned an gr i ly t hat a G OP col l eague ha d w ar ned h im t hat hi s di st r i ct would l ose a l ong-s chedul ed d am i f he d i dn' t v ot e a ye on t he su r t ax; l at er, h e s hout ed hi s n o " a li t t l e lo uder t han no r mal. " But th e l i ber al s wer e n ot t o be a ppeased; t hey st ood t hei r gr ound i n t he k i nd of s ol i d f r ont t hey h ave r ar el y b een abl e t o f org e. Af t er t he se cond ca l l of t he ro l l , t he n ays h ad i t , 2 01-19 4. Th en t he Admi ni st r at io n b egan c ommi t t in g i t s sur pri se r ese r ves conserv at i ve Republ i cans who ha d p r omi sed t hei r vo t es onl y i f absol ut el y necess ar y. Behi nd t he Ho use r ai l , a small k not of c ongr essmen h uddl ed to get her dr awin g s t r aws. Sh or t s tr aw men t r udged d is consola t el y down to t he wel l t o s wi t ch s id es or w i t hdr aw th ei r n ay s. Th e f i nal t all y: 2 10 ayes, 2 05 nays. Onl y 56 D emocr at s, most of t hem t i ed t o t he l eader shi p, j oin ed t he wi nni ng combin at i on. The Pr esi dent ' s ne xt g ambi t in h i s so ci ali st c ons pi r ac y w as t he r epeal o f t he 7 pe r c ent t ax cr edi t f or ca pi t al i nvest ment . Economi st Henr y Hazl i tt c omment ed i n t he F ebr uar y 19 70 i ssu e o f Bat t l e Li ne:

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Even mor e i ll-a dvi se d [ t han c ont i nui ng t he sur t ax] was Mr . Ni xon' s c al l f or r epeal of t he 7 p er cent cor pora t i on i nvestment t ax cr edit . T hi s was done f or t wo r easons : t o r ai se mor e r evenue, and to r educe o r r emove t he su pposed " i nfl at i onar y i mpact " of i nvest ment in n ew pl ant and eq ui pment . T he e f f ect i s t o i ncre ase t he t ax bu r den st i l l f ur t her on th e c or por at ion s - pr eci sel y on t he key pr oduc t i ve el ement o n w hi ch th e w hole n ati on' s in come and e co nomic gr owth d epend. T he a nt i -i nf l at i onar y ar gument i s a c ompl et e f al l ac y. I t i s o nl y g over nment d ef i ci t s an d c onse quent m oney cr eat i on t hat c ause i nf l at i on. Th e r epeal of t he t ax cr edi t mer el y means t hat a l arg er per cent age of p r iv at e s pendi ng w i l l go i nt o c ur re nt lu xur y co nsumpt i on and a smal l er p erc ent age i nt o i mpr ovi ng th e c ompet i t iv eness, ef f ic i ency and pr oduct iv i t y of A meri ca' s i ndustr i al pl ant . A d i si l l us i oned Pi er r e Ri nf r et, w ho had b een a Ni xon ec onomi c advi so r d ur in g t he c ampai gn, cont ended t hat " you l i ck i nf l ati on by i ncr easi ng ca pacit y a nd not by h ol din g i t back. " Ri nfr et c l ai med t he t ax cr edi t re peal " has de st r oy ed t he onl y r eal , hope f or r es ol vin g i nf l at i on" . 7 But t hi s o bv i ousl y, w as t he w hol e "G ame P la n" id ea - t o r est ri ct m oney f or t he pr i vate s ect or , n ot f or th e g ov er nment . P enn Cent ra l , L ock heed, a nd hu ndr eds o f ot her Amer i can c orp or at i ons w er e p ut i n a f i nancia l v is e j ust as Ga l br ai th i ndi cat es. The th i r d t r i ck-o r -t r eat scheme t he Pr esi dent p ul l ed f ro m h is M achia vel li an b ag of tr i cks was th e d ecei t f ul " t ax re f or m." " Refo r m" i s s o mu ch ki nder a wor d t han " r ai se . " T he Nat io nal T ax payer s U ni on p oin t ed o ut : Recent l y C ongr ess passed new t ax l egi sl ati on. R ef or m l egi sla t i on some cal l i t - but i t a ct ual l y r ai sed t axes by 3 bi l l i on d ol l ar s. Senato r J ohn Wi l li ams, on e o f t he mos t r es pect ed member s o f t he Senate , s ai d: " The ` t ax r ef or m' bi l l is a ho dgepodge o f what se ems on t he sur f ac e t o be p oli t i cal ly ` popula r ' bu t i n re al i ty c oul d be re pudi ate d i n t he n ext el ecti on i f t he vo t er s ar e g iv en t he r eal t r ut h about t he causes o f h ig her and h i gher pr i ces an d t he c ur t ai l ment o f t he pur chasi ng po wer of t he dol l ar . " The sp endi ng pol ic i es o f t he mast er Machia vel l i an i n t he Whi t e House have be en an yt hi ng but r est r i ct i ve except by t he st andar d o f a c r az ed K eyn esi an l i ke Gal bra i t h. Th e r ec kl ess def i ci t spendi ng o f t he Jo hnson year s had r es ul t ed i n h uge i nc r eases i n th e money suppl y, w hic h b i d up w ages a nd pr i ce s. D uri ng hi s ca mpai gn f or t he Pr esi denc y, Mr . N i xon m ade m uch of t hi s f i sca l i rr esponsi bi l it y. I n hi s ac cept anc e s peech a t t he Republ ic an Co nvent io n o n August 8, 19 68, Candid at e N ix on sa i d: " It i s t i me t o qui t pour i ng b i ll i ons of d oll ar s i nt o pr ogr ams t hat h ave f ail ed. We a r e on t he w r ong r oad - i t is t i me t o t ak e a n ew r oad . . . . " La t er , in a po si t i on paper o n t he e conomy, t he ca ndi date s t at ed: " In l ess t han f i ve year s th e J ohnson-H umphr ey Admi ni st r at io n h as s quander ed t he i nher i ta nce o f a d ec ade' s sol vency . . . . " $ He a l so pr ocl ai med: " The ent i r e budget n eeds e xhaust i ve r evie w . . . . S ome pr ogr ams. . . must accept l ess t han ma xi mum f undin g; no n-essent i al s . . . must a wai t ea si er ti mes; ever y maj or pr ogr am . . . must be s cour ed fo r e conomi es. " 9 A gai n, in h i s po si t i on pa per , Candid at e N ix on bl ast ed t he pr of l i gac y o f t he D emocr at s: . . . f or f iv e y ear s t his A dmi ni st r at i on has r efu sed t o k eep f edera l s pendi ng wi t hi n f edera l m eans .

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The to t al d ef i c i t r un u p i n th e b udget s of t he Jo hnsonHumphre y year s wi l l am ount t o m or e th an $ 55 bi l li on. T hi s m as si ve de f i cit h as wr acke d a nd di s l oc at ed th e e co nomy . . . . Ther e i s n oth i ng t he matt er wi t h t he engin e o f fr ee en t er pr is e t hat cannot be c or r ect ed by pl ac i ng a p r udent a nd s ober e ngin eer at t he t hr ott l e. The ol d p ol it i cs of spend a nd el ect have n ot o nly w or ked a n i nj ust i ce o n t he Amer i can p eopl e, t hey h av e d enie d A mer i ca mu ch of i t s f l exib i l i t y i n d eal i ng wi t h on r ushi ng c hange . . . . Over and o ver a gai n t he campai gni ng Ni xon cal l ed f or LBJ t o s l ash t he fe der al budget , a s when he c l aim ed th at e ver y d ay P r esid ent Johnson put of f c ut ti ng th e b udget " pl aces in g r eat er j eopar dy t he en t i r e i nt ern at i onal m onet ar y st r uctu r e. " '° B r oadcast in g o ve r C BS r adi o on Apr i l 25, 1 968, Mr . Ni xon cl ai med t hat " onl y by cu t t i ng t he fe der al budget c an we a ver t a n economi c d i sa st er . . . . " ' 1 I n D all as on O ct ober 1 1, 1 968, he decl ar ed t hat " Amer i ca ca nnot af f or d f our year s of H uber t H umphr ey i n t he Whi t e H ouse, " because H umphr ey ha d p us hed f or p r ogr ams w hi ch w oul d have caused " a s pendi ng spr ee t hat wo ul d have b ankr upt ed t his n ati on. " 12 Af t er t he e le ct i on, a l l of t he l audabl e rh et or i c and soul f ul pr omis es w ere c onv eni entl y t os sed i nt o t he m emory h ole . T he f i scal mi smanagement o f whi ch ca ndi dat e Ni xon had s poken so a r t ic ul ate l y w as t r ul y monument al . LBJ' s l ast budget of $ 183. 7 b il l i on r epr ese nt ed an i ncr ease o f 88 p er c ent dur i ng t he Ke nnedy-J ohnso n y ears . L BJ b oaste d as h e pr epare d t o l eave of f i ce : Out l ay s f or maj or soci al pr ogr ams w il l h av e r is en by $ 37. 4 bi l l io n, m ore t han d oubli ng si nce 1 964. Th i s i s t wi ce t he r at e o f i ncr ease o f out l ay s f or any ot her c at egory o f G ov er nment p r ogr ams. 1 3 Accord i ng t o col umni st Ch ar l es B ar t le t t , JFK a nd LBJ had e xpanded t he number o f t he g ove r nment' s d omest i c spendi ng p r ogr ams f r om 40 t o 473. Most Republ ic ans had r esi st ed ever y one of t he 43 3 a dded s oci al i st i c pr ogra ms. " Reckl es s s pendi ng," s houte d R epubl i can C ongr essmen; " danger ous fi scal madness , " ec hoed Re publi can S enat ors . D ur in g t he wani ng d ays of 1 968, L BJ p r epar ed a wel l-p added f i scal 1 970 b udget t o be h anded t o Ni xon. I n it s J anuar y 25 , 1 969 i ssue, a n angr y Human Events l ament ed: To mak e t hi ngs m or e d i f fi cul t f or N ix on on t he do mesti c f r ont , LBJ ha s t r i ed t o spr ead t he my t h t hat N i xo n s omehow ha s a m ora l commit ment to c arr y o ut t he pr ogr ams of th e " Gr eat S oc i et y. " As a gest ur e of ba d w i l l, J ohnson w hi pped up a $1 95. 3-b i l l io n " excit i ng" bu dget f or f is cal 1970, wi t h sp ect acul ar in cr eases cal l ed f or in s uch t hi ngs a s model ci t i es, h ousin g, fo r ei gn ai d an d t he al most t ot all y d is cr edi te d a nt i -p overt y p r ogr ams . . . . Char le s Z wi ck , L BJ' s B udget Di r ect or, s aid o f t he b udget p r epar ed f or Ni xon: " We' ve t r ie d t o ke ep th e moment um i n k ey soci al p r ogra ms. " The Wal l St r eet Jour nal o f Ja nuary 1 6, 19 69, descr i bed Mr . J ohnson' s budget ar y b equest t o Mr . Ni xon: Al t oget her , Mr . Jo hnson's b udget s l at es an $ 11. 6 bi l li on r i se i n out l ay s, m ore t han t wi ce as la r ge a s t he $4. 8 b il l i on i ncr eas e t hat ' s

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expect ed t o br i ng t he c ur r ent year ' s spendi ng t ot al to $ 183.7 b i ll i on. The maj or changes r efl ect h is o wn pr i or it i es, Whi t e House ai des say. LBJ' s pr i or it i es became Mr . Ni xon' s pr i ori t i es. Ni xon or i gi nal l y cut th e b udget t o $192. 9 bi l li on, w hi ch wa s s t i ll $ 8.1 b i l l io n mor e t han t he b udget fo r f i sca l 1 969, $ 14 bi l li on more t han J ohnson s pent i n f i scal 1 968, $34.5 b i l l io n mor e t han he sp ent i n 1967, $ 58. 2 bi l li on mor e t han h e spent i n 1 966, an d o ver $100 bi l l i on m ore t han t he Ei senhower ad mi nis t r at i on h ad spent i n 1 960. ' 4 The $ 8 b i l li on in cr ease ( whic h b y th e e nd o f t he y ear w as c l oser t o $ 15 b i l l io n) wa s t oute d a s " budget c utt i ng, " on t he b asi s t hat i t was sl i ght l y l ess t han wh at LB J h ad pr opos ed. ( And L BJ c oul d have pr opos ed a nyt hi ng he w i sh ed, s i nce he w as l eavi ng o f fi ce. ) In t he end Ni xon' s b udget t ur ned o ut t o be b i gger t han LBJ' s pr oposa l s. Now, w it h t he fr ugal Re publi cans co nt r ol l i ng th e Whi t e H ous e, la st y ear ' s pr of li gat e ex pendi t ur es became t hi s year 's b ar e-b ones budget. I t al l depends o n wh ose gang o f socia l i st s i s d oi ng t he spendi ng. Th e I ndi anapol i s News on J anuar y 17, 1969, sai d th at re f er ence s t o t he budget a s t ig ht . . . woul d no d oubt b r in g t ear s o f l aught er t o t he ey es o f Amer ic an t axp ayers i f t hey w er e n ot al r eady s heddi ng t ear s of p ain . I n p oi nt o f f act , t he b udget i s a m onument t o w as t e an d t o th e spendi ng p syc hosis w hi ch has hi t A mer i cans w i t h hi gh and r i si ng ta xes and in f l i c t ed o n t hem a spi r al o f i nc r easi ng p r ic es th at k eeps e ve r yone r unnin g a t to p s peed t o st ay wher e he i s. Thi s budget should n ot on l y be c ut , i t s houl d b e chopped t o t he bone . . . . . For a l l t he o ra t or ic al b unk um du r i ng th e c ampai gn about cut t i ng spendi ng, R MN and hi s a dv i sors n ever i nt ended t o r ol l back th e G re at Soci et y p r ogr ams t hat w er e c ausi ng th e p ro bl ems. Ri char d J ans sen wr ot e i n t he Wal l St r eet J our nal o n Oct ober 2 1, 1968: Pr ogr ess t owar d budget b al anc e c oul d b e much f ast er i f M r. N i xon woul d r api dly d i smant l e many Gr eat So ci ety s pendi ng pr ogr ams, b ut hi s advi se r s v ow t hi s won' t happen. " Ther e' s no c once pt of u ndoin g a ny t hi ng - i t ' s par t of t he f abr i c and l eave it b e," M r . [P i er r e] Ri nf r et s t r ess es . . . . I n f ac t , t he GOP coul d ha r dl y wai t to e xpand t he Gr eat S oci et y. On J ul y 1 6, 1969, t he Wal l S tr eet J our nal' s A l an Ot t en r eveal ed: Onl y Vi et nam-i nduce d b udget p re ssur es seem t o b e det err i ng t he Ni xon Admi nis t r ati on f r om p r oposi ng st i l l l ar ger Socia l S ecur i t y benefi t s , f ar m ore s pendi ng on e ducat i on and h eal t h, a f ar mo r e sweepi ng w ar again st h unger . Even t he m ost c onser vat iv e a ppro ach now bei ng consi der ed at t he Whi t e House f or ne w wel fa r e le gi sl ati on r epr es ent s a maj or e xpans i on of e x i st i ng Gover nment pr ogr ams . . . . And su per -L i bera l c ol umni st Cl ayt on F r it chey, a f ormer D emocr ati c Par t y of f i c ia l , ga sped in t he Sept ember 1, 1 969 Washi ngt on S t ar : Despit e t al k and pl edges of ec onomi zi ng, budget -c ut t in g, a nd cur t ai l i ng th e f eder al go ver nment , th e N ix on a dmi ni str at i on i s, in f act , headed f or t he g r eat est spendin g s pr ee i n t he hi st or y of o ur countr y. T he pl anned e xpendi tu r es a re o n such a va st a nd

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unpr ec edent ed s cal e t hat nobody, i ncl udi ng t he Bu dget Bur eau, can pr esent ly m ake a r eli abl e est i mat e o f what th ey wi l l a dd up to bef ore P r esid ent Ni xon co mpl et es h i s t er m i n 1 973. I t ' s t he G r eat S oc i et y (a s l ogan b orr owed f r om th e t it l e o f a book by Engl is h F abia n-s oci al i s t G ra ham Wal l as) i n el ephant' s c lo t hi ng. Keep i n m i nd t hat t hese gi gant i c i ncr eases a r e co mi ng f r om an enor mous b ase i n whi ch pe r c api t a t ax at i on i s a lr eady $975 pe r a nnum. 15 T he a ver age w or ki ng ma n l abor s t wo h our s a nd f ort y-t hr ee mi nut es a day al l y ear j ust t o p ay di r ec t a nd hi dden t axes. 1 6 The Pr esi dent w as not g oi ng ov er board t o set a n exampl e. O ne of hi s fi r s t a ct s w as t o a cc ept a $ 100,0 00 pa y i ncre ase, doubl in g h is sal ary . C ongr essman H . R. Gr oss o bserv ed: " I d on't s ee h ow we c an i ncr ease t he Pr esi dent ' s sal ar y b y 10 0 p er c ent and cl ai m t o be se t t i ng a g oal o f a us t er it y a nd f r ugal i t y . . . ." 1 7 T he P r es i dent was no t i n di r e need o f money . I n ad di t io n t o a $50,0 00 t ax-e xempt e xpens e account , t he Pr esi dent al r eady r eceiv ed op er at i ng e xpenses fo r W hi t e House ent er ta i nment , t he cost of h i s pl ane, t r ave l e xp enses, and so f or t h f r om a speci al c ont i ngency f und. A nd a t t he s ame t i me Congre ssman Robert T af t t ol d hi s f ell ow le gi sl ato r s: " Unt i l we mov e t owar d a t ax r educt i on a nd a t r ul y b al anced budget , we sh oul dn't e ven t al k of congre ssi onal p ay i ncr eas es. " But t he P r es i dent di d no t v et o ei t her t he genero us r ais es Co ngr ess vot ed f or it sel f or h i s own pay i ncr ease. The Wal l S t re et Jo ur nal on Mar ch 1 0, 1970, r eveal ed th at s pendi ng by t he Whi t e House h ad do ubl ed f r om $70 mi l l i on under LBJ - never k nown as M r. F r ugal - t o $1 40 m i ll i on under RM N. Ac cor di ng t o t he I ndi anapol i s St ar of A pri l 2 9 t he s ame y ear : Seasoned o bse r vers b el i ev e t hat M r . Ni xon has t he m ost expens i ve Whi t e Ho use st aff a r r angement i n h is t or y. I n t he n ew bu dget pr esent at i on, t he Pr esid ent ' s t r avel i ng expens es a r e up 87 p er ce nt , t r avel and tr ansport at i on o f s ta f f is t r i ple t hi s year 's , c ommuni cat i ons an d u ti l i t i es ar e up 4 3 pe r c ent , pr i nti ng a nd r epro duct i on h as mor e th an d oubl ed and s uppl i es and mat eri al s a re a l most d oubl e. The to t al n umber of p er manent posi t io ns on t he Whi t e House st af f l i s t ed f or th e n ew f i scal y ear i s 5 48. T he e st i mat e fo r t hi s year was 250 - t he same n umber t hat s er ved t he l ast s i x mont hs of Pr esid ent Johnso n' s t er m and t he fi r s t s i x o f Pr esid ent N ix on' s. The Bu dget . . . does n ot a cco unt f or a tr i pl i ng of th e N at io nal Securi t y C ounci l budget , pay f or s erv i ce per sonnel w ho t end t he gr ounds, m i li t ar y assi sta nt s, pr esi dent i al a i r cra f t , i nc l udin g hel i co pt er s; t he bi ggest par t of t he communi cat io ns op er at i on, t he Whi t e House pol i ce a nd Se cr et Ser v i ce s t af f , C oas t G uar d p atr ol s of f t he va cat i on Whi te H ouses , G ener al Se r v i ce s A dmin i st ra t i on housek eepi ng, a nd pr i nt in g d one b y ot her depar t ment s. Congr essman S am Gi bbons t i ck ed of f s ome of th e P r esi dent' s m or e l av i sh e xpendi t ure s: The pe opl e ma y b egi n t o wonder w hy he d i d not s ay " No" t o a n $830,0 00 e xpendi tu r e o f t ax mo ney t o pl ush u p h is a i rp l ane, al r eady t he pl ushest p l ane i n t he w or l d. The p eopl e may al so w onder why h e di d no t say "N o" t o t he co nst r uct i on of a $ 350, 000 h el i co pt er pad o n hi s Key Bi scay ne p r oper t y. They may w onder wh y h e di d n ot s ay "N o" to t he co st of t he t axpay er s f oot i ng t he b il l f or a $ 60, 000 wi ndscre en ar ound hi s s wi mmi ng

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pool at th e S an Cl ement e r etr eat . They ma y w onder w hy h e di d n ot say " No" t o t he expendi t ur e of a n admi t te d $ 250, 000 f or ex t r a f ac i l i ti es and an ot her $100,0 00 a nnual l y j ust to m ain t ai n th em at S an Cl ement e. They may w onder wh y h e di d n ot s ay "N o" to t he $1 ' h mi l l io n s pent on p lu sh Whit e H ouse o f fi ces f or t he l ar gest P r es i dent i al s ta f f in hi s t or y, a nd " No" t o t housands o f d ol l ar s f or s il l y gi l ded un i f orms f or Whi t e House guar ds . T hey may wonder why he d i d no t s ay " No" t o t he addi ti onal $4 m i ll i on f or t hat s t af f , m any o f w hom dev ot e t im e a lm ost sol ely t o p ar t i san p ol i ti cal act i v i ti es in b ehalf o f Republ ic an candid at es. When t hey l ook a t t he l if e s ty l e o f t hi s so-c al l ed e conomymi nded admi ni st r at io n, th e p eopl e w il l n ot be s ur pr i sed at a Cabi net m ember w ho r edeco r at ed hi s o f fi ce at a c ost o f $40, 000 t o th e t axpay er s - i nclu di ng an $ 1,8 00 d esk a nd car peti ng pr i ced at m ore t han $56 pe r s quar e y ar d. The pe opl e ca nnot be f ool ed fo r ever . They know who t he " bi g spender s" r eal l y ar e. 1 8 Congre ssman Ar nold O l son menti oned th e p ay i ncr ease fo r t he Whi t e House st af f , up fr om $3.9 m i ll i on t o $8. 5 mi l l i on, a nd t he $3 50, 000 o f govern ment mo ney spent on t he West ern W hit e H ouse , p lu s t he $100,0 00 a year i n o pera t i ng cost s. Ol son c omment ed: At a t i me of c ombi ned i nf l ati on an d r eces si on, w hen t he Pr esi dent t al ks about combat i ng h ig h c os t s i n Govern ment ; one wo nder s about t he f r ugal i t y o f mai nt ai ni ng t hr ee Whi t e House s - i n Washi ngto n, Sa n Cl ement e, a nd K ey Bi scayn e, no t t o me nt i on C amp Davi d. W hat of th e t r emendous co st of c ommuni cati ons t o l i nk t hem al l ? Cer t ai nl y n o one begr udges a busy P re si dent a r es t r et r eat an d our Pr esi dent d ese r ves th e f in est f ac i l i ti es. B ut . . . i f he w ant s t o pr oj ec t t he f r ugal i mage f or pol i t i ca l r easons - f or t hat i s t he re ason - t hen l et h im l ook t o t he s ame f r ugal i t y i n h i s own of f i ce. " I nf la t i on fi ght er " N i xon a l so a sked f or $ 1 . 1 mi l l io n t o oper at e t he r esi dence p or t i on of t he Whi te H ouse - an in cr ease of $182,0 00 o ver t he r equi re ments o f s pendt hr i f t L BJ. H e spent $ 574, 000 t o t ur n t he s wim mi ng pool at t he Whi t e House i nt o a pr ess r oom. 19 An d h e has tu r ned ou t t o be t he most l avi sh par ty t hr ower s in ce P erl e Mes t a. Accord i ng t o U. S. News & Wor ld R eport : The Ni xons ha ve be en e nte r t ain i ng g uest s at t he r at e of 4 5, 000 per ye ar . Accord i ng t o Whi te H ouse ai des , t hat i s ab out 1 0 t i mes a s m any guests a s t he D wig ht E i se nhower s e nte r t ain ed i n a y ear , a nd " many t i mes mor e" t han th e J ohn K ennedys ent er t ai ned. I t e cli pses even th e 2 6, 000-guests-p er-y ear pace s et b y t he g r ega r i ous L yndon J ohnsons. 2° The Pr esi dent w as f or ced t o as k t hat an ex t r a $ 119, 000 b e a dded t o t he Whi t e House e nt ert ai nment b udget ou t o f hi s s tr i ngent, b are-bones, a ust er e, ec onomy budget . At f ir st N i xo n c la i med th at hi s b udget w oul d p r oduce a $ 5. 8 bi l l io n s ur pl us th at wo ul d " sp eak l ouder t han any w ord s" of h i s det ermi nat i on t o f i ght in f l ati on, a nd s aid : . . . we b eli eve we h ave made a n eces sar y and s ig ni f ic ant begi nni ng t owar d br i ngi ng t he Feder al b udget u nder a c l oser Pr esid ent i al contr ol [ and] b ro ught t o an e nd t he er a o f th e c hr oni c budget d ef i ci t . . . . 21

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As e xp endi t ur es ro se a nd r evenues s hr ank ( due t o t he r ecessio n t hat di mi ni sh ed th e g over nment ' s t ax t ake) , t he $5. 8 bi l l i on sur pl us soon became a t oke n s ur pl us of $ 1. 4 bi l l io n, w hic h w as n everth el ess hi ghly p r ai se wor th y, a cco r di ng t o t he a dmi ni st r at i on. By t he end of t he f i scal y ear t he su r pl us had tu r ned in t o a $2. 9 bi l l i on d ef i ci t . Accord i ng t o UPI on J ul y 29, 1970: Geor ge P . S hul t z, t he d ir ect or o f t he O f fi ce o f Management an d Budget , s ai d t hi s was a go od si gn b eca use i t s howed t hat t he economy was st abi l i ze d a nd p oi sed f or an u pwar d th r ust . " Act io ns s peak l ouder t han w or ds, " Ni xon had s aid i n pr oj ecti ng hi s sur plu s. W i th t he pi nk el ephant s, s ur pl use s a r e f i ne but d efi ci t s ar e even bet t er . Mr . Ni xon' s 1971 budget , t he f i r st on e o ve r w hi ch h e had t ota l cont ro l , w as an ex pansi on o f t he 1 970 b udget . M r. N i xo n p r oposed a $200.8 b i l l io n b udget w it h a pr oj ecte d $ 1. 3 b i l li on su r pl us. The budget was ha i l ed by L i ber al s be cause , a s th e P re si dent r emar ked, f or t he f i r st t i me in t went y y ear s: . . . t he f eder al gover nment i s s pendi ng mor e o n human r esour ce pr ogra ms t han o n nat i onal d efe nse. Th i s ye ar w e ar e sp endi ng $1. 7 bi l l io n l ess on de f ense t han we w er e a y ear a go; i n t he co mi ng ye ar we p l an t o s pend $ 5. 2 b i l li on le ss. T hi s i s mor e th an a r edi re ct i on of r es our ces; t his i s a n hi sto r i c r eor deri ng o f our nat i onal p r io r i t ie s. 22 Howeve r , f ormer Ni xon a dv i ser Dr . R oger Fr eeman was ag hast : Si nce t hat ti me (t hat i s, b etw een 1 953 a nd f i scal y ear 1 971 as pr opose d b y th e P re si dent) , d ef ense ex pendi t ur es i ncr eased 4 9 per cent - appro xi mat el y e qual t o t he si mul t aneous r at e o f pr i ce r i se. Spendi ng f or he al t h, educat i on, we l f are a nd la bor i ncr ease d 9 44 p er ce nt . . . . Mor e t han h al f o f t he $ 129-b i l l io n i ncre ase i n f eder al expendi t ur es bet ween 1 953 a nd 1971 wa s a ppl i ed to s oci al p urp oses, l ess t han one-f i f t h t o d efe nse. Def ense m eanwhi l e shr ank f r om 64 p er c ent of t he fe der al budget t o 3 6 per cent , fr om 13 . 6 p er cent of g r os s n at i onal pr oduc t t o ab out 7. 2 p er cent . I n o th er w ord s, th e s hare o f f eder al r evenues a nd o f t he g r os s nat i onal p r oduct al l ocate d t o nat i onal d ef ense ha s b een c ut al most i n hal f s i nce 19 53. Most o f t he huge s av i ngs wer e ap pl i ed t o s oc i al pur pos es, w it h e ducat i on one of t he mai n gai ner s. 2 3 Whi l e Mr . N ix on is " r eord er i ng o ur na t i onal p r i or i t i es , " t he Communi st s gr ow in cr easin gl y host i l e and expand t hei r st r at egi c ar mament s. "M or e f or l i fe t han w ar , " gl oat ed t he Washi ngt on Post 's Mur r ay S eeger . T o t he L ib er als a nd Mr . N ix on, o ur n ati onal de f ense, t he l egi ti mat e fi el d of t he f edera l g over nment , i s no t a " human need." Whi l e r est r ic t i ng mi l i t ar y s pendi ng and ex pandi ng m ost G r eat Socie t y pr ogra ms, t he P r es i dent i nt r oduced, accord i ng t o t he Febr uary 1 970 Bat t le L i ne, " no l ess t han s ev en majo r a re as o f new s pendi ng whi ch wi l l cost $3 b i l li on mo r e t he f i r st y ear and pe r haps $18 bi l l i on annual l y a s qui ckl y a s fo ur ye ar s f ro m now. " T he st r es si ng of w elf ar e s pendi ng o ver def ens e w as a f ar cr y f ro m c ampai gn days. The N ew Y ork T i mes of Ma y 1 5, 1966, st at ed:

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Mr . Ni xon c al l ed f or h eav y c ut s i n no n-mi l i ta r y s pendi ng at home and a su bst ant i al cu t i n f or ei gn a i d except f or t hat d ir ect ly r el ate d t o th e m il i t ar y or s uc h t hi ngs a s t he f ami ne i n I ndia . " The hi ghl y re spect ed Wash i ngto n c or re spondent e mer i t us o f t he Chi cago T r i bune, Wal t er Tr ohan, w r ote o f t he N i xo n p ro gr am on O cto ber 29, 19 70: . . . many Re publi cans ha ve be t r ayed " cons er vat is m" an d h ave been as s oc i al i sti c a s many De mocra t s, i f not mor e s o. B etr ayal of conser vat i sm has been s omet hin g o f a f ashio n f or 3 8 y ear s. Some weeks ag o, Pr esi dent N i xo n a ssai l ed Congr ess f or i t s f ai l ur e t o p as s h i s l egi sl at i ve pr ogra m. T he cur io us p art o f hi s c r it i c i sm was t hat t he p r ogr am was h ard l y "c onser va t i ve, " b ut one wh i ch a ny r ece nt Democr at i c Pr esi dent m i ght h av e of f ere d. Af t er i nt r oduci ng a $ 200. 8 b il l i on bu dget, t he Pr esi dent , a s Republ i can Ba t t l e Li ne pu t i t, t hr ew " caut i on t o t he wi nd. " Added expens e c ame i n th e f or m of po st al pa y i nc r eases, v ete r ans' benefi t s , constr uct i on l oans , a nd govern ment em pl oye e p ay i ncr eases, an d i n a host of o t her a r eas. I t now ap pear s t hat spendi ng f or t he y ear w il l b e ar ound $ 210 bi l l io n i nste ad of $ 200.8 b i ll i on. Yet th r ough al l th i s N i xo n h as m anaged t o keep a publi c i mage a s Mr . Sc r ooge, t he mi ser l y, p enny-p i nchi ng b udget sl ash er . Dur i ng t he 1970 mi dt er m el ect i on c ampai gn, e conomy in g overn ment was t he n umber t wo th eme o f t he Republ ic ans behi nd " l aw and o r der . " Some o f t he Pr esid ent ' s r het or i c w armed th e h eart s o f Conserv at i ve s, a s when he pr ocla i med: " No Fe der al pr ogra m i s ab ove s cr ut i ny." 2 4 Lat er he s t at ed, " Per so nal f re edom wi l l be i ncr eased when t her e is m ore e conomy i n govern ment an d l es s g over nment i n t he e conomy. " 25 B ut H uman Event s not ed on J anuar y 31, 1 970, f ol l owi ng one of M r . Ni xon' s e conomy speech es: But th i s c ons er vat i ve r het or ic w as ma r r ed by t he har sh f act t hat t he Pr esi dent t hen p r oceeded t o p ush f or , or p r opose, expens i ve p ro gr ams t hat woul d f ur t her p r opel t he f eder al g ove r nment i nt o t he v ery d ebt h e h ad j ust d epl or ed. Even i f w e co ul d f i nal l y be co nvi nced t hat ga r gant uan g ov er nment pr ogra ms w ere n ece ssar y t o e li mi nat e cer ta i n e vil s t hat p l ague t he countr y, w e woul d expect a R epubl i can P r es i dent t o s im ul t aneousl y cal l f or th e e l i mi nat io n o f do zens of o t her p ro gr ams t hat have o ut l i ved t hei r usef uln ess . . . . We a re s t i l l wai ti ng f or t he day w hen t he Pr esid ent w ages as v i goro us a f i ght t o e ra di cat e bi l li ons o f dol la r s i n ent r enched pr ogr ams a s he d oes t o p ut n ew pr ogr ams o n t he b ooks. The Ni xon t ec hni que i s to s ubs t ant i al l y in cr ease a b udget a nd t hen send i t t o C ongr ess, where t he De mocra t s u p t he bi d e ven f ur th er . Next t he P r es i dent d enounces t he D emocr ats a s " bi g s pender s" t hr eat eni ng " t he f ut ur e of t he A mer ic an ec onomy." O cca si onall y t he Pr esid ent e ve n v et oes a n appro pr i at io n, as d escri bed i n t he I ndi anapoli s S ta r o f Ma y 2 6, 1 970: The fa i l ur e of M r. N i xon' s " st r i ct co nt r ol s" i s shown by t he $19. 7 bi l l i on b i ll a ppr opr i ati ng f unds f or t he La bor and H eal t h, Educat i on a nd Welf ar e d epar t ment s f or f i sc al 1 970 w hic h h e ve t oed as i nf l at i onar y l ast January . I n hi s vet o message, t he Pr esi dent sa i d br avel y: " These in cr eases ( i n t he b il l ) ar e e xces si ve i n a pe r i od of

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ser i ous i nf la t i onar y p r es sur es . W e mu st dr aw t he l i ne and s ti ck to i t i f w e ar e t o st abi l i ze th e e co nomy. " What happened? C ongr ess nudged t he bi l l do wn to $ 19. 4 b i l li on, wher eupon t he P r es i dent pr ompt l y s i gned it . W here w ere t he st r i ct cont ro l s? Wher e wa s t he dr awin g o f th e l in e a nd t he st i cki ng t o it ? Coul d i t b e sai d t hat a ny r eal e f f ort w as made to c ut expense s s i gnif i cant ly ? O bv i ousl y not . But th i s s ubt erf uge a ll ows Mr . N i xo n t o const ant l y i ncr ease spendi ng a nd st i ll p r oj ec t t he i mage of a budgetc ut t in g i nf la t i on f i ghte r . N o mat t er h ow much Mr . N i xon i ncr eases t he bu dget , he k nows t hat t he L i ber al Democr at s, co mpul siv e s pender s of t ax payer s' m oney t hat t hey a r e, wi l l al ways hi ke t he a nte , s o t he p lo y a lw ays w or ks. I n F ebr uar y Mr . Ni xon s ai d: "I h ave pl edged t o th e A mer i can people a b ala nced budget. " 2 6 But b y Oct ober b l ac k h ad b ecome whit e. The Wal l S t re et Jo ur nal r eport ed o n Oct ober 1 3: The ne w Ni xon h as b ought t he " new ec onomi cs" - or at l east t he par t t hat c ondones b udget ar y r ed i nk at ti mes l ik e n ow. I n a f undament al br eak fr om hi s o l d st ance o n f is cal r esponsi bi l it y, th e P r esi dent has s quar ely c ommit t ed hi msel f t o a t heory t hat hol ds a mul ti-b i l l i on-d ol l ar b udget d efi ci t i s per fe ct l y pr oper t o b ol st er t oday's . w obbl y e co nomy. On N ov ember 17, 19 70, H ouse Ways a nd Means C ommit t ee chai r man Wi l bur M i l l s announced th at un l ess sp endin g w as suddenl y c urt ai l ed dr asti cal l y, Mr . Ni xon' s 1971 budget, w hic h s t art ed ou t p r oje ct i ng a $1. 3 bi l l i on sur pl us, w as a ctu al l y go i ng t o r un an a st oundi ng $2 4 bi l l io n i n th e r ed a l most a s much a s LBJ's f ant as t i c $25 b i ll i on def i ci t f or 1968, whi ch t r i gger ed o ur c urr ent w age-p r i ce spi r al. M i ll s al so decl ar ed t hat t he de f i cit s o f th e 1 960' s a re t he r oot ca use of t he i nf l at i onar y pr obl ems o f t he 1970' s. Few Amer i cans ar e aw ar e t hat t he d ef i ci t s ar e u nder st ate d. U PI, r eport i ng a st at ement b y Rep. Geor ge Mahon, c hair man of t he House Appr opr i at i ons C ommi t t ee, s aid : Mahon, c hai rman of t he Ho use Appr opri at i ons C ommi t t ee, s ai d t he f act i s t hat budget s f or t he cu r r ent y ear and th e p r evi ous year , al so pi ct ur ed a s " i n th e b l ack , " ra n i n th e r ed. T he t ot al added def i ci t f or t he th r ee-y ear per i od, Mahon s ai d, r uns about $19. 9 bi l l i on. Mahon sai d th e a ppar ent smal l sur pl us i n Ni xon' s budget f or f i scal 1 971 [ now a h uge d efi ci t ] an d t hat f or t he tw o p r evi ous year s r esult s f r om a n ew a ccount i ng syst em under w hi ch i ncome a nd expendi t ur es by go ver nment t ru st f unds, su ch a s Soci al S ecuri t y , ar e l umped t ogeth er wi t h o t her g ov er nment r eve nue. I n r ec ent y ear s, t he t r us t f unds have r un s ubst ant i al s ur pl use s t hat wer e b or r owed b y o th er go ver nment f unds a nd i nclu ded i n t he nat i onal d ebt . Dur i ng 1 968, LBJ's l ast year i n o f f ic e, th e d ebt was $365 bi l l io n, u p f r om $293 b il l i on i n 1 967, N ix on h ad t o as k C ongr ess t o r ai se t hi s , f i r st t o $3 77 b i ll i on, and l at er , i n May 1970, t o a n ast oni shi ng $395 bi l l i on. T hat i s a n $18 bi l l i on r ai se d ur i ng a pe r i od of a ll egedl y bal anced b udget s! B y t he t i me y ou re ad th i s t he r i se wi l l be s ig ni f i cant l y hi gher . Over $17 b il l i on per y ear i s r equi re d j us t t o ser vic e t he debt ; t hi s am ounts t o mor e t han o ne mi l l io n d ol la r s an hour . The a nnual i nt er est o n t he d ebt i s now t he t hi rd l ar ges t i te m i n t he bu dget . No w onder N ix on' s i nt er nat i onal b anki ng fr i ends l i ke

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def i ci t s pendi ng: much of t he i nt er es t i s payabl e t o t hem. Wi t hi n a week af t er Co ngr es s v ot ed t o doubl e Mr . Ni xon' s sal ary , h e ha d t o ask f or th e f i r st d ebt c ei l in g h ik e. B ut he in cl uded a g im mi ck to m ake i t l ook as i f he w ere a ct ual l y lo wer i ng t he debt . Th i s wa s d escr i bed i n t he Wal l S t re et Jo ur nal of Febr uar y 2 5, 1969: I n a speci al messa ge s i gned be f or e hi s d epar t ur e f or Eur ope, Mr . Ni xon asked t hat t he c eil i ng be r educ ed to $ 300 bi l l io n f r om $365 bi l l io n b ut t hat Congr ess s i mul t aneousl y excl ude f r om t he c ei l i ng' s covera ge more t han $ 80 bi l l i on o f F eder al secur it i es hel d b y Feder al t r ust f unds f or So ci al Se cur it y a nd ot her pur pose s. Thus, onl y se cur it i es t hat t he F edera l G ov er nment s ell s t o th e publ ic w oul d be co ver ed, a c hange t hat M r. N i xon sai d woul d make t he cei l in g " conf or m f ul l y" t o t he u ni f ie d budget f or mat t hat ' s c ur r entl y i n i ts s econd y ear . T he uni f ie d s yste m s hows a de f i cit o nl y when t he over al l U . S. est abl i shment ( in cl udi ng t r us t f unds ) i s payi ng out mor e t o t he p ubl ic t han i t ' s col l ec t i ng in t axe s. Congre ssman H. R. Gr oss de nounc ed t his as " mor e f i nanci al gi mmic kr y o f t he Lyndon Johnso n v ar ie t y, " and C ongr ess r ef use d t o al l ow t he Pr esi dent t o get a way w i th i t . Co nsequent l y, f ol lo wi ng th e 1 970 mi dt er m e l ect i ons, M r . Ni xon had t o f ace a n at i onal de bt o f $395 bi l l io n w i t h an im pendi ng d efi ci t o f $24 b i ll i on. And it l ooks as if t hi s wi l l be s mall p ota t oes co mpare d t o what i s i n st or e f or c omi ng ye ar s. A 5. 6 per c ent u nempl oyment r at e hur t t he R epubl i ca ns b adl y i n t he 1 970 e le ct i ons. I n an a r t ic l e ti t l ed " Ni xon S i gnal s f or L ef t Tur n," P et er Li sagor announce d i n t he C hi cago Dai l y News of N ove mber 11 , 1 970: Admi ni st r at io n o ff i c i al s have i ndi cat ed th at t he Whi te H ouse l i kely w i l l f ol l ow i t s dr i ve f or a li ber al w el f ar e-r ef orm measur e w it h new "s t r at egi es" i n t he f i el d of h eal t h an d e duca t i on of a pr ogre ssi ve nat ure . They al so p oi nt to a t ent at i ve a dmi ni st r at i on a cc ept ance o f a f ul l -e mpl oy ment po l i cy, w hi ch i n th e p r ese nt st at e o f t he economy means def i ci t f i nanci ng, a h all mar k of t he l i ber al a ppr oach i n a si t uati on o f r i s i ng j obl es sness . Wi t h t hes e g oal s i n mi nd, t he p ol i t i ca l r ai lb i r ds concl ude t hat t he Pr esi dent ' s re cent me et i ngs w i t h conse r vat i ve c olu mni st s at th e Whi t e House and le ader s of N ew Y or k's C ons er vat iv e P ar t y a t hi s Fl or i da r et r eat r ef le ct ed hi s d es i r e t o d i sar m o r i mmobil i ze pot ent ia l c ri t i cs on t he r i ght as he t i l t s t owar d t he l ef t . Ni xon' s s t r at egy of m ovin g L ef t i s bo r ne out b y hi s bu dget fo r f i scal 1 972. Accor di ng to T i me o f N ov ember 1 6, 19 70: Ai des say t hat h e wi l l se nd to C ongre ss a f i scal 1972 budget wi t h a p l anned d ef i c i t - amount u ncer t ai n - t o fo l l ow th e u npl anned def ic i t of a bout $ 15 bi l li on t hat t he Gover nment i s l i kel y t o r un t hi s f is cal year . . . . Admi ni st r at io n o ff i c i al s ar e bandyi ng a bout i deas f or maki ng t he def i ci t l ook small er t han t hey e xpect i t r eal l y t o b e . . . . . . . t he P re si dent h as begun t o d i st r act at t enti on fr om t he f or t hc omi ng def i ci t b y st r essi ng a n i dea known as t he " f ul l empl oyment budget . " T his i s a t heore t i cal m easur e t hat , i nst ead of c al cu l at in g act ual G overn ment i ncome, f i gur es h ow much t he U. S. woul d ha ve ta ken i n i f t her e w ere f ull e mpl oy ment. T hus, a d ef i c i t un der or di nary

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account i ng mi ght wel l t ur n o ut t o b e a s ur pl us in t he f ul l-e mpl oy ment budget . E xampl e: I n t hi s f i sca l y ear, t he Gover nment st ands t o s pend about $210 bi l l i on a nd co l l ect r oughl y $ 195 b i ll i on, th us ru nni ng a def i ci t o f $1 5 b il l i on or s o. But u nder fu l l-e mpl oy ment ac count i ng, th e U. S. woul d sh ow a sur pl us - because i t woul d have ta ken i n w el l over $210 bi l l i on i f th e o pt im um nu mber of p eopl e h ad j obs. The Oc t ober 13, 19 70 i ssue of t he Wal l St r eet Journ al s aid o f t he " f ul l-e mpl oy ment " budget : . . . t he c oncept i s c omfor t in g t o th e N ix on r egi me. " Af t er bl asti ng t he Democ r at s, i t i s pr et t y har d t o t urn a r ound a nd convi nce people t hat our de f i ci t s ar e good o nes, " conf esse s a Republ i can st r ate gi st . But th e f ul l-e mpl oy ment ap pr oac h, h e cont ends, h el ps sh ow t hat " i n f act , t her e' s a wor ld o f d if f er ence. " Thi s i s a s if y ou f el t th at yo u c ould h ave e ar ned $ 20, 000 t hi s year , but y ou o nly e ar ned $ 15, 000, so y ou go o ut and bor r ow $5, 000 i n or der t o k eep u p a $ 20, 000 s ty l e o f l i v i ng. T i me of No vember 16, 1970, def ended t his L SD-t r i p t ype o f economi cs: Whi l e t hi s f id dl i ng wi t h f i gur es may seem l ik e a not her bi t o f pol i ti cal g im mi ckr y, i t i s e co nomi cal l y so und. Th e f ul l empl oy ment budget i s a f ai r ly r el i abl e ga uge f or d ete r mi ni ng w het her t he a mount o f Govern ment sp endin g i s re st r ai ni ng or s t im ul at i ng t he economy. T o st i mul at e t he c urr ent s la ck ec onomy, a f ai r l y l ar ge fu l l-e mpl oy ment def i ci t i s ca l l ed f or . Thi s i s t he ver y t ype o f hocus-p ocus Ni xon and th e R epubl i cans used t o s cr eam about - and wi t h g ood c ause. T he Wall S t r eet J our nal r eport ed o n Oct ober 1 3, 1970: Al t hough P r es i dent N i xon doesn ' t u se t he " f ul l-e mpl oy ment bu dget" t er m, t hi s is w hat h e means, ai des ex pl ain , w hen he sa ys t hat h i s " basic g ui del i ne" f or t he b udget i s t hat , except i n em er genci es, " expendi t ur es m ust n ever be al l owed t o o ut r un t he r eve nues t hat t he ta x syst em woul d pr oduce a t r easonabl y fu l l em pl oyment . " I n r ecent d ay s t hi s has c l ear l y become t he pa r t y l in e, po ppi ng up i n ever y speech b y hi gh economic o f fi c i al s, i nclu di ng Da vi d Kennedy and Paul M cCr acke n. Thi s i s T r i ck y-D i ckmanshi p at i ts best - or wo r st ! Ac cor di ng t o Ti me of November 1 6: The ke y f i gur e i n Ni xon's c urr ent d is cussi ons o f f ul l- empl oy ment bu dgeti ng i s c l ose t o $ 230 b i ll i on. Th i s is w hat pr esent t ax r at es pr obabl y w oul d b r in g i n dur i ng f i sca l 1 972 at fu l l e mpl oyment . Ni xon' s d i le mma i s wheth er t o hol d f eder al spendi ng t o about t hat l evel or l et o ut l ay s g o st i l l hi gher . S o fa r , hi s a i des h ave b een passin g wor d t o d epar t ment h eads t hat spendin g i s t o b e hel d t o $ 225 bi l li on. That s t r at egy w oul d a l l ow N i xo n t o cl ai m, cor r ect l y , t hat a p l anned def i ci t i n th e o ff i c i al budget w oul d not be i nf la t i onar y. B ut i t woul d hol d out l i tt l e ho pe o f l i f t in g t he economy t owar d f ul l e mplo yment b y mi d-1 972. Ni xon t hus wi l l be s or ely t empt ed t o shi ft p ol i cy a nd gi ve an ext r a boost t o p ro duct i on, pr ofi t s a nd j obs by a l lo wi ng Gover nment spendi ng t o r i se st i l l hi gher. S ome Admi ni st r at io n o ff i c i al s t hi nk t hat such a c our se w oul d r i sk st art i ng a gai n th e p r i ce s pir al t hat t he U. S.

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has on l y b egun t o cur b, but th ey a r e f r ank l y a f ra i d th at t he boss wi l l do i t . . . . The Pr esi dent h as concl uded th at e l ec t i ons a r e lo st on unempl oyment and r ecessio n, no t i nf la t i on. T he Ju ne 22 , 1 970 U. S. News & Worl d R epor t q uot ed a n unnamed a i de t o t he P r es i dent a s s ay i ng: " Mr . Ni xon to l d me t hat no maj or p art y e ve r l ost a n el ect i on o n i nf l at i on, bu t t hey h ave on re cessi on. I f he h as anyth i ng t o say, ever yt hi ng wi l l be d one t o s ee t her e i s no r ecess i on." Ni xon hopes t o p os t pone much of t he i nf l at i on u nt i l af t er t he 1 972 el ecti ons. Th er e i s a t im e-l apse f act or bet ween t he t i me t he go ver nment i nj ect s t he def i ci t -s pendi ng d oll ar s i nt o t he e conomy a nd t he t i me it t akes f or t he n ew money t o p er col at e t hr ough t he economy, b id di ng up wages and p ri ces. I n t he l at e ' 60' s t he De mocr ats b enef i t ed f r om t he spendi ng a nd l ef t most of t he pr obl ems t o th e R epubl i cans. T he Democr at s e nj oyed t he d ru nken bi nge and th e R epubl i cans g ot t he hangov er . N ow, r epor t ed Ti me i n m i d-N ovember 1 970: Ni xon and h is a dvi ser s, says one A dmi ni str at i on economi st , " di sco ver ed t hat i nf l at io n s ta r t ed sl owi ng down af t er th e e co no- my s lo wed d own. No w t hey may do t he r evers e: s peed u p t he economy a nd l et th e i nf la t i on come af t er war d - af t er t he 19 72 el ecti ons. " So w e have co me fu l l c i rc l e fr om t he begin ni ng of t he Johnson i nf l at i on, th r ough a h alf-h ear te d a t t empt at d ef l at i on wi t h t he consequences descr i bed by G alb r ai t h, and back t o Johns oni an " st i mul at i on. " W e ar e g oi ng to t r y th e h ai r o f th e d og t hat bi t us a s a cur e. I f b oom-and-b ust pol i c i es a r e good en ough f or t he F abi an-soci al i s t D emocr at s, t hey a r e good enough f or th e F abi an-s oci al i s t Republ i cans. As Ga l br ai th s ays , N i xon h as a G ame Pl an and t he " name o f t he ga me i s soci al i sm. " LBJ ma y t ur n out t o h ave been a p i ker . L BJ' s 1967 budget was $1 58 b i ll i on - and i t w as r oundl y d enounced by t he Republ i cans; Ni xon' s 19 72 b udget ma y r un $230 bi l l i on - an in cr ease of $72 bi l l i on i n f iv e y ears . A nd L BJ' s def ic i t s, on ce co nsi dere d enor mous, m ay b e dwar f ed by Ni xon' s. Bef ore t he 19 68 el ect i on Mr . Nh; . on cal l ed i nf l at i on " t he cr uele st t ax of al l . " H e added: " . . . i t qui et ly p i cks your pocket, s t eals y our savi ngs, r obs y our p aycheck. To c heck i nfl at i on t he govern ment mu st cu t d own on un necessa r y fe der al spendi ng . . . . "2 7 I n 1 969 a l one, i nf l at i on r obbed A meri cans of $ 60 bi l li on o f t hei r savi ngs i n ba nks and l i fe i nsu r ance, as t he cost of l i vi ng we nt u p an of f i ci al 6 . 1 per cent d ur i ng Mr . N i xo n' s f i r st ye ar in o f f i ce . I n Mar ch 1970, t he P re si dent t ol d a n ews c onfe r ence t hat hi s ad mi ni str at i on' s economi c p oli ci es had " ta ken t he f i re o ut of i nfl at i on" a nd woul d st eer t he nat i on c l ear of it . 2 8 Ac t uall y, t he admin i st r ati on ha s k i l le d pr osper i t y , but no t i nf la t i on. P r oduc t i on i s d own, u nempl oyment is u p - but pr i ces ar e a gai n r i si ng: of f i c i al l y , t he r ate w as 6 p er cent dur i ng 1970. ( The of f i c ia l r at e i s lo aded; t he tr ue r ate i s es t i mat ed a t 10 per ce nt b y many economis t s. ) Thi s me ans t hat A mer i cans h ave pai d an addi ti onal hi dden t ax o f $120 bi l l i on i n t he p ast t wo year s. Now, i n o r der t o cur e t he n on-e xi ste nt r ece ssi on, t he admi ni st r at io n i s pr epare d t o hyper in f l ate . A nd t he Feder al R ese r ve Boar d i s o bvi ously w i l l in g t o go a l ong w it h t he Game Pl an. Bo ar d Chai rman A r th ur Bu r ns, "t he Ke r ensky of th i s r evo l ut io n, " h as p r omi sed

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t hat " t her e wi l l be e nough money a nd cr edi t t o me et fu t ur e ne eds, and t hat t he o r der l y expansio n o f t he economy w i ll n ot be e ndangere d b y a l ack of l i qui di t y. " H e ha s a ls o s ai d he is w i l l in g t o i ncr eas e t he money suppl y at a " t empor ar i ly e xcess i ve speed. " I n la yman' s l anguage t hi s means, " The pr i nt i ng p r es ses a re o i le d a nd r eady t o r oll . " (A t swank Washi ngt on s oi r des Ni xon men h ave b een s een dancin g t he Samba t o t he st r ai ns of " Br azi l . ") S pac e-T i me-F or eca st i ng sai d of t hi s ventu r e: I t ' s an i l l us i on t hat g ov er nment c an make or b r eak p ro sper i ty a t wi l l by m anip ul ati ng money s uppl y. It ' s tr agi c th at me n s ur ro undin g r ecent a dmi ni st r at i ons ho l d th i s b eli ef , i n s pi te o f hi s t or ic al evi dence t hat i t 's n ever been success f ul - ver y much th e c ont r ary . . . . . It i s o bv i ous f r om st at ement s m ade i n t he p as t t hat N i xon k nows bet t er . * Ni xon i nf l ati on wi l l p r oduce t he s ame c haos a s Jo hnson i nf l at i on. I nf l at i on i s har mful t o an e co nomy un der any c i rc umsta nces. I f M r. Ni xon had r eal l y want ed t o c ur e t he Johnson i nf la t i on an d r et ur n t o st abil i t y, he w oul d h ave t aken a c our se ex act l y opposi t e t o t he on e h e has ta ken. Th e b es t w ay t o a vo i d t he ef f ec t s o f i nf l at i on i s t o i ncr ease p r oduct iv i t y a nd p r oduce y our w ay o ut of i t . Thi s me ans dr asti cal l y cut go ver nment s pendi ng, bal ance d b udget s, and th en t ax cut s t o g i ve busin essmen an in cent i ve t o pr oduce, a nd consumer s mo ney wi t h whi ch to b uy t hei r pr oduc t s a nd * Ni xon s t at ed i n t he O cto ber 1968 i ss ue of F or t une magazi ne: " The accele r at ed r i se i n p r i ce s i n r ecent ye ar s h as r esu l t ed pr i mari l y f r om an e xc essi vel y e xp andi ng money s upply t hat i n t ur n h ad b een f ed by t he moneti zat i on of fe der al govern ment de f i cit s. T he way t o s t op t he i nf l at i on i s t o re ver se t he ir r espons i bl e f i scal pol ic i es w hi ch pr oduce i t . . . . . " ser vic es. I ns t ead, M r . Ni xon has i nst i t ute d t he economi cs o f scarc i t y ( as no t ed b y Gal br ai t h) , expandi ng th e w el f ar e st at e wi t h a consequent boost i n g ove r nment s pendi ng and i ncr eased t axes. T his i s t he G ame Pl an, and a s Gal br ai t h ob ser ve s, " t he n ame of t he game is s oci al i sm." I n 1 965, N i xo n d ec l ar ed: Thi s admi ni st r at io n [ LBJ' s] ha s a dopt ed a compl et el y cont ra di ct ory p oli cy i n deal in g w i t h t he t hr eat of i nf l at i on. I t has t r i ed t o r epl ace t he mark et la w o f su ppl y and d emand wi t h J ohnson' s l aw of c ompl y and expand - busin ess c ompl i es a nd go ver nment e xp ands. A p oli cy t hat r equi r es bu si nes s t o sl am on t he pr i ce br akes whi l e govern ment st eps on i t s spendi ng a cce l er at or w i ll i n t he e nd onl y pr oduc e a c ol l i s io n - and t he f ami l y bu dget wi l l be t he ca sualt y. 29 I n o rd er t o post pone t he wor st o f t he i ncr eases i n t he c ost of l i v i ng u nt i l af t er t he '7 2 e le ct i on, t he admi ni st r at io n w i l l have t o r esort t o " ja wboni ng, " "g ui del i nes, " and pl ai n ol d-f ashio ned a rm t wi sti ng. U lt i mate l y, w age a nd p r i ce contr ol s w il l b e i ns t i t ut ed, a s t he So ci al i st G ame Pl an near s compl et i on, but i f possi bl e t hi s w il l b e del aye d u nt il a f te r t he ' 72 el ect i on. I f t he c ost o f l i v i ng get s comple t el y ou t o f hand, cont ro l s m ay have t o b e i nst it ut ed ev en be f or e t he el ect i ons . T he P r esid ent has t he power t o d o t hi s, a s i s made cl ear i n t he A ugust 1 2, 1970 ne wsl et t er o f Congr essman John G. S chmi t z: On t he l ast day of J ul y, Congr ess h el d a n unusual F r id ay s ess i on t o s pend s eve r al hour s in a mo st p ecu l i ar debat e on a bi l l es t abli shi ng

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new co st a cco unt i ng st andard s f or d ef ens e c ont r act in g, on t o w hic h h ad been t acked a " r id er " e mpoweri ng t he Pr esi dent , by e xe cut i ve or der , " t o st abil i ze p ri ces, r ent s, wages , i nt er est r at es, and sa l ar i es at le vel s not le ss t han t hos e p r eva i l i ng o n May 2 5, 1970" - t he dat e t he bi l l w as i nt r oduced. Thi s woul d au t hori ze f ull p r ic e a nd wage cont r ols . Af t er a d ay of b ewi l der in g maneuver s, t he bi l l wa s f in al l y passed b y t he a sto ni shi ngl y on e-s i ded vot e of 2 57 t o 1 9, wi t h si x o th er Congre ssmen al so " pai r ed" a gai nst i t. T hus o nl y 25 me mber s of t he H ouse r egi st er ed th ei r di sappro val of p r i ce a nd wage co nt r ol s. The re doubt abl e Co ngr essman H. R. G r os s s ta t ed b lu nt l y: . . . no P r es i dent s hould b e del egate d t he a wf ul power t o t ak e over t he e conomy and f i nances of t his N ati on w i th out havi ng d ecl ar ed an emer gency a nd t he r easons t her ef or . And no C ongre ss sh oul d de l egat e t o t he Pr esi dent s uch u nt r ammel ed p ower wi t hout r equi r i ng s uch a decl ar at i on. I nst ead o f ve t oi ng i t , Mr . N ix on s i gned th e b i l l - r el uc t ant l y, o f cour se . A gain , G al br ai t h' s "y i el di ng t o pr essure . " Co ngr essman Sc hmi t z r emark ed: Pr i ce and w age c ont r ol s wi l l not w ork i n a f r ee countr y. B ut t o a consid er abl e ext ent t hey wi l l wor k in a sl ave s ta t e li ke C ommuni st Russia . I f th i s is t he on l y wa y w e ca n t hi nk o f t o f ig ht i nfl ati on, t hat coul d be i t s r esul t . . . . Wage cont r ols , p ri ce c ont r ol s, m oney contr ol s a re r eal l y p eopl e cont ro l s - and t hat i s what a s ocia l i st di ct ato r ship i s a ll a bout . I n D ec ember 1969, Congr es s, in a h urr y t o adj ourn f or Chr i stmas, al most c l andest i nel y p ass ed t he Cr edi t C ontr ol Bi l l u nder c ir cumst ances c l osel y p ar al l el in g t he est abl i shi ng of th e F eder al Re ser ve Syst em s ome f i f t y year s ago. Not o ne one-h undre dt h o f one per c ent o f t he A mer i can people k now anyt hi ng a bout t he e xi ste nce or t he s i gnif i cance of th i s bl uepr i nt f or c ompl et e ec onomi c t yr anny. Yet i t i s o n t he b ooks, r eady t o b e used wh eneve r t he admi ni st r at io n f eel s t he t i me i s r i pe. Congre ssman H. R. Gr oss wr ot e: Dur i ng t he pa st we ek, P re si dent N i xon h as si gned t he l egi s l at i on i nt o l aw. H e di d so, " r el uct ant l y, " he s ai d, a sse r t i ng t hat such cont ro l s, i f used, c oul d " t ake t he na t i on a l ong st ep t oward a d i re ct l y cont r ol l ed economy and . . . we c an weaken t he wi l l f or n eeded f i sc al an d f i nanci al di sc i pl i ne." Her e we h ave t he spect acl e o f Pr esi dent Ni xon, re cogni zi ng th at t hi s i s p ower n o gover nment sh oul d ha ve ex cept in t he event of a di r e emer gency - a p ower t hat c oul d w el l mean out r i ght g ov er nment c ont r ol o f t he na t i on's e conomy - yet he g ave i t hi s b l ess i ng by h i s s i gnat ur e maki ng i t t he l aw of t he l and. Thi s member of C ongr ess has wa r ned fo r y ear s t hat t he nat i on was r ushin g h eadl ong i nt o f in ancia l t r oubl e; t hat t he p r ic e o f sp endin g i nsani t y w oul d b e r egi ment at io n t hr ough un hol y, d i c t at or i al c ont ro l s f r om Washi ngt on . . . a nd I am d eeply d i sa ppoi nte d t hat P r esi dent Ni xon, r ecogni z i ng t he da nger, d i d no t h av e t he cour age t o ve t o it . The le gi sl ati on pr ovi ded t hat wi t hout t he decl ara t i on of a n emer gency o r any ot her k i nd o f a decl ar at i on, Pr esi dent NI xon coul d t ur n over t o t he Feder al Reser ve, a pr i vat el y o per at ed f i nanc i al i nst it ut i on, not onl y t he a bso l ut e au t hori t y t o f i x in t er est r at es , b ut

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t he un t r ammel ed po wer t o f i x by r egul at i on a l l th e " te r ms a nd condit i ons of an y e xt ensi on of c r edi t . " I t i s al most i mpos si bl e t o b el i eve, but th e l egis l at io n p r ovi des t hat no c i t iz en co ul d l end a not her an y a mount o f money u nl ess t he l ender w as ei t her r egi ste r ed or l i censed t o d o so . A v i ol at io n o f t hi s or a ny o t her pr ovi si on of t he l egi sl at i on w oul d subje ct t he l ender t o a year i n j ai l and a $ 1, 000 f i ne. T HI S I S THE S TUFF OF WHI CH DI CTATORS ARE MADE. Soci al i sm r equi r es a d i ct at or, a nd wi t h Mr . N i xon, a s Dr . Gal bra i t h r emi nds us, " so ci ali sm i s t he na me o f t he ga me. " * I t i s obvi ous t hat we a r e on o ur way t o a noth er in f l at i on-p r omot i ng t ax i ncr ease i n t he na me o f f i ghti ng i nfl at i on. I n sp eakin g o f pr oj ect ed def i ci t s , t he P r es i dent has st at ed th at if g overn ment spendin g, "i n spi t e of t he st r ic t c ontr ol s I h ave pl aced o n i t, w ere t o e xc eed t he pot ent i al y ie l d of t he ta x s ys t em, I would n ot he si t at e t o as k t he Congre ss f or f ur th er i ncr eases i n t ax es . . . . "3 ° I t i s w i del y r eport ed t hat M r . Ni xon i s " in t r i gued" ( as T i me put it ) b y a " valu e added t ax, " whi ch i s i n ef f ect a n ati onal sal es t ax o f t he ki nd becomi ng s t andar d i n t he Common Mar ke t c ount r i es. 31 Th e t ax i s h id den, but as U PI no t ed on F ebru ar y 13, 1970, " ul t i mat el y, t he ta x i s passed al ong t o t he c ons umer in t he f or m of h ig her p ri ces." I f a t al l possi ble , t he P r esid ent wi l l w ai t u nt i l af t er t he ' 72 e l ec t i ons t o s addl e t he p eas ant s wi t h a t ax h ik e. Mr . Ni xon' s pr ogra m o f "r e-i nf l at i on" to e nd what ha s b een t er med " st agf l at i on" ( eco nomi c st agnat i on ac compani ed by i nfl at i on) has i nt ern at i onal e conomi c im pl i ca t i ons. Accord i ng t o B ar r on' s F i nanci al W eekly o f November 1 6, 1970, i t " i s ap t t o be t he dol l ar' s l as t h ur ra h. " I t i s ob vi ous t hat t he i nt ern at i onal m onet ar y ga me is r i gged t i ght er t han a new t enni s ra cquet wi t h Rot hschi l d-c ont ro l l ed ce nt r al b anks, b ull i on d eal er s, a nd mi ni ng i nt ere st s i n Engla nd, G er many, F r ance , S out h A f ri ca an d t he U. S. ( Kuhn, Loeb & Company, wh ose p ar t ner, L ewi s St r auss, w as N i xo n' s c hi ef mo ney r ai ser , i s a Rot hs chi l d oper at i on. ) The fi nanci al m i ni st er s of t hese countr i es d o not r epr esent t hei r s ove r ei gn n at i ons , b ut i nst ead cooper at e w it h t he I ns i der s in r i ggin g t he w or l d monet ar y s it uat io n. But th e s uper-i nf l at i on p la nned by N i xo n w il l * There i s a possib i l i t y t hat Gal br ait h may d el i ber at el y p l ay a p ar t i n ensuri ng t he r e-e l ecti on o f RMN in 1 972 - f ar -f etc hed as t hat would seem t o t hose w ho ar e n ot a war e t hat he an d N i xon a r e par t of t he same conspi r acy - by di vi di ng t he Democr at i c Pa r t y. Co l umni st J ohn Chamber l ai n st at ed i n t he O cto ber 3 1, 1 970 i ssue of Hu man E ve nt s: " . . . t he so-c al l ed N ew Democra t s, t ak i ng t hei r cu e f ro m t he new Gal br ai th book, Who N eeds Th e D emoc r at s? , a r e al r eady b usy sowin g t he dr agons' t eet h t hat wi l l , as s ur e as si n, d i sr upt t he D emocr ati c c onve nt i on o f 1972 i f t he r adi ca l s i n t he pa r t y d o not succeed i n ge t t i ng t hei r way. " An ex t r emely s i gnif i cant s ympos i um, engi neer ed by t he edi t or s o f t he jo ur nal cal l ed T he Ne w Democr at ( t hey happen t o be S t ephen Schl es i nger , t he son o f Ar t hur S chl es i nger J r . , and Gr i er R aggi o, a Mayor John Li ndsay f uncti onary i n N ew Y ork C i t y), s hows w hat t he Democra t i c p ar t y fa ces. " Addre ssi ng a l ett er t o 30 p ro mi nent i nt el l ect ual s, th e Schi es i nger -R aggio t eam posed t hi s qu est io n: ' Do you bel i eve t he Democr at i c pa r t y i s s t i ll c apabl e o f aggre ssi vely r efo r mi ng i t self b y t he 19 72 c onv ent io n, o r do y ou b el i ev e t hat a f our t h par t y i s t he onl y concei vabl e means of e f fe ct i ng c hange i n 19727'

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" To th i s , 1 8 i nt el l ect ual s g av e t heir a nswer s, an d e ve n t hose w ho do n ot f avor goi ng o ut in t o th e w i l der ness t o s ta r t a f our t h par ty l ook wi t h compl ais ance on t he i dea of u sin g such a p ar t y as a pr od to f orc e a r adi cal p la t f orm a nd ca ndi dat es o n t he exi st i ng D emocr at i c or gani zat i on. " Thi s st r at egy m ay be t he r easo n G al br ai t h wr ot e hi s ar t i c l e. I t appear s i n a magaz i ne w hose ci r cul ati on is l i mi te d a lm ost e xc l usiv el y t o N ew Y or k Ci t y , and may be th e " t r ansmi ss i on b el t " i nf or mi ng camp f ol l ower s t hat N ix on i s r eal ly t he In si der s' b oy. augment s ome f or ty b i l l io ns of d ol l ar s a lr eady in t he hands of Eur opeans, wh o c an e xchange th em f or gol d, a nd th e s it uat i on could g et out of c ont ro l . Eu r opeans a r e pl anni ng t o cr eate a E uro pean-b l oc gol d-backed c ur r ency, whi ch co ul d be i nsti t ut ed i f a nd w hen t he U. S. cu t s t he do l l ar lo ose f r om gol d f or f or eig ner s as i t has do ne f or i t s own c i t i ze ns. Thi s t hr eat may be u sed t o f or ce a cce pt anc e o f th e p la n t o tu r n t he In t er nati onal Monet ar y F und ( I MF) i nto a w orl d c ent r al ba nk, cont ro l l i ng al l mo ney o f al l nat i ons. W i ll i am McChesney M ar ti n, de spi t e t he fa ct t hat h e had a l re ady r et i r ed as ch ai r man of th e F eder al Re ser ve Boar d, g ave a s peech i n Basel, S wi t ze r l and, on S ept ember 1 4, 19 70, at a sympos i um s ponsore d b y th e P er J acobs on Fo undat io n, en t i t l ed " Worl d Cent ra l B ank: E sse nt i al Evol ut i on, " i n w hi ch h e advoca t ed j us t t hat . 3 2 What ar ea o f contr ol c oul d b e mor e de ci siv e t han contr ol o f wor l d money? Wor l d money c ont r ol me ans wor l d pe opl e cont r ol . Meanwhi l e, re por ts p er sis t , al bei t un confi r med, t hat t he U . S. i s pr epar i ng a new money. My er s Fi nancia l R ev i ew o f November 6 , 1970 st at ed: The ru mor s ke ep co mi ng in . T hey a r e past t he p oin t w her e I ca n i gnore t hem. St i ll I c an' t c onf i r m th em. The r epor t s ar e t hes e: The U. S. T r easur y has a lr eady pr i nt ed u p an e normous suppl y of new cu r r ency di f fe r i ng ma r kedl y f r om t he pr esent denomi nat i ons. Th e r eport i s t hat t he n ew cu r r enc y w i l l be us ed i nte r nall y i n th e U .S . , and t hat al l t he o l d cur r enc y w it hi n t he U . S. A. w i ll b e cal l ed i n. Th e ol d cu r r ency, a s l ong a s i t co nt i nues t o exi st , wi l l be u sed out si de t he U. S. A. I h ave n o i ns i de way o f knowin g w heth er th i s i s t r ue. But f or many mont hs I h ave b een r eceiv i ng r epor t s t hat t he Tr easur y h as b een st ocke d w i t h huge new c ol or pr esses. I a m i ncl i ned t o l ean to war d t he t r ut h of t he r epor t , s i nc e i n Canada we ar e a l r eady ge t t i ng a f anc y n ew cur r ency. T he $ 20 bi l l lo oks l i ke D is neyla nd. I t i s sw i f t l y r epl ac i ng al l ol d $ 20 bi l l s. It g i ve s o ne t he im pr essio n o f a k i nd of sc r i p. Ther e has b een n o expl anat i on of w hy we ha ve r epl aced our o ld $ 20 bi l l s wi t h t hese cu r i osi t i es. I t s eems t o me t hat t hi s i nt er nal U .S . c ur r ency woul d be n o good out si de t he count r y. N ot r edeemabl e, i t c oul d n ot b e convert ed i nt o Eur o-d ol l ar s. I t woul d i n i t se l f be a m ost e f fe ct i ve f or eig n exchange c ont r ol . I n o r der t o get y our m oney o ut of yo ur b ank s t o make f or eig n p ur ch ases, y ou wo ul d pr obably h ave t o g et s pec i al l ic ence f r om t he go ver nment . We may b e h eadi ng no t j ust f or deval uat i on but f or a c ol l apse of al l mo ney, an d a new U. S. p aper d ol la r i n exchange f or s evera l o ld ones. The N ov ember 1 970 r eport o f i nt er nat i onal cur r ency e xper t Fr anz Pi ck mai nt ain s: "T he o nly o pen d oor wi l l be t o ch ange t he o ff i c i al g ol d val ue of t he MI NI-d ol l ar o r t o exchange 3 or 4 pr esent dol la r b i l ls f or 1 n ew one. "3 3

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What does t he N i xo n G ame Pl an mean? Many economis t s ar e pr edic t i ng a super boom (b ased on i nfl at i on, n ot i ncr eased pr oduc t i vi t y) , w it h a D ow J ones r i sin g t o possi bl y 1500, b egi nni ng i n t he la t t er pa r t of 1 971 and ex t endi ng t hro ugh t he 1 972 e l ecti on. Then, i n 1 973 o r '7 4, th ese e co nomis t s a r e pr edi ct i ng t hat t he f als e b oom wi l l l ead t o economi c c ol l apse a nd a depre ssi on t hat wi l l m ak e 1 929 seem l i ke p ro speri t y b y compar i son. I f t hi s h appens th e c ry w i l l be t hat " capi t al i sm has t ota l l y f ai l ed." Gi gant i c u nempl oyment , pa r t i cu l ar l y among Negr oes , w oul d l ead t o nat i onwi de ri ot s, gi vi ng t he appear ance at l east of a f ul l-s cal e r evolu t i on. The ge ner al popula t i on wo ul d demand a s oci al i s t di c t at or shi p t o en d t he economi c a nd socia l c haos . A nd t he Ni xon admi nis t r at i on w oul d b e on l y to o h appy t o compl y - " t he f ami l ia r y i el di ng t o pr essu r e, " as G alb r ai t h says. Ni xon i s m er el y f ol l owin g t he Game Pl an e st abl is hed f or h i m by h i s f el lo w I nsid er s, who p lu cked hi m out of p ol i ti cal obl i v i on f oll owi ng hi s lo ss o f t he g ove r nor shi p o f Cal i fo r ni a in 1 962, b r ought hi m t o Ne w Yor k, a nd f i nanced a nd p r omot ed hi s as cent to t he Pr esi dency. A Democ r at ic a dmi ni st r at i on c oul d no t g et away wi t h i t, b eca use t he C ongr essi onal Re publ i ca ns wo ul d e xp ose t he Game Pl an a nd p oss i bl y pr event i t . N ow most of t hem r emai n s i l ent , o r si l ence d, a l l i n th e n ame of "p ar t y un i t y." I n 1 934, F DR pr ohi bi t ed Amer ic ans f ro m owni ng g ol d t o pr ot ect t hemse l ves fr om go ver nment m oney m ani pul at i on. Si nce t hat t im e t he govern ment ha s d es t r oyed about 8 0 p er cent of t he pur chasi ng po wer of t he do l l ar th r ough i ncr eases i n t he money suppl y. E conomi st Henr y Hazl it t h as wr i t te n: No s ound monet ar y syst em i s po ssi bl e so lo ng a s govern ment s oper at e o n th e p re mi ses of t he n ew ec onomi cs. The re al r efo r ms t hat a re n eeded ar e a l l i n th e o ppos i t e di r ect i on. St r i ct l i mi t s must be p ut on th e f ur th er is sue o f paper money. U l t i mat el y t he w or l d mu st w ork b ack t o a r eal gol d s ta ndard . But no n at i on c an achi eve s ound monet ar y r ef or m so l ong a s it s govern ment em bar ks o n h uge s pendin g p r ogr ams, so l ong a s i t r uns unendi ng b udget de f i ci t s, s o l ong a s i t ke eps p ri nt i ng m or e money and so l ong a s it s u ni ons a re e nco ur aged t o fo r ce u p wage r at es t o l ev el s t hat need mor e i nf l at i on t o su st ai n t hem. I n b r ie f , so und money is i mposs i bl e in t he wel f are s t at e. Maj or nat i ons f orb i ddi ng t heir c i t i ze ns to o wn go l d in m odern t i mes i ncl ude: C ommuni st Russi a, N ati onal Soci ali st Ge r many, Socia l i st Engl and, C ommuni st C hi na, a nd t he U .S . A. Al l d i ct at ors f ear t he pr i vat e owners hi p o f gol d. S i nce FDR' s p ro hi bi t io n o f gol d ow ner sh i p w as not passed b y C ongr ess b ut wa s i mposed by i nse r t i ng an " Execut i ve O r der " i n t he Fe der al Regi st er , M r. N i xo n c ould a bol i sh t hi s d ic t at or ia l e di ct wi t h t he s t ro ke of a p en, i ssu i ng a n " Exec ut i ve Or der" v oi din g F DR' s. Thi s would g o a l ong way t owar d re st or i ng l i ber t y a nd f i sc al s ani t y in Amer ic a. B ut t here i s n o mor e chance t hat Ri chard N i xo n w i l l r esto r e t hi s l i ber t y t han t her e i s t hat M ao Tse-t ung wi l l c onver t t o Chr i st i ani t y. W hy? Why ca n' t Amer i cans o wn g ol d? I sn't t hat an i nt ere st i ng questi on? Bar r on' s F i nanci al W eekly r epor t s t hat w el l o ver a d ec ade a go Mal col m Br yan, p re si dent of th e F eder al Re ser ve Bank of At l ant a, b l unt l y t ol d a n audie nce: "W e s houl d h av e t he d ecenc y t o say t o t he m oney saver , ` Hold s t il l , L i tt l e F i sh! Al l w e i nt end i s t o gut you. ' " I n th e e nd w e s hal l al l b e gu t t ed i f t he Whi tt i er M ac hi ave l l i ' s Soci al i s t G ame P la n i s no t e xp osed an d r ev er sed.

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The End Is Power I t w as e ar l y i n th e N i xon a dmi ni st r at i on t hat S enat or Hugh Sc ot t br agged t hat w hi l e t he Conse r vat i ve s w er e g et ti ng th e w or ds , t he Li bera l s g ot t he act i on. Two.y ear s la t er , i n D ece mber 1970, t he Amer ic an C ons er vat i ve U ni on' s newsl et t er , Republi can Bat t l e Li ne, l ament ed: " Wel l , at m i d-p oi nt, w e t hi nk we c an sa y c onser vati ves ar e n o l onger e ven get t in g t he wor ds. O nl y t he kn i f e. " Those who h av e f ol l owed Ni xon' s c ar eer c lo sel y we r e no t sur pri sed. Ni xon cour t s t he Co nser vat i ves when he n eeds h el p and t he r est of t he t i me t r eat s t hem l i ke l eper s. Yet N ix on st i l l m anages t o r et ain h i s o ver all i mage as a Conserv at i ve a nd co mes under ha r d at t ack f r om t he L eft . S te war t Al sop, i n a co l umn t i t l ed " Ni xo n t o th e L ef t o f Hi msel f , " d is cusse s t hi s phenomenon: I n h is f ar ewel l ad dr ess at t he Whi t e House , P r esi dent Ni xon's f avori t e l i ber al Democr at , D ani el P . Moynih an, c re di t ed t he Ni xon Admi ni st r at io n w it h " much g enui ne a ch i evement . " " And yet , " he a dded, mor e i n s or ro w t han i n an ger , " how li t t l e t he A dmi ni st r at i on i s cr edit ed w i th w hat i t h as a chi eved . . . Depr essi ng, even f ri ght eni ng t hi ngs a r e b ei ng sai d [ by L i ber al s] about t he A dmi ni st r at i on. T hey a r e not tr ue. " 1 Al sop cl ai ms t hat i f N i xo n w er e j udged b y hi s d eeds in st ead of hi s an ci ent i mage, t he Li ber al s' a t ti t ude t owar d hi m woul d be di f f er ent . If o nly t he Li ber al s' P avl ovi an r esponse to t he N i xo n n ame coul d be e l im i nate d, s ays A l so p, 393 t hey woul d re al i ze h ow fa r L ef t h e is . T her ef or e Al sop s ubsti t ut es a hypoth et i cal " Pr es i dent Li bera l " f or Pr esi dent Ni xon . . . I f P r es i dent L i bera l w er e a ct ual l y i n t he Whi t e House, i t i s n ot a t a ll h ar d t o i magi ne t he r eact i on t o hi s p r ogr am. The r ig ht woul d be a ssa i l i ng P r esid ent Li ber al f or buggi ng out of V i etn am, undermi ni ng Amer ic an d efe nses, f i scal i r re sponsib i l i ty , a nd gal l opi ng soci al i sm. Th e f our b asic P r es i dent ia l p ol i cy p os i t i ons l i ste d a bove woul d be g r eet ed wi t h h os annas b y t he l i ber al s . . . . I nst ead, t he l i ber al s h av e s hower ed t he Pr esi dent w i th d ead cat s, whi l e most co nserv at i ves have mai nt ai ned a g l um si l enc e, a nd t hus t he Admi ni st r at io n h as b een " l i t tl e c r edi t ed" f or " much ge nui ne achi evement . " B ut t her e a r e cer t ai n s peci al re asons, whi ch P at Mo yni han omi t te d t o me nt i on, w hy t hi s i s s o. Al sop goes on t o expl ai n how i t h el ps N i xo n i n pa ssi ng t he Li ber al Democr at s' pr ogr am t o h av e t he r eputa t i on of b ein g a n enemy of L ib er al Democr at s: For on e t hi ng, t her e i s a s ort o f u nc onsci ous c onspi ra cy b etw een t he Pr esi dent a nd hi s n at ur al enemi es , t he l i bera l D emocr at s, t o conceal t he ext ent t o w hi ch hi s b asic p r ogr am, le avi ng a si de f r i ll s a nd r het or i c , i s r eall y t he l i bera l D emoc r at ic p r ogra m. Ri char d Ni xon i s t he fi r s t p ro f essi onal po l i t ic i an a nd " r eal R epubl i can" t o be e l ec t ed Pr esid ent i n 40 ye ar s - and i t i s no t i n t he s el f -i nt ere st o f t he l i bera l s t o gi ve cr edi t t o s uc h a P re si dent f or l i bera l i ni ti at i ve s. B y t he sa me t oke n, it i s n ot i n t he sel f -i nt ere st o f t he Pr esi dent t o r i sk

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hi s co nser vat i ve const i tu ency by e nco ur agi ng t he not io n t hat he is n ot a " r eal R epubl i can" a f t er a l l, b ut a l i ber al D emocr at at c ut r at es . . . . Ther e ar e p le nt y of e xampl es of t he mut ual o bf usc at i on w hi ch r esult s f r om th i s m utu al in t er est. T he wi t hdra wal of h al f a m il l i on me n f r om Vi et nam i s qu i t e o bv i ousl y t he gr eate st r etr eat i n A meri can hi st or y. B ut t he Pr esi dent t al ks a s t hough i t w er e s omehow a gl ori ous advanc e, c ert ai n t o g uara nt ee a " j ust a nd l ast i ng p eac e. " When t he Pr esid ent - l i ke any c ommander o f a r et re at - r esor t s t o spoi li ng act i ons t o pr ot ect h i s dw i ndli ng r ear g uar d, t he l i ber al s h owl t hat h e i s " ch asi ng t he wi l l-o ' -t he-w i sp of m i l it ar y v i c t or y. " . . . When th e P re si dent cut s back re al mi l i t ar y st r eng t h mo r e shar pl y t han i n a quar t er o f a c ent ur y, th e l i ber al s at t ack hi m fo r f ai l in g t o "r eor der p r i or i t i es . " T he Pr esi dent , i n h is r het or i c ab out a " st r ong d ef ense, " pl ays t he sa me g ame. T he r esult , a s John Ke nneth Gal bra i t h a cc ur ate l y n ote d r ec ent l y, i s t hat " most pe opl e and may be most congr ess men t hi nk th e A dmi ni st ra t i on i s i ndul gi ng t he Pe nt agon even mor e t han t he D emocr at s," w hi ch i s th e p r eci se op posi t e of th e t r ut h . . . . Al sop cont i nued wh at i s pr obabl y t he most damni fy i ng col umn ever wr i t te n a bout R ic har d Ni xon by n ot in g t he r ol e t hat t he mass m edi a h ave pl ayed i n p or t r ayi ng t o t he pu bl i c an i mage t hat i s th e r ever se of t he t r ut h: . . . Ther e i s a ls o a h uman el ement i n t hi s e xerc i se i n mut ual obf usc at i on. To th e l i ber al s, especia l l y t he l i ber al comment at ors w ho domi nat e t he media , R i char d Ni xon i s Dr . Fel l ( "T he re ason wh y I cannot t el l , but t hi s I know a nd k now f ul l wel l , I d o no t l ik e t hee, D r . Fel l ") . T hi s i s no t s ur pr i s i ng. N ot t oo ma ny y ear s a go, R i char d M. Ni xon was o ne o f t he most e f fe ct i ve - and l east lo vable - of th e conser vat i ve Republ i can pr of es si onals o f t he McCar t hy er a. The co l umni st , h im sel f a member o f th e A DA, s pecu l at ed o n w hat t he " ol d Ni xon" w oul d have had t o say about th e " new Ni xon" : . . . on h i s past r ecor d, i t i s n ot at al l har d t o i magi ne R . M. Ni xon l eadi ng t he assault o n t he P r es i dent f or hi s " bug-o ut , " " f i scal i r r esp onsi bil i t y," " gal lo pi ng soci ali sm, " and a ll t he r est of i t . So how ca n o ne expect M r . Ni xon t o d ef end P re si dent Li ber al ' s pr ogr am wi t h t he pa ssi onat e c onvi ct i on t hat a P r es i dent Robert K ennedy, sa y, w oul d have br ought t o th e d ef ense of s uch a p r ogr am? Al sop has r ev eal ed t he re al Ni xon. He c oul d n ot be mor e p l eas ed. Those who v ot ed fo r N i xon a r en' t q uit e s o happy or s houl dn' t be. I f y ou l i ked t he R ic har d Ni xon who r an f or t he Pr esi denc y, th en y ou cannot , i f you ar e c onsi st ent , l i ke t he Ri char d N i xon w ho i s P r es i dent . N i xon a nd hi s f el l ow " moder at es" have t ur ned t he Re publi can e le phant i nt o a d onk ey i n el ephant ' s cl ot hin g. O n June 19, 1 959, V ic e P r esi dent Nix on gl oat ed: " I n summar y, t he Republ i can ad mi nis t r at i on p r oduced th e t hi ngs t hat t he D emocr at s pr omis ed. " It l ook s a s if i t 's h appeni ng agai n! A y ear a nd a hal f ear l i er N i xo n h ad been war bl i ng a di f f er ent t une: I f w e have no t hi ng t o o ff er ot her t han a pal e ca r bon co py of t he New Deal , i f our onl y p ur pose i s t o gai n and r eta i n po wer , th e

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Republ i can Pa r t y no l onger h as a ny re ason t o e xis t , an d i t ou ght t o g o out of b usi ness. 2 Al sop i s r i ght . Ac cor di ng t o t he " old N i xo n, " t he R epubl i can Par ty should d i sband. No r man Th omas sai d, i n e ff ect , th at th e A meri can peopl e woul d not k nowi ngl y v ot e f or soci al is m, bu t u nder t he gui se of " Li ber al i sm" t hey woul d adopt soci ali st me asur es unt il o ne da y t hey woul d be l i vi ng un der a soci al i s t s ta t e wi t hout knowin g h ow i t a l l c ame about. 3 U. S. News & Wor l d Repor t not ed: The la t e N orman Th omas, who ra n u nsuc cessf ul l y fo r P re si dent si x t i mes on t he Socia l i st Pa r t y t i cket , obser ved i n 1964 t hat th e Democr at s " have th r ough t he ye ar s t ak en ov er m eas ur es once re gar ded a s Soci al i s t , bu t t hen so ha ve t he Republ i cans but t o a s li ght ly l ess degr ee. " 4 I f T homas w er e a li ve t oday, he w oul d appla ud t he Ni xon a dmi ni st r at i on wi t h gr eat gl ee. The R epubl i ca ns h ave b een c onquer ed by F abia n-Soci al i s t p at i ent gr adual i sm. Fi r st we o ppose, ne xt we e ndur e, th en we embr ac e. T hat i s t he t r agi c st or y o f t he Republ ic an pa r t y. Re publi can suppor t o f Ni xon mer el y l ends r espect abi li t y t o hi s im pl ement at i on o f t he Ma r xi st pr ogra ms d esc r i bed b y A ls op. Democr at s h av e l ong accuse d N i xon o f bei ng tr i cky. R epubl i cans t ended t o r eact to t he accusa t i on in a Pa vl ovi an m anner , a cc usi ng t he De mocra t s o f par t is an pol i ti cal s la nder. A ct ual l y , t hough t he De mocr ats h ave b adl y mi s i nt er pr ete d N ix on' s tr ue id eol ogy, t hey h ave unders t ood hi s char ac t er v er y w el l . A nd many Republ i ca ns w ho have wor ked cl ose l y w i th Ni xon i n p ast c ampai gns know t hat h e i s tr i cky. He i s al so cu nni ng a nd c l ever . H e ha s b een a n ac t or and d ebat er s i nce hi s y out h a nd he kn ows al l th e t r i ck s o f t he t ra de. Ni xon tr i es t o c over h i s r eput at i on f or devi ousness by s eemin g t o go o ver board i n h is s peeches to b e f ai r . He al so pr ef aces s t at ement s wi t h phr ases l i ke " l et me mak e i t pe r f ect l y c l ear, " " putt i ng i t b l unt l y , " " speaki ng qu i t e f ra nkl y, " o r "t o b e per f ec t l y c andi d." W hat f ol l ows i s us ual ly a nyt hi ng bu t c l ear , bl unt , f r ank or c andi d. Democr at s h av e a ccus ed Ni xon w it h mor e t han a l it t l e val i di t y o f havi ng b een on e ve r y s i de o f ever y is sue. Many of t hem r esent h i s ap pr opr i at i ng t heir p et is sues. H oweve r , mo st p oli t i cal anal ys t s d i smi ss Ni xon' s i ncur si ons i nt o t he la nd o f Li bera l i sm as sympto mat i c of h is p r agmat i sm. N ow, Ni xon cl ai ms t o be a p r agmat is t ; but in h i s bo ok, Si x C r is es, he c l aim ed: . . . My p hil osophy h as al ways b een: don't l ean wi t h t he w i nd. Don' t do w hat i s pol i t i ca l l y expedi ent . Do w hat your i nst i nct t el l s you i s r ig ht . P ubl i c opi ni on pol ls a r e us ef ul i f a po l i t ic i an u se s t hem onl y t o l earn a ppr oxi mate l y wh at t he peopl e a r e t hi nki ng, s o t hat he can ta l k t o t hem mor e i nt el l ig ent l y. The pol i t i ci an wh o s ways w i th t he pol l s i s n ot wor th h i s pa y. An d I b el i eve th e p eopl e w il l e ve nt ual ly cat ch up w i th t he man w ho m ere l y t ell s t hem what he th i nks th ey wa nt t o hear . 5 Washin gt on Po st po l i t i cal r epor t er Da vi d Br oder wr ot e i n a co l umn on A pr i l 8 , 1969:

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Pr agmat i sm is t he oper ati ng ph i l osophy o f t hi s Ad mi nis t r at i on. The Ni xon Whi t e Ho use, as o ne i nsi der r emar ked, i s n ot " an in t ense l y i deolo gi cal envi ro nment ." L ack i ng i deol ogy o r e ve n a st r ong s et of g oal s a nd val ues , t he Admi ni st r at io n h as a t endency t o dr i f t . 6 Bal oney! T he al l eged " pra gmati sm" i s mer el y a c ov er-u p f or t he "g enuin e achi ev ement " of Li ber al ai ms ( soci ali sm) of w hi ch A l so p s poke . Most peopl e l ook at t he Ni xon admi nis t r ati on a nd see onl y t he conf us i on p ro duced b y t he P r es i dent 's a l le ged p ra gmat i sm. K evi n Phi l li ps w r ot e: " . . . t he Ni xon a dmi ni st r at i on' s m ix t ur e of h ard r het or i c w i th c ont r adi cto r y pr ogr ammi ng an d o vera l l la ck o f v i s i on w i ns no p la udi t s." Ni xon i s n ot bungl i ng o r st upi d, h e i s b ri l l i ant and cunni ng. A nd what he i s do i ng i s n ot st upi d b ut br i l li ant - f r om t he s ta ndpoi nt o f t he In si der s. A uth or G . Edward G r i f fi n h as s ai d: I t ' s al ways a s our ce o f amazement t o me wh en I he ar so meone cr i t ic i ze o ur l eader s f or b ein g c onfu sed i n t he ar ea of f or ei gn po l i cy, or r ev er si ng t heir p osi ti on, o f bungl in g t he j ob an d n ot h avi ng a ny l ong-r ange goal s. These m en ar e n ot b ungli ng th e j ob. They' r e a cti ng in accord ance wi t h a def i nit e, we l l t hought out p l an, a nd t hey'v e b een execut i ng t hat p la n w i t h br i ll i ant pr eci si on. W e may or m ay not li ke t he p l an, but l et' s n ot k i d ou r selv es i nto t hin ki ng th at th er e i sn ' t any . . . . The Gr and D es i gn has a bso l ut el y n ot hi ng to d o w it h p ar t i san pol i ti cs. T hese me n a r en' t n ear l y a s much Republi cans or D emocr ats a s t hey ar e w orl d p ol i t i c i ans. Th ey' ve got bi gger th i ngs t o o ccupy t hei r mi nds t han me r e pa r t y l abel s. To t hem, p ar t i san pol i ti cs i s onl y a g ame t o a muse t he masse s w ho cr ave t he s howmans hi p o f bi g nat i onal convent i ons, t he exci t ement of p ar t is an ca mpai gns , a nd t he sa t i sfa ct i on of c as t i ng a vot e i n t he i l l us i on t hat , so mehow, t hey' r e re al l y he l pi ng t o d ec i de t he i mpor t ant i ssues o f t he d ay. B ut , wi t h pr eci ous f ew except i ons, f or th e p ast t wo decades t he Amer i can v ote r h as had to m ake hi s ch oi ce be t ween G r and Desig ner A and Gr and D es i gner B . . . . 7 And Th omas J ef f er son once obser ve d: Si ngle a ct s of t yr anny ma y b e ascr i bed t o t he a cc i dent al o pin i on of a day; b ut a se r i es of o ppr essi ons , b egun a t a d i st i ngui sh ed pe r i od, and pu r sued unal te r abl y t hr ough e very c hange o f mi ni st er s, to o p la i nl y pr ove a d el ib er ate , syste mat i cal p l an o f r educi ng u s t o sl ave r y. 8 Benj ami n D i sr ael i, t he Br i t i sh s t at es man much a dmi r ed by N i xo n, wr ot e a n ovel c all ed C oni ngsby w hose chi ef c har ac t er s wer e th i nl y di sgui sed t ak e-o f f s on t he Rot hsc hi l ds. Di sra el i w as a cl ose f ri end of t he Ro t hschi l ds a nd a Ro t hschil d a gent . I n hi s book h e has a " Rot hs chi l d" say: " So, yo u s ee, m y de ar Co ni ngsby , t he w or l d i s govern ed b y ver y di f f er ent p er sonages f r om what i s i magi ned by t hose who ar e n ot behi nd t he sc enes. " 9 Ni xon i s n ow a man w ho wo r ks f or t he men b ehi nd t he scenes - t he Rot hsc hi l d-R ockef el l er wor l d empi r e whi ch h el ped t o est abl is h a nd n ow cont ro l s C ommuni sm. D avid B r oder w r it es in h i s bo ok on t he Re publi can Par t y: " For Ri char d N i xon, t he e nd is p ower - speci f i cal ly t he i ncompar abl e power o f t he pr esi denc y . . . . "1 ° N ix on n ow has power - f ant as t i c p ower - over t he l iv es of 2 00 mi l l i on A mer ic ans. He h as mor e power t han a good man w oul d wa nt o r an e vi l m an should h ave. Ri char d Ni xon, t he ma n o f unbounded an d, u nfo r t unat el y, unpr in ci pl ed ambit i on

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has re ached t he to p o f th e p ol i t i cal heap. A nd at t he same ti me he h as acquir ed c ons i dera bl e w eal t h - somet hi ng el se he h as al ways want ed. H e has be en r ewar ded wel l fo r h is s er vic es. The o nly t hin g l ef t f or hi m now woul d b e t o he ad a wo r l d gover nment . The fa ct t hat N i xo n i s a Republ i can i s a ll t he be t t er f or t he I ns i der s. U nf or t unat el y, many Republi cans t ake it a s a p er sonal at t ack on t hemsel ves w hen i t i s suggest ed th at th er e i s a c onspi r acy w ork i ng wi t hin t hei r own par t y. They shoul d not be o f f ended. I t i s no r ef l ec t i on on t he r ank an d f il e u nl es s t hey c onti nue t o t ol er at e i t once t he c ons pi r ac y h as been exposed. I t i s o nl y nat ur al f or a c onspi r acy t o t r y . t o contr ol bot h ( or a l l) p oli t i cal par t ie s. I t woul d not d o t o ha ve a pr o-conspi r acy pa r t y and a n ant i-c onspi r acy pa r t y or a p ro-s oci al i s t p ar t y and an a nt i -s oci al i s t p ar t y. The " ant i s" woul d ru i n th e g ame by exposi ng i t . And exposure i s t he o ne t hi ng a c ons pi r ac y c annot s ta nd. The vo t er s wo ul d have " a choic e, n ot an ec ho. " Wh en bo t h p art i es ar e i nf i lt r at ed, p l eas f or par t y uni t y can b e made t hat ta ke th e s potl i ght of f th e c onsp i r ato r s. A s t he t wo p art i es become mor e al i ke, el ecti ons cent er a r ound p ers onal i ti es an d means , n ot g oal s. T he I nsi der s b el i eve t hat Conser va t i ves a r e tr apped w i t hin t he par t y. A s t he l at e Thomas E . Dewey, a t op I nsid er a nd possi bl y t he m ost i mport ant man t o Ri char d Ni xon' s p r esi denti al a spi r at io ns, o nc e a rr ogant ly e xpr essed i t : "L et t hem [ Conserv at i ve s] w r it e l et t er s, l et th em peti t i on, l et th em pa ss r esolu t i ons; j ust as l ong a s t hey have no p l ac e e l se t o go , f or get t hem." I I Wi t hout a p ip el i ne t o t he c ounci l s of t he I nsi der s, it i s i mposs i bl e to p r edi ct j us t w hat t heir e xac t p l ans a nd t i mi ng ar e f or t he co mi ng ye ar s. But o ne n eeds n o pi pel in e t o te l l th at t hey a r e movi ng v er y swi f tl y t owar d t hei r f i nal g oal - a o ne-w or l d soci ali st govern ment th at th ey w i ll c ont r ol . In o r der t o ac compl i sh t hi s, Ni xon i s d oi ng e ver yt hin g p ossi bl e t o c entr al i ze p ower i n th e f eder al govern ment , so t hat c ontr ol of t he fe der al g overn ment wi l l me an aut omati c c ontr ol ov er a l l st ate a nd lo cal gover nment s. Then fr om th e f edera l g over nment s overe i gnty c an be t r ansf er r ed t o a w or l d govern ment . When Fr ankl in D . Roosevel t w as G overn or of N ew Yo r k, he sai d: " Now, t o b ri ng a bout g ov er nment b y ol i gar ch y m as quer adi ng as democr acy, it i s f undament al ly e ssent i al t hat p ra ct i ca l l y a ll a uth or i t y and co nt r ol be c ent r al i ze d i n our N at i onal G overn ment. " * L ate r , as Pr esid ent , ' I nt er est i ngl y, Ni xon' s f avori t e P r es i dent i s Woodr ow Wi l son, t he man who st ar t ed us o n t he r oad t o r ul e b y th e I ns i der ol i garc hy b y est abl i shi ng t he pr ogr ess i ve i ncome t ax, di r ect el ecti on o f Senato r s, and th e F eder al Re ser ve Syst em. Roosev el t w as t o go a l ong w ay t oward b r in gi ng ab out t he g ove r nment b y ol i gar chy w hi ch he p r edic t ed. What we a r e goi ng t o se e i s a di c t at or shi p of th e e l i te d i sg ui sed as a di ct at or shi p of t he pr ol et ar i at . Much, i f n ot al l , of t he sol id i f i cati on of p ower wi l l come bet ween 1 972 and 1976. In a l l pr obabi l i t y t he I ns i ders w ant Ni xon t o have a s econd t erm b ecaus e t hey b el ie ve t her e wi l l be f ar l ess r esi st ance if t he coup de g r ac e i s ad mi nis t er ed t o t he A mer ic an Republ i c b y a R epubl i can r at her t han a D emocr at . Because t he socia l i sm enacte d b y pr evi ous a dmin i st ra t i ons i s r eal l y c at chi ng u p w it h t he Amer ic an e conomy, i t m ay be ne cessary f or th e I ns i der s t o i ns t i t ut e a f our th p ar t y on th e f ar l ef t , possi bl y h eaded b y John Li ndsay , i n or der t o d iv i de t he D emocr at vo t e an d r e-e l ect Ri chard N i xo n. A l th ough

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Ri char d N i xon' s po pul ar it y i s down as t his i s w ri t t en, h e h as m any weapons w i t h w hi ch t o c r eat e a f al se euphor i a t o f ac i li t at e hi s r e-el ecti on i n 1972. A s eemi ng en d t o th e V ie t nam war , co mbi ned wi t h t he sembla nce o f a r et ur n t o pr osp er i t y at h ome, w oul d b e a t ough combin at i on t o b eat . Af t er r e-e l ecti on i n 1972 Ni xon wo ul d have n o pol i t i ca l b r ake o n hi s fi nal d ri ve to s oci al i sm, unl ess enough C onst i t uti onal Conser vat i ves w ho under st and t he c ons pi r ac y c an be e le ct ed in 1 972 t o head t he I nsi der s of f a t t he pass. It i s appar ent t hat N i xon would l i ke t o c el ebr at e t he 200t h an ni ver sar y of t he fo undi ng of th e U ni te d S ta t es by i ns t i t ut in g a Uni t ed St at es o f t he Worl d - a s te p t hat would b e bal l yh ooed as t he most si gni fi cant ev ent i n w or ld h i st or y s in ce th e Decl ar at i on of I ndependence. I t w ould b e PR' d a s br i ngi ng p er manent peace and p ro speri t y , b ut i n r eal i t y, i t w oul d be a w orl d d ic t at or sh i p, br i ngi ng w i th i t a 1 984-s t y l e sl avery . A s t he I ns i ders ' m outh pi ece James Rest on not ed: . . . He [ Nix on] wi l l z ig z ag [ l ef t and ri ght ] to a voi d t he t or pedoes a nd t ake a dvant age of t he wi nd, but h is d est i nat i on i s t o p re si de ov er th e g r eat f est i val of f r eedom i n 1976, a nd to g et t her e f r om he r e he m ust eventu al l y go t o t he l eft .

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Turn The Insiders Out Communi sm wil l n ot c ome t o t he U ni t ed S t at es u nder t hat n ame. I t wi l l be c al le d t he N ew Fr eedom, t he New Po l i t i cs, P art i c i pato r y Democr acy, th e G re at er So ci ety , t he New Fe der al is m, or s ome ot her such vacuous s l ogan. Al most al l A mer i cans ar e agai nst Communis m, bu t t hey don' t know what it i s. Am er i ca c an st op th e C ommuni sts w hen t he I ns i der s a r e expos ed a nd t he publ i c r eal iz es t hat t he pr i mary t hre at agai ns t t he Republ i c c omes f ro m wi t hi n, no t f r om wi t hout . I n t he comi ng year s t he g ov er nment w i ll a ssu me more and mo r e e mer gency p owers t o meet var i ous " t empor ary c r i ses . " Of c our se , t he c r i ses w i ll n ot be t empor ar y, an d n ei t her wi l l th e a ssumpt i on o f p ower . I f t he l ast s t eps down t he l ong r oad t o d ic t at or shi p ar e t ak en b y a R epubl i can Pr esi dent , t he jo b o f th e c onspi ra t or s wi l l be e asi er . T he I ns i der s re al i ze t hi s and wi l l h ave o ne of t hei r o wn, R i char d Ni xon, do i ng an a ct in g j ob a s a " Conse r vat i ve R epubl i can. " I n t he n ame o f " par t y uni ty " g ood Republ i cans wi l l swal l ow docil el y g ig ant ic i ncr eases i n d i cta t or ia l gover nment p ower w hi ch, i f i nsti t ut ed by D emocr at s, t hey w oul d r esis t t enaci ousl y. Many Republi cans wi l l ac t uall y d ef end s uc h d epre dat io ns ( i f a bi t s heepi sh l y) , ju st as R epubl i cans d ef ended Dwi ght Ei senhower as h e br oke hi s ca mpai gn pr omi ses, on e a ft er a noth er . Four te en s i gnposts o n t he r oad t o t ot al i ta r i ani sm were c ompil ed some year s ag o b y hi st ori an Dr . W ar re n C ar r ol l an d a r ef ugee f r om Yugosl avi an Communi sm, Mi ke Dj or dj evi ch. 403 The or i gi nal l i st was n ot i n any p art i cula r o r der , n or i s t he o r der i n whic h t he p oi nts a r e l i st ed her e of a ny par ti cul ar s i gnif i cance. T he i mposi t i on of a ny one o f t hese n ew re st r ic t i ons on l ib er t y (n one of whi ch ar e n ow i n ef f ect ) would b e a c l ear war ni ng t hat t he to t al s t at e i s v er y n ear; a nd once a si gni f i cant number o f th em - say f i ve - have been i mposed, w e wi l l b e j usti f i ed in c onc l udi ng t hat t he r emai nder , o r most of t he r emain der , wi l l no t b e fa r b ehi nd, an d t hat t he f i ght f or f r eedom and t he pr eser vat i on of t he Republ i c h as been l ost in t his countr y. T he f ourt een s ig npost s ar e: 1. R es t r i c t io ns on t ak i ng m oney o ut of t he c ountr y a nd o n t he est abl i shment o r r et ent io n o f a f or ei gn ba nk a cco unt by a n Amer i ca n c i t i ze n. 2. A bol i t i on of pr i vat e owners hi p o f hand guns. 3. D et ent i on of in di vi dual s wi t hout j udi ci al p r oc ess. 4. The r equi r ement t hat p ri vat e f i nanci al tr ansacti ons be k eyed t o s oc i al s ec ur i ty n umber s o r ot her govern ment id ent if i cat i on, s o t hat govern ment ma y c onveni ent l y re cor d th ese t r ansact i ons and f eed t he r ecord i nt o a c omput er . S. U se o f c ompul so r y e duc at i on l aws t o f or bi d a tt endance a t pr esent l y e xi st i ng p r i vat e s ch ool s. 6. C ompul sory n on-mi l i ta r y s erv i ce. 7. C ompul sory p syc hol ogic al tr eat ment f or nongove r nment w or ke r s or p ubl i c s ch ool chi l dr en. 8. T he o f f i ci al de cl ar ati on th at a nti-C ommuni st o rg ani za t i ons ar e subver si ve, and su bsequent l egal a cti on to s uppre ss th em. 9. L aws l i mit i ng t he n umber of p eople a l lo wed t o meet i n a pr i vat e h ome. 10. An y s i gni f i cant c hange i n passpor t r egul at i ons t hat m akes passpor t s m or e d if f i cul t t o ob t ai n or u se.

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11. Wa ge a nd pr i ce c ont ro l s, especi al l y in a n on-w ar t im e s i t uat i on. 12. An y k i nd of co mpul sor y r egi st r ati on wi t h t he govern ment of t he i ndi vid ual 's p l ace of em pl oyment . 13. An y a t t empt to r est ri ct fr eedom of m ov ement wi t hin t he Un i t ed St at es . 14. An y e xampl e of a n ew maj or l aw made by e xec ut i ve d ecr ee ( t hat i s, ac t ual l y put i nt o e ff ect , not m er el y aut hor iz ed, as b y ex i st in g execut i ve o rd er s). St eps 1, 2, 5,6 , 7, 8, 11, 12 and 13 h ave al r eady b een pr oposed a nd some ar e b ein g a ct i vel y campai gned fo r b y or ganiz ed gr oups. For exampl e, S t ep 1 - The Tr avel t ax ur ged b y Pr esi dent Jo hnson w oul d have r equir ed t he decla r at i on of th e a mount o f money bei ng t aken out of t he countr y, a nd i n th e d i scu ssi on o f t hi s p ro posal i t w as s er i ousl y sugges t ed t hat a f l at d ol l ar l i mi t be p l ac ed on t he amount t hat coul d be r emoved. St ep 5 - I ncre ased go ver nment c ont r ol over pr i vate s chool s of m any k i nds i s pr oposed a nnual l y in m any s t at e l egis l at ur es . S te p 6 - Compul sor y no n-mi l i ta r y s erv i ce - a u ni ver sal dr aft o f a ll y oung men and wo men, wi t h on l y a m in or i t y goi ng i nt o th e a rmed s erv i ces - has been di scusse d b y t he N ix on ad mi ni str at i on a s a n al t er nat i ve t o th e dr af t. S t ep 7 - Sensi t i v i t y t r ain i ng i s al r eady r equi r ed f or a n i ncr easi ng nu mber of g ove r nment w or ke r s, t eachers , a nd s chool c hil dr en. St ep 8 - As lo ng a go as 19 61, V ic t or Reut her pr oposed t hat R ig ht-w i ng ant i -C ommuni st g ro ups and o r gani zat i ons be i nve st i gate d a nd p l aced o n t he At t or ney Gener al ' s su bvers i ve l is t . St ep 1 1 - Pr osp ect s fo r w age and pr i ce c ont r ols w er e di scus sed i n Chapt er 1 4. Ste p 2 - The pr opaganda wa r i n pr ocess t o f or ce re gi str at i on or c onf i scati on of f i r ear ms i s t he nu mber on e p ri or i t y of a ll t he co l l ect i v i s t s - an ar med c i t i ze nr y b ei ng th e maj or r oadbl ock t o a t ot al i ta r i an t akeove r o f t he Uni t ed S t at es . How ca n a d ic t at or shi p i n Amer i ca b e headed of f ? Tr ut h is a powerf ul w eapon - but onl y w hen i t i s u sed p r oper l y . Not ev er yone has t he co ur age t o f ac e t he f act s, b ut fa ct s must b e f aced, e ven when t hey ar e di scour agi ng. Any a ct i on t aken on t he ba si s o f t r uth i s b et t er t han a ct i on t aken on t he basi s of f al sehood, mi sconc ept i on, a nd sel f-d eceit . T he f act s cont ain ed in t hi s book ar e s o powerf ul t hat s ome may ch oose t o r un and hi de - ot her s t o i gnore t hem - whi le s t i l l ot her s w i l l t hr ow u p t hei r hands i n di scour agement . Th i s i s exactl y w hat t he I ns i ders w ant y ou to d o. Ci t y Hal l want s yo u t o bel i eve y ou can' t f i ght Ci t y Ha l l . The s alv at i on o f Amer ic a r equi r es an a r my of ed ucat ors , a rmed w i th t r ut h a nd f act s and t enaci ousl y dedi ca t ed t o pr i nc i pl e. Many have tr i ed t o b ypas s t he educat i on s te p i n t he p ro cess and g o di r ec t l y t o pol it i cal ac t i on, a nd t hi s has r esu l t ed onl y in t he wast i ng o f pr eci ous t i me. A ct io n t hat i s not ba sed u pon k nowl edge and under sta ndi ng i s r eal l y wor se th an no act i on a t a ll . I t i s not t oo l at e t o s ave A mer i ca i f a s uf f i c i ent number o f A mer i cans w i l l st and u p, fa ce re al i t y, and go t o wo r k. The fa ct i s t hat t he R epubl i ca n p ar ty i s now l i tt l e mo r e t han a name. Amer i ca ' s tw o-p ar t y syst em has qui et l y been r epl ace d b y t he v i r t ual d ic t at or shi p of a n " i nvi sib l e go ver nment . " Today, t he Co unci l on F or ei gn Re l at io ns a nd t he I ns i ders b ehi nd i t cont ro l o ur f edera l govern ment at p r ac t i cal ly e ver y l evel a nd i n e ver y b ra nch. Bu t i t need not co nt r ol Congre ss. T he S enat e must r ati f y a l l t r eat i es and conf i r m al l ap poi nt ment s. The S enat e, t her efo r e, can s t op t he Council o n For eig n R el at i ons and s av e A mer i ca, i f t he p eople w i ll d emand t hat t hei r Senat or s l iv e u p to t hei r o at h t o up hol d th e C onst i t uti on of t he

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Uni t ed S t at es . B y t he C onst i tu t i on, al l spendi ng b i ll s m us t o r i gi nat e i n t he H ouse of Re pr esent at i ve s. N o mat t er w ho is i n t he Whit e H ouse, our Co ngr essi onal r epr ese nt ati ves c an c ut spendin g d ra st i call y a nd f or ce t he e xe cut iv e b r anc h t o r et ur n Ameri ca t o a s ound c ur re ncy and sane f i scal pol i cy . Thi s i s t he answer t o t he q ues t i on: I f n ot N i xon, w ho? Amer ic ani st s ar e goi ng to h ave t o f ac e u p t o t he r eali t y t hat a l most shor t of a mi r acle t hey ar e no t g oi ng t o el ect an a nti-c onspi r acy Conser vat i ve t o th e P r esi dency i n 1972. To b ack o ne of t he consp i r acy's c andid at es because h e appear s t o be s li ght l y l ess Lef t i st t han t he o th er ma kes n o sense a t a ll . Ther e i s n o denyin g t hat t he I ns i ders s t ar t w i t h many advanta ges - bi g money, bi g po wer , bi g p re ss, a nd a bi g b ag of c ampai gn t r i cks per f ec t ed s in ce 19 36. T he o ne th i ng t he I nsi der s and t hei r pa wns, th e modera t es, do n ot have is a gr ass-r oot s f ol l owi ng of p ol i ti cal act i vi st s w it hi n t he p art y. Th i s i s t hei r Achi l le s' he el . T hey a tt empt t o o ve r come i t b y const ant l y pr eachin g u ni t y t o t he Co nser vat i ves. Uni t y w i th o ne' s enemi es i s al ways a t r ap. A known en emy i n t he open i s bet t er t han a f als e f r i end i n ambush. A nd Li ber al R epubl i cans a r e as much t he e nemi es of C onse r vati ve R epubl i ca ns a s Li bera l D emoc r at s ar e - maybe mor e so . E ve r y C ons er vat i ve mus t s ta nd u p and pr ocl aim t o t he wor l d t hat he w i ll n ot be p art o f a uni f ie d s ocia l i st Republi can par t y. One of t he co nspir acy' s chi ef weapons i s t he d esi r e of m ost people f or re spect abi l i ty o r soci al pr esti ge. T o quest i on " par t y uni t y" i s t o become unr es pect abl e. Un f or t unat el y, some peopl e ar e mor e i nt ere st ed in s avi ng t hei r s oc i al r es pecta bi l i t y t han t hey ar e i n savi ng t hei r l i ves a nd th ei r count r y. F or many of t hes e p eopl e, no mi nal Republ i cans, t he pr i mar y di f fe r ence bet ween a D emocr at a nd a Republ i can admi ni st r at io n i n Washi ngt on i s t hat when t he R epubl ic ans a re i n t hey get in vi t ed t o g al a s ocia l f unct i ons, a nd when th e D emocr at s ar e i n t hey don' t . ( But t her e wo n' t be a ny cockta i l p art i es i n t he concent r at i on c amps. ) C onser va t i ve Re publi cans mu st fa ce t he f act t hat most GOP L i ber al s at t he l ocal l evel, w hil e c er ta i nl y not c onspi ra t or s, ar e so ci al cl i mber s w ho ar e mo r e i nte r este d i n be i ng i nv i t ed t o th e " r i ght " p ar ti es by t he "r i ght" p eople t han i n w hat i s happeni ng to t he countr y. T hes e p eopl e a re R epubl i cans f or soc i al or b usin ess pur poses , not fo r i deol ogi ca l r easo ns. And s i nc e t he k nowle dgeabl e L eft w i th i n t he Re publ i ca n P ar t y w i ll a l ways u se t he medi a to p ain t C onse r vati ves as " ex t r em- i st s," t he so -c al l ed m odera t es wi l l a lw ays be t he ones car r y i ng t he aur a of r es pecta bi l i t y. A mer i cani st s h av e t o fo r get t hese shal lo w phonie s a nd r ecr ui t h ones t c oncer ned Ameri cans fr om th e D emoc r at ic par t y. I n 1 936, A 1 Smi t h, w ho ha d b een t he Democr at p art y ' s pr esi dent i al candid at e e ig ht ye ar s e ar l i er, h ad th e c our age to s peak o ut about w hat he s aw h appeni ng i n h i s par t y, j ust as m any R epubl i cans t oday a r e bei ng f or ced t o s peak ou t a bout w hat i s h appenin g t o th ei r s. S mi t h sai d: Make a t est f or yo ur sel ve s. Ju st g et t he pl at f orm o f t he Democr at i c pa r t y and g et t he pl at f orm o f t he S oci ali st p art y a nd l ay t hem down o n your di ni ng r oom t abl e s i de by s i de and get a he avy l ead pencil a nd sc r at ch o ut th e w or d D emoc r at and s cra t ch out t he wor d Soci al i s t a nd l et t hose t wo pl at f or ms l ay t her e . . . . Ni nety p er cent o f what wa s i n t he S oc i al i s t Par t y pl at f or m o f th e ' 30' s has n ow b een a dopte d a s t he l aw o f t he l and u nder t he l eader shi p of t he D emocr at s. Take a l ook at t he 1968 Republi can par t y pl at f or m.

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Does i t p r omi se to r epeal s oci al i sm? Or on l y t o r un it m or e ef f i ci ent l y? I f th e D emoc r at par t y t akes us i nt o s ocia l i sm and t he Republ i can pa r t y per pet uat es i t , t hen f r eedom i s doomed. E xpedi enc y l eads t o s l av er y. The mid dl e of t he r oad i s t he pat h t o e ver-i ncr easi ng doses of M arx i an soci al is m. Al S mi t h s aid : I s uggest t o t he member s of my p ar t y on C api to l H il l h er e i n Washin gt on th at th ey t ake t hei r m i nds o f f t he T uesday t hat fo l l ows t he f i r st Monday i n No vember. J ust t ake t hei r mi nds of f it t o t he e nd t hat you ma y d o th e r ig ht t hin g a nd n ot th e e xp edi ent t hi ng. And he s t at ed f urt her : You can' t mi x s oc i al is m o r Co mmuni sm wi th [ t he C onsti t ut io n] . They ar e l i ke o i l and w at er . . . . They r ef use t o m ix . I t is al l ri ght w it h me i f t hey w ant t o d is gui se t hemse l ves as N orman Th omas or K ar l M ar x or Le ni n o r any of t he r est of t hat bunch , b ut what I won' t st and f or is t o l et t hem mar ch under t he ba nner of J eff er son, Jackso n o r Cl evela nd. Today, a R epubl i ca n A 1 Smi t h must s peak up a nd sa y t hat Republ i can so ci ali st s w on' t be a l l owed t o mar ch under t he b anner of Li ncol n a nd Taf t . Smi t h concl uded by s ayi ng: Let me g i ve t hi s sol emn war nin g. T her e c an b e o nl y o ne c api to l , Washin gt on or M osc ow. T her e ca n o nl y be on e a t mos phere o f g ov er nment , t he cl ear , pu r e, f r esh ai r o f f r ee Amer i ca o r t he f oul b r eath o f Communi st R us si a. Ther e can be o nl y one fl ag, t he s t ar s a nd st r i pes, o r t he re d f l ag of th e G odle ss Un i on o f t he Sovi et . There c an be o nly o ne nat i onal a nth em, t he S t ar S pangl ed Ba nner or t he I nt er nat i onal e. The Re publ i ca n p ar t y n eeds i ts o wn A1 S mit h. Ear l Br owder, t hen g enera l s ec r et ar y of th e C ommuni st Par t y, i n an a ddr ess be f or e t he N at i onal P r ess Cl ub i n Wash i ngto n i n Au gust 1936 t ol d t he a sse mbl ed r eport er s: The pr ogr am of t he S oci al i s t Par t y an d t he p r ogra m o f t he Communi st P ar t y ha ve a co mmon or i gi n i n th e d ocument known as t he Communi st M ani f est o. T her e i s no d i ff er enc e, s o f ar as t he pr ogr am i s concer ned a nd f i nal a i m. The so ci al i st s f ol l ow t he l ead o f t he C ommuni st s, t he Democra t s fo l l ow t he le ad o f t he so ci al i st s, an d t he Republ i cans f ol l ow t he le ad of t he Democr at s. Be f or e we c an go Co mmuni st , w e must fi r s t go s ocia l i st. W ho car es whet her t he col l ect i v i st d i c t at or is t heore t i cal l y a Re publi can or a Democr at ? Most Re publi can n omi nees f or hi gh of f i ces have comple t el y ce ased even to u se t he w or d " so ci al i sm" i n t hei r at t ack s o n t he De mocr ats . T hey b l eat o nly o f w as t ef ul s pendi ng, not o f bi g spendi ng, a nd p r omi se e ff i c i ency a nd l eader shi p in r unni ng t he p r ogr ams th e D emoc r at s have al r eady l egi sl at ed. But ei t her yo u b el i eve in t he pr i ncip l es of K ar l Mar x or you be l i eve i n t he p r i nci pl es of t he Decla r at i on of In dependence and t he Co nst i t ut i on: t her e can be n o mid dl e gr ound. I f th e g r ass-r oot s Republ i can ac t i vis t s w i ll n ot fo r ce t hei r pa r t y t o s t and f or pr i ncip l e, t hen i t w i l l conti nue t o be a cheap i mi t at i on o f Socia l i st Pa r t y A.

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We h av e i ndeed w it nessed bi par t i san t r easo n i n Washi ngt on. Th e vast maj or i ty o f Republ ic ans have s uppor te d N i xon' s co nt i nuat i on of Lyndon Jo hnson's n o-w i n po l i cy in V i et nam. Mo st ha ve s aid n oth i ng o f t he fa ct t hat t he Uni t ed St ate s i s fi nanci ng b oth s i des o f th e w ar t hr ough a i d and tr ade w it h t he C ommuni st bl oc. Th ey ha ve a l so s aid l i t t le o r n ot hi ng of t he or gani zed an d s ubver s i ve e l ement s t hat a r e r unnin g t he st r eet r evolu t i on i n A mer i ca. I f t he publi c h ad known t he t r ut h about t hese event s, t he cour se of Am er i can hi sto r y w oul d h av e been changed f or t he b ett er . The R epubl i ca n p ar ty h as enough money a nd power at i t s command t o make sur e t hat th e t r uth d oes g et to t he publ ic . Y es, t he par t y co ul d do i t if i t r eal l y want ed t o. Th e mas s medi a may b e i n th e h ands o f Li ber al Democ r at s, but th e a dver t i ser s ar e, f or t he most par t , t heore t i cal Republ i cans. Si nce t he me di a woul d col l apse w i th out t he a dve r t i s i ng d oll ar , t he a dve r t i sers c oul d b r i ng pr essu r e t o bear on t he medi a t o s t op p r opagandiz i ng t he A mer i can publ ic a nd te l l th em t he avail abl e fa ct s. I f p urg ed of L i bera l s an d I ns i der s, t he R epubl i can Nat io nal C ommi t te e c ould p ubl i sh i ts o wn newspaper an d s ee t hat i t g ot wi de di st r i but i on. T he Re publi can p ar t y coul d ser ve as a vehi c l e f or get t i ng t he t r ut h to t he Amer i ca n p eopl e - but on l y i f t he en emi es of t he t r ut h ar e pur ged, i n th e w ay t hat Conser vat i ves h ave b een syst emat i call y p ur ged f ro m h ig h pl ace s i n th e par t y si nce Republ i can Ad vance w as fo r med i n 1 950. The Re publ i ca n p ar t y c an again b e t he g r eat p ar ty i t was. B ut t o do s o i t m ust s t and f or pr i nci pl e a nd r efu se t o compro mi se be t ween r i ght and wr ong. I t m us t s hun t he t empt ati on to pander t o assor t ed v ot i ng bl ocs. I t m us t s how t hat Communi sm ca n b e def eat ed s hor t o f war f are b y s i mpl y st oppi ng t he pr act i ce o f pr oppi ng i t u p ever y t i me i t f al ls o n i t s f ace . T he m ai n i ssues m ust be A mer i can sovere i gnt y and in dependence, t he r et ur n t o a s ound do l l ar , and a n end t o s omet hi ng-f or-n ot hin g p r omi si ng cont est s. Th e R epubl i can P ar t y pl at fo r m must a vow t hat t hose who a dv ocate b l oody r evo l ut i on and cr i min al s w il l b e subj ect ed to s wi f t and j ust p uni shment . T he l i ve s a nd pr oper t y o f l aw-a bi din g c i t iz ens must once agai n become t he pr i mary concer n o f ou r c our t s. Ab ove al l , t he t arg et m ust b e t he r eal e nemy, Communi sm, an d t he I ns i der s be hi nd it . Weakli ngs w il l w hi ne, " Conserv at i ves can't w i n. " There i s m uc h evi dence t o t he co nt r ar y, b ut even if i t wer e t ru e, m en a nd w omen of mor ali t y a nd pr i nc i pl e ha ve no o t her choic e t han t o st i ck b y t heir g uns i n d ef ense of w hat i s r ig ht . For i f t he Re publ i ca n p ar t y m ust b eco me soci al i s t i n or der t o w in e l ec t i ons, t hen t he e le ct i ons a r e not wo r t h wi nnin g. B y copyin g t he enemy i nste ad o f f i ghti ng h i m, a l l chance of def eat i ng h im w i ll b e l os t . Conser vat i ves n eed t o d ev el op ar t i cul at e spokesmen w ho c an us e t he te chni ques o f t he moder n mass m edi a to g et th ei r message t o th e publ ic . T he Conser vat i ve messa ge o f i ndi vi dual li ber ty is t he " pol i ti cs of h ope, " t he r eal a nd on l y ge nui ne sol uti on f or t he pr obl ems t hat beset us. M os t i mpor t ant, w e must g o on th e o f f ensi ve, c al l in g t he enemy by h i s r i ght n ame. The weakness o f t he C ons er vat i ve i s supposed t o l ie i n h is f ail ur e t o be al l t hi ngs t o al l p eopl e. He c an t ur n t hese l emons i nt o l emonade. T he p ubl i c w i ll r esp ond f av or abl y t o a publi c f i gure w ho ta kes a s t and f or pr i nc i pl e, ev en i f t hey do n ot al t oget her agr ee wi t h th e p ri nc i pl e. P r in ci pl es t r ans cend pe r sonal i t i es. W hen t he t i de begi ns t o t ur n, th e " pr agmat is t s" wi l l j ump o n t he A mer i cani st bandwagon. As B att l e L i ne n ote d i n De cember 1 969: I t i s f or t hi s v er y r easo n t hat c onse r vati ves s houl d and must f i ght f or t hei r be l i ef s wi t hin t he Re publi can P ar t y. Pr agmati st s ar e not ori ousl y suscept i bl e t o pr essur e, a nd i n th e a bsence of

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commit ment to p r in ci pl e, t hi s i s u nder st andabl e. Thi s means t hat conser vat i ves m ust s peak out and b e hear d or l ose t hei r c ase. Conser vat i ves m ust f i nd candid at es wh ose convi cti ons r un d eeper t han mer el y t he ab i li t y to s el ect g hos t wr i t er s, as w as th e c as e w i t h Gol dwat er . In 1 964; C onse r vati ves p ut a l l t hei r emot io nal e ggs i nt o a ver y shal l ow baske t . G old wat er w as mo r e in t er este d i n pl ay i ng w i th h i s ham ra di o t han i n doi ng hi s ho mewor k by re adi ng von Mi ses, Ba st i at , o r Evans. C onser vat iv es m ust l ear n t o pu t t hei r f ait h i n pr i ncip l es, not i n p er sonal it i es. Conser vat i ves m ust f i nd candid at es wh o w il l b e Amer i ca ns f i rs t and Re publ i ca ns se cond; who wi l l d are t o be maver i cks wi t hi n t heir o wn par t y and n ot s ell o ut pr i nci pl es ever y t i me t he moder at es w ai l about par t y uni t y. Most Republi cans have a si mpl e p l atf or m - get el ect ed. A ny uni f ie d G OP can on l y b eco me th e s ame t hi ng t hat t he un i f i ed Democr at Par t y has b ec ome: an u npr i ncip l ed p ro st i tu t e. M en o f pr i nc i pl e a re agai ns t " uni t y" a nd b l in d l oyal t i es. T her e i s no p er son o r secul ar i nst it ut i on i n t he w or l d t o wh i ch w e owe or s houl d f eel b l i nd l oya l t y. We s houl d b e f or what w e know i s r i ght , re gar dl es s o f r ace, col or, k i n, or p re vi ous condit i on o f mi sin f or mati on. Amer ic ans must r eadj ust t hei r p ol it i cal t hi nkin g; th ey m ust l ear n t o t hi nk i n t er ms of C ounci l -o n-F or eig n-R el ati ons v er sus ant i -C ounci l -on-F or eig n-R el ati ons p ol i t i ci ans. No w i s t he t im e f or a l l go od me n t o f or get t he Pa r t y. The R epubl ic an P art y i s not hi ng m ore t han a t ool , a n i nst ru ment . I nt r in si cal ly , i t deser ve s n o l oyal ty . Once a C onser vat iv e h as been el ect ed, w e must p ay a t te nt i on t o what he d oes af t er t he el ect io n. M any p eopl e a r e el ect ed a s Conser vat i ves , o nl y t o tu r n Li ber al . When al l t he e f fo r t t o el ect a man has be en s ucc essfu l , t he j ob has o nly begun. G r ass-r oot s Conserv at i ve s m ust keep t r ack of w hat t heir m an i s doi ng. T hese candi dat es must be t i ed down wi t h a commi t ment t o r emai n i ndependent - l oyal t o p ri nc i pl e, n ot t o pa r t y. Th e b es t w ay, of cour se , i s t o s ta r t w i th a n honor abl e man a nd ma ke su r e h e knows t he k i nds of p r es sur e he must e xpect o nce h e get s i nt o o ff i ce. Ca ndi dat es must under sta nd th e c onsp i r acy , i t s goal s, a nd ho w i t oper ate s. The ca ndi date m ust b e w il l i ng t o f ace a nd accept t he f act t hat i f he d oes a n ho nest and h onor abl e j ob he may h ave onl y one t erm i n of f i ce . O ne of t he m aj or si ckn esses i n a ny l egi sl at ure i s t hat a s soon as a man i s el ecte d, b ein g r e-e l ecte d b ecomes hi s p r i me c onc er n. Th e r at i onal i zati on us ed b y many who b egi n t hei r c are er s as C onse r vati ves i s t hat " l ose r s do n' t l egi s l at e. " T hei r wh ol e o bj ect t hen b ec omes mer ely t o w in e l ec t i ons and st ay i n of f i ce , a nd t hi s i s a ccompl i sh ed b y compro mi si ng unt il v i c t or y b ec omes me ani ngl ess. Typi ca l i s th i s st at ement m ade t o Congr es sman John G . Schmi tz w hen h e w as i n t he Cal i fo r ni a St at e Senat e, by a f el l ow St ate S enato r : I ' m ju st a s conser vat i ve as yo u a r e. I t ' s j ust th at I r eal i ze t hat you' ve g ot to w i n. Y ou ha ve to g o a lo ng to g et al ong. You h av e t o pl ay t he g ame. L ook a t me . I 'm a c ommi t t ee c hai rman of t he [ bl ank ] c ommi t t ee. Senato r S chmi t z ' s answer was, " Yes, as l ong a s yo u k eep p ut ti ng out li ber al vot es, t hey ar e go i ng t o keep you c hai r man o f t hat commit t ee. " I n o rd er t o make sur e t hat y our l ocal r epr esent at i ves st ay on t he t r ack and don' t su ccumb t o t he t empt at i on t o "p l ay t he g ame, " e ver y

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l ocal ar ea sh oul d have a wat ch dog c ommi t te e t o ke ep tr ack o f i t s el ecte d r epre senta t i ves. No po l i t i c ia n i s goi ng t o l ik e t hi s, a nd t he ones most a pt t o compr omi se ar e t he ones who w i ll l i ke i t t he le ast . The wa t chdog commi t t ee mu st ha ve t he coura ge ( and i t t akes co ur age) t o t el l t he r epr esent at i ve t hat i f h e do esn't s t and 100 per c ent f or pr i nci pl e, he w i ll b e o pposed i n t he next pr i mary . T hi s m ay r esult i n t he te mpor ary e l ec t i on of a De mocr at, b ut t he n ex t R epubl i can e l ec t ed t o o ff i ce f ro m t hat d i str i c t wi l l s ta nd 10 0 p er cent f or p r in ci ple becaus e h e kn ows what i s goi ng t o h appen t o h i m i f h e doesn' t. T his i s t he on l y p r ac t i cal w ay to d eal w i t h pol i ti c i ans; i t is t he wa y a ll pol i ti c i ans unders t and. The re al R epubl i ca ns m ust d ecl ar e w ar o n er sat z Republ i cans and k i ck t he c ons pi r at or s a nd t hei r s ocia l -c l i mbi ng f l unki es out o f t he par t y. C ons er vat i ves wh o a tt empt to d o t hi s w il l , of c our se , b e v i l i fi ed b y t he pr ess a nd n ews medi a. T hey w i l l be a cc used of ever yt hi ng th e L ib er al s have act ual ly d one, p ar ti cul ar l y o f f ol l owi ng a r ul e-o r -r ui n pol i cy. But New York a nd i t s I ns i ders c an no l onger domi nat e t he R epubl ic an p art y a s t hey on ce di d. N ew Yor k i s n o l onger t he so l e f i nanci al c ent er f or t he n at i on, and t he g r owt h o f t he So ut h and West h as shi ft ed p oli t i cal p ower away f r om th e E as t er n se aboar d. Ther ef or e, th e I ns i der s cannot c ont ro l t he b ody of t he Republ ic an par t y; b ut th ey st i l l c ont r ol t he a pex. It i s t hei r co nt r ol t hat can b e and mu st b e severe d. C ons er vat i ves mu st us e t heir g r as s-r oot s cont r ol over par t y or ganiz at i ons t o re -e st abl i sh t he R epubl i can par ty a s a Conser vat i ve par ty . F unds m ust be c hannel ed t o se l ect ed l ocal Conser vat i ve candi dat es r at her t han sent t o t he Republ i can Na t i onal Commit t ee, wh i ch i s a l way s c ont r ol l ed b y t he E ast er n Li ber al Est abl i shment - al t hough a lm ost ever y GOP mai l i ng fr om House, Se nat e, and ot her n at i onal c ampai gn g r oups e mphasi ze s t he f act t hat t her e is a di f f er ence be t ween t he De mocra t s a nd t he GOP, t hat o ne p ar t y i s Lef t is t , w hil e t he o t her hol ds t o t ra di t io nal C onser va t i ve pr i ncip l es of f is cal p ru dence , a nt i-c ommuni sm, an d l im i t ed go ver nment . The fa l l acy i n t ot al accept ance of t hi s Republ i can ar gument h as never been be t t er i l l ustr at ed t han in a re cent in t er vi ew wi th S enat or John Tower of T exa s, c hai r man of t he Senat e R epubl i can C ampai gn Commit t ee. To wer , a C onse r vati ve i n hi s ow n r i ght , s ees h i s campai gn post sol ely a s a f unnel t hr ough w hi ch t o di spense f unds t o Re publi can c andi dat es, r egar dle ss o f t hei r per sonal p ol i t i cal vi ews o r p ar t y lo yal t y. Senat or T ower t ol d t he New Yo r k T i mes M agazi ne i n A pr i l 1 970: I d on' t c ar e wheth er a Re publi can c andi dat e i s li ber al o r conser vat i ve. T he onl y th i ng I a m i nt er est ed i n i s w het her or n ot t hey ar e e l ec t able - I ' m i n a n umber s game ri ght now, n ot a phi l os ophi cal g ame. By t ur ni ng th e I ns i der s out , r eal R epubl ic ans w il l o nl y b e do i ng what t he I nsi der s have be en do i ng t o t hem si nce th e b ir t h o f Republ i can Advanc e i n Ju l y 19 50. E ve n t he o ut er wheel s o f th i s wh eel s-w i t hin-wheels c onspi r acy have go t t en i nt o th e a ct o f e mascula t i ng th e p ar t y ' s Conser vat i ves . Dor oth y R ay Heal ey , o f f ic i al chai r man o f t he S out her n Cal i f or ni a Communi st P ar t y, w r it i ng i n t he December 1 964 i ssue of Po l i t i cal Af f air s ( t he of f ic i al C ommunis t t heor et i ca l j ourn al , i n w hi ch t he " par ty l i ne" i s la i d d own f or t he c omr ades ) , c all s f or t he ex pul si on o f ant i -C ommuni st s fr om th e R epubl i can p ar t y. S he st at es t hat i t i s per f ec t l y l egi t i mat e f or Republ i cans t o co mpl ai n of "h i gh t ax es an d

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r i s i ng c r i me" a s l ong a s t here i s n o di scu ssi on of C ommuni sm. A l th ough no c ause a nd ef f ec t r el at i onsh i p c an be pr oven, wi t hin m ont hs o f t he Communi st P ar t y ' s cal l fo r t he e xpuls i on o f ant i Communi st s f r om t he Republ i can pa r t y, Li ber al a nd Moder at e l eader s wi t hi n t he p ar t y be gan cal l in g f or t he pu r ge o f al l John B ir ch So ci et y member s f r om par ty r anks. T her e may have b een n o connect i on bet ween t he Communis t P ar t y di r ect i ve a nd t he act i ons of R epubl i can l eader s, bu t a t th e v er y l east , t hey wer e d oi ng ex act l y what t he C ommuni st s w ante d. Any wo r t hwhil e mov ement t akes cour age. T he e asi es t t hi ng t o do i s t o c ont i nue t o d ri f t w i th t he t i de, even when t he t i de i s r unni ng Lef t war d. I f you ar e t empt ed t o st and f or p ri nc i pl e y ou wi l l be t ol d, " You ar e t hro wi ng your vo t e away" by r efu si ng t o s uppor t al l R epubl i ca n c andi dat es . A ct ual l y, you ar e th r owi ng your f r eedom a way i f y ou d o suppor t t hem al l i ndi sc r i mi nat el y. The d il emma most of t en f aced by Conser vat i ve pol i ti cal a ct i v i st s i s th at of b ei ng di ssa t i sf i ed o r di s i l l us i oned w i t h t he Re publ i ca n c andi dat e, y et knowi ng t hat t he De mocra t w i l l be ev en wor se. I f C onser va t i ves ar e wi l l i ng t o b e sat i sfi ed wi t h t he l esse r o f t wo ev i l s, th ey wi l l n eve r h av e anyth i ng b ut e vil s t o ch oose bet ween. Thi s i s t he pr i mar y w ay i n w hi ch L i ber al s and o ppor t uni st s ha ve ef f ect i vel y di senf r anchis ed Co nser vat i ves who s ta nd fo r p r i nc i pl e. B y wi t hhol di ng your vot e, or v oti ng f or a p ro t est ca ndi dat e, y ou a r e not t hr owi ng y our vot e away. You ar e, i n f act , maki ng i t fe l t i n t he st r ongest p os si ble w ay. You th r ow y our v ot e a way onl y when yo u a re wi l l in g t o co mpr omi se. It i s t i me t o vot e f or a n out si der . You wi l l b e t ol d t hat y ou a r e dest r oy i ng t he t wo-p ar t y syst em i f you st and f or p r in ci pl e, but i n f act we no l onger h ave a t wo-p ar t y syst em, a nd by v ot i ng f or p r in ci pl e you wi l l b e t ak i ng t he on l y me asur e t hat can r ees t abli sh i t . I t is t hose who wi l l a cc ept a R i char d N ix on becaus e h e is n ot qui t e so s oc i al i sti c a s a H uber t H umphr ey who ar e i n r eal it y t hr owi ng t hei r vo t es and t hei r b ir t hr i ght a way . I f on e candid at e w ant s to g o t owar d soci al is m a t one h undr ed mi l es an h our a nd anot her c andi dat e want s t o g o t owar d t hat same go al at o nl y f i f t y mi l es an h our , t hey a r e bot h he aded t owar d t he s ame g oal and bot h w il l eventu al l y ge t t her e. T he c hoi ce b etw een goi ng to war d sl avery f ast er and go i ng mor e s lo wl y i s no ch oi ce at a l l. T hese ar e f al se al t ern at i ves. T he r eal ch oi ce i s b etw een t r ue f re edom and s la ver y. Pol i ti cal a ct i v i st s a l way s m ak e u p a sm al l p er centa ge o f t he popula t i on. I f C onser vati ves ar e w i ll i ng t o s et tl e f or a c andi date w ho i s s li ght l y l ess soci al is t i c t han t he D emocr at i c candi dat e, t hen t he br oad masses of th e A meri can publ i c wi l l never be p r es ent ed wi t h t he r eal i ssue of f r eedom v er sus s la ver y. A mer ic ans wi l l b e l ed t o b el ie ve t hat t he c hoi ce is mer ely b et ween a sp i r i n an d s ome o t her p ain k i l l er , a s t hey we r e in 1960. Many po l i t ic al a cti vi sts a r e un knowi ngl y pl ay i ng g ames wi t h t he I ns i der s, u si ng th ei r r ul es. You c an' t w in w i t h a s t ac ked d ec k. It t akes cour age t o st and ag ai nst t he ti de an d t o op pose what is m ora l l y wr ong. B ut in y our h ear t you know y ou h ave n o o th er ch oi ce. Geor ge E . S ok ol sky , w r i ti ng in t he Ne w Yor k H er al d T ri bune of Mar ch 29, 1 937, de scr i bed w hat i t w as l i ke w hen a t i ny mi nor it y o f Communi st s to ok ov er i n Russia : Long bef or e t he Co mmuni st r evo l ut i on t r ans f er r ed pol it i cal po wer f r om Ker ensky t o Leni n, t he wo r ker s had de st r oyed a l l r i ght s and pr i vat e p r oper t y . . . . Pr i va t e p r oper t y di sappear ed bef or e t he r i ght s of h uman b ein gs di sappear ed.

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What wer e i nt el l ig ent , ed ucate d p eopl e d oi ng? What w er e busi nessmen and ba nker s doi ng? A t t hat m oment e ac h man w as lo oki ng af t er hi mself . S ome w er e seeki ng t o get in u nder t he t ape. Th ey wo ul d assi st t he Bo l shev i ks; th en the B ols hevi ks would l et th em li ve. S ome wer e at t empti ng to s ave a f ew ef f ects . . . . O th er s wer e t ry i ng one compro mi se af t er anot her . . . . E ven t hei r n ewsp apers c eased t o pr i nt ar t i cl es f avo r able t o t hem, be cause t hei r r epor te r s an d w r i te r s we r e or gani zed i n uni ons and th ey w oul d p er mi t o nl y s uc h n ews and v i ews to be p ri nt ed as t he uni on or dere d . . . .T he b usi nessmen a ppl auded w i t h mer r im ent . Th ey wo ul d mak e money, t hey f el t , no matt er wh at k i nd o f pol i t i ci an wa s i n po wer . I n t he en d t hey had not hi ng. T hei r pr oper ty , t hei r h uman r ig ht s a nd t hei r l i ves wer e ta ken f r om t hem . . . .T he o r gani zed m i nori t y ha d f ocus ed it s w i l l on th e s ei zu r e of p ro per t y and go ver nment . Th e maj or i t y was e ngaged i n e very occupat i on bu t t he d ef ens e o f t he r ig ht s of p r oper t y and r i ght s o f ma n. The mi nor i t y smash ed t he maj or i t y b ec ause onl y th e m in or i t y knew what i t w ant ed. Th e maj or i t y was de st r oyed b eca use i t could n ot be l i eve t hat i t h ad t o o rg ani ze t o f ig ht an d l i ve. Y es, t hey woke up l at er , b ut i t was to o l at e . . . . T hei r t act i ca l a dvant age was t o r esis t e very sugges t i on of c ompr omi se whi le t hey st i l l possess ed po wer , bu t t hey l ost t hemselv es in p ai nfu l d is put at io ns co ncer nin g h umane consid er at i ons u nt i l h umani t y i t sel f was cr ushed. C ompr onuse destr oyed t hei r one w eapon f or r es i st ance - t he ar my . . . . I s aw al l t hi s f ro m J ul y i n 19 17 u nti l M ar ch 1 918. I saw t his pr oces s . . . . I have wi t ness ed t oo many poi sons m i xe d i n th e mel t i ng pot of c ompro mi se; I h ave s een t oo ma ny Pa ndor a's b oxe s o pened b y t he i nt r ig ui ng fi ngers o f compro mi se. Ther e ar e n ot t wo si des t o s ome q uest i ons . . . . A s I w r i t e of t hose days in R uss i a I th i nk of t he sei zur es o f pr oper t y i n t hi s countr y . . . . Revolu t i ons ar e su ccessfu l w hen a n or ganiz ed m i nor i t y di scove r s t hat t he majo r i t y i s s pli t , is c onf used, i s wi t hout v i gi la nce. Then it uses r evol uti onary t act ic s t o conf ound a nd c onf us e t he m aj ori t y by s i de i ssues , b y sp eeches o n hu mane subj ect s, by b eat in g t he d r ums of pr ogre ss a nd l i ber al i sm . . . . The r ev ol uti oni st s and t he c ompr omis er s r epeat t he s l ogans and th e a dages o f al l t he c ent ur i es and of a l l co unt ri es. T hey p la y upon di st r ess ; t hey c r eat e e mer gencie s; th ey r i di cul e f undament als . A nd al l so r t s o f peopl e a r e t aken i n b y t hese t r i cks and t hey b ow t o t he gol den c al f of h umane p ro posal s. O nly t oo l at e d o t hey l ear n t hat t hi s emphat i c h umani t y i s o nly a ve neer , onl y a s ham i n t he r i se t o p ower . The mi nor i t y st and u pon t he sh oul ders o f t hose wh om th ey f ool onl y as l ong as th ey n eed p r ot ect i on. W hen t hey want t o c ome t o ea r t h t hey dest r oy t he pr ops th at s uppor t ed t hem . . . . The Amer i can peopl e d o no t y et r eal iz e t hat t hey ar e i n t he f i r st s t age of a re vol ut i on. Ye t a ll e xperi ence wi t h re vol ut i on s hows th at t he se i zur e of p ri vat e pr opert y b y la wl ess b ands bef or e w hom gover nment st ands i mpote nt i s t he f i r st maj or b at t le i n t he d est r ucti on o f any govern ment . The ba t t l e li nes have b een d ra wn. T he R epubl i can par ty m ust accept a s i ts f i rs t p ol it i cal pr emi se t hat y ou ne ver gai n a ny t hi ng w hen you gi ve u p pr i nci pl e. (O h, ho w t he Li bera l s a nd Moder at es ha t e th at wor d " pr i ncip l e! ") T o k now what i s ri ght and n ot t o do i t i s t he w or st sor t of c owar di ce. A nd if i t 's m or all y w ro ng i t can' t be p oli t i cal l y

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r i ght. R epubl i cans m ust l i s t en t o S t. P aul ' s a dmoni t io n: " Fol l ow not a mul t it ude t o do ev i l . " Numero us w ell-m eanin g i ndiv i dual s h ave t r i ed t o s to p me f r om publ is hi ng th i s book. S ome sai d t he t i mi ng wa s b ad. Ot her s s ai d t hat I woul d be s mear ed and t hat n o one w oul d bel i ev e t he t r ut h. O t hers w ant ed t o know what i t would a ccompl i sh and sai d I s hould n ot at t ack t he Republ ic an pa r t y. Th ey fe l t w e should t ake t he be st c andi date we c an g et an d t ry t o w or k w it h h i m. Thi s book is not an a t t ack o n r ank-a nd-f i l e Republ ic ans, but a n at t empt t o l et th em know t hat i t i s th e I nsid er s who h ave b een s t ampedi ng t he E le phant . A ny i ndi vi dual wh o i s wi l l i ng t o compr omi se wi t h t he consp i r at ors is n ot t he be st w e can ge t b ecause he i s n ot o urs . A man' s j udgment i s n o be t t er t han hi s i nf or mat io n. If t hi s book makes enough peopl e a ware t hat w e a re i n a l i f e-a nddeat h s t ru ggl e wi t h a c ons pi r acy, i t wi l l h av e a cc ompl i sh ed mo r e t han e nough t o make t he I ns i der s w i sh i t had n eve r b een w r i tt en. Unt i l gr ass-r oot s Republi cans r eal iz e t hat t hey ar e u p again st a co nspir acy w hi ch is s eekin g t o cont ro l b ot h maj or p ol i ti cal par t i es, t hei r e f f or t s ar e d oomed t o f r ustr at i on and fa i l ur e. For many y ear s th e a ut hor b el i eved i t w as mer ely t he "L i bera l m enta l i t y" t hat was th e e nemy. T he " Li ber al ment al i t y" is a n enemy, but th er e i s mor e behi nd Ameri ca' s pr obl ems a nd t he ta keover of th e R epubl i can p ar t y by th e L ef t t han j ust th e " Li ber al ment al i t y. " For it i s a conspi r acy, n ot an i deol ogy, t hat i s t ak i ng over our c ount r y. The A mer i can p eople h ave n ot sw al l owed a nd di d not vot e f or t he conce pt s t hat a re n ow be i ng t hr ust down t hei r th r oats b y Ri char d N i xon a s Pr esi dent - or as a n I ns i der of t he consp i r acy. They vot ed, i n f act , f or a l most e xac t l y t he o pposi t e co ncept s, p r oc l ai med b y Ri char d N i xon t he candi dat e. And N i xo n w as e l ecte d P re si dent l ar gel y becaus e o f th e r is i ng r ev ul sio n a gain st th e v er y pr o-C ommuni st p ol i c i es t hat he i s no w c ar r y i ng out wi t h r egar d to b ot h our fo r ei gn af f ai r s and our do mest i c syste m. S o l et me r epeat : I t i s t he consp i r acy t hat i s o ur enemy and o ur d anger . The Amer i can peopl e must make sur e, next t i me t hey g o t hr ough t he quadre nni al r i t ual o f t ur ni ng t he r as cal s out , th at it i s t he r eal r ascal s t hey t ur n out . We w i ll s t ay on t he s ame mer r y-g o-r ound, m er ely s wit chi ng br i ght l y c olo r ed hor ses, unl es s a suf f ic i ent nu mber of p eopl e wa ke u p t o t he c on ga me th at h as been per pet r at ed by a n exceedi ngl y cunni ng g ang o f i nt er nat i onal monopol i st s f or th e p ast si x d eca des. It m ake s n o di f f ere nce w het her t he man w ho t hr ows o ut th e C FR g ang and th ei r p hi l osophy c omes f ro m wi t hi n t he Democr at , t he R epubl i can, o r t he A mal gamat ed I nte r gala ct i c Pa r t y; but t he ca ndi date m ust b e i rr evers i bl y co mmi tt ed t o car r yi ng o ut t hat act bef ore h e i s el ect ed. Yes, t her e is a co nspi r ac y, an d t he onl y way t o def eat i t i s t o t ur n t he b r ig ht li ght o f unequi vocal and unwaveri ng tr ut h o n i t . What t he co nspi r at or s count on m ost i n t hi s w hol e s t ru ggl e f or t he w orl d i s t he sh or t m emor y, col ossal ig nor ance , g ood-n at ure d g ul li bi l it y, a nd i ncr edi bl e ap at hy of t he Ameri can p eopl e. We a r e al l bei ng "p l ayed f or sucker s" i n a g i gant i c co nf i dence g ame i n whi ch t he st akes ar e b ot h o ur f r eedom and our li ves. An d a ll i t w il l t ak e, e ven n ow, t o e sc ape t he net th at i s bei ng pul l ed t i ght a r ound u s i s t o wa ke up e nough p eopl e t o t he fa ct t hat t her e i s a net . I f f iv e p er cent of A meri can c i t i zens w ake u p a nd g o t o w or k, t he I ns i der s w i ll s ee t he r ewar ds of t hei r d ec ades of c are f ul p la nni ng di s i nt egr at e l i ke a pane of g l as s h it w i t h a s l edgehammer .

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Epilogue When one i s at t ack ed i t i s o nl y n at ur al to a t t empt t o def end onesel f a nd r eassu r e o ne' s f ri ends. Thi s aut hor wr ot e an a r ti c l e f or t he Oc t ober 1968 i ssue of A mer i can Op i ni on m agazi ne wh i ch, wh i l e st r i vi ng to b e obj ect iv e, ne ver t hel ess pr esente d muc h c ondemnato r y evi dence c onc er nin g R i char d Ni xon. Ni xon campai gner s scr eamed l i ke s o many banshees . D oubt l ess, t he same at t empt s a t ob f usca t i on an d r at i onal i zati on wi l l b e made i n t he ef f ort t o d ul l t he i mpact o f th i s book, and t hese pl oys a re t her ef or e wor t h exami ni ng. The Ni xon-A gnew Campaig n C ommi t t ee sent out t hi s r epl y t o Republ i cans who we r e d i st ur bed a bout t he 1968 a rt i c l e: The ar t i c l e t hat you r efe r r ed t o i s a s l ic kl y-w r i t te n h at ch et jo b t hat consi sts o f a g r eat m any hal f-t r ut hs . I t is i nst r uct i ve t o not e t hat t he p r im ar y aut hor it y f or t he au t hor of t he ar t ic l e w as Wi l li am Cost el l o. M r. C ost el l o wa s h ir ed b y t he De mocr ati c N at i onal Commit t ee t o w ri t e a bo ok on M r . Ni xon f or t he 1960 campaig n. I t hi nk you' l l agr ee t hat an y b ook i nspi r ed by t he Democr at i c Na t i onal C ommi t t ee on a pr obabl e R epubl i ca n p r esi denti al c andi date , c an har dly b e d es cr i bed a s di spas si onate o r obj ect iv e. We a cc ept a s a c ompl i ment t he st at ement th at t he ar t ic l e w as " sl i ck l y w r it t en," b ut t he char ge t hat i t w as a " hat chet j ob th at consis t s o f a g r eat m any hal f-t r ut hs " i s on e t hat N i xon-A gnew appare nt l y fe l t no n eed t o d oc ument , nor coul d th ey ha ve d ocu mente d i t . And of c our se Wi ll i am Cos t el lo w as no t " th e p r i mar y au t hor i ty f or t he aut hor . " T he ai m o f Coste l l o ( and o f t he D emocr at i c N ati onal Commi tt ee, i f t hey d i d i ndeed i nst ig at e hi s b ook ) w as a nyt hi ng el se t han t o show t hat RMN was a F abi an S oc i al is t , i nte r nati onal i st , w el f ar e-s t at e Li bera l . T he book pr esent ed Mr . N i xon b asi cal l y as a " r eact i onar y, " an " ant i-C ommuni st , " and an " economi c Neandert hal ." C ost el l o' s admi ssi ons of L ib er al st ands by N i xo n w er e c l ear l y ad mi ssi ons a gai nst in t er es t t hat had t o be made t o ke ep th e b ook hones t . Human Event s, a ge ner al ly e xce l l ent and Co nser vat i ve newsweekl y whose Achi l le s' he el i s i t s re f usal t o d eal w i t h t he Counci l on Fo r ei gn Rel ati ons w eb o f conspi ra cy, def ended i t s pr o-N i xon st and by c la i mi ng t hat t hi s a ut hor 's a r t i cl e w as " r i ddl ed wi t h f act ual er r or s, exagger at i ons a nd mi si nte r pr et at i ons. " I t t oo f el t no n ece ssi ty t o c it e chapte r a nd ver se concern i ng t he a uth or ' s al l eged j our nal i sti c s in s. H e was to b e s ent ence d t o li f e as a g all ey-p r oof sl ave, t o be b ur ned a l iv e at t he l i t era r y st ake, or a t l east to h ave h i s li t er ar y l i cense r evoke d, w i th out bei ng a f fo r ded an y o ppor t unit y t o r ef ut e t he evi dence ( i f an y) o n whi ch he w as charg ed. I n r et r ospect , t he A mer ic an Op i ni on ar t i cl e p r oje ct ed a much mor e accura t e p i ct ur e of N i xon t han d i d fe at ure s i n ot her Conser va t i ve publ ic at i ons. R eader s o f Ameri can O pi nio n k new what t o ex pect fr om th e Ni xon admi nis t r ati on. R eader s of o t her C onser vati ve pu bl i cati ons ar e i n a s t at e o f sh ock t oday, and to day t hese pu bl i cati ons st i l l cr i t i ci ze Ni xon' s p ol ic i es but n eve r c ome t o gr i ps wi t h t he c har act er of t he m an and hi s i nt egr i t y, o r l ac k o f i t . One ca n h ar dl y e xp ect t hose wh o h ave a s tr ong v es t ed i nt er est i n any pa r t i cula r p ol i t i c i an t o t hr ow in t he t owel when t hei r bo y i s expose d. M r . Ni xon h i msel f i s unl i kel y t o go o n nat i onal t ele vi sio n a nd announce: " O. K. Th e j i g i s u p. I c onf ess! " I nste ad, p hr ases such as

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" hal f-t r ut hs , " " dis t or ti ons, " " f actu al e r ro r s, " " exagger at io ns, " an d " quote s o ut of c ont ext " wi l l be u sed i n an e f f ort t o cover up . Doubtl ess t her e ar e e r r or s i n t hi s bo ok de spi t e al l th e p ai ns t aken by t he aut hor a nd hi s edi t or s t o el i mi nate t hem. T he aut hor h as t r i ed t o d o hi s ho mewor k f ai th f ul l y and do cument hi s case t hor oughl y, but so ur ces can be e r r oneous and h e i s n ot o mni sc i ent. T her e has never been a h i st or i cal-p ol i ti cal b io gr aphi cal bo ok wr i t t en t hat di d n ot co nt ain e r r ors . P ro babl y no b ook o f an y s or t h as ever been p ubl i shed t hat di d n ot conta i n a t l east one t yp ogr aphi cal er r or. A nd al l quot at i ons ar e " out o f co nt ext " u nl es s t he e nt i re s peech, s ta t ement , book or a r t ic l e is r epr oduced. T he cr y, "I w as qu ot ed out o f cont ext, " i s o ft en a re d h er r i ng. Quot in g o ut of c ont ext is r epr ehensib l e on l y i f t he au t hor ha s d one i t de l i ber at el y t o g iv e a d is t or te d o r di shonest connot at i on di f f er ent f ro m t he i nt ended me ani ng. Ni t -p i cker s w i l l t r y t o g et t he re ader t o f ocu s o n t r i v ia a nd mi nut ia e r at her t han o n th e mounta i ns o f ev i dence t hat p ro ve t he case agai nst N i xo n. Ot her cr i t i cs h ave c ompla i ned t hat th e a ut hor i n hi s 1968 magazi ne a r ti c l e r el i ed heavil y o n Li ber al c omment at or s t o pr ove t hat Ni xon was a Li bera l . S i nc e w e Conserv at i ves don't b el i ev e t hese L eft i s t sour ce s o n ot her t hi ngs, t hese c r i t ic s a sk , w hy should w e b el i eve t hem when t hey t el l u s t hat Ni xon i s a L ib er al? I sn' t t hi s a t r i ck t o di scre di t N ix on in t he ey es of C onser vat iv es? T hese ar e g ood quest i ons. Howeve r , w e don' t re member t hat t he Est abl is hment c ol umni st s, i n t hei r ef f ort s t o di scr edi t s uch a uth ent i c Conser vat i ves a s Rober t Taf t , Joseph M cCart hy, Wi l l i am Knowl and, an d B ar r y G old wat er , e ver t ol d us t hat t hese me n w er e L i ber al s. We t hin k i t much mo r e li kel y t hat t hese I ns i der p undi t s we r e b ein g u se d a s a t r ans mi ssi on b elt t o c ar r y th e wor d t o t he Li bera l s t hat R MN r eal l y i s O. K. a f te r a ll . Anot her c ompl ai nt r egar di ng th e a r t ic l e wa s t hat i t di d n ot quot e Ni xon hi mself s uff i c i entl y. Af t er a ll , w e wer e to l d, Ni xon h i msel f h ad covere d many of th e s i t uat i ons d escri bed, i n h i s book, S i x Cr i ses. T he aut hor w as as ked why h e di dn't g i ve Ni xon' s v er si on of t he st or y i nst ead o f so meone e l se's . I n hi s me moi r s Ni xon nat ur al l y in dul ged i n a gr eat deal of sel f j ust i f ic ati on an d s uccu mbed t o t he ver y human-t empta t i on t o l eave o ut of h i s nar ra t i ve so me of t he ke y f ac t s, especi al l y th ose t hat r ef l ecte d n o cr edi t on h i m. T his a ut hor ' s ai m was m er el y t o f i l l in t he omi ssio ns. Conser va t i ves w oul d not bl i ndl y accept a l l th e f act s i n an o pus t i tl ed T he Tr ue St or y Of M y Admi ni st r at io n, by " Hones t L yn don" Jo hnson, and th ey s houl d be j ust as c ri t i cal of a ny o t her pol it i c i an's r ecr eat i on of h i s publ i c l i f e whi l e he i s st i l l r unnin g f or pol i ti cal o ff i ce. The p re sent book ha s q uot ed Mr. N i xo n hi msel f e xt ensi vel y m any t i mes , b ut we d oubt i f hi s def ender s w il l l ik e t hese q uot at i ons much bet t er. We h ope t he r eader w i l l appl y t he s ame s ta ndar ds t o th e a t t ac ker s of t hi s b ook as to t he bo ok it sel f . Make t hem doc ument t hei r asser ti ons agai ns t i t . Make t hem doc ument t hei r convi ct i on t hat t her e is n o Counci l o n Fo r ei gn R el ati ons, and n o i nt er l ocki ng w eb of e l it i s t or gani zat i ons f ormi ng a supr a-g overn ment . Make t hem doc ument t hei r bel i ef t hat t he co nt i nual m ovement t o t he Lef t over n ear l y f or t y ye ar s has be en mere c oin ci dence . M ak e t hem document t hei r de ni al th at we h ave pr opped u p th e C ommuni st wor ld t i me af t er-t i me, and t hei r in si st enc e t hat i t i s ju st an a cci dent th at o ur f or ei gn p oli cy to war d th e Communi st s do esn't c hange f r om a dmi ni st r at i on t o admin i st r ati on. Make t hem document , t oo, t heir c ont ent i on t hat Ni xon has no t r eall y s ta f f ed hi s ad mi ni str at i on w i t h mor e t han o ne h undr ed C FR member s. Do n' t l et

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t he ob f uscato r s co n y ou wi t h nebul ous d i smi ssal s of t hi s book. Amer ic ans a re d est i ned fo r s la ver y un l ess t he C FR I nsi der s an d t hose who ar e c ontr ol l ed b y t hem c an b e p ur ged f r om t he g ove r nment. Fi ve year s ag o, an yone wh o t hought th er e was a nyt hi ng ser i ous l y wr ong wi t h Amer i ca w as ri di cul ed a s an a lar mi st. T oday, t hos e w ho can' t see th at s omet hi ng i s d ra st i ca l l y a mi ss ar e t ar get s fo r r i dic ul e. Let ' s go o n t he o ff ensiv e!