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1 Ricardo J. Sánchez | CEPAL | Naciones Unidas [email protected] Ricardo J. Sánchez Chief Infrastructure Services Unit Natural Resources and Infrastructure Division LAC: ECONOMIA, COMERCIO Y TRANSPORTE MARITIMO NOTAS PARA LA REFLEXIÓN SOBRE EL FUTURO DE LOS PUERTOS EN CHILE Y EN AMÉRICA LATINA

Ricardo J. Sánchez Chief Infrastructure Services Unit

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LAC: ECONOMIA, COMERCIO Y TRANSPORTE MARITIMO. Notas para la reflexión sobre el futuro de los puertos en Chile y en América Latina. Ricardo J. Sánchez Chief Infrastructure Services Unit Natural Resources and Infrastructure Division. Oportunidades y Desafíos. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Ricardo J. Sánchez  Chief Infrastructure Services Unit

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Ricardo J. Sánchez ChiefInfrastructure Services UnitNatural Resources and Infrastructure Division

LAC: ECONOMIA, COMERCIO Y TRANSPORTE MARITIMO

NOTAS PARA LA REFLEXIÓN SOBRE EL FUTURO DE LOS PUERTOS EN CHILE Y EN AMÉRICA LATINA

Page 2: Ricardo J. Sánchez  Chief Infrastructure Services Unit

OPORTUNIDADES Y DESAFÍOS

El entorno económico de ALC: una oportunidad

El problema de la infraestructura: un desafío

Actividad portuaria y los cambios en los mercados portuarios

La cascada: un desafío y una oportunidad

Los nuevos escenarios: grandes desafíos

Cambio en el paradigma portuario?

La institucionalidad…

Page 3: Ricardo J. Sánchez  Chief Infrastructure Services Unit

• Tres realidades distintas en la región: Sudamérica, Centroamérica y el Caribe

• Desafío de manejar la coyuntura volátil sin hipotecar lo alcanzado incluyendo en materia social

• La región dispone de instrumentos para enfrentar los desafíos del entorno externo:– El crecimiento, aunque moderado, se sostendrá

– Las reservas internacionales se sitúan en niveles inéditos

– Las finanzas públicas están bajo control

– Relación deuda/PIB se mantiene en 35% promedio

• Los factores que conspiran contra ello:– Inflación

– Apreciación cambiaria

– Déficit en cuenta corriente

– Volatilidad en los mercados financieros

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a/ Estimate. b/ Projection.

WORLD GDP GROWTH RATES, 2009-2012(Percentages)

GLOBAL GROWTH SLOWED SHARPLY IN 2011 AFTER THE RECOVERY FROM THE CRISIS

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

2009 2010 2011a 2012b

World Developing countries United States Euro zone Latina America and the Caribbean Japan

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INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC FRAGILITIES ARE WORSENING

Europe may be on the threshold of a lost decade.

The response to the sovereign debt crisis in several European countries is revolving around fiscal adjustment, with no policies to boost growth.

There are some positive growth signals in the United States, but political gridlock has prevented measures to stimulate short-term economic growth and ensure long-term sustainability.

Global coordination (monetary and fiscal), which was crucial during the 2008-2009 crisis, is now weaker.

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NEVERTHELESS, FOR MUCH OF 2011 THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT WAS BENIGN FOR THE REGION – ALBEIT WITH DIFFERENCES AMONG GROUPS OF COUNTRIES

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Latin America MERCOSUR Exporters of mineral products

Exporters of hidrocarbons Central America Mexico

LATIN AMERICA: TERMS OF TRADE, 2005-2011(Index: 2005=100)

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SUBREGIONAL PERFORMANCE HAS BEEN CLOSELY TIED TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

2008 2009 2010 2011 2008 2009 2010 2011 2008 2009 2010 2011 2008 2009 2010 2011

South America Central America Mexico The Caribbean

32 00036% 349 000

52%

19 12744%

670 00065%

EXPORTS BY SUBREGION, 2008 -2011ª(Index: 2008 = 100)

a/ Projections.Note: Absolute figures refer to the values of exports, the percentages to the cumulative increase between 2009 and 2011.

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EXPORTS BENEFITED ESPECIALLY FROM HIGH COMMODITY PRICES, SINCE VOLUMES GREW RELATIVELY LITTLE

4.5%

2.1%

1.4%

6.1%

14.9%

4.7%

19.0%

24.2%

17.8%

29.2%

10.2%

12.2%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Latin America

MERCOSUR

Exporters of mining products

Exporters of hydrocarbons

Central America

Mexico

Volume Price

LATIN AMERICA: ESTIMATED VARIATION IN EXPORT VALUES BY VOLUME AND PRICE, 2011(Percentages)

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STILL-ROBUST DOMESTIC DEMAND WAS REFLECTED IN A SURGE IN IMPORT VOLUMES

10.3%

11.2%

14.4%

14.2%

11.3%

7.0%

12.9%

15.9%

12.9%

14.5%

12.1%

9.8%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Latin America

MERCOSUR

Exporters of mining products

Exporters of hydrocarbons

Central America

Mexico

Volume Price

LATIN AMERICA: ESTIMATED VARIATION IN THE VALUE OF IMPORTS BY VOLUME AND PRICE, 2011

(Percentages)

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THUS, GROWTH IS PROJECTED TO SLOW AGAIN IN 2012, BUT MODERATELY: TO 3.7%

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: GDP GROWTH, 2012(Percentages)

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MACROECONOMIC POLICY CHALLENGES SHIFTED OVER THE YEAR AND THE COUNTRIES PRODUCED DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSES

Rising inflation

Sharp currency appreciation in the first part of the year

Need to rebuild fiscal space

Need to sustain growth

Threat of a sharper slowdown as the external environment deteriorated in the second half of the year

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LAC: INFRASTRUCTURE GAP SERIE DE DATOS: Inversión anual en infraestructura económica.

Energía Transporte terrestre Telecomunicaciones Agua y saneamiento. Período 1980 – 2008

6 Países representativos de América Latina (85.5% del PIB LA) La fuente de información para inversiones privadas fue provista

por el Banco mundial. En el caso de las inversiones públicas hay una amplia gama de fuentes debido a la dificultad de obtener la información sobre infraestructura. Se incluyen planes generales de inversión del gobierno, balances de empresas públicas, etcétera.

FUENTESActualizaciones de los autores de la base de información del Banco Mundial –Luis Servén y César Calderón– Perrotti y Sánchez (2011) “Infrastructure gap in LAC”, CEPAL, Serie DRNI 153, Santiago de Chile

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  Total Public Private

80-85 3.6 3.0 0.686-95 2.6 1.7 0.996-01 2.2 0.8 1.302-06 1.8 0.9 0.907-08 2.1 0.8 1.3

80-08 2.3 1.3 1.0

Infrastructure Investment in major Latin American Countries, 1980-2008(porcentaje del PIB)

Las inversiones en infraestructura han caído considerablemente -en términos de PIB- al observar el período entero. Comenzando desde un 3.6 % del PIB en el promedio de 1980-1985 al 2.1 % invertido en el período 2007 y 2008.La inversión pública fue la razón principal de esta caída (un promedio del 3 % de PIB en 1980-1985 al 0.8 % en 2007 y 2008). Mientras que la inversión privada alcanzó su punto máximo en el período pasado con el 1.3 % del PIB.

*DATOS AGREGADOS

Fuente: los autores

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DINÁMICA DE LA INVERSIÓN Y EL PRODUCTO

3. Series de inversión y producto en valores constantes3.1. La inversión total en América Latina, 1980-2008Inversión en infraestructura – eje izquierdo (como % del PIB constante)

PIB constante – eje derecho (variaciones anuales, %)

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20080.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

Constant GDP Infrastructure Investment Private Infrastructure Public Infrastructure

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Fuente: los autores

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3. Serie de inversión y producto en valores constantes3.2. Análisis de resultados y volatilidad de la inversión pública y privadaTendencia de la inversión pública en infraestructura

(como % del PIB constante)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

Publ

ic In

vest

men

t (in

term

s of

con

stan

t GDP

)

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Fuente: los autores

DINÁMICA DE LA INVERSIÓN Y EL PRODUCTO

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3. Serie de inversión y producto en valores constantes3.2. Análisis de resultados y volatilidad de la inversión pública y privadaTendencia de la Inversión Privada en Infraestructura

(como % del PIB constante)

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 20090.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

Priv

ate

Inve

stm

ent (

in te

rms

of c

onst

ant G

DP)

Correlación 95 - 99: 0,79

Correlación 00 - 04: 0,76

Correlación 05 - 08: 0,74

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Fuente: los autores

DINÁMICA DE LA INVERSIÓN Y EL PRODUCTO

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CROWDING IN/OUT

MODELO 1 Crowding In/Out I P= f (IG, Y, r, TC, Inst,Openness)

IPIt = α0 + α1 IGIt-1 + α2 IPIt-1 + α3 Yt + α4 rt + α5 TCt + α6 Instt + εt Donde: IPIt = Inversión privada en infraestructura IGIt = Inversión pública en infraestructuraYt = Producto Bruto Interno (neto de inversión)rt = Tasa de interés como variable proxy del costo financiero (WDI)TCt = Tipo de cambio realInstt = Desempeño institucional (indicador de calidad, WB)Apertura de la cuenta de capitales, comercial, riesgo país.

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EFECTO DE LA INVERSIÓN EN INFRAESTRUCTURA SOBRE LA INVERSIÓN EN EL RESTO DE LA ECONOMÍA

ANALISIS I Crowding In/Out - CorrelacionesCROWDING IN/OUT

2. Efecto de la inversión en infraestructura sobre el resto de la inversión

1990-2008 2000-2008 IT-II, II (t) 0.78 0.76 IT-II, II (t-1) 0.59 0.59 IT-II, II (t-2) 0.29 0.70

IT: Inversión Total de la EconomíaII : Inversión total en InfraestructuraIT - IIT, IIT (t) 0.83 0.95 IT - IIT, IIT (t-1) 0.74 0.88 IT - IIT, IIT (t-2) 0.58 0.87

IT: Inversión Total de la EconomíaII T: Inversión en Infraestructura de TransporteIT - IIE, IIE (t) 0.10 0.65 IT - IIE, IIE (t-1) 0.13 0.73 IT - IIE, IIE (t-2) -0.32 0.25

IT: Inversión Total de la EconomíaII E: Inversión en Infraestructura de Energía

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Energy, 33%

Communications, 41%

Transport, 22%

Water and Sanitation, 4%Energy, 40%

Communications, 17%

Transport, 40%

Water and Sanitation, 3%

Inversiones necesarias para cerrar la brecha: 5.2% del PIB o 7.9% !!!

Pero… 6.2% (2012-2020)

*EL COSTO DE CERRAR LA BRECHA DE INFRAESTRUCTURA 2006-2020

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GEOGRAPHY OF THE CONTAINERISED MARITIME TRADE IS CHANGING IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: 2008-2011

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

2008 2009 2010 2011(e)

Thou

sand

s

Latin America - USAUSA - Latin America

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

2008 2009 2010 2011

Thou

sand

s

Latin America - EuropeEurope - Latin America

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

2008 2009 2010 2011 (e)

Thou

sand

s

Latin America - Far EastFar East - Latin America

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EVOLUTION OF CONTAINERIZED LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN PORT THROUGHPUT (TEUS)

0

500.000

1.000.000

1.500.000

2.000.000

2.500.000

3.000.000

3.500.000Co

lón

(MIT

, Eve

rgre

en, P

anam

á …

Balb

oa -P

A

Sant

os -B

R

King

ston

-JM

Cart

agen

a ( S

.P.R

, El B

osqu

e,

Buen

os A

ires (

incl

uye

Exol

gan)

-AR

Man

zani

llo -M

X

Calla

o (in

c. D

PW/ A

PM) -P

E

Guay

aqui

l -EC

Free

port

-BH

Cauc

edo -

DO

Itaja

i (in

c.Na

vega

ntes

) -BR

Valp

arai

so -C

L

Laza

ro C

árde

nas -

MX

Lim

ón-M

oin -

CR

Mon

tevi

deo -

UY

San

Anto

nio -

CL

Buen

aven

tura

(SPR

, TCB

UEN)

-CO

Vera

cruz

-MX

Puer

to C

abel

lo -V

E

TEU 2009 TEU 2010 TEU 2011

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LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN AVERAGE INTER ANNUAL VARIATION

Pana

ma,

pac

ific

Pana

ma

Pana

ma,

atla

ntic

Cart

agen

a

Mex

ico,

pac

ific

Colo

mbi

a

Chin

a

Chile

Dom

inic

an R

epub

lic

Sout

h Am

eric

a

Mex

ico

Latin

Am

eric

a and

the

Carib

bean

Jam

aica

Far E

ast

Urug

uay

Braz

il

Cent

al A

mer

ica (

not i

ncl.P

anam

a)

Kore

a

Ecua

dor

Mex

ico,

gulf

Sant

os

Euro

pe

USA,

gul

f coa

st

USA,

eas

t coa

st

USA

USA,

wes

t coa

st

Arge

ntina

(1)0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

1990-2010

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LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN AVERAGE INTER ANNUAL VARIATION

Pana

ma,

pac

ific

Mex

ico,

pac

ific

Cart

agen

a

Pana

ma

Colo

mbi

a

Chin

a

Sant

os

Far E

ast

Braz

il

Chile

Mex

ico

Ecua

dor

Sout

h Am

eric

a

Jam

aica

Dom

inic

an R

epub

lic

Urug

uay

Cent

al A

mer

ica (

not i

ncl.P

anam

a)

Latin

Am

eric

a and

the

Carib

bean

Pana

ma,

atla

ntic

Kore

a

Euro

pe

USA,

gul

f coa

st

Arge

ntina

USA,

eas

t coa

st

Mex

ico,

gulf

USA

USA,

wes

t coa

st

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

2000-2010

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LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN PORT RANKING VARIATION

Colón

Colón

Balboa

BalboaSantos

SantosKingston

Kingston

Cartagena

Cartagena

Buenos Aires

Buenos AiresManzanillo Manzanillo

Callao

Callao

Guayaquil

Guayaquil

Freeport

Freeport

Caucedo

Itajai

Itajai

Valparaiso

Valparaiso

Lazaro Cárdenas

Limón-Moin

Limón-Moin

Montevideo

Montevideo

San Antonio

San Antonio

Buenaventura

Veracruz

Veracruz

Puerto Cabello - VE

Puerto Cabello - VE

Paranaguá

Rio Grande

Puerto Cortes

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

RNK2

005

RNK2

006

RNK2

007

RNK2

008

RNK2

009

RNK2

010

RNK2

011

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LAC: FULLCONTAINERSHIPS MAXIMUM SIZE 1984-2020

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ESTIMATING THE MAXIMUM SIZE …

We expect a direct relationship between the explanatory variables and the maximum size of the ships. Hypothesis: the arrival date of ships from ~ 13 000 TEUs

Where: “i” represents the specific route and “t” the yearMax_Size: is the maximum size of a vessel arrived on year “t” to destinatinon “I” (West or East coast)D: represents a variable that accounts for demand side (this variable was represented by three alternative measures: port activity, gdp and trade)Gap: it’s the difference between the max_size of the main trade routes and the coast “I” at the year “t”Network: represents the complexity of networksα: represents specific characteristics of coast “i”

East Cost West Cost

Model 1 2018 2020

Model 2 - 2017

Model 3 2019 -

Model 4 2016 2017

RESULTS

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The Americas: a new scenario?

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The Americas: a new scenario?

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The current triangle (J. P. R.)

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The new inverted triangle

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The Americas: a new scenario?

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A NEW PARADIGM FOR PORTS…?

Amsterdam

Rotterdam

Antwerp

MCTInland terminalsGermany (Rhine)Inland terminals

South-Netherlands

Figures MCTDraft: 8,9 mBarge: 4,5 hours to DeltaRail: 2,5 hours to DeltaTruck: 1,2 hours to Delta without traffic jam

Willebroek

Duisburg

MCTInland hub location between deep sea terminals and hinterland terminals A15

A16

Blue = waterwayRed = highway

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A NEW PARADIGM FOR PORTS…? OR METRO?

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A NEW PARADIGM FOR PORTS…?

DP World

PSAHUTCHISON PORT HOLDINGS

APM Terminals(AP Moller Group)

ANTWERP

Antwerp Gateway

PSA (Antwerp/

Zeebrugge)

MSC Home terminal

CHZ

APM Terminals

ZEEBRUGGE

ROTTERDAM

Rotterdam World Gateway(Maasvlakte 2)

Operational by 2013

ECT

APM Terminal Maasvlakte CMA-CGM

MSC

NYK

Terminal 1(Maasvlakte 2)

Operational by 2014

Minority Shareholding

Waal- and Eemhaven

Delta Terminal

Euromax phase 1

Majorityshareholding

ZIM Line

DP World Delwaidedock

North Sea Terminal

Europe Terminal

Deurganck Terminal

New World Alliance

CYKH Alliance

Antwerp International Terminal (AIT) Shipping Line

(Global) Terminal Operator

Terminal

Shanghai International Port

Group (SIPG)

Zeebrugge International Port (ZIP)

Cosco Pacific

100%

20%

50%

100%

100%

50%

50%

50%

60%

30%

10%

100%

100%

100%

50%50%

100%

42.5%10%

20%

10%

35%

100%

65%

75%

25%

PORT

Financial Holding

(1) Through subsidiary company ZIM Ports; (2) Through subsidiary company Terminal Link; (3) Duisport is the fifth shareholder with a share of 7.5%; (4) Unconfirmed reports put NYK’s ECT interest at 10%.

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INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGE !

Page 36: Ricardo J. Sánchez  Chief Infrastructure Services Unit

Client Logo

ThankYou!

Ricardo J. Sánchez

ChiefInfrastructure Services Unit

Natural Resources and Infrastructure Division United Nations ECLAC

+56 2 210-2131

[email protected]://www.eclac.org/transporte