Rice University Chem-E-Car Propulsion Calibra.on Captains: Kelly Kidder, Benjamin Wang Team Members: Jacob Behling, Frank Chen, Jiming Chen, Edward Gao, Lawerence Harari, Manuel Arenas Ruenes, Philipp Sick, Peter Szemraj, Nick Treuil, Teddy Zhang, Jesus Duran Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) Stopping Mechanism Na 2 S 2 O 3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → S (s) + SO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l) READ initialPhotoresistorValue //initial light intensity measured from photodiode SET limit equal to 64 less than the initialPhotoresistorValue //stopping condition while True //run the loop infinitely many times READ currentPhotoresistorValue //initial light intensity measured from photodiode if (currentPhotoresistorValue > limit) SET motor on //start power to the motot else SET motor off //stop power to the motor end end Stopping condi+on pseudocode: Schema+c of stopping circuitry: Power generated with a hydrogen fuel cell: 1. H 2 gas generated in the exothermic reac.on between Mg and HCl 2. Gas is deacified and fed into the fuel cell, where an oxida.on reduc.on reac.on generates electricity (8.5 V, 1.5 Amp) for the car Chemical clock reac.on: 1. Thiosulfate is dissolved in water producing a clear solu.on 2. 1M Hydrochloric acid is added to the reac.on vessel 3. The solu.on gradually turns opaque white (color change in the reac.on is a func.on of .me) 4. Light shining through the reac.on vessel decreases, stopping power to the motor when the threshold photoresistor reading is reached Schema+c of power produc+on: Safety and Economics Gas holding vessel: this vessel prevents pressures above 1.0 psig Sparging hydrochloric acid from hydrogen gas: Hydrogen gas was first bubbled through water in a process called sparging. Double containment of hydrochloric acid: • Vessel containing propulsion reac.on was double contained using a 400 mL glass beaker. • Vessel containing the stopping mechanism was double contained using a bag made from polyethylene plas.c resin. Syringe use: Syringes are securely abached to the car during each run; puby is used to seal holes in PVC tubing made by syringes. Component Cost/car Hydrogen fuel cell $476 RC Car $30 Arduino Starter Kit $135 Glassware $20 Chemicals per run $5 Flashlight $10 Clear PVC tubing $2 Nalgene Bottles $5 Fan $6 9V Babery (2X) $3 Plexiglass sheet $10 Total cost/car: $693 Chemical Amount Cost/run Hydrochloric acid (2M) 2-4 mL $0.10 Sodium thiosulfate 0.16-0.31 g $0.07 Water 7-11 mL $0.00 Hydrochloric acid (1M) 30 mL $1.20 Magnesium ribbon 0.6 g $3.00 Total cost/run: $4.37 Chemical Safety Hazards Hydrochloric acid Corrosive, irritant, reac.ve, nonflammable Sodium thiosulfate Irritant, nonflammable Magnesium ribbon Irritant, reac.ve, flammable Stopping Mechanism Propulsion Weight (g) Linear Fit R 2 0 y = 0.5143(x) + 3.594 0.985 250 y = 0.458(x) + 2.91 0.988 500 y = 0.419(x) + 3.44 0.972 Stopping Propulsion 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 Time (sec) Volume HCl (mL) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 20 40 60 80 Time (sec) DIstance (A) 0g 250 g 500 g

Rice University Chem-E-Car · StoppingMechanism Na 2 S 2 O 3 (s)+2HCl( aq)→S(s)+SO 2 (g)+H 2 O(l) READ initialPhotoresistorValue //initial light intensity measured

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Rice University Chem-E-Car

Propulsion

Calibra.on

Captains: Kelly Kidder, Benjamin Wang Team Members: Jacob Behling, Frank Chen, Jiming Chen, Edward Gao, Lawerence Harari, Manuel Arenas Ruenes, Philipp Sick, Peter Szemraj, Nick Treuil, Teddy Zhang, Jesus Duran

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005

Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Stopping Mechanism

Na2S2O3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → S (s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l)

READ initialPhotoresistorValue //initial light intensity measured from photodiode

SET limit equal to 64 less than the initialPhotoresistorValue //stopping condition

while True //run the loop infinitely many timesREAD currentPhotoresistorValue //initial light intensity

measured from photodiode if (currentPhotoresistorValue > limit) SET motor on //start power to the motot else SET motor off //stop power to the motor endend

Stopping condi+on pseudocode:

Schema+c of stopping circuitry:

Power generated with a hydrogen fuel cell: 1.  H2 gas generated in the exothermic reac.on between Mg and HCl 2.  Gas is deacified and fed into the fuel cell, where an oxida.on-‐

reduc.on reac.on generates electricity (8.5 V, 1.5 Amp) for the car

Chemical clock reac.on: 1.  Thiosulfate is dissolved in water producing a clear solu.on 2.  1M Hydrochloric acid is added to the reac.on vessel 3.  The solu.on gradually turns opaque white (color change in the

reac.on is a func.on of .me) 4.  Light shining through the reac.on vessel decreases, stopping power

to the motor when the threshold photoresistor reading is reached Schema+c of power produc+on:

Safety and Economics Gas holding vessel: this vessel prevents pressures above 1.0 psig Sparging hydrochloric acid from hydrogen gas: Hydrogen gas was first bubbled through water in a process called sparging. Double containment of hydrochloric acid: •  Vessel containing propulsion reac.on was double contained using a 400 mL

glass beaker. •  Vessel containing the stopping mechanism was double contained using a bag

made from polyethylene plas.c resin. Syringe use: Syringes are securely abached to the car during each run; puby is used to seal holes in PVC tubing made by syringes.

Component Cost/car

Hydrogen fuel cell $476

RC Car $30

Arduino Starter Kit $135

Glassware $20

Chemicals per run $5

Flashlight $10

Clear PVC tubing $2

Nalgene Bottles $5

Fan $6

9V Babery (2X) $3

Plexiglass sheet $10