Rice Production and Methane

Reiner WassmannInternational Rice Research Institute

Coordinator of the Rice and Climate Rice and Climate Change Consortium Change Consortium

Reiner WassmannInternational Rice Research Institute

Coordinator of the Rice and Climate Rice and Climate Change Consortium Change Consortium

IRRI’s Previous Projects on Climate/ Climate Change

In 1961-62, studies on the effect of temperatureon rice in the growth chamber

In 1971-72, studies on the effect of CO 2 enrichment on rice in open -top chambers

Since 2006, Rice and Climate Change Consortiumas a platform for assessing mitigation, adaptationand regional impacts

1991-1999, studies on CH 4 emissions, Temp/CO 2 + UV-B effects and modeling

on rice in open -top chambers

Open-top chambers (Temp./ CO2 effects)

US-EPA project (1991-1995)

Closed chambers (Methane emissions)

Interregional Program on Methane Emissions from Ric e Fields (funded by UNDP/GEF, 1993-1999)

IrrigatedIrrigatedRainfedRainfedDeepwaterDeepwater

Temporal patterns under different amendments(IRRI, 1993 wet season)

30

em

issi

on (

mg

m-2 h

-1) Dular

shaded = no organic amenmentline = + 5 t/ha rice straw

emis

sion

rat

e (m

g C

H4

m-2

h-1)

Shaded = no organic amendmentLine = + rice straw (5t/ha)

0

10

20

-20 -4 5 14 23 33 41 51 64 73 85 95

days after transplanting

CH

4 em

issi

on (

mg

m

line = + 5 t/ha rice straw

0 20 40 60 80 100

days after transplanting

emis

sion

rat

e (m

g C

H

Wassmann et al. 2000

0

10

20

30

20 40 60 80 100 120-300

-200

-100

0

100

water level (cm) / line Eh (mV) / dots

1200

1400methane emission (mg CH4 m-2 d-1)

0

10

20

30

20 40 60 80 100 120-300

-200

-100

0

100

water level (cm) / line Eh (mV) / dots

1200

1400methane emission (mg CH4 m-2 d-1)

Mid-season drainage

Days after planting

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

20 40 60 80 100 1200

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

20 40 60 80 100 120

Field experiment at Hangzhou, China (Wassmann et al., 2000)

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Wat

er (

mill

ion

cubi

c m

eter

s)

Wat

er (

mill

ion

cubi

c m

eter

s)

Figure 1: Zhanghe Irrigation System,

Hubei, China Annual Water Allocations

for Irrigation and Other Uses 1965-2008Annual Irrigation Water Supplied

Competition, some examples in rice areas….Zanghe Reservoir, China

0

100

0

100

1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

Wat

er (

mill

ion

cubi

c m

eter

s)

Wat

er (

mill

ion

cubi

c m

eter

s)

Years1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Angat Dam, Philippines

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004YEARS

SH

AR

E (

%)

AgriculturalNon-Agricultural

Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) Alternate wetting and drying (AWD)

NO N2O NO N2O

"hole-in-the-pipe“-Modell

NH4+-NH2OH-NO2

--NO3- NO3

--NO2--NO-N2O-N2

Nitrification Denitrification

Davidson, 1991

Davidson, 1991

(aerob) (anaerob)

‘Site-Specific Nutrient Management’ (SSNM)

� Applying nutrients as and when needed

� Adjusting nutrient application to crop needs in given location and season

Leaf Color Chart

8

10

12

14eq

. ha-1

bc

N2O

CH

GWP of CH4 and N2O under AWD

0

2

4

6

8

t CO

2eq

. ha

aa

a

ab

b

CH4

Urea 48-h

before irrig.

Urea 2-h

after irrig.

Urea 2-h

after irrig. +

flooding for

7 days

Continuously

flooded

‘Other’ mitigation options for rice

High-yielding, short duration cultivars

No Contradiction between High Yields and Low Methane Emissions

Field experiment in Maligaya/ Philippines

y = -81.4x + 744R2 = 0.94

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 2 4 6 8 10

Yield (t/ha)

Sea

sona

l CH

4 em

issi

on (

kgC

H4/

ha)

Dry season

Wet season

Linear WS and DS

Early Maturing Rice Cultivars Reduce Methane Emissions

100

200

300

400

500E

mis

sion

rat

e (m

g C

H4

m-2

d-1

) IR64

CisadaneWet season Dry season

0

02

Dec

IR64

Cisadane

PLANTING H A R V E S T

08 Mar

06 Apr

PLANTING H A R V E S T

28

May

IR64

Cisadane

17 Aug

01 Sep

Field experiment in Jakenan/ Indonesia (Setyanto et al. 2000)

Cisadane:116 kg CH4/ha

Cisadane:142 kg CH4/ha

IR64:128 kg CH4/ha

IR64:81 kg CH4/ha

‘Other’ mitigation options for rice

High-yielding, short duration cultivars

Biogas technology for organic inputs

Use of rice straw as biofuel

Effect of fermented manure (biogas residues)

30

40

50

60

emission rate (mg CH4 m-2 h-1)

Fied experiment in Hunan Province, China (Wassmann et al. 1993)

combinedmineral

organicfermented

early rice

late rice0

10

20

30

fertilizer

season

Use of Rice Straw as Renewable Energy

“Globally, wasted rice grain and rice straw could produce 221 GL of bioethanol, replacing 159 GL of gasoline (about 14.3% of global gasoline consumption).”

Source: Kim and Dale 2004

Technological options:• combustion• biogas technology (in combinationwith animal husbandry)

• bio-char technology and • conversion of rice straw to ethanol

‘Other’ mitigation options for rice

High-yielding, short duration cultivars

Biogas technology for organic inputs

Use of rice straw as biofuel

Modification of fertilizer type (e.g. sulfate)Modification of fertilizer type (e.g. sulfate)

Soil amendments (industrial byproducts suchas phosphogypsum, silicate iron slag)

Direct seeding (with appropriate watermanagement)

Submission to UNFCCC (Dec. 2009)

http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/BA913K6D7SZMW4LOTFXJQCNRHV2085

GHG Mitiga -

tion

Conceptual Approach

Water-saving

tion

High N use effi-

ciencyResilience to climate extremes