RICHARD D. MILESPROFESSOR

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

IN ANY TYPE OF POULTRY OPERATIONWHAT IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF

POOR BIRD PERFORMANCE ?

QUESTION

“LARGE-SCALE”

POULTRY OPERATION

“SMALL SCALE”

STRESSORSSTRESSORSCold

Humidity

BacteriaViruses

Protozoa

Loud Noises

BeakTrimming

Parasites

PoorVentilation

Mold &Mycotoxins

NH3/H2S

HeatDust

Vaccination

RoughHandling

PoorSanitation

Molting

Weighing

PeckingOrder

FeedRestriction

NutritionalDeficiencies

Poor LitterQuality

Dirty Water

Crowding

SMALL SCALESMALL SCALEPOULTRY PRODUCTIONPOULTRY PRODUCTION

TWO MAJOR SECTORS

CONVENTIONAL

PASTURE

ORGANIC

SMALL SCALESMALL SCALEPOULTRY PRODUCTIONPOULTRY PRODUCTION

TWO MAJOR SECTORS

“LIMITED” BREED OPTIONS EXIST

CORNISH CROSS HYBRIDS“COMMERCIAL BROILERS”

(MEAT-BIRDS)HERITAGEBREEDS

FAST GROWING(5 POUNDS IN 6 WEEKS)

VERY TENDERNO “STRONG” FLAVOR

WHITE FEATHERS

CONSIDERED“DUAL PURPOSE”

SLOWER GROWTHSMALLER CARCASS SIZE

STRONGER FLAVORCOLORED FEATHERS

COMMERCIAL BROILERS

COMMERCIAL BROILERS

SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION(COMMERCIAL BROILERS)

IDENTICAL GENETICS

SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION

SIMILAR BASIC REQUIREMENTS…FOR…

BROODINGNUTRITION

HOUSING AND EQUIPMENTMANAGEMENT

HERITAGE BREEDS

BARREDROCKS

BUFFORPINGTONS

NEWHAMPSHIRE

(AMERICAN LIVESTOCK BREEDS CONSERVANCY)

WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATIONABOUT THE HERITAGE BREEDS ?

INFORMATION BASEQUESTION

> HTTP: //WWW.ALBC-USA.ORG <

…CONTACT…AMERICAN LIVESTOCK

BREEDS CONSERVANCY

SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION

“CONFINEMENT”“PASTURE”

OR

“ORGANIC”

SEVERAL BREED OPTIONS EXIST

RHODE ISLAND RED WHITE LEGHORN ARAUCANAS

INFORMATION BASE“SMALL-SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION”1) ANY MAJOR UNIVERSITY WITH A POULTRY PROGRAM

*** UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS ***DR. ANNE FANATICO

(CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR POULTRY SCIENCE)> AFANATI@UARK. EDU <

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIAAUBURN UNIVERSITY

NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSTIYTEXAS A&M

UNIVERSTIY OF MINNESOTAMISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY

PURDUE UNIVERSITYKANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY

INFORMATION BASE“SMALL-SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION”

SLIDE PRESENTATION

ELENA TOROEXTENSION AGENT ISUWANNEE COUNTY

BRAD BURBAUGHEXTENSION AGENT I

DUVAL COUNTY

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDAIFAS EXTENSION

TOPICS DISCUSSED

STARTING CHICKSBROODING

FEEDING & WATERINGLAYER MANAGEMENT

SELLING EGGSPROCESSING EGGS/BROILERS

PROCESSING EQUIPMENTBROILER PRODUCTIONPASTURE OPERATIONS

MEAT-TYPE BREEDSEGG-TYPE BREEDS

ECONOMICS

WHAT AGENCY REGULATES THE PROCESSING OF POULTRY IN THE STATE OF FLORIDA FOR SMALL

POULTRY PRODUCERS (20,000 BIRDS OR < PER YEAR) ?

INFORMATION BASEQUESTION

…ANSWER…

THE FLORIDA DEPARTMENTOF AGRICULTURE AND CONSUMER

SERVICES / DIVISION OF FOOD SAFETY

WHERE CAN I LEARN MORE ABOUT THE REGULATIONSI MUST FOLLOW IN ORDER TO PROCESS POULTRY MEAT

AS WELL AS MORE ABOUT HOW TO RAISE PASTURED POULTRY IN FLORIDA ?

…ANSWER…

UF/IFAS(B.BURBAUGH & E. TORO)

“PASTURED POULTRY VIRTUAL FIELD DAY”

INFORMATION BASEQUESTION

> HTTP: //VFD.IFAS.UFL.EDU/PASTURED_POULTRY/ <

…OR CONTACT…FL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DIVISION OF FOOD SAFETY

INFORMATION BASE“PASTURE POULTRY PRODUCTION”

1) ANY MAJOR UNIVERSITY WITH A POULTRY PROGRAM

2) …RECENT 2010 PUBLICATION…“PASTURE-RAISED POULTRY: GETTING STARTED”

B. BURBAUGH, E. TORO AND A. GERNATIFAS, FLORIDA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE

EDIS PUBLICATION “AN232”> http: //edis.ifas.ufl.edu <

*** UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS ***DR. ANNE FANATICO

(CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR POULTRY SCIENCE)

INFORMATION BASE“ORGANIC POULTRY PRODUCTION”

1) ANY MAJOR UNIVERSITY WITH A POULTRY PROGRAMUNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS

(CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR POULTRY SCIENCE)

…RECENT 2009 PUBLICATION…“ORGANIC POULTRY PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES: BROILERS”

BYA.C. FANATICO, C.M. OWENS AND J.L. EMMERT

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH(VOLUME 18: PAGES 355-366)

2)

> HTTP: //JAPR.FASS.ORG/CGI/CONTENT/FULL/18/2/355 <

…ALSO...NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE INFORMATION SERVICE

> WWW. ATTRA.NCAT.ORG <

INFORMATION BASEQUESTION

WHERE CAN I FIND THE ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING STANDARDS FOR FLORIDA ?

…CONTACT…FLORIDA ORGANIC GROWERS

ASSOCIATION

> WWW. FOGINFO.ORG <

INFORMATION BASEQUESTION

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?

1) MEAT OR EGGS PROCESSEDON THE FARM MUST COMPLY WITH ORGANIC HANDLING STANDARDS

“NATIONAL ORGANIC PROGRAM”…FINAL RULE SECTIONS…

205.270 TO 205.272…IF PROCESSED OFF-FARM…

THE PROCESSING PLANT MUSTBE CERTIFIED “ORGANIC”

INFORMATION BASEQUESTION

WHAT IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST CHALLENGES IN ORGANIC POULTRY PROCESSING ?

FINDING THE FACILITIES THATWILL KILL AND PROCESS THE BIRDS

CAN PROCESSING PLANTS THAT ARE ALREADY IN COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL AND STATE

REGULATIONS BE CERTIFIED AS “ORGANIC” ?

INFORMATION BASEQUESTION

…YES……HOWEVER…

1) PRECAUTIONS MUST BE TAKEN TO NOT CONTAMINATE ORGANIC PRODUCTS WITH THE NON-ORGANIC PRODUCTS

2) RECORD KEEPING FOR AUDITS IS ESSENTIAL

3) ORGANIC PRODUCTS ARE PROCESSED “FIRST” OF THE DAY

INFORMATION BASEQUESTION

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?

2) “APPROVED ORGANICS”THAT MUST BE USED

DETERGENTS SANITIZERS

(PROCESSING FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT)

PEST CONTROL METHODS

INFORMATION BASEQUESTION

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?

3) APPROVED ORGANICFEED INGREDIENTS

MUST BE USED

THIS ELIMINATES POSSIBILITIESFOR FORMULATING DIETS

TO MEET THE BIRD’SNUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

INFORMATION BASEQUESTION

IS THERE A SOURCE WHERE I CAN FIND A LIST OF THE APPROVED MATERIALS THAT CAN BE

USED IN ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?

USDANATIONAL ORGANIC PROGRAM

(NOP)“NATIONAL LIST”

> HTTP: //WWW.AMS.USDA.GOV/ NOP <

WHY IS THE DATE OF OCTOBER 10, 2010SO VERY IMPORTANT FOR

ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING IN THE U.S. ?

QUESTION

THE “MAN MADE” AMINO ACID

METHIONINECANNOT BE USED IN “ORGANIC”

POULTRY PRODUCTION

…IMPORTANT CONCEPT…

METHIONINE IS ANESSENTIAL AMINO ACID

FISH MEAL

QUESTION

ARE THERE ALTERNATIVE SOURCESOF METHIONINE ?

WHY ARE THE FIRST 2-3 WEEKS OF LIFESO VERY IMPORTANT FOR CHICKS ?

QUESTION

ALL THE BIRD’S BODYSYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPING

IMMUNESYSTEM

DIGESTIVESYSTEM

THERMOREGULATORY

SYSTEM

FEATHERING

LEARNINGTO EAT AND DRINK

TISSUE TYPES

SUPPLY TISSUES DEMAND TISSUES

MUSCLEBONE

FEATHERSBEAK

LUNGSLIVER

PANCREASDIGESTIVE TRACT

1-DAY OLD BROILER CHICK

RESIDUAL YOLK

IMMATUREDIGESTIVE TRACT

HATCH1 WEEKOF AGE

TOTAL MASS IS 4 FOLDGREATER THAN REST OF BODY

DURING EMBRYOGENESIS THE DIGESTIVE TRACT DEVELOPS

BEFORE THE BRAIN

COMMERCIAL SCALE

SMALL SCALE

BROODING UNITS

BATTERY

BOX

BROODING UNITS

BROODING RINGS

BROODING UNITS

LAMP-TYPE BROODER

BROODING

BROODING HEAT SOURCES

BROODING UNITS

WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINEIF THE CHICKS ARE COMFORTABLE

IN THE BROODER ?

QUESTION

THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOUIF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE

BROODINGTHE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE

BO

DY

WE

IGH

T

AGE

1000 HOURS

MOST CRITICAL PERIOD

42 DAYS

TODAY’S MEAT-TYPE BIRDSGROW VERY RAPIDLY

FEED INTAKEIS

ESSENTIAL

….FACT….WHEN FEED INTAKE DECLINESGUT DEVELOPMENT DECLINES

WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINEIF THE CHICKS ARE EATING FEED

IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEY ARE PLACEDIN THE BROODING AREA ?

QUESTION

WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINEIF THE CHICKS ARE EATING FEED

IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEY ARE PLACEDIN THE BROODING AREA ?

QUESTION

GOALHOURS AFTERPLACEMENT

21224

CROP FILL(% OF CHICKS)

7585

95+

LET’S TALK A LITTLE BIT

ABOUT

IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT

IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT

NUTRITIONIS FIXED

NUTRITIONIS NOT FIXED

NUTRITIONALLY SPEAKINGWHAT ARE THE ONLY SIX

THINGS CHICKENS NEED ?

SIX MAJOR NUTRIENTSSIX MAJOR NUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATE

LIPID

PROTEINVITAMINS

MINERALS

WATER

VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF NUTRITION TO REMEMBERNUTRITION TO REMEMBER

…..ENERGY IS NOT A NUTRIENT…..

IT IS A “PROPERTY” OF THREE NUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATE

LIPID

PROTEIN

VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF POULTRY NUTRITION TO REMEMBERPOULTRY NUTRITION TO REMEMBER

MOST POULTRYEAT THE AMOUNT OF FEED THEY NEED IN

ORDER TO MEET AN ENERGY REQUIREMENT

IMPORTANT FACT TO REMEMBER

…TODAY…

FEED COSTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY

75% OF THE TOTAL COST OFPRODUCING MEAT AND EGGS

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

“CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION” 1) USE THE CORRECT FEED FOR EACH AGE & BIRD TYPE

STARTER GROWER FINISHER LAYER

“CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION” 1) NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS MUST BE MET BY FEEDING A “COMPLETE DIET” (BALANCED ENERGY & NUTRIENTS)

2) IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO FEED CRACKED CORN OR SCRATCH FEED OR LIMESTONE OR OYSTERSHELLS (REMEMBER: BLENDING WITH GRAINS DILUTES THE NUTRITION)

3) HOME-MIXED FEEDS MAY BE USED BUT INGREDIENTS MAY BE DIFFICULT “AT TIMES” TO ACQUIRE

4) DO NOT LIMIT FEED CONSUMPTION BY RESTRICTING FEED BECAUSE THIS WILL DECREASE PERFORMANCE

“ORGANIC PRODUCTION”1) NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS DO NOT CHANGE

2) THE FEED MUST BE “ORGANIC” (INCLUDES PASTURES)

3) FEED IS MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE

4) DRUGS, ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS, ANTIBIOTICS AND “GMO” PRODUCTS ARE NOT ALLOWED IN THE FEED (NOP LIST)

5) SYNTHETIC VITAMINS AND MINERALS ARE ALLOWED BUT, SYNTHETIC AMINO ACIDS ARE NOT ALLOWED

“ORGANIC PRODUCTION”

6) FISHMEAL, ENZYMES AND OYSTER SHELL ARE ALLOWED

7) SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS ARE NOT ALLOWED IN DIETS

8) ALGAE, EARTHWORM AND INSECT MEALS ARE ALLOWED

9) PROBIOTICS ARE ALLOWED TO BE USED IN FEEDS

10) GRIT IS ALLOWED TO BE USED

WILL THE TYPE OF DIET THAT I FEEDHAVE AN EFFECT ON THE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE GIZZARD ?

QUESTION

YES

GIZZARD & PROVENTRICULUSGIZZARD & PROVENTRICULUS(VENTRICULUS)

KOILIN LINING

KOILIN LINING OF GIZZARD

GROOVES

WHAT ABOUT USINGOYSTER SHELL, LIMESTONE OR GRIT ?

QUESTION

OYSTER SHELL LIMESTONE

GRANITE GRIT

GRITFED FOR ONLY ONE PURPOSE

NOT NECESSARY IF MASH OR PELLETS ARE FED ALONE

KOILIN LAYER

GIZZARD

GRIT

HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK

?

QUESTION

HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK

?

…ANSWER…

IT DEPENDS

QUESTION

BROILER AGE AND WATER CONSUMPTION

BODY WEIGHT

DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION

DAYS OF AGE X 6 ML

“BROILERS”(UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS)

FINALQUESTION

WHY DID THE CHICKEN CROSS THE ROAD ?

TO PROVE TO THE OPOSSUM IT IS POSSIBLE