Rich and Poor and Those in Between

(Chp. 24)Emily Jones

Social Structure

•The _______ increased for the average person along with wage increases

•Hardship and poverty were not eliminated

•The wealthiest percentage of society received the _____ percentage of the national income

•They also enjoyed low or nonexistent income taxes

Distribution of Income in Britain, Prussia, and Denmark in 1913

Social Structure •There was a large gap between the very rich and

the very poor

•In between there was a range of sub-classes that included the _______ and _______classes

•The middle and working classes were than subdivided into even more classes creating a complicated ______ ________

•These divisions were a result of ______and urban developments that diversified European society

The Urban Landscape: Madrid in 1900 by Enrique Martinez Cubells y Ruiz

The painting shows the class distinctions: the carriages are for the wealthy upper middle class while the streetcars are for the lower members of the middle

The Middle Classes

•The Middle Class was divided into _____ groups: the upper middle class, the middle middle class, and the lower middle class

•The Upper Middle Class:

•Successful business families that were drawn to an _________ lifestyle

•Bought country homes, servants, private carriages, and titles of nobility in order to show their wealth

•Often married into noble families in exchange for _______

The Middle Classes

•Middle middle class

•Moderately successful merchants, industrialists, lawyers, and doctors

•_________ ________

•New professions in engineering and management, which were created due to ________ and industrial developments, fell under the middle middle class

The Middle Classes•Lower Middle Class

•Independent shop keepers, small traders, and tiny manufacturers

•______-______ workers: salesmen, managers, and clerks that earned low wages but were determined to move up in the ranks of the middle class

•Elementary school teachers, ______, and dentists moved up into the middle class through improvements in ________

Middle Class Culture

•_______ and _______were the major expenses of a middle class family

•The number if servants a family owned showed the magnitude of the family's income

•_______ _______were the most popular social occasion and were very elaborate and elegant

"A Corner of the Table" by Paul-Émile Chabas

Middle Class Culture• Many families lived in rented apartments rather than homes

• _______ ______ reduced prices for clothes and provided a larger variety of clothing

• Families paid extra to ensure that their children received the best ________

• The middle class upheld a strict moral code of behavior

• _______ and personal achievement

• Denounced gambling and ________

• Praised sexual purity and fidelity

Advertisement for the Bon Marché department store in Paris

The Opera•Example of the development of mass ______and mass

_________in the 19th century

• "No longer the domain of only the rich, the burgeoning middle classes of the invading lay industrialized European landscape embarked on a craze for opera that began in the early 1800s and peaked in the late 19th century" (Stockdale, 1)

•Composers crafted their operas to appeal to not only the elite upper class but the middle class as well

•Middle class patrons were drawn to the “______ theaters...elaborate sets and costumes" and the singers who became the celebrities of this era. (Stockdale, 1)

View of the elegant Garniér Opera House in Paris, France, ca. 1890-

1910

The Working Classes

•_____ of people belonged to working class

•Livelihood depended on ______ _______

•Did not employ _______

•The working class was divided into three categories: highly skilled, semiskilled workers, and unskilled workers

Urban Social Hierarchy

The Working Classes •Highly skilled workers

•Know as ________ ________

•Earned almost _______the salary of unskilled workers

•Construction bosses, factory foremen, handicraft trades (cabinet makers, jewelry, printers), shipbuilders, and railway engineers

•Shared many of the moral and cultural values of the middle class, but they did not aspire to rise to the middle class. Instead they were focused on serving as _______and role models to the other members of the working class

"The Labor Aristocracy"

The Working Classes

• Semiskilled workers

• Carpenters, bricklayers, ________ ________

• Made relatively good wages

• Unskilled Workers

• Day laborers, "helpers", street vendors, and market people

• ___________ and divided, only united by the ____ wages they received

• Domestic servants made up a large portion of the working class-many were young girls who moved from the country to the city in search of work and a husband

"A School for Servants"

Literary Depiction of the Working Class/Poor

•Authors of the 19th century/early 20th century depicted the living and working conditions of the poor in an effort to promote_________ ________

•Charles Dickens- Oliver Twist, Hard Times, _____________

• "Highly sentimental, begging readers to empathize with his poor protagonists while calling for reforms in social structure" ("Victorian Age" 2)

•Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles- Communist Manifesto

•Called for revolution of the working classes to take over the means of _________

Children working at a textile mill in England

Working Class Leisure and Religion

• _________ was the most popular activity of the working class

• Heavy drinking became less and less socially acceptable

• Pubs and taverns drew many people as they were the sites of social and political events

• Modern spectator sports such as racing and ________became popular

• Music halls and Vaudeville theaters were the working class version of the middle class opera houses

• They were much less ________ with the themes of the performances compared to the operas

Poster for Moulin Rouge dance hall

Working Class Leisure and Religion

•Religion was a source of comfort and ________ to many people

•The church attendance, especially in the urban classes did ________ during the 19th century as people became more secular and less religious

•Churches came to be viewed as symbols of __________ as the people became increasingly radical in their political views the church was seen as an ally to the people's political enemies

Works Cited

•"Victorian Age." World History: The Modern Era: ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.

•Stockade, Nancy. "opera houses." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.