Rice standards pure Kenyan Pishori

Anne kimani

overview

• Qualities of basmati• Basmati in the world market• Factors affecting quality• Causes of loss of standard• Breeding of Basmati• Way forward

Basmati aroma and grain quality• Aroma and cooked kernel elongation (CKE) are the two

most important quality traits• Basmati varieties are superior aromatic varieties because

they combine aroma with superior and unique grain qualities

• Other unique traits are• opaque kernel unlike the translucent Indicas. • unique cooking and eating qualities• non waxy, non glutinous• does not stick on cooking.

• It has medium gel strength which makes it cook flaky remaining soft on cooking and has high volume expansion of high amylose rice

• Basmati aroma is caused by varying concentrations of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, which is about 12 times more than the concentrations found in unscented varieties which give it the distinctive spicy fragrance.

Basmati agronomy

• It is low yielding• It is tall • Poor nitrogen response due to lodging

Comparative export prices of non- basmati and Basmati rice varieties-January to December

Jan Feb Mar. Aprl May June July Aug. Sep Oct. Nov Dec

US$,f.o.b.

Thai

premium 332 333 335 341 316 320 323 310 306 303 338 394

Vietnam

rice 360 396 400 400 377 362 359 345 332 360 432 448

Pakistan

rice 342 353 350 360 360 340 340 370 360 318 345 380

Thai

Fragrant

100% 876 879 880 888 901 916 956 972 1022 1060 1083 1009

Basmati

ordinary 1100 900 900 900 1060 1100 1100 1100 838 750 750 750

Control of Aroma and grain quality• Genetic control• Aroma in scented rice has its unique economic value and understanding its

inheritance pattern assists rice breeders on the breeding methods to adopt. • Cooking Method• The recommended cooking of basmati rice is, rinse rice thoroughly with water, soak

for twenty minutes, and then boil it in with water at the ratio of 1:2 (rice: water) • Post Harvest handling and Ti me of storage• Post harvest processes that include drying, milling, and storage space and time are

reportedly to be particularly important in preservation of aroma and flavor in aromatic rice.

• Climate at maturity • Rice ripened at a low temperature (day 25°C/night 20°C) than that which ripened at

high temperature (day: 35°C/night: 30°C) • Rice as a geographica indicatorsl.

Reported causes of un evenness in Basmati standards

• rice blast disease reportedly caused poor grain quality, development, it has been reported that rice blast leads to low rice recovery caused by increase in broken grain, higher white rice and lighter 100 grain weight all that contribute to grain quality. Le hu Hai( 2007)

• stalk borers, due to inadequate nutrients shrievelled grains are produced when lavae attacks at dough stage again causing poor milling out turn andcooking quality

• lack of irrigation water drought causes poor grain filling a reduction in a thousand grain weight and a reduction in yield,

• lack of certified seed Grist said this affect out turn as the setting of the polisher is affected.

• deterioration of soil chemistry due to continuous water logging with resultant soil toxicity

• lack of extension services • Deliberate adulteration of local Basmati with

non-aromatic imported and local rice varieties among them local ITA 310

• Improper drying

• Time in storage the longer the grains stay in store the better they get in cook ability, elongation and aroma.

• Genetic deterioration caused by lack of breeding interventions.

• Heterogeneity has been noted in l/b ratio• Plant height• Varietal maturity time and therefore currently

confused

Breeding of Basmati

• Not an indica / not a japonica• Poor compatibility• When basmati is used as a pollen donor not

all traits are transferred• Continue selecting basmati and using basmati

as a pollen donor

MitigationIn view of the economic importance of Basmati as an

income generating variety to rice farmers• Breeding interventions for grain quality and aroma in

Basmati rice is essential.• development and dissemination of Basmati

cultivation technology which include time of planting and planting zones, fertilizer requirements especially potassium, soil water control and blast disease control.

•

• Development of tropical post harvest handling of Basmati in relationship to aroma and grain quality retention

• Enact laws protecting Kenyan Basmati from illegal adulteration by non Basmati varieties as production in the highland increase

• Challenges

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