FERMAT'S LASTTHEOREM

The story of a riddle that confoundedthe world's greatest minds for 358 years

SIMON SINGH

ʉʘʡʤʦʥ ʉʀʅɻʍ

ɺɽʃʀʂɸʗʊɽʆʈɽʄɸ ʌɽʈʄɸ

ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʟʘʛʘʜʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʘ

ʣʫʯʰʠʝ ʫʤʳ ʤʠʨʘ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ 358 ʣʝʪ

ʇʝʨʝʚʦʜ ʩ ʘʥʛʣʠʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʖ. ɸ. ɼʘʥʠʣʦʚʘ

FOURTH ESTATE � London ʄʎʅʄʆ

2000

ʆɻʃɸɺʃɽʅʀɽ

ʆʪ ʠʟʜʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ 6ʇʨʝʜʠʩʣʦʚʠʝ (ɼʞʦʥ ʃʠʥʯ) 7ɺʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ 14ɻʣʘʚʘ 1. çɼʫʤʘʶ, ʤʥʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ

ʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴʩʷè 19ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞ, 23 ʠʶʥʷ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ 19ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ 22ɺʩʸ ʩʫʱʝʝ ʝʩʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦ 29ɸʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ 34ɹʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ 39ʆʪ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʜʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ 41

ɻʣʘʚʘ 2. ʉʦʟʜʘʪʝʣʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ 47ʕʚʦʣʶʮʠʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ 55ʈʦʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ 64ɿʘʤʝʪʢʘ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ 69

ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʘ 71

ɻʣʘʚʘ 3. ʇʦʟʦʨ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ 77ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ-ʮʠʢʣʦʧ 79ʄʝʜʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʰʘʛʦʤ 93ʄʝʩʴʝ ʃʝʙʣʘʥ 101ɿʘʧʝʯʘʪʘʥʥʳʝ ʢʦʥʚʝʨʪʳ 111

ɻʣʘʚʘ 4. ʋʭʦʜ ʚ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʮʠʶ 121ʕʨʘ ʟʘʛʘʜʦʢ ʠ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ 124ʆʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ 132ʀʟ ʣʶʙʦʧʳʪʩʪʚʘ 146ʇʦʜʭʦʜ ʩ ʧʦʟʠʮʠʡ ʛʨʫʙʦʡ ʩʠʣʳ 148ɸʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʩʢʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ 159

ɻʣʘʚʘ 5. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ 169ɾʝʣʘʝʤʦʝ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʝʪʩʷ ʟʘ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ 177ʉʤʝʨʪʴ ʛʝʥʠʷ 180ʏʪʦ ʟʥʘʯʠʪ çʭʦʨʦʰʦè ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ 182ʅʝʜʦʩʪʘʶʱʝʝ ʟʚʝʥʦ 187

ɻʣʘʚʘ 6. ʊʘʡʥʳʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ 195ʅʘ ʯʝʨʜʘʢʝ ʦʪʰʝʣʴʥʠʢʘ 196ɼʫʵʣʴ ʩ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴʶ 199çɼʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʣʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ?è 218ɺ ʧʦʪʝʤʢʘʭ 221ʄʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ 223ʃʝʢʮʠʷ ʚʝʢʘ 227ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ 231

ɻʣʘʚʘ 7. ʅʝʙʦʣʴʰʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ 235ʄʝʣʢʠʡ ʨʝʤʦʥʪ ʢʦʚʨʦʚ 237ʂʦʰʤʘʨʥʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ 246ʇʦʜʘʨʦʢ ʢʦ ʜʥʶ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ 249

ɻʣʘʚʘ 8. ɺʝʣʠʢʦʝ ʆʙʲʝʜʠʥʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ 253ɺʝʣʠʢʠʝ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ 256ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʥʘ ʯʠʧʘʭ 266ɿʘʩʣʫʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʥʘʛʨʘʜʘ 276

ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ 2781. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ 2782. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ ã2 279

3. ɿʘʛʘʜʢʘ ʦ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ 280

4. ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ɹʘʰʝ ʦ ʥʘʙʦʨʝ ʛʠʨʴ 2805. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ 281

6. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʦ ʪʨʝʭ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ 281

7. ʇʨʠʤʝʨ ʥʝʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ 282

8. ɸʢʩʠʦʤʳ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠ 2839. ʊʝʦʨʠʷ ʠʛʨ ʠ ʪʨʫʵʣʴ 28410. ʇʨʠʤʝʨ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ 285

ʋʢʘʟʘʥʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʯʪʝʥʠʷ 286ʀʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʫʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʇʨʝʜʤʝʪʥʳʡ ʫʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴ

ʀʄɽʅʅʆʁ ʋʂɸɿɸʊɽʃʔ ɸʙʝʣʴ, ʅʠʣʴʩ ʍʝʥʨʠʢ (Niels Henrik Abel, 1802�1829) 21

ɸʜʣʝʤʘʥ, ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ (Leonard M. Adleman) 99

ɸʜʣʝʨ, ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜ 20

ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨ ʄʘʢʝʜʦʥʩʢʠʡ (356�323 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 55

ɸʣʴʛʘʨʦʪʪʠ, ʌʨʘʥʯʝʩʢʦ (Francesco Algarotti, 1712�1764) 104

ɸʥʪʦʥʠʡ, ʄʘʨʢ (Marcus Antonius, 83�30 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 62

ɸʥʴʝʟʠ, ʄʘʨʠʷ (Maria Gaetana Agnesi, 1718�1799) 102

ɸʧʧʝʣʴ, ʂʝʥʥʝʪ (Kenneth Appel, ʨ. 1932) 272�273, 274

ɸʨʘʛʦ, ɼʦʤʠʥʠʢ ʌʨʘʥʩʫʘ (Dominique Fran­ois Jean Arago, 1786�1853) 79

ɸʨʘʢʝʣʦʚ, ʉ. ʖ. 218

ɸʨʠʩʪʦʪʝʣʴ (384�322 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 63

ɸʨʭʠʤʝʜ (287?�212 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 56, 104, 108

ɹʘʨʥʫʤ, ʇ. ʊ. 125

ɹʘʭ, ʀʦʛʘʥʥ ʉʝʙʘʩʪʴʷʥ (Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685�1750) 80

ɹʘʰʝ, ʂʣʦʜ ɻʘʩʧʘʨ (Claude Gaspar Bachet de Meziriac, 1557�1638) 65, 66, 280

ɹʝʟʜʝʢ, ʂʘʨʦʣʴ (K§roly Bezdek) 265, 266

ɹʝʡʢʝʨ, ɸʣʘʥ (Alan Baker, ʨ. 1939) 243

ɹʝʣʣ, ʕʨʠʢ ʊʝʤʧʣ (Eric Temple Bell, 1883�1960) 23, 41, 43, 49, 75, 106, 195

ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ, ɼʘʥʠʠʣ (Daniel Bernoulli, 1700�1782) 80

ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ, ʅʠʢʦʣʘʡ (Nicolas Bernoulli, 1687�1759) 80

ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ, ʗʢʦʙ (Jacob Bernoulli, 1654�1705) 80

ɹʦʛʨʘʥ 49

ɹʦʤʙʝʣʣʠ, ʈʘʬʘʵʣʦ (Rafael Bombelli, 1526?�1572) 89, 90

ɹʨʘʭʤʘʛʫʧʪʘ (598�660?) 63

ɺʘʛʩʪʘʬʬ, ʉʵʤʶʵʣʴ ʉ. (Samuel S. Wagstaff) 157

ɺʘʢʝʥʬʝʣʴʩ, ʀʦʛʘʥʥ ɺʘʢʛʝʨ 259

ɺʘʣʣʠʩ, ɼʞʦʥ (John Wallis, 1616�1703) 47, 48, 51

ɺʘʥ ʜʝʨ ɺʘʨʜʝʥ, ɹ. ʃ. (B. L. van der Waerden, 1903�1996) 132

ɺʝʡʣʴ, ɸʥʜʨʝ (Andr® Weil, 1906�1998) 143, 183

ɺʝʡʣʴ, ɻʝʨʤʘʥ (Hermann Weyl, 1885�1955) 135

ɺʠʥʥ (Winn) 270

ɺʠʥʦʛʨʘʜʦʚ, ʀʚʘʥ ʄʘʪʚʝʝʚʠʯ (1891�1983) 259

ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ, ʇʘʫʣʴ (Paul Wolfskehl, 1856�1906) 120, 121�122, 229, 276

ɻʘʣʠʣʝʡ, ɻʘʣʠʣʝʦ (Galileo Galilei, 1564�1642) 49, 50

ɻʘʣʫʘ, ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜ 212, 214

ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʅʠʢʦʣʷ�ɻʘʙʨʠʵʣʴ 203, 206

ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʕʚʘʨʠʩʪ (Evariste Galois, 1811�1832) 21, 201�216, 202, 217, 230, 276

ɻʘʤʠʣʴʪʦʥ, ʋʠʣʴʷʤ ʈʦʵʥ (William Rowan Hamilton, 1805�1865) 267

ɻʘʨʜʥʝʨ, ʄʘʨʪʠʥ (Martin Gardner, ʨ. 1914) 67, 131, 271

ɻʘʩʩʝʥʜʠ 49

ɻʘʪʨʠ, ʌʨʝʜʝʨʠʢ 267

ɻʘʪʨʠ, ʌʨʝʥʩʠʩ (Francis Guthrie) 267, 268

ɻʘʫʩʩ, ʂʘʨʣ ʌʨʠʜʨʠʭ (Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1777�1855) 106�107, 108�109, 159, 212, 214

ɻʝʡʟʝʥʙʝʨʛ, ɺʝʨʥʝʨ (Werner Heisenberg, 1901�1975) 144

ɻʝʢʢʝ, ʕʨʠʭ (Erich Hecke, 1887�1947) 252

ɻʝʨʙʝʨʪ ɸʚʨʠʣʘʢʩʢʠʡ (950�1003) 64

ɻʸʜʝʣʴ, ʂʫʨʪ (Kurt Gºdel, 1906�1978) 132, 140�145, 142, 148

ɻʠʙʙʦʥ, ʕʜʚʘʨʜ (Edward Gibbon, 1737�1794) 102

ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ, ɼʘʚʠʜ (David Hilbert, 1862�1943) 96, 97, 103, 132, 134, 135�136, 140, 196, 219, 229

ɻʠʧʧʘʩ (450? ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 58

ɻʠʧʩʠʢʣ (180? ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 61

ɻʦʣʴʜʙʘʭ, ʍʨʠʩʪʠʘʥ (Christian Goldbach, 1690�1764) 87, 258�259

ɻʦʤʙʦ, ɸʥʪʫʘʥ 52

ɻʦʨʝʥʩʪʝʡʥ, ɼʵʥʠʵʣ (Daniel Gorenstein, 1923�1992) 274

ɻʨʵʭʝʤ, ʈʦʥʘʣʴʜ ʃʴʶʠʩ (Ronald Lewis Graham) 275

ʜ'ɸʣʘʤʙʝʨ, ɾʘʥ ʃʝʨʦʥ (Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, 1717�1783) 92

ʜ'ʕʨʙʝʥʚʠʣʣʴ, ʇʝʰʦ 210, 212

ɼʘʣʴʪʦʥ, ɼʞʦʥ (John Dalton, 1766�1844) 35

ɼʘʨʤʘʥ, ɸʥʨʠ 248, 249

ɼʝʢʘʨʪ, ʈʝʥʝ (Rene Descartes, 1596�1650) 50, 51, 67, 257

ɼʝʣʠʥʴ, ʇʴʝʨ ʈʝʥʝ (Pierre Ren® Deligne, ʨ. 1944) 255

ɼʞʠʥʛʨʘʥ, ʏʝʥ 258

ɼʠʘʥʘ (princess Diana, 1961�1997) 234

ɼʠʛʙʠ, ʂʝʥʝʣʴʤ 47�48

ɼʠʜʨʦ, ɼʝʥʠ (Denis Diderot, 1713�1784) 82

ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ (Diophantus, ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦ III ʚ.) 6, 51, 61, 62, 65�66, 69, 72, 163, 276, 280

ɼʠʨʠʭʣʝ, ɻʫʩʪʘʚ ʃʝʞʝʥ (Pierre Gustave Lejeune Dirichlet, 1805�1859) 107, 166

ɼʠʬʬʠ, ʋʠʪʬʠʣʜ (Whitfield Diffie) 98

ɼʦʜʞʩʦʥ, ʏʘʨʣʴʟ (Charles Dodgson, 1832�1898) 125

ɼʦʡʨʠʥʛ, ʄʘʢʩ (Max Deuring) 169

ɼʵʚʠʩ, ʌʠʣʠʧ 275

ɼʴʶʜʝʥʠ, ɻʝʥʨʠ (Henry Ernest Dudeney, 1857�1930) 124

ɼʶʤʘ, ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨ (Alexander Dumas, 1802�1870) 208

ɽʚʢʣʠʜ (365?�300? ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 28, 56, 57, 59, 61, 64, 257, 266, 279, 281

ɽʢʘʪʝʨʠʥʘ II (1729�1796) 81, 82, 93

ɾʝʨʤʝʥ, ɸʤʙʨʫʘʟ ʌʨʘʥʩʫʘ 104

ɾʝʨʤʝʥ, ʉʦʬʠ (Sophie Germain, 1776�1831) 101, 103, 104�110, 110, 201, 208

ʀʚʘʩʘʚʘ (Kenkichi Iwasawa, 1917�1998) 222, 250

ʀʚʩ, ɻʦʚʘʨʜ ʋ. 195

ʀʣʣʶʟʠ, ʃʶʢ 236, 238

ʀʧʘʪʠʷ (370�415) 102

ʂʘʥʘʜʘ, ʗʩʫʤʘʩʘ (Yasumasa Kanada) 59

ʂʘʥʪʦʨ, ɻʝʦʨʛ (Georg Cantor, 1845�1918) 96, 97

ʂʘʨʜʘʥʦ, ɼʞʠʨʦʣʘʤʦ (Girolamo Cardano, 1501�1576) 50

ʂʘʨʣ X (1757�1836) 207

ʂʘʪʮ, ʅʠʢ (Nicholas Katz) 224�227, 225, 229, 235�236, 237�239

ʂʝʣʣʝʨ, ɼʞʦʟʝʬ (Joseph B. Keller) 273

ʂʝʣʣʠ, ɼʞʦʥ 270

ʂʝʤʧʝ, ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜ ɹʨʝʡ (Alfred Bray Kempe, 1849�1922) 268

ʂʝʧʣʝʨ, ʀʦʛʘʥʥ (Johannes Kepler, 1571�1630) 259�260, 262

ʂʠʨʠʣʣ, ʧʘʪʨʠʘʨʭ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʠʡ 102

ʂʣʘʨʢ, ɸʨʪʫʨ ʏʘʨʣʴʟ (Arthur Charles Clarke, ʨ. 1917) 36

ʂʣʝʦʧʘʪʨʘ (Cleopatra, 69�30 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 62

ʂʣʝʨʦ, ɸʣʝʢʩʠʩ ʂʣʦʜ (Alexis Claude Clairaut, 1713�1765) 44

ʂʦʚʘʣʝʚʩʢʘʷ, ʉʦʬʴʷ ɺʘʩʠʣʴʝʚʥʘ (1850�1891) 103

ʂʦʚʘʣʝʚʩʢʠʡ, ɺʣʘʜʠʤʠʨ ʆʥʫʬʨʠʝʚʠʯ 103

ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥ, ɺʠʢʪʦʨ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʦʚʠʯ (ʨ. 1955) 223�224, 230, 276

ʂʦʥʚʝʡ, ɼʞʦʥ (John Conway, ʨ. 1937) 245

ʂʦʥʜʦʨʩʵ, ʤʘʨʢʠʟ ʜʝ (Marquis de Condorcet, 1743�1794) 93

ʂʦʫʪʩ, ɼʞʦʥ (John Henry Coates, ʨ. 1945) 159, 161, 162, 166�167, 184, 195, 196, 198, 222, 223, 228, 230, 253

ʂʦʰʠ, ʆʛʶʩʪʝʥ ʃʫʠ (Augustin Louis Cauchy, 1789�1857) 111, 114, 117, 122, 146, 205�206, 207, 210, 276

ʂʦʵʥ, ʇʘʫʣʴ (Paul Cohen, ʨ. 1934) 145

ʂʨʦʥʝʢʝʨ, ʃʝʦʧʦʣʴʜ (Leopold Kronecker, 1823�1891) 58, 219

ʂʫʣʠʜʞ, ɼʞʫʣʠʘʥ (Julian Lowell Coolidge, 1873�1954) 49

ʂʫʤʤʝʨ, ʕʨʥʩʪ (Ernst Eduard Kummer, 1810�1893) 113, 115�118, 116, 121, 122, 146, 156�157

ʂʵʨʨʦʣʣ, ʃʴʶʠʩ (Lewis Carroll, 1832�1898) 125

ʃʘʛʨʘʥʞ, ɾʦʟʝʬ ʃʫʠ (Joseph Louis Lagrange, 1736�1813) 92, 105�106, 207

ʃʘʤʝ, ɻʘʙʨʠʝʣʴ (Gabrial Lam®, 1795�1870) 107, 111, 112, 117, 122, 276

ʃʘʥʜʘʫ, ʕʜʤʫʥʜ (Edmund Landau, 1877�1938) 103, 129�130

ʃʝʙʣʘʥ, ɸʥʪʫʘʥ ʆʛʶʩʪ 105

ʃʝʞʘʥʜʨ, ɸʜʨʠʝʥ ʄʘʨʠ (Adrien Marie Legendre, 1752�1833) 107

ʃʝʡʙʥʠʮ, ɻʦʪʪʬʨʠʜ ɺʠʣʴʛʝʣʴʤ (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1646�1716) 90, 275

ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩ, ʈʦʙʝʨʪ (Robert Langlands) 185�186, 218�219, 256

ʃʝʥʩʪʨʘ, ʍ. 256

ʃʝʦʥ (IV ʚ. ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 26

ʃʠʙʨʠ�ʂʘʨʫʯʯʠ, ɻʫʣʴʝʣʴʤʦ 105, 208

ʃʠʧʤʘʥ, ɼʞʦʟʝʬ 240

ʃʠʪʣʚʫʜ, ɼʞʦʥ ʀʜʝʥʟʦʨ (John Edensor Littlewood, 1885�1977) 159

ʃʠʫʚʠʣʣʴ, ɾʦʟʝʬ (Joseph Liouville, 1809�1882) 113, 115, 214

ʃʦʜʞ, ɼʵʚʠʜ 157

ʃʦʡʜ, ʉʵʤ (Samuel Loyd, 1841�1911) 125�126, 147, 190

ʃʫʠ�ʌʠʣʠʧʧ (Louis-Philippe, 1773�1850) 207, 208, 209

ʃʶʜʦʚʠʢ XVIII (Louis XVIII, 1755�1824) 201�203

ʄʘʟʫʨ, ɹʘʨʨʠ (Barry Mazur, ʨ. 1937) 10, 11, 184, 185, 190, 192, 227, 228, 230�231, 235

ʄʘʣʝʨ 263

ʄʝʜʦʥ, ɹʝʨʥʘʨ 48

ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ, ʄʘʨʝʥ (Marin Mersenne, 1588�1648) 49�51

ʄʠʣʥʝʨ�ɹʘʨʨʠ, ʉʪʶʘʨʪ 155

ʄʠʣʦ 25, 39�40

ʄʠʨʠʤʘʥʦʚ, ɼʤʠʪʨʠʡ 157

ʄʠʷʦʢʘ, ʀʦʠʯʠ (Yoichi Miyaoka) 6, 218, 220, 233, 243

ʄʦʥʪʫʢʣʘ, ɾʘʥ ʕʪʴʝʥ (1725�1799) 104

ʄʦʨʛʘʥ, ɸʚʛʫʩʪ ʜʝ (Augustus De Morgan, 1806�1871) 267

ʄʦʨʛʝʥʰʪʝʨʥ, ʆʩʢʘʨ (Oskar Morgenstern) 148

ʄʦʪʝʣʴ, ʉʪʝʬʘʥʠ ʌʝʣʠʮʠʷ ʇʦʪʝʨʠ 209, 210, 212

ʄʦʫʣʪʦʥ, ɼ. 256

ʄʫʜʝʨ, ɼʫʛ 264

ʄʫʨ, ʃʫʠʩ ʊʨʝʥʰʘʨ 55

ʅʘʧʦʣʝʦʥ ɹʦʥʘʧʘʨʪ (Napol®on Bonaparte, 1769�1821) 108, 201

ʅʝʡʤʘʥ, ɼʞʦʥ ʬʦʥ (John von Neumann, 1903�1957) 141, 148

ʅʸʪʝʨ, ʕʤʤʠ (Emmy Noether, 1882�1935) 102, 103, 132

ʅʠʢʩʦʥ, ʈʠʯʘʨʜ (Richard Nixon, ʨ. 1913) 54

ʅʴʶʪʦʥ, ʀʩʘʘʢ (Isaac Newton, 1642�1727) 32, 55, 80, 81, 93, 104, 228, 259

ʆʣʴʙʝʨʩ, ɻʝʥʨʠʭ (Henrich Olbers) 106

ʆʨʝ (Ore) 270, 271

ʇʘʛʘʥʠʥʠ, ʅʠʢʢʦʣʦ (Niccolo Paganini, 1782�1840) 68

ʇʘʩʢʘʣʴ, ʕʪʴʝʥ (Etienne Pascal, 1588�1651) 49, 51�54

ʇʝʥʨʦʫʟ, ʈʦʜʞʝʨ (Roger Penrose, ʨ. 1931) 174�175

ʇʝʨʥʝʪʠ, ɾʦʟʝʬ ʄʘʨʠ 108

ʇʝʪʨ I (1672�1725) 258

ʇʠʥʯ, ʈʠʯʘʨʜ 241

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ (580?�500? ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 14, 23, 24�26, 27, 28, 29�31, 32, 38�39, 39�40, 55, 57�58, 64, 101, 266

ʇʣʘʥʢ, ʄʘʢʩ (Max Planck, 1858�1947) 218

ʇʣʘʪʦʥ (428 ʠʣʠ 427�348 ʠʣʠ 347 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 29, 101

ʇʦʣʠʢʨʘʪ 25

ʇʦʨʜʞʝʩ, ɸʨʪʫʨ (Arthur Porges) 47, 76

ʇʪʦʣʝʤʝʡ (100?�178?) 55�56

ʇʫʘʥʢʘʨʝ, ɸʥʨʠ (Henri Poincar®, 1854�1912) 175

ʈʘʤʘʥʫʜʞʘʥ, ʉʨʠʥʠʚʘʩʘ (Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar, 1887�1920) 20�21

ʈʘʩʧʘʡ, ʌʨʘʥʩʫʘ (Fran­ois Raspail, 1794�1878) 209

ʈʘʩʩʝʣ, ɹʝʨʪʨʘʥ (Bertrand Russell, 1872�1970) 35, 52, 132, 136�140, 137, 143

ʈʝʡʜʝʤʝʡʩʪʝʨ, ʂʫʨʪ (Kurt Reidemeister, 1893�1971) 128

ʈʝʡʥʦʣʴʜʩ (Reynolds) 270

ʈʠʙʝʥʙʦʡʤ, ʇʘʫʣʴ (Paulo Ribenboim) 130

ʈʠʙʝʪ, ʂʝʥ (Ken Ribet) 190�193, 191, 195, 198, 228, 230, 231, 239, 243�244, 255

ʈʠʚʝʩʪ, ʈʦʥʘʣʴʜ (Ronald L. Rivest) 99

ʈʠʤʘʥ, ɹʝʨʥʛʘʨʜ (Bernhard Riemann, 1826�1866) 75, 275

ʈʠʰʝʣʴʝ, ɸʨʤʘʥ ɾʘʥ ʜʶ ʇʣʝʩʩʠ (cardinal Richelieu, 1585�1642) 48

ʈʦʙʝʨʚʘʣʴ, ɾʶʣʴ (Gilles Personne De Roberval, 1602�1675) 49

ʈʦʜʞʝʨʩ, ʂʣʦʜ ɸʤʙʨʦʟ (Claude Ambrose Rogers, ʨ. 1920) 263�264

ʈʦʩʩʠ, ʍʫʛʦ 54

ʈʫʙʠʥ, ʂʘʨʣ 229�230, 252

ʉʘʨʥʘʢ, ʇʠʪʝʨ (Peter Sarnak) 9, 241, 246

ʉʝʛʨʵ 263

ʉʝʣʴʤʝʨ, ʕʨʥʩʪ (Ernst S. Selmer, ʨ. 1920) 242

ʉʠʣʦʥ 39, 40

ʉʠʣʴʚʝʨʤʘʥ, ɹʦʙ 240

ʉʠʣʴʚʝʩʪʨ II (Pope Sylvester II, 940 ʠʣʠ 950�1003) 64

ʉʢʴʶʟ, ʉ. (S. Skewes) 159

ʉʦʢʨʘʪ (470 ʠʣʠ 469�399 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 101

ʉʦʤʝʨʚʠʣʣ, ʄʵʨʠ 105

ʉʪʝʤʧʣ (Stemple) 270, 271

ʉʪʦʫʥ, ʍʘʥʩ�ʍʝʥʨʠʢ 31

ʉʪʶʘʨʪ, ʗʥ (Ian Stewart, ʨ. 1945) 132

ʉʫʟʫʢʠ, ʄʠʩʘʢʦ 180, 182

ʉʫʠʥʥʝʨʪʦʥ�ɼʘʡʝʨ, ʍ. ʇ. ʌ. (H. P. F. Swinnerton�Dyer) 273

ʉʬʠʥʢʩ 267

ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ, ʖʪʘʢʘ (Yutaka Taniyama, 1927�1958) 11, 168, 169�172, 177, 178, 178�180, 182�183, 192�193, 255, 276

ʊʘʨʪʘʣʴʷ, ʅʠʢʢʦʣʦ (Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia, 1500?�1557) 50

ʊʝʘʥʦ (Theano, V ʚ. ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 25, 101

ʊʝʡʣʦʨ, ʈʠʯʘʨʜ (Richard Taylor) 6, 241, 246, 247, 249, 250, 252

ʊʝʣʠʩ 39

ʊʝʦʥ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʠʡ (2-ʷ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʘ IV ʚ.) 61

ʊʝʦʬʠʣ 62, 64

ʊʠʪʯʤʘʨʰ, ʕʜʚʘʨʜ ʏʘʨʣʴʟ (Edward Charles Titchmarsh, 1899�1963) 148

ʊʦʤʩʦʥ, ɼʞʦʟʝʬ ɼʞʦʥ (Joseph John Thomson, 1856�1940) 36

ʊʦʪ 263

ʊʫʵ, ɸʢʩʝʣʴ (Axel Thue, 1863�1922) 263

ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ, ɸʣʘʥ (Alan Turing, 1912�1954) 149�156, 150

ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʅʘʜʘ 199, 227, 238, 252

ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʕʥʜʨʶ (Andrew Wiles, ʨ. 1953) 7, 10, 12, 18, 20, 21, 22�23, 44�45, 45, 159�161, 160, 166�167, 194, 195�201, 216�217, 218, 221�227, 228�231, 235�239, 241�242, 243, 245, 246�249, 250, 252, 253�256, 254, 276�277

ʋʘʡʪʭʝʜ, ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜ ʅʦʨʪ (Alfred North Whitehead, 1861�1947) 140

ʋʠʥʬʨʠ, ʆʧʨʘ (Oprah Winfrey, ʨ. 1954) 234

ʌʘʣʘʨʝʡ, ɼʝʤʝʪʨʠʡ 55�56

ʌʘʣʝʩ ʄʠʣʝʪʩʢʠʡ (Thales, 625?�547? ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 39

ʌʘʣʪʠʥʛʩ, ɻʝʨʜ (Gerd Faltings, ʨ. 1954) 219�220

ʌʝʡʝʰ�ʊʦʪ, ɻʘʙʦʨ (Gabor Fejes Toth) 265

ʌʝʦʜʦʩʠʡ (1-ʷ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʘ II ʚ. ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 62

ʌʝʨʤʘ, ɼʦʤʠʥʠʢ 47

ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʂʣʝʤʘʥ�ʉʘʤʶʵʣʴ 70, 71�72

ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ (Pierre de Fermat, 1601�1665) 8, 14, 15, 23, 43, 46, 47�49, 50�55, 64�66, 67�68, 69, 71, 73, 129, 146, 163, 195, 276

ʌʣʘʭ, ʄʘʪʠʫʩ (Matthias Flach) 223�224, 276

ʌʨʘʥʢʣʠʥ, ʌʠʣʠʧ 270

ʌʨʝʛʝ, ɻʦʪʪʣʦʙ (Gottlob Frege, 1848�1925) 136, 138, 139

ʌʨʝʡ, ɻʝʨʭʘʨʜ (Gerhard Frey) 187�190, 193, 198, 248

ʌʨʝʥʢʠʥ, ʕʜʚʘʨʜ 275

ʌʨʠʜʨʠʭ II (Friedrich II, 1712�1786) 81, 92

ʌʫʨʪʚʝʥʛʣʝʨ, ʌʠʣʠʧʧ (Philipp Furtwªngler, 1869�1940) 140

ʌʫʨʴʝ, ɾʦʟʝʬ (Joseph Fourier, 1768�1830) 206, 210

ʍʘʢʝʥ, ɺʦʣʴʬʛʘʥʛ (Wolfgang Haken, ʨ. 1928) 272�273, 274

ʍʘʡʥʩʠʫʩ, ʅʠʢʦʣʘʩ 48

ʍʘʨʜʠ, ɻʦʜʬʨʠ ɻʘʨʦʣʴʜ (Godfrey Harold Hardy, 1877�1947) 19, 20, 21, 57, 75, 147, 148, 159

ʍʝʝʰ, ɻʝʥʨʠʭ (Henrich Heesch) 272

ʍʝʡʣʠʩ, ʊʦʤʘʩ (Thomas C. Hales) 264, 265�266

ʍʝʣʣʝʛʫʘʨʢ 255

ʍʝʣʣʤʘʥ, ʄʘʨʪʠʥ (Martin Hellman) 98

ʍʟʷʥʴ, ɺʫ�ʀ (Wu�Yi Hsiang) 264�266

ʍʠʚʫʜ, ʇʝʨʩʠ ɼʞʦʥ 268

ʍʦʜʞʝʩ, ʕʥʜʨʶ 156

ʍʦʫʚ, ʕ. 256

ʎʝʟʘʨʴ, ɻʘʡ ʖʣʠʡ (Gaius Julius Caesar, 100�44 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 62, 64

ʏʝʨʯʠʣʣʴ, ʋʠʥʩʪʦʥ (Winston Churchill, 1874�1965) 154

ʏʫʜʥʦʚʩʢʠʡ, ɼʵʚʠʜ (David Chudnovsky) 59

ʏʫʜʥʦʚʩʢʠʡ, ɻʨʝʛʦʨʠ (Gregory Chudnovsky) 59

ʐʘʤʠʨ, ɸʜʠ (Adi Shamir) 99

ʐʝʚʘʣʴʝ, ʆʛʶʩʪ 210, 214

ʐʠʤʫʨʘ, ɻʦʨʦ (Goro Shimura, ʨ. 1930) 11, 169�172, 170, 177, 178, 179�180, 181, 182�183, 192�193, 233, 255, 276

ʐʣʠʭʪʠʥʛ, ʌ. 130�131

ʕʚʘʥʩ, ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ 240

ʕʜʠʧ 267

ʕʡʣʝʨ, ɸʣʴʙʝʨʪ 93

ʕʡʣʝʨ, ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ (Leonhard Euler, 1707�1783) 44, 67, 73, 78, 79�88, 146, 158, 258, 259, 276

ʕʡʣʝʨ, ʇʘʫʣʴ 80

ʕʡʥʰʪʝʡʥ, ɸʣʴʙʝʨʪ (Albert Einstein, 1879�1955) 31, 32, 102

ʕʡʭʣʝʨ, ʄ. (M. Eichler) 172

ʕʣʴʢʠʩ, ʅʘʫʤ (Noam David Elkies) 158, 248�249

ʕʧʠʤʝʥʠʜ (Epimenidus the Cretan) 143�144

ʕʰʝʨ, ʄʦʨʠʮ ʂʦʨʥʝʣʠʩ (Maurits Cornelius Escher, 1898�1972) 176

ʗʢʦʙʠ, ʂʘʨʣ ɻʫʩʪʘʚ ʗʢʦʙ (Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, 1804�1851) 212, 214

ʗʤʚʣʠʭ (250?�330?) 29

ʇʈɽɼʄɽʊʅʓʁ ʋʂɸɿɸʊɽʃʔ ɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ 164�165

ɹʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ 95�96

ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ 86

ɺʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʥʝʡ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ 53

ɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ 178�179, 184

ɻʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘ ç15�14è 126�128

ɼʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ 67�68

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ 61, 280

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʢʸʥʠʛʩʙʝʨʛʩʢʠʭ ʤʦʩʪʘʭ 82�83

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʥʘʙʦʨʝ ʛʠʨʴ 66, 280

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʦʡ ʜʦʩʢʝ 37�38

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʪʨʸʭ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ 118�119, 281

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʪʨʸʭ ʪʝʣ 81

ʀʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ 57, 279

ʂʦʤʧʣʝʢʩʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ 88�91

ʄʝʪʦʜ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʫʩʢʘ 87

ʄʝʪʦʜ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ 200�201, 285

ʇʘʨʘʜʦʢʩ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ 138�140

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳ ʪʨʦʡʢʠ 41, 281

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ɻʦʣʴʜʙʘʭʘ 258�259

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ ʰʘʨʦʚ 259�263

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʯʝʪʳʨʸʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ 267�273

ʇʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ 94

ʉʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ 27�28, 257

ʊʝʦʨʝʤʘ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʦ ʥʝʧʦʣʥʦʪʝ 141

ʊʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ 33, 278

ʌʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʜʣʷ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ 84

ʏʠʩʣʘ�ʙʣʠʟʥʝʮʳ 258

ʏʠʩʣʦ ˊ 31, 58�59, 60

ʆʊ ʀɿɼɸʊɽʃʔʉʊɺɸ

ʊʨʫʜʥʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ, ʯʝʤ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʷʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʉʚʦʝʡ ʦʙʤʘʥʯʠʚʦʡ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʪʦʡ ʦʥʘ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʣʘ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʢ ʩʝʙʝ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ 350 ʣʝʪ.

ʀ ʚʦʪ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ. ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʟʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʫʞʝ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʚʘʝʪ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʷ: ʩʚʷʟʴ ʩ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ, ʦʙʲʷʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʄʠʷʦʢʠ, ʛʘʟʝʪʥʘʷ ʰʫʤʠʭʘ ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʚ 1993 ʛʦʜʫ, ʠ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʦʙ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʠ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʠ ʚ 1995 ʛʦʜʫ. ʋʯʠʪʳʚʘʷ ʘʞʠʦʪʘʞ, ʚʦʟʥʠʢʰʠʡ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʦʙʲʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ʚ 1908 ʛʦʜʫ ʠ ʥʝ ʫʪʠʭʰʠʡ ʜʦ ʩʠʭ ʧʦʨ, ʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʧʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʵʪʦʡ ʠʥʪʨʠʛʫʶʱʝʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʷʷ ʪʦʯʢʘ...

ʀ ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ, ʧʝʨʝʜ ʥʘʤʠ ʢʥʠʛʘ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʣʝʞʝʥʘ ʚʩʷ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʦʪ ʧʦʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʚ 1637 ʛʦʜʫ ʜʦ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʡ ʕ. ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʠ ʈ. ʊʝʡʣʦʨʘ ʚ 1995 ʛʦʜʫ. ʉʪʦʣʴ ʜʣʠʥʥʳʡ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʤʝʞʫʪʦʢ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣ ʘʚʪʦʨʫ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʪʴ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʳʭ ʠ ʤʘʣʦʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʠʟ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ʕʪʘ ʢʥʠʛʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʘ ʚ 1997 ʛʦʜʫ ʠ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʙʝʩʪʩʝʣʣʝʨʦʤ. ɽʝ ʘʚʪʦʨʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʫʩʧʝʰʥʦ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʪʨʫʜʥʫʶ ʜʠʣʝʤʤʫ: ʥʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʳʡ ʠ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʳʡ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʥʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʘʧʧʘʨʘʪ. ʂʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʞʝ, ʵʪʦ

ʩʪʘʣʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʤ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʠ ʧʦʤʦʱʠ ʮʝʣʦʛʦ ʨʷʜʘ ʯʨʝʟʤʝʨʥʳʭ ʫʧʨʦʱʝʥʠʡ. ʍʘʨʘʢʪʝʨʥʦʡ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʠ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʘ, ʢʘʢ ʵʪʦ ʠ ʦʪʨʘʞʝʥʦ ʚ ʧʨʝʜʠʩʣʦʚʠʠ, ʧʦ çʛʦʨʷʯʠʤè ʩʣʝʜʘʤ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ. ʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʵʪʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʦ ʢ ʧʦʷʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʝʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʝʡ, ʘ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʠ ʧʨʷʤʳʭ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ. ʊʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ, ʤʳ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʳ, ʯʪʦ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʷ ʵʪʦʡ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʥʘ ʨʫʩʩʢʦʤ ʷʟʳʢʝ ʚʳʟʦʚʝʪ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ.

ɺ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝ ʥʘʤ ʭʦʪʝʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʩʳʣʦʢ. ʊʘʢ, ʦʨʠʛʠʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʚ [1]. ʂʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʚ [2,3]. ʆ ʩʚʷʟʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ ʠ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʤ. [4].

ɺ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʢʥʠʛ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʬʫʥʢʮʠʷʤ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤ ʬʦʨʤʘʤ ʤʳ ʨʝʢʦʤʝʥʜʫʝʤ [4,5,6,7].

1. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʇ. ʀʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʜʠʦʬʘʥʪʦʚʫ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʫ. � ʄ.: ʅʘʫʢʘ, 1992. 2. ʕʜʚʘʨʜʩ ɻ. ʇʦʩʣʝʜʥʷʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɻʝʥʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʚʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ

ʯʠʩʝʣ. � ʄ.: ʄʠʨ, 1980. 3. ʇʦʩʪʥʠʢʦʚ ʄ. ʄ. ɺʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. � ʄ.: ʅʘʫʢʘ, 1982. 4. ʇʨʘʩʦʣʦʚ ɺ. ɺ., ʉʦʣʦʚʴʝʚ ʖ. ʇ. ʕʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʬʫʥʢʮʠʠ ʠ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ. �

ʄ.: ʌʘʢʪʦʨʠʘʣ, 1997. 5. ɹʦʨʝʚʠʯ 3. ʀ., ʐʘʬʘʨʝʚʠʯ ʀ. ʈ. ʊʝʦʨʠʷ ʯʠʩʝʣ. � ʄ.: ʅʘʫʢʘ, 1985. 6. ʂʦʙʣʠʮ ʅ. ɺʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ. � ʄ.: ʄʠʨ, 1988. 7. ɸʡʝʨʣʘʥʜ ʂ., ʈʦʫʟʝʥ ʄ. ʂʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʚʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʯʠʩʝʣ. � ʄ.: ʄʠʨ,

1987.

ʇʨʝʜʠʩʣʦʚʠʝ

ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ-ʪʦ ʤʳ ʩʦʰʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʦʜʥʦ ʠ ʪʦ ʞʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ, ʠ ʚ ʦʜʥʦʤ ʠ ʪʦʤ ʞʝ ʤʝʩʪʝ � ʚ ʟʘʣʝ, ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʥʝ ʜʦ ʦʪʢʘʟʘ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʨʥʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʤʝʩʪʠʪʴ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʢʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ʛʜʝ ʦʥʠ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦ ʢʘʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʪʦʨʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ. ɺ ʪʦʪ ʜʝʥʴ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʚ ʟʘʣʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝ ʪʘʢ ʫʞ ʠ ʤʥʦʛʦ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʩ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʢʪʦ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ. ʆʛʣʷʜʝʚʰʠʩʴ, ʷ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʠʥʫʪ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʩʢʨʦʤʥʦʛʦ ʚʠʜʘ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ, ʧʠʣ ʯʘʡ, ʩʣʫʰʘʣ, ʦ ʯʝʤ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʠ ʩʪʦʷʚʰʠʝ ʧʦʙʣʠʟʦʩʪʠ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ, ʠ ʙʳʣ ʷʚʥʦ ʧʦʛʨʫʞʝʥ ʚ ʨʠʪʫʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩ çʩʦʙʠʨʘʥʠʷ ʩ ʤʳʩʣʷʤʠè, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʦʢʦʣʦ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʯʘʩʦʚ ʜʥʷ ʧʦʛʣʦʱʝʥʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʤʠʨʝ. ʏʪʦ ʞʝ ʢʘʩʘʝʪʩʷ ʝʛʦ, ʪʦ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʜʦʛʘʜʘʣʩʷ, ʢʪʦ ʷ.

ɼʝʣʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʥʦʡ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ. ʄʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤʠ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʝʡʰʠʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ ʠʟ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʳʥʝ ʟʜʨʘʚʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʭ, ʠ ʤʘʣʦ-ʧʦʤʘʣʫ ʷ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʨʘʟʙʠʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʠʭ ʤʠʨʝ. ʅʦ ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʚʩʝ ʫʩʠʣʠʷ ʧʦʡʤʘʪʴ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʤʳ ʫʚʠʜʝʣʠ ʜʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʘ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ. ʗ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʦʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʩ ʥʠʤ ʠ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʜʦʢʫʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʬʠʣʴʤʝ, ʜʣʷ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʯʠ çɻʦʨʠʟʦʥʪè ʥʘ ɹʠ-ɹʠ-ʉʠ, ʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʤ ʠʤ ʬʝʥʦʤʝʥʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ. ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʥʝʜʘʚʥʦ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʫʩʣʳʰʘʥʠʝ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʉʚʷʪʦʡ ɻʨʘʘʣʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ � ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɺʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ

ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʚʰʝʛʦ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʨʘʟʛʦʚʦʨʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʨʘʩʩʝʷʥ ʠ ʜʝʨʞʘʣʩʷ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʦ, ʠ ʭʦʪʷ ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʚʝʞʣʠʚ ʠ ʜʨʫʞʝʣʶʙʝʥ, ʙʳʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʭʦʯʝʪʩʷ ʧʦʙʳʩʪʨʝʝ ʦʪʜʝʣʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʤʝʥʷ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʝʟ ʦʙʠʥʷʢʦʚ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʝʡʯʘʩ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʠ ʥʘ ʯʝʤ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ, ʧʦ ʝʛʦ ʩʣʦʚʘʤ, ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʚ ʢʨʠʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʩʪʘʜʠʠ, ʠ ʯʪʦ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʧʦʟʜʥʝʝ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʩʭʣʳʥʝʪ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʠʝ, ʦʥ ʩ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʝʤ ʧʨʠʤʝʪ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʬʠʣʴʤʝ.

ʄʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ (ʠ ʦʥ ʵʪʦ ʟʥʘʣ), ʯʪʦ ʩʘʤʘʷ ʯʝʩʪʦʣʶʙʠʚʘʷ ʤʝʯʪʘ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʨʫʭʥʫʣʘ. ʉʚʷʪʦʡ ɻʨʘʘʣʴ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʦʥ ʫʞʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʝʨʞʘʣ ʚ ʨʫʢʘʭ, ʥʘ ʜʝʣʝ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʢʨʘʩʠʚʳʤ, ʜʨʘʛʦʮʝʥʥʳʤ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ-ʪʘʢʠ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʩʦʩʫʜʦʤ ʜʣʷ ʧʠʪʴʷ. ɼʝʣʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʦʥ ʚʦʟʚʝʩʪʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ.

ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʥʠʢʘʣʴʥʘ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʤʥʝ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʜʦʚʝʣʦʩʴ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ, ʷ ʫʞʝ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʶ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ � ʧʦʠʩʪʠʥʝ ʦʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʡ ʚ ʩʬʝʨʝ ʥʘʫʯʥʦʡ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ. ʗ ʚʠʜʝʣ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʛʣʘʟʘʤʠ ʟʘʛʦʣʦʚʢʠ ʣʝʪʦʤ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʳʥʝʩʣʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʝʜʥʠʝ ʧʦʣʦʩʳ ʥʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʛʘʟʝʪ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʝ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʣʠʩʴ ʣʠʰʴ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʩʤʫʪʥʳʝ ʚʦʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʥʠʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʯʝʚʠʜʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʠ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʝ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʚ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʯʝ çɻʦʨʠʟʦʥʪè ʝʡ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʧʦʩʚʷʪʠʪʴ ʬʠʣʴʤ. ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʷ ʧʦʙʝʩʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʩʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ: ʪʝʤʠ, ʢʪʦ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʣ ʥʝʧʦʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʠʣʠ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ ʟʥʘʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʠ ʪʝʤʠ, ʢʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʣ ʚʦʩʪʦʨʛ ʦʪ ʩʦʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤ ʜʦʚʝʣʦʩʴ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʷʤʠ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʷ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ. ɺʩʝ ʱʝʜʨʦ ʜʝʣʠʣʠʩʴ ʩʦ ʤʥʦʡ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʧʦʟʥʘʥʠʷʤʠ ʠʟ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʪʝʨʧʝʣʠʚʦ ʚʪʦʣʢʦʚʳʚʘʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʩʫʪʴ ʩʚʝʨʰʠʚʰʝʛʦʩʷ, ʭʦʪʷ ʚ ʦʙʨʫʰʠʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʥʘ ʤʝʥʷ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷʭ ʷ ʨʘʟʙʠʨʘʣʩʷ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʩʣʘʙʦ. ɺʩʢʦʨʝ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʨʝʯʴ ʠʜʝʪ ʦ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʡ ʝʛʦ ʧʦʣʥʦʪʝ ʚʣʘʜʝʝʪ ʝʜʚʘ ʣʠ ʧʦʣʜʶʞʠʥʳ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʤʠʨʝ. ʂʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʷ ʜʘʞʝ ʩʪʘʣ ʟʘʜʫʤʳʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʘʜ ʪʝʤ, ʥʝ ʩʦʰʝʣ ʣʠ ʷ ʩ ʫʤʘ, ʧʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʩʥʷʪʴ ʬʠʣʴʤ ʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʅʦ ʦʪ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʩʦʙʝʩʝʜʥʠʢʦʚ ʷ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʫʟʥʘʣ ʦ ʙʦʛʘʪʦʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʤ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʝʝ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ ʠ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʟʜʝʩʴ ʠ ʢʨʦʝʪʩʷ ʧʦʜʣʠʥʥʳʡ ʩʶʞʝʪ ʬʠʣʴʤʘ.

ʗ ʫʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʢʦʨʥʷʤʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʭʦʜʠʪ ʚ ɼʨʝʚʥʶʶ ɻʨʝʮʠʶ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʦʥʘ ʚʳʩʠʪʩʷ, ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʛʠʤʘʣʘʡʩʢʦʤʫ ʧʠʢʫ. ʗ ʦʱʫʪʠʣ ʵʩʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʮʝʥʠʪʴ ʚ ʥʝʡ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʥʘʫʢʫ ʷʟʳʢʦʤ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʳ. ʂʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʦʤʦʛʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʧʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʪʠʪʘʥʠʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ ʧʦ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʥʠʶ ʚʩʝʭ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʭ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩ ʮʝʣʴʶ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʠʭ ʜʣʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʆʪ ʜʨʫʟʝʡ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʝ ʷ ʫʩʣʳʰʘʣ ʦ ʪʝʨʥʠʩʪʦʤ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʫʩʧʝʭʫ, ʧʨʦʡʜʝʥʥʦʤ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʟʘ ʛʦʜʳ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ, ʧʨʦʚʝʜʝʥʥʳʭ ʚ ʦʜʠʥʦʯʝʩʪʚʝ. ɺʦʢʨʫʛ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʨʠʩʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʠʩʪʠʥʝ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʢʘʨʪʠʥʫ ʠ ʰʘʛ ʟʘ ʰʘʛʦʤ ʩʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʫ, ʜʦʤʠʥʠʨʦʚʘʚʰʫʶ ʥʘʜ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʴʶ, ʥʦ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʤʥʝ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʩʫʞʜʝʥʦ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ.

ʍʦʪʷ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʪ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʩʣʦʞʥʝʡʰʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ, ʷ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʢʨʘʩʦʪʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʫʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʩʘʤʫ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ. ʕʪʦ � ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘ, ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʫʝʤʘʷ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʧʦʥʷʪʥʘ ʣʶʙʦʤʫ ʰʢʦʣʴʥʠʢʫ. ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʦʤ, ʚʦʩʧʠʪʘʥʥʳʤ ʚ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʷʭ ɺʦʟʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʚʰʠʤʩʷ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʮʝʥʪʨʝ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʥʦʛʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ. ʅʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ

ʩʫʤʝʣ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʥʝ ʜʦʜʫʤʘʣʠʩʴ ʟʘʜʘʪʴ ʜʨʝʚʥʠʝ ʛʨʝʢʠ, ʠ ʚ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʦʥ ʩʪʘʣ ʘʚʪʦʨʦʤ ʪʨʫʜʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʥʘ ɿʝʤʣʝ, ʨʝʰʘʪʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ. ʉʣʦʚʥʦ ʜʨʘʟʥʷ ʧʦʪʦʤʢʦʚ ʣʦʞʥʳʤʠ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʘʤʠ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʠʤ ʢʨʘʪʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʫʚʝʜʦʤʣʷʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʟʥʘʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ, ʥʦ ʫʤʘʣʯʠʚʘʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʚ ʯʝʤ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʦʥʦ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ. ʊʘʢ ʥʘʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʛʦʥʢʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʘʩʴ ʪʨʠ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷ.

ʊʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʪʘʢ ʜʦʣʛʦ, ʧʨʠʜʘʝʪ ʝʡ ʦʩʦʙʫʶ ʟʥʘʯʠʤʦʩʪʴ. ʊʨʫʜʥʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʝʱʝ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʠʟ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʥʘʫʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʥʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʠ ʷʩʥʦ ʠ ʚʳʜʝʨʞʘʣʘ ʙʳ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʫ ʚʩʝ ʧʨʦʛʨʝʩʩʠʨʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʤʝʞʫʪʢʘ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ. ɺʩʧʦʤʥʠʤ ʛʠʛʘʥʪʩʢʠʝ ʫʩʧʝʭʠ, ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʳʝ ʚ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʠ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ, ʭʠʤʠʠ, ʤʝʜʠʮʠʥʳ ʠ ʠʥʞʝʥʝʨʥʦʛʦ ʜʝʣʘ ʩ XVIII ʚʝʢʘ. ʆʪ çʛʫʤʦʨʦʚè ʚ ʤʝʜʠʮʠʥʝ ʤʳ ʧʦʜʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʜʦ ʨʘʩʱʝʧʣʝʥʠʷ ʛʝʥʘ ʥʘ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʳʝ ʯʘʩʪʠ, ʦʪʢʨʳʣʠ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʨʥʳʝ ʯʘʩʪʠʮʳ ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʘʪʦʤ, ʚʳʩʘʜʠʣʠ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʥʘ ʃʫʥʫ, ʥʦ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʝʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʥʦʡ ʢʨʝʧʦʩʪʴʶ.

ʇʨʦʚʦʜʷ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʟʳʩʢʘʥʠʷ, ʷ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʪʘʢ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʘ (ʠ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ) ʠ ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʪʘʢ ʚʘʞʥʦ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʬʠʣʴʤ ʦ ʥʝʡ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ. ɺ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʩʘʤʳʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʳʝ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ, ʥʘ ʤʦʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ, ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʢʨʠʧʪʦʛʨʘʬʠʠ, ʧʨʦʝʢʪʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʛʣʫʰʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʘʢʫʩʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʠʛʥʘʣʦʚ ʠ ʟʘʜʘʯʘʭ ʩʚʷʟʠ ʩ ʢʦʩʤʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʢʦʨʘʙʣʷʤʠ, ʥʘʭʦʜʷʱʠʤʠʩʷ ʥʘ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʤ ʫʜʘʣʝʥʠʠ. ʅʠ ʦʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ, ʥʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʫʜʠʪʴ, ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʜʣʷ ʰʠʨʦʢʦʡ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ. ɻʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʘʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʠ ʪʘ ʛʦʨʷʯʥʦʩʪʴ, ʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʥʠ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʠ ʦ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ � ʦʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʠʩʪʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ ʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʜʣʷ ʧʦʩʪʦʨʦʥʥʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʣʶʜʴʤʠ ʥʝ ʦʪ ʤʠʨʘ ʩʝʛʦ. ɺʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʤʦʠʭ ʙʝʩʝʜʘʭ ʩ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ ʤʝʥʷ ʧʦʨʘʞʘʣʘ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʘʷ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʴ, ʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʥʠ ʚʳʨʘʞʘʣʠ ʩʚʦʠ ʤʳʩʣʠ. ʅʘ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʡ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʞʜʘʪʴ, ʧʦʢʘ ʪʦʯʥʘʷ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʘ ʥʝ ʚʳʨʠʩʦʚʳʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʡ ʯʝʪʢʦʩʪʴʶ ʚ ʫʤʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ, ʥʦ ʟʘʪʦ ʧʦʪʦʤ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʷʩʥʳʡ ʠ ʯʝʪʢʠʡ ʦʪʚʝʪ, ʦ ʢʘʢʦʤ ʷ ʤʦʛ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʝʯʪʘʪʴ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʩʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʤ ʇʠʪʝʨʘ ʉʘʨʥʘʢʘ, ʧʨʠʷʪʝʣʷ ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʦʥ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʣ ʤʥʝ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʪʝʨʧʝʪʴ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʣʦʞʥʳʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʦʥʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʶʪ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʶ ʠ ʥʝ ʯʫʞʜʳ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʝʥʠʷ, ʥʦ ʬʦʨʤʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʙʝʟʫʧʨʝʯʥʳʤʠ. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʣʝʞʠʪ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʩʝʨʜʮʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʠ ʵʪʦ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʝʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʦʪ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʥʘʫʢ. ɺ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʥʘʫʢʘʭ ʠʤʝʶʪʩʷ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ, ʧʨʦʚʝʨʷʝʤʳʝ ʥʘ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʠʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʜʘʥʥʳʭ ʠ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʦʪʚʝʨʛʘʝʤʳʝ ʠ ʟʘʤʝʥʷʝʤʳʝ ʥʦʚʳʤʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘʤʠ. ɺ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʮʝʣʴʶ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʙʝʟʫʧʨʝʯʥʦʝ, ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦʝ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʠ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ ʥʘ ʚʝʯʥʳʝ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʘ � ʜʣʷ ʢʘʢʠʭ-ʣʠʙʦ ʠʟʤʝʥʝʥʠʡ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʤʝʩʪʘ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʤ ʚʳʟʦʚʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ, ʠ ʪʦʪ, ʢʪʦ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʙʳ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʣ ʙʳ ʚʦʩʪʦʨʞʝʥʥʦʝ ʧʦʢʣʦʥʝʥʠʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ.

ɿʘ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʝʜʣʘʛʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʠʟʳ; ʧʨʦʮʚʝʪʘʣʦ ʩʦʧʝʨʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ. ʋ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʦʛʘʪʘʷ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ, ʟʥʘʚʰʘʷ ʩʤʝʨʪʴ ʠ ʤʦʰʝʥʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ. ʆʥʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʝ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʇʦ ʩʣʦʚʘʤ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ɻʘʨʚʘʨʜʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨʘ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʜʦʭʥʫʣ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʚ ʪʝ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʳ ʩ ʧʝʨʚʳʤʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘʤʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ. ʇʦ ʠʨʦʥʠʠ ʩʫʜʴʙʳ, ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʟʘʥʷʣ ʮʝʥʪʨʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʚ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ

ʋʘʡʣʩʘ.

ʇʦʩʪʝʧʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʦʥʠʢʘʷʩʴ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʝʤ ʥʝʟʥʘʢʦʤʦʡ ʤʥʝ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ, ʷ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʳʛʨʘʣʘ ʛʣʘʚʥʫʶ ʨʦʣʴ ʚ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʝʝ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʰʣʘ ʧʘʨʘʣʣʝʣʴʥʦ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʣ ʦʪʮʦʤ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʉ ʪʦʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʞʠʣ ʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʦʙʨʝʣʘ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ, ʩʪʘʣʘ ʨʘʟʚʠʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʠ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ, ʚ ʨʘʤʢʘʭ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʥʦʚʝʥʠʶ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʚ ʠʣʠ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʪʠʣʠ ʩʚʦʝ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʝ, ʠʩʯʝʨʧʘʚ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ. ʇʦ ʧʨʦʰʝʩʪʚʠʠ ʚʝʢʦʚ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʦʪʭʦʜʠʣʘ ʦʪ ʧʝʨʝʜʥʝʛʦ ʢʨʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ, ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʱʘʷʩʴ ʚ ʢʫʨʴʝʟ. ʅʦ ʢʘʢ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʦʥʘ ʥʝ ʫʪʨʘʪʠʣʘ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʮʝʥʪʨʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʤʝʩʪʘ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ.

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʝ ʩ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, � ʚʨʦʜʝ ʪʦʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʌʝʨʤʘ, � ʩʣʫʞʘʪ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʠʩʧʳʪʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʧʦʣʠʛʦʥʘʤʠ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʟʛʘʜʳʚʘʥʠʷ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ, ʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʣʶʙʷʪ ʨʘʟʛʘʜʳʚʘʪʴ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ. ɼʣʷ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʦʡ ʦʩʦʙʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ: ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʝʝ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʤʝʯʪʦʡ ʚʩʝʡ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʠ. ʊʨʠʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʥʘʟʘʜ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʝʱʝ ʙʳʣ ʤʘʣʴʯʠʰʢʦʡ, ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʨʘʟʠʣʘ ʝʛʦ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʟʘʧʘʣʘ ʚ ʩʝʨʜʮʝ. ʃʝʪʦʤ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʩʝʤʠʣʝʪʥʝʡ ʩʘʤʦʦʪʚʝʨʞʝʥʥʦʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ, ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʚʰʝʡ ʦʪ ʥʝʛʦ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʠ ʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʠ, ʢʘʢʠʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʩʝʙʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ. ʄʥʦʛʠʝ ʠʟ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʥʳʭ ʠʤ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʝʱʝ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʳ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʢ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ. ʆʥ ʩʣʠʣ ʚʦʝʜʠʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʳ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʧʨʝʚʦʩʭʦʜʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʤʠ ʠʜʝʷʤʠ ʠ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʙʦʷʣʠʩʴ ʜʘʞʝ ʜʫʤʘʪʴ. ɺ ʢʘʢʦʤ-ʪʦ ʩʤʳʩʣʝ, ʢʘʢ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨ, ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʣʠ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʣʠ ʧʦʨʦʟʥʴ, ʥʝ ʧʦʤʳʰʣʷʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʝʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ, ʧʦʪʦʤʫ ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʚʩʝʡ ʤʦʱʠ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʊʦ ʯʪʦ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʩʚʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʢ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʩʚʷʟʝʡ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʘʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʨʘʟʦʰʝʜʰʠʤʠʩʷ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ. ɽʛʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʦʧʨʘʚʜʘʥʠʝʤ ʚʩʝʡ ʜʠʚʝʨʩʠʬʠʢʘʮʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʧʨʝʪʝʨʧʝʣʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʩ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʥʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʠʣʘʩʴ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ. ɼʣʷ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʦʝ ʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ ʢʦʥʝʮ ʠʟʦʣʷʮʠʠ, ʧʦʯʪʠ ʯʫʞʜʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʦʙʳʯʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʢʦʣʣʝʢʪʠʚʥʫʶ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ. ɺ ʥʘʨʫʰʝʥʠʝ ʚʩʝʭ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʡ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʭʨʘʥʠʣ ʤʦʣʯʘʥʠʝ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʚʧʣʦʪʴ ʜʦ ʝʝ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʪʘʜʠʠ. ʀ ʝʛʦ ʤʦʣʯʘʥʠʝ ʩʣʫʞʠʣʦ ʤʝʨʦʡ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʜʚʠʞʠʤ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʴʶ � ʞʝʣʘʥʠʝʤ ʚʦ ʯʪʦ ʙʳ ʪʦ ʥʠ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʪʝʤ, ʢʪʦ ʨʝʰʠʪ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʩʪʨʘʩʪʴʶ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʩʠʣʴʥʦʡ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʟʘʩʪʘʚʠʣʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʦʩʚʷʪʠʪʴ ʩʝʤʴ ʣʝʪ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʴ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʶ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʮʝʣʠ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʝʚʦʩʭʦʜʥʦ ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʘʣʦʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʥʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʘʢʘʣ ʩʦʩʪʷʟʘʥʠʷ ʟʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʥʝ ʦʩʣʘʙʝʚʘʣ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʨʠʩʢʥʫʪʴ, ʟʘʷʚʠʚ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʫʩʣʳʰʘʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʧʳʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʇʨʦʚʝʜʷ ʜʦʣʛʠʝ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ ʟʘ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʷ ʧʨʠʙʳʣ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥ. ɼʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʥʘʢʘʣ ʵʤʦʮʠʡ ʙʳʣ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʚʳʩʦʢ. ʄʥʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʩʦʧʝʨʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ, ʫʩʧʝʭʘ, ʦʜʠʥʦʯʝʩʪʚʘ, ʛʝʥʠʷ, ʪʨʠʫʤʬʘ, ʨʝʚʥʦʩʪʠ, ʞʝʩʪʦʢʦʛʦ ʧʨʝʩʩʠʥʛʘ, ʫʪʨʘʪ ʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʪʨʘʛʝʜʠʠ. ɺ ʮʝʥʪʨʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ�ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ, ʩʳʛʨʘʚʰʝʡ ʨʝʰʘʶʱʫʶ ʨʦʣʴ ʚ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ

ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʙʳʣʘ ʪʨʘʛʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʧʦʩʣʝʚʦʝʥʥʘʷ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʚ ʗʧʦʥʠʠ ʖʪʘʢʠ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ, ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʷ ʠʤʝʣ ʯʝʩʪʴ ʚʳʩʣʫʰʘʪʴ ʦʪ ʝʛʦ ʙʣʠʟʢʦʛʦ ʜʨʫʛʘ ɻʦʨʦ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ʆʪ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʷ ʫʟʥʘʣ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʦ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʠ çʜʦʙʨʦʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠè ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʛʜʝ ʚʩʝ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ ʦʪʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʦʪʣʠʯʥʦʛʦ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʘ. ʂʘʢʠʤ-ʪʦ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʦʱʫʱʝʥʠʝ ʜʦʙʨʦʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʚ ʪʦ ʣʝʪʦ ʧʨʦʥʠʟʳʚʘʣʦ ʘʪʤʦʩʬʝʨʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ɺʩʝ ʥʘʩʣʘʞʜʘʣʠʩʴ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʤʦʤʝʥʪʦʤ.

ʋʯʠʪʳʚʘʷ ʚʩʝ ʩʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʝ, ʥʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʫʜʠʚʣʷʪʴʩʷ ʪʦʤʫ ʛʨʫʟʫ ʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʦʱʫʪʠʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʩʝʥʴʶ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʜʦʧʫʱʝʥʘ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ. ɺʟʦʨʳ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʙʨʘʱʝʥʳ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ, ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʧʨʠʟʳʚʘʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʠʣʠ ʚ ʠʥʦʤ ʚʠʜʝ (ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʥ ʦʜʠʥ ʟʥʘʣ, ʚ ʢʘʢʦʤ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʚʠʜʝ), ʥʦ ʛʣʘʚʥʦʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʪʨʦʛʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ! ʈʦʢʦʚʦʡ ʧʝʨʝʭʦʜ ʦʪ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ ʚ ʜʦʤʘʰʥʝʡ ʦʙʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʝ ʠ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʞʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʤ ʪʝʤʧʝ ʢ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʥʘ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʝ ʙʳʣ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥ. ʕʥʜʨʶ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦ ʜʦʤʘʰʥʠʡ, ʠ ʦʥ ʠʟʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʩʠʣ ʙʦʨʦʣʩʷ ʟʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʛʨʘʜʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʶ ʩʝʤʴʶ ʦʪ ʨʘʟʨʘʟʠʚʰʝʡʩʷ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ʥʝʛʦ ʙʫʨʠ. ɺʩʶ ʥʝʜʝʣʶ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʤʥʝ ʜʦʚʝʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʚʝʩʪʠ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʝ, ʷ ʟʚʦʥʠʣ, ʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʣ ʟʘʧʠʩʢʠ ʚ ʦʬʠʩʝ, ʫ ʜʚʝʨʝʡ ʝʛʦ ʢʚʘʨʪʠʨʳ, ʧʝʨʝʜʘʚʘʣ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʝʛʦ ʜʨʫʟʝʡ... ʅʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʫʧʦʨʥʦ ʩʦʧʨʦʪʠʚʣʷʣʩʷ ʚʩʝʤ ʤʦʠʤ çʧʦʜʭʦʜʘʤè ʧʦʢʘ ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʩʷ ʦʜʠʥ-ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʰʘʥʩ ʧʦʚʠʜʘʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʥʠʤ ʚ ʜʝʥʴ ʤʦʝʛʦ ʦʪʲʝʟʜʘ. ʇʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʘ ʪʠʭʘʷ ʥʘʩʳʱʝʥʥʘʷ ʙʝʩʝʜʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʨʦʜʣʠʣʘʩʴ ʚʩʝʛʦ-ʥʘʚʩʝʛʦ ʧʷʪʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʤʠʥʫʪ.

ʊʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʤʳ ʨʘʩʩʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʪ ʜʝʥʴ, ʤʝʞʜʫ ʥʘʤʠ ʮʘʨʠʣʦ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ. ɽʩʣʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʫʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʪʦ ʦʥ ʥʝʧʨʝʤʝʥʥʦ ʥʘʡʜʝʪ ʤʝʥʷ, ʠ ʤʳ ʦʙʩʫʜʠʤ ʟʘʤʳʩʝʣ ʬʠʣʴʤʘ. ʗ ʧʨʠʛʦʪʦʚʠʣʩʷ ʞʜʘʪʴ. ʅʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʚʝʯʝʨʦʤ ʣʝʪʝʣ ʜʦʤʦʡ ʚ ʃʦʥʜʦʥ, ʤʥʝ ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʣʝʚʠʟʠʦʥʥʘʷ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʯʘ ʧʦʛʠʙʣʘ, ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʫʩʧʝʚ ʨʦʜʠʪʴʩʷ. ɿʘ ʪʨʠʩʪʘ ʣʝʪ ʝʱʝ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʟʘʰʪʦʧʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʨʝʭʠ, ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʥʳʝ ʚ ʤʥʦʛʦʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘʭ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʫʩʝʷʥʘ ʣʦʞʥʳʤʠ ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʠʷʤʠ çʬʝʨʤʘʪʠʩʪʦʚè, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʷʢʦʙʳ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʗ ʦʪ ʜʫʰʠ ʞʝʣʘʣ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʩʪʘʣ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝʤ, ʥʦ ʦʪʯʝʪʣʠʚʦ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʠʤʷ ʩʢʦʨʝʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʦʜʥʦʤ ʠʟ ʥʘʜʛʨʦʙʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʢʣʘʜʙʠʱʘ.

ɻʦʜ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʤʥʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʥʠʣʠ. ʉʦʚʝʨʰʠʚ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʳʡ ʧʦʚʦʨʦʪ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷʭ, ʚ ʧʦʨʳʚʝ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʝʥʠʷ ʧʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʚ ʠʩʪʠʥʫ, ʕʥʜʨʶ ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʠʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʷ ʫʩʧʝʣ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʩʠʪʴ ʉʘʡʤʦʥʘ ʉʠʥʛʭʘ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʠ ʬʠʣʴʤʘ, ʠ ʤʳ ʦʙʘ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʩ ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʩʣʫʰʘʷ ʦʪ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʘʚʪʦʨʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʫʶ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ ʩʝʤʠ ʣʝʪ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ ʚ ʦʜʠʥʦʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʚʰʝʛʦ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʛʦʜʠʯʥʦʛʦ ʘʜʘ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʤʳ ʩʥʠʤʘʣʠ ʬʠʣʴʤ, ʕʥʜʨʶ ʧʦʚʝʜʘʣ ʥʘʤ ʪʦ, ʦ ʯʝʤ ʦʥ ʥʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ: ʦ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʩʦʢʨʦʚʝʥʥʝʡʰʠʭ ʤʳʩʣʷʭ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ; ʦ ʜʝʪʩʢʦʡ ʤʝʯʪʝ, ʜʦʚʣʝʚʰʝʡ ʥʘʜ ʥʠʤ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʠ ʣʝʪ; ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʝʤʫ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʠʟʫʯʠʪʴ, ʥʝ ʟʥʘʷ ʝʱʝ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʝʪʩʷ ʩʙʦʨʦʤ ʦʨʫʜʠʡ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʠʛʨʘʚʰʝʡ ʛʣʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʫʶʱʫʶ ʨʦʣʴ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʡ ʝʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʝ; ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦʛʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʩ ʥʠʤ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʡʜʝʪ; ʦʙ ʦʭʚʘʪʠʚʰʝʤ ʝʛʦ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʝ ʧʦʪʝʨʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʫʞʝ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʝʛʦ ʧʦʩʪʦʷʥʥʳʤ ʢʦʤʧʘʥʴʦʥʦʤ; ʦ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʝ ʜʫʰʝʚʥʦʛʦ ʧʦʜʲʝʤʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʦʭʚʘʪʳʚʘʝʪ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʠ ʤʳʩʣʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʣ. ɼʣʷ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʛʣʘʚ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʠ, ʤʥʝ ʞʝ ʚʳʧʘʣʘ ʚʳʩʦʢʘʷ ʯʝʩʪʴ ʧʨʠʢʦʩʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʢ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʶ.

ʅʘʰ ʬʠʣʴʤ ʙʳʣ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥ ʧʦ ʪʝʣʝʚʠʜʝʥʠʶ ɹʠ-ɹʠ-ʉʠ ʚ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʝ çɻʦʨʠʟʦʥʪè ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ

çɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘè. ʉʘʡʤʦʥ ʉʠʥʛʭ ʨʘʟʚʠʣ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʠʟ ʜʦʚʝʨʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʙʝʩʝʜ ʩ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ, ʠ ʥʘʩʳʪʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣ ʬʘʢʪʘʤʠ ʠʟ ʙʦʛʘʪʦʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʵʪʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ. ʊʘʢ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ ʩʚʝʪ ʵʪʘ ʢʥʠʛʘ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʱʘʷ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʧʦʣʥʫʶ ʠ ʦʙʱʝʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʫʶ ʧʠʩʴʤʝʥʥʫʶ ʚʝʨʩʠʶ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʤʳʩʣʠ.

ʄʘʨʪ 1997 ʛ. ɼʞʦʥ ʃʠʥʯʈʝʜʘʢʪʦʨ ʩʝʨʠʠ çɻʦʨʠʟʦʥʪè

ʪʝʣʝʚʠʜʝʥʠʷ ɹʠ-ɹʠ-ʉʠ

ɺʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ

ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʳʚʥʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʘ ʩ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʟʘʪʨʘʛʠʚʘʝʪ ʚʩʝ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʳʝ ʪʝʤʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʆʥʘ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʝʪ ʫʥʠʢʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʚʠʞʝʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʜʘʝʪ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʝʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ, � ʘ ʵʪʦ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʜʘʞʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʘʞʥʦ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʮʝʥʪʨʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʷʜʨʦ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʳʚʘʶʱʝʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʦ ʩʤʝʣʦʩʪʠ, ʤʦʰʝʥʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʝ, ʭʠʪʨʦʩʪʠ ʠ ʪʨʘʛʝʜʠʠ, � ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʪʘʢ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʘʯʝ ʟʘʪʨʘʛʠʚʘʝʪ ʚʩʝʭ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʛʝʨʦʝʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ʉʚʦʠʤʠ ʢʦʨʥʷʤʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʭʦʜʠʪ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ɼʨʝʚʥʝʡ ɻʨʝʮʠʠ � ʟʘ ʜʚʝ ʪʳʩʷʯʠ ʣʝʪ ʜʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʚʠʜʝ, ʚ ʢʘʢʦʤ ʤʳ ʟʥʘʝʤ ʝʝ ʩʝʛʦʜʥʷ. ʊʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʚʷʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʟʘʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʝ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʤ, ʩ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʠʟʦʱʨʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʠʜʝʷʤʠ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʇʨʠ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʠʠ ʵʪʦʡ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʷ ʦʧʠʨʘʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʭʨʦʥʦʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ, ʥʘʯʠʥʘʷ ʩ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʦʥʥʦʛʦ ʵʧʦʩʘ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʟʘʢʘʥʯʠʚʘʷ ʣʠʯʥʦʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʝʡ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ � ʝʛʦ ʫʧʦʨʥʦʡ ʙʦʨʴʙʳ ʟʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ɻʣʘʚʘ 1 ʧʦʚʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʝ ʠ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʝʪ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʧʨʷʤʳʤ ʧʨʝʜʢʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɺ ʵʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʛʣʘʚʝ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʶʪʩʷ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʚ ʵʪʦʡ ʢʥʠʛʠ. ɺ ʛʣʘʚʝ 2 ʠʟʣʘʛʘʝʪʩʷ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʦʪ ɼʨʝʚʥʝʡ ɻʨʝʮʠʠ ʜʦ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ XVIII ʚʝʢʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʦʟʜʘʣ ʩʘʤʫʶ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʫʶ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʫ. ʅʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮ ʧʦʩʚʷʱʝʥʦ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʶ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʝʛʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʭ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ. ʕʪʦ ʧʦʤʦʞʝʪ ʣʫʯʰʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʳʡ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ (ʜʘʣʝʢʦ ʚʳʭʦʜʷʱʠʡ ʟʘ ʨʘʤʢʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʥʦʩʷʱʝʡ ʥʳʥʝ ʝʛʦ ʠʤʷ).

ɻʣʘʚʳ 3 ʠ 4 ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʶʪ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʪʳʝ ʚ XVIII, XIX ʠ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ XX ʚʝʢʘ. ʍʦʪʷ ʵʪʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʦʢʦʥʯʠʣʠʩʴ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʝʡ, ʦʥʠ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʠ ʢ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʶ ʧʦʨʘʟʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʘʨʩʝʥʘʣʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʠ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʙʳʣʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʳ ʚ ʨʷʜʝ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʧʦʧʳʪʦʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʚ ʵʪʠʭ ʛʣʘʚʘʭ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʴ ʥʘʡʜʝʪ ʩʚʝʜʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʭ, ʯʴʝ ʪʚʦʨʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʪʦʡ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʳ ʩ ʥʘʩʣʝʜʠʝʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʆʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʛʣʘʚʳ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʪ ʭʨʦʥʠʢʫ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʩʦʨʦʢʘ ʣʝʪ, ʚ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʚ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʝʣ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʨʦʪ. ɺ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ,

ʚ ʛʣʘʚʘʭ 7 ʠ 8 ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʝ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʫʜʝʣʝʥʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʯʝʡ ʛʝʨʦʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ, ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʡ ʚ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʝ, ʧʦʨʘʟʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ. ɺ ʦʩʥʦʚʫ ʵʪʠʭ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʛʣʘʚ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʳ ʦʙʰʠʨʥʳʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʚʴʶ ʩ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ. ɼʣʷ ʤʝʥʷ ʦʥʠ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʨʦʜʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʫʩʣʳʰʘʪʴ ʦʪ ʥʝʧʦʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʘ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ ʦ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʦʤ ʧʨʠʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʠ XX ʚʝʢʘ. ʀ ʷ ʥʘʜʝʶʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʪʴ ʪʦ ʪʚʦʨʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʛʦʨʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʛʝʨʦʠʟʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩ ʯʝʩʪʴʶ ʚʳʜʝʨʞʘʪʴ ʩʫʨʦʚʳʝ ʠʩʧʳʪʘʥʠʷ, ʜʣʠʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʝ.

ʈʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʷ ʣʝʛʝʥʜʫ ʦ ʇʴʝʨʝ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʥʥʦʡ ʠʤ ʧʦʨʘʟʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʝ, ʷ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʙʝʛʘʷ ʢ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷʤ, ʥʦ x, y ʠ z ʚʨʝʤʷ ʦʪ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʥʝʠʟʙʝʞʥʦ ʧʦʜʥʠʤʘʣʠ ʩʚʦʠ ʛʦʣʦʚʳ. ɺʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʧʦʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʝʢʩʪʝ, ʦʥʠ ʩʥʘʙʞʝʥʳ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʳʤʠ ʧʦʷʩʥʝʥʠʷʤʠ ʠ ʥʝ ʚʳʟʦʚʫʪ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʫ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʝʡ, ʥʝ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʱʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʧʦʜʛʦʪʦʚʢʦʡ. ɼʣʷ ʪʝʭ ʞʝ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʝʡ, ʯʴʠ ʧʦʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʛʣʫʙʞʝ, ʷ ʧʨʠʚʦʞʫ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʟʘʪʨʘʛʠʚʘʝʤʳʝ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʤ ʪʝʢʩʪʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠʜʝʠ ʠʟʣʘʛʘʶʪʩʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥ ʩʧʠʩʦʢ ʣʠʪʝʨʘʪʫʨʳ ʜʣʷ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʯʪʝʥʠʷ. ʂʘʢ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʦ, ʚ ʥʝʛʦ ʚʦʰʣʠ ʢʥʠʛʠ, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʴ-ʥʝʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʥʘ ʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʦʤ ʜʣʷ ʩʝʙʷ ʫʨʦʚʥʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʦʤ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ʉʦʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʝʟ ʧʦʤʦʱʠ ʠ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʷ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʣʶʜʝʡ. ʆʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʷ ʭʦʯʫ ʧʦʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʠʪʴ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ, ʚʦʧʨʝʢʠ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʠʶ, ʜʘʚʘʣ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʠ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʳʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʚʴʶ ʚ ʩʘʤʳʡ ʨʘʟʛʘʨ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʥʘʜ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɿʘ ʩʝʤʴ ʣʝʪ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʥʘ ʧʦʧʨʠʱʝ ʥʘʫʯʥʦʡ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʠʩʪʠʢʠ ʷ ʥʝ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʣ ʥʠʢʦʛʦ, ʢʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʙʳ ʪʘʢ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦ ʧʨʝʜʘʥ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ, ʠ ʷ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʶ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʫ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʟʘ ʝʛʦ ʛʦʪʦʚʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʦʚʝʜʘʪʴ ʤʥʝ ʩʚʦʶ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ.

ʗ ʭʦʯʫ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʦʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʠʪʴ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʦʤʦʛʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʢʥʠʛʫ ʠ ʣʶʙʝʟʥʦ ʩʦʛʣʘʩʠʣʠʩʴ ʜʘʪʴ ʤʥʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʳʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʚʴʶ. ʆʜʥʠ ʠʟ ʤʦʠʭ ʩʦʙʝʩʝʜʥʠʢʦʚ ʩʘʤʠ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʣʠ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘʭ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʷʤʠ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ, ʧʨʦʠʩʰʝʜʰʠʭ ʟʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʩʦʨʦʢ ʣʝʪ. ʏʘʩʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʷ ʧʨʦʚʝʣ, ʙʝʩʝʜʫʷ ʠ ʦʙʤʝʥʠʚʘʷʩʴ ʩ ʥʠʤʠ ʰʫʪʣʠʚʳʤʠ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʥʠʷʤʠ, ʜʦʩʪʘʚʠʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʫʶ ʨʘʜʦʩʪʴ, ʠ ʷ ʚʳʩʦʢʦ ʮʝʥʶ ʪʦ ʪʝʨʧʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʵʥʪʫʟʠʘʟʤ, ʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʦʥʠ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʩʫʪʴ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʝʡʰʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʡ.

ʗ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʙʳ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʧʦʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʠʪʴ ɼʞʦʥʘ ʂʦʫʪʩʘ, ɼʞʦʥʘ ʂʦʥʚʝʷ, ʅʠʢʘ ʂʘʮʘ, ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨʘ, ʂʝʥʘ ʈʠʙʝʪʘ, ʇʠʪʝʨʘ ʉʘʨʥʘʢʘ, ɻʦʨʦ ʐʠʤʫʨʫ ʠ ʈʠʯʘʨʜʘ ʊʝʡʣʦʨʘ.

ʉʚʦʶ ʢʥʠʛʫ ʷ ʩʪʨʝʤʠʣʩʷ ʧʨʦʠʣʣʶʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʢʘʢ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ ʧʦʨʪʨʝʪʦʚ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʴ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʣʫʯʰʝʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʝʭ, ʢʪʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʈʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʠ ʠ ʘʨʭʠʚʳ ʩʜʝʣʘʣʠ ʚʩʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʝ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʚ ʠʭ ʩʠʣʘʭ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʤʦʯʴ ʤʥʝ. ʗ ʭʦʯʫ ʚʳʨʘʟʠʪʴ ʦʩʦʙʫʶ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʥʦʩʪʴ ʉʴʶʟʝʥ ʆʫʢʝʩ ʠʟ ʃʦʥʜʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ, ʉʘʥʜʨʝ ʂʘʤʤʠʥʛ ʠʟ ʂʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʦʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʗʥʫ ʉʪʶʘʨʪʫ ʠʟ ɺʘʨʚʠʢʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ. ʗ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʝʣʝʥ ʪʘʢʞʝ ɾʘʢʣʠʥ ʉʘʚʘʥʠ ʠʟ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ɼʫʥʢʘʥʫ ʄʘʢʘʛʥʫʩʫ, ɼʞʝʨʝʤʠ ɻʨʝʶ ʇʦʣʫ ɹʘʣʠʩʪʝʨʫ ʠʟ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʘ ʩʵʨʘ ʀʩʘʘʢʘ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ ʟʘ ʠʭ ʧʦʤʦʱʴ ʚ ʧʦʜʙʦʨʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʘ. ʗ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʝʥ ʇʘʪʨʠʢʫ ʋʦʣʰʫ, ʂʨʠʩʪʦʬʝʨʫ ʇʦʪʪʝʨʫ, ɹʝʨʥʘʜʝʪʪʝ ɸʣʴʚʝʩ, ʉʘʥʜʞʠʜʝ ʆ'ʂʦʥʥʝʣ ʠ ʤʦʠʤ ʨʦʜʠʪʝʣʷʤ ʟʘ ʠʭ

ʢʦʤʤʝʥʪʘʨʠʠ ʠ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʢʫ, ʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʫʶ ʤʥʝ ʚ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʡ ʛʦʜ.

ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʚʴʶ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʢʥʠʛʝ, ʙʳʣʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʳ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʫʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʴʶ ʪʝʣʝʚʠʟʠʦʥʥʦʛʦ ʬʠʣʴʤʘ ʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʗ ʭʦʯʫ ʧʦʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʠʪʴ ɹʠ-ɹʠ-ʉʠ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʚʰʫʶ ʤʥʝ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʵʪʠʤ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʦʤ ʠ ʚ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ɼʞʦʥʘ ʃʠʥʯʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩʦ ʤʥʦʡ ʥʘʜ ʵʪʠʤ ʬʠʣʴʤʦʤ ʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʧʨʦʙʫʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʤʦʝʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʘ ʢ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʄʘʨʪ 1997 ʛ.

ʆʊ ʀɿɼɸʊɽʃʔʉʊɺɸ

ʊʨʫʜʥʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ, ʯʝʤ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʷʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʉʚʦʝʡ ʦʙʤʘʥʯʠʚʦʡ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʪʦʡ ʦʥʘ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʣʘ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʢ ʩʝʙʝ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ 350 ʣʝʪ.

ʀ ʚʦʪ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ. ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʟʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʫʞʝ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʚʘʝʪ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʷ: ʩʚʷʟʴ ʩ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ, ʦʙʲʷʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʄʠʷʦʢʠ, ʛʘʟʝʪʥʘʷ ʰʫʤʠʭʘ ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʚ 1993 ʛʦʜʫ, ʠ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʦʙ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʠ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʠ ʚ 1995 ʛʦʜʫ. ʋʯʠʪʳʚʘʷ ʘʞʠʦʪʘʞ, ʚʦʟʥʠʢʰʠʡ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʦʙʲʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ʚ 1908 ʛʦʜʫ ʠ ʥʝ ʫʪʠʭʰʠʡ ʜʦ ʩʠʭ ʧʦʨ, ʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʧʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʵʪʦʡ ʠʥʪʨʠʛʫʶʱʝʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʷʷ ʪʦʯʢʘ...

ʀ ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ, ʧʝʨʝʜ ʥʘʤʠ ʢʥʠʛʘ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʣʝʞʝʥʘ ʚʩʷ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʦʪ ʧʦʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʚ 1637 ʛʦʜʫ ʜʦ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʡ ʕ. ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʠ ʈ. ʊʝʡʣʦʨʘ ʚ 1995 ʛʦʜʫ. ʉʪʦʣʴ ʜʣʠʥʥʳʡ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʤʝʞʫʪʦʢ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣ ʘʚʪʦʨʫ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʪʴ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʳʭ ʠ ʤʘʣʦʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʠʟ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ʕʪʘ ʢʥʠʛʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʘ ʚ 1997 ʛʦʜʫ ʠ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʙʝʩʪʩʝʣʣʝʨʦʤ. ɽʝ ʘʚʪʦʨʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʫʩʧʝʰʥʦ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʪʨʫʜʥʫʶ ʜʠʣʝʤʤʫ: ʥʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʳʡ ʠ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʳʡ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʥʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʘʧʧʘʨʘʪ. ʂʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʞʝ, ʵʪʦ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʤ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʠ ʧʦʤʦʱʠ ʮʝʣʦʛʦ ʨʷʜʘ ʯʨʝʟʤʝʨʥʳʭ ʫʧʨʦʱʝʥʠʡ. ʍʘʨʘʢʪʝʨʥʦʡ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʠ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʘ, ʢʘʢ ʵʪʦ ʠ ʦʪʨʘʞʝʥʦ ʚ ʧʨʝʜʠʩʣʦʚʠʠ, ʧʦ çʛʦʨʷʯʠʤè ʩʣʝʜʘʤ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ. ʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʵʪʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʦ ʢ ʧʦʷʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʝʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʝʡ, ʘ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʠ ʧʨʷʤʳʭ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ. ʊʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ, ʤʳ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʳ, ʯʪʦ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʷ ʵʪʦʡ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʥʘ ʨʫʩʩʢʦʤ ʷʟʳʢʝ ʚʳʟʦʚʝʪ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ.

ɺ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝ ʥʘʤ ʭʦʪʝʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʩʳʣʦʢ. ʊʘʢ, ʦʨʠʛʠʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʚ [1]. ʂʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʚ [2,3]. ʆ ʩʚʷʟʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ ʠ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʤ. [4].

ɺ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʢʥʠʛ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʬʫʥʢʮʠʷʤ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤ ʬʦʨʤʘʤ ʤʳ ʨʝʢʦʤʝʥʜʫʝʤ [4,5,6,7].

1. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʇ. ʀʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʜʠʦʬʘʥʪʦʚʫ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʫ. � ʄ.: ʅʘʫʢʘ, 1992. 2. ʕʜʚʘʨʜʩ ɻ. ʇʦʩʣʝʜʥʷʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɻʝʥʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʚʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ

ʯʠʩʝʣ. � ʄ.: ʄʠʨ, 1980. 3. ʇʦʩʪʥʠʢʦʚ ʄ. ʄ. ɺʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. � ʄ.: ʅʘʫʢʘ, 1982. 4. ʇʨʘʩʦʣʦʚ ɺ. ɺ., ʉʦʣʦʚʴʝʚ ʖ. ʇ. ʕʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʬʫʥʢʮʠʠ ʠ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ. �

ʄ.: ʌʘʢʪʦʨʠʘʣ, 1997. 5. ɹʦʨʝʚʠʯ 3. ʀ., ʐʘʬʘʨʝʚʠʯ ʀ. ʈ. ʊʝʦʨʠʷ ʯʠʩʝʣ. � ʄ.: ʅʘʫʢʘ, 1985. 6. ʂʦʙʣʠʮ ʅ. ɺʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ. � ʄ.: ʄʠʨ, 1988. 7. ɸʡʝʨʣʘʥʜ ʂ., ʈʦʫʟʝʥ ʄ. ʂʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʚʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʯʠʩʝʣ. � ʄ.: ʄʠʨ,

1987.

ʇʨʝʜʠʩʣʦʚʠʝ

ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ-ʪʦ ʤʳ ʩʦʰʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʦʜʥʦ ʠ ʪʦ ʞʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ, ʠ ʚ ʦʜʥʦʤ ʠ ʪʦʤ ʞʝ ʤʝʩʪʝ � ʚ ʟʘʣʝ, ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʥʝ ʜʦ ʦʪʢʘʟʘ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʨʥʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʤʝʩʪʠʪʴ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʢʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ʛʜʝ ʦʥʠ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦ ʢʘʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʪʦʨʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ. ɺ ʪʦʪ ʜʝʥʴ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʚ ʟʘʣʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝ ʪʘʢ ʫʞ ʠ ʤʥʦʛʦ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʩ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʢʪʦ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ. ʆʛʣʷʜʝʚʰʠʩʴ, ʷ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʠʥʫʪ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʩʢʨʦʤʥʦʛʦ ʚʠʜʘ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ, ʧʠʣ ʯʘʡ, ʩʣʫʰʘʣ, ʦ ʯʝʤ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʠ ʩʪʦʷʚʰʠʝ ʧʦʙʣʠʟʦʩʪʠ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ, ʠ ʙʳʣ ʷʚʥʦ ʧʦʛʨʫʞʝʥ ʚ ʨʠʪʫʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩ çʩʦʙʠʨʘʥʠʷ ʩ ʤʳʩʣʷʤʠè, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʦʢʦʣʦ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʯʘʩʦʚ ʜʥʷ ʧʦʛʣʦʱʝʥʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʤʠʨʝ. ʏʪʦ ʞʝ ʢʘʩʘʝʪʩʷ ʝʛʦ, ʪʦ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʜʦʛʘʜʘʣʩʷ, ʢʪʦ ʷ.

ɼʝʣʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʥʦʡ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ. ʄʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤʠ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʝʡʰʠʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ ʠʟ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʳʥʝ ʟʜʨʘʚʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʭ, ʠ ʤʘʣʦ-ʧʦʤʘʣʫ ʷ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʨʘʟʙʠʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʠʭ ʤʠʨʝ. ʅʦ ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʚʩʝ ʫʩʠʣʠʷ ʧʦʡʤʘʪʴ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʤʳ ʫʚʠʜʝʣʠ ʜʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʘ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ. ʗ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʦʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʩ ʥʠʤ ʠ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʜʦʢʫʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʬʠʣʴʤʝ, ʜʣʷ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʯʠ çɻʦʨʠʟʦʥʪè ʥʘ ɹʠ-ɹʠ-ʉʠ, ʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʤ ʠʤ ʬʝʥʦʤʝʥʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ. ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʥʝʜʘʚʥʦ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʫʩʣʳʰʘʥʠʝ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʉʚʷʪʦʡ ɻʨʘʘʣʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ � ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɺʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʚʰʝʛʦ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʨʘʟʛʦʚʦʨʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʨʘʩʩʝʷʥ ʠ ʜʝʨʞʘʣʩʷ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʦ, ʠ ʭʦʪʷ ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʚʝʞʣʠʚ ʠ ʜʨʫʞʝʣʶʙʝʥ, ʙʳʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʭʦʯʝʪʩʷ ʧʦʙʳʩʪʨʝʝ ʦʪʜʝʣʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʤʝʥʷ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʝʟ ʦʙʠʥʷʢʦʚ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʝʡʯʘʩ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʠ ʥʘ ʯʝʤ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ, ʧʦ ʝʛʦ ʩʣʦʚʘʤ, ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʚ ʢʨʠʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʩʪʘʜʠʠ, ʠ ʯʪʦ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʧʦʟʜʥʝʝ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʩʭʣʳʥʝʪ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʠʝ, ʦʥ ʩ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʝʤ ʧʨʠʤʝʪ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʬʠʣʴʤʝ.

ʄʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ (ʠ ʦʥ ʵʪʦ ʟʥʘʣ), ʯʪʦ ʩʘʤʘʷ ʯʝʩʪʦʣʶʙʠʚʘʷ ʤʝʯʪʘ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʨʫʭʥʫʣʘ. ʉʚʷʪʦʡ ɻʨʘʘʣʴ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʦʥ ʫʞʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʝʨʞʘʣ ʚ ʨʫʢʘʭ, ʥʘ ʜʝʣʝ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʢʨʘʩʠʚʳʤ, ʜʨʘʛʦʮʝʥʥʳʤ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ-ʪʘʢʠ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʩʦʩʫʜʦʤ ʜʣʷ ʧʠʪʴʷ. ɼʝʣʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʦʥ ʚʦʟʚʝʩʪʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ.

ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʥʠʢʘʣʴʥʘ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʤʥʝ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʜʦʚʝʣʦʩʴ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ, ʷ ʫʞʝ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʶ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ � ʧʦʠʩʪʠʥʝ ʦʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʡ ʚ ʩʬʝʨʝ ʥʘʫʯʥʦʡ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ. ʗ ʚʠʜʝʣ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʛʣʘʟʘʤʠ ʟʘʛʦʣʦʚʢʠ ʣʝʪʦʤ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʳʥʝʩʣʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʝʜʥʠʝ ʧʦʣʦʩʳ ʥʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʛʘʟʝʪ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʝ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʣʠʩʴ ʣʠʰʴ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʩʤʫʪʥʳʝ ʚʦʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʥʠʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʯʝʚʠʜʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʠ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʝ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʚ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʯʝ çɻʦʨʠʟʦʥʪè ʝʡ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʧʦʩʚʷʪʠʪʴ ʬʠʣʴʤ. ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʷ ʧʦʙʝʩʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʩʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ: ʪʝʤʠ, ʢʪʦ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʣ ʥʝʧʦʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʠʣʠ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ ʟʥʘʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʠ ʪʝʤʠ, ʢʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʣ ʚʦʩʪʦʨʛ ʦʪ ʩʦʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤ ʜʦʚʝʣʦʩʴ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʷʤʠ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʷ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ. ɺʩʝ ʱʝʜʨʦ ʜʝʣʠʣʠʩʴ ʩʦ ʤʥʦʡ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʧʦʟʥʘʥʠʷʤʠ ʠʟ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʪʝʨʧʝʣʠʚʦ ʚʪʦʣʢʦʚʳʚʘʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʩʫʪʴ ʩʚʝʨʰʠʚʰʝʛʦʩʷ, ʭʦʪʷ ʚ ʦʙʨʫʰʠʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʥʘ ʤʝʥʷ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷʭ ʷ ʨʘʟʙʠʨʘʣʩʷ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʩʣʘʙʦ. ɺʩʢʦʨʝ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʨʝʯʴ ʠʜʝʪ ʦ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʝ,

ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʡ ʝʛʦ ʧʦʣʥʦʪʝ ʚʣʘʜʝʝʪ ʝʜʚʘ ʣʠ ʧʦʣʜʶʞʠʥʳ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʤʠʨʝ. ʂʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʷ ʜʘʞʝ ʩʪʘʣ ʟʘʜʫʤʳʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʘʜ ʪʝʤ, ʥʝ ʩʦʰʝʣ ʣʠ ʷ ʩ ʫʤʘ, ʧʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʩʥʷʪʴ ʬʠʣʴʤ ʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʅʦ ʦʪ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʩʦʙʝʩʝʜʥʠʢʦʚ ʷ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʫʟʥʘʣ ʦ ʙʦʛʘʪʦʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʤ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʝʝ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ ʠ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʟʜʝʩʴ ʠ ʢʨʦʝʪʩʷ ʧʦʜʣʠʥʥʳʡ ʩʶʞʝʪ ʬʠʣʴʤʘ.

ʗ ʫʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʢʦʨʥʷʤʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʭʦʜʠʪ ʚ ɼʨʝʚʥʶʶ ɻʨʝʮʠʶ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʦʥʘ ʚʳʩʠʪʩʷ, ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʛʠʤʘʣʘʡʩʢʦʤʫ ʧʠʢʫ. ʗ ʦʱʫʪʠʣ ʵʩʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʮʝʥʠʪʴ ʚ ʥʝʡ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʥʘʫʢʫ ʷʟʳʢʦʤ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʳ. ʂʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʦʤʦʛʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʧʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʪʠʪʘʥʠʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ ʧʦ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʥʠʶ ʚʩʝʭ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʭ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩ ʮʝʣʴʶ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʠʭ ʜʣʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʆʪ ʜʨʫʟʝʡ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʝ ʷ ʫʩʣʳʰʘʣ ʦ ʪʝʨʥʠʩʪʦʤ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʫʩʧʝʭʫ, ʧʨʦʡʜʝʥʥʦʤ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʟʘ ʛʦʜʳ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ, ʧʨʦʚʝʜʝʥʥʳʭ ʚ ʦʜʠʥʦʯʝʩʪʚʝ. ɺʦʢʨʫʛ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʨʠʩʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʠʩʪʠʥʝ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʢʘʨʪʠʥʫ ʠ ʰʘʛ ʟʘ ʰʘʛʦʤ ʩʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʫ, ʜʦʤʠʥʠʨʦʚʘʚʰʫʶ ʥʘʜ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʴʶ, ʥʦ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʤʥʝ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʩʫʞʜʝʥʦ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ.

ʍʦʪʷ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʪ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʩʣʦʞʥʝʡʰʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ, ʷ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʢʨʘʩʦʪʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʫʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʩʘʤʫ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ. ʕʪʦ � ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘ, ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʫʝʤʘʷ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʧʦʥʷʪʥʘ ʣʶʙʦʤʫ ʰʢʦʣʴʥʠʢʫ. ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʦʤ, ʚʦʩʧʠʪʘʥʥʳʤ ʚ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʷʭ ɺʦʟʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʚʰʠʤʩʷ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʮʝʥʪʨʝ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʥʦʛʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ. ʅʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʥʝ ʜʦʜʫʤʘʣʠʩʴ ʟʘʜʘʪʴ ʜʨʝʚʥʠʝ ʛʨʝʢʠ, ʠ ʚ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʦʥ ʩʪʘʣ ʘʚʪʦʨʦʤ ʪʨʫʜʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʥʘ ɿʝʤʣʝ, ʨʝʰʘʪʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ. ʉʣʦʚʥʦ ʜʨʘʟʥʷ ʧʦʪʦʤʢʦʚ ʣʦʞʥʳʤʠ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʘʤʠ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʠʤ ʢʨʘʪʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʫʚʝʜʦʤʣʷʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʟʥʘʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ, ʥʦ ʫʤʘʣʯʠʚʘʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʚ ʯʝʤ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʦʥʦ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ. ʊʘʢ ʥʘʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʛʦʥʢʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʘʩʴ ʪʨʠ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷ.

ʊʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʪʘʢ ʜʦʣʛʦ, ʧʨʠʜʘʝʪ ʝʡ ʦʩʦʙʫʶ ʟʥʘʯʠʤʦʩʪʴ. ʊʨʫʜʥʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʝʱʝ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʠʟ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʥʘʫʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʥʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʠ ʷʩʥʦ ʠ ʚʳʜʝʨʞʘʣʘ ʙʳ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʫ ʚʩʝ ʧʨʦʛʨʝʩʩʠʨʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʤʝʞʫʪʢʘ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ. ɺʩʧʦʤʥʠʤ ʛʠʛʘʥʪʩʢʠʝ ʫʩʧʝʭʠ, ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʳʝ ʚ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʠ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ, ʭʠʤʠʠ, ʤʝʜʠʮʠʥʳ ʠ ʠʥʞʝʥʝʨʥʦʛʦ ʜʝʣʘ ʩ XVIII ʚʝʢʘ. ʆʪ çʛʫʤʦʨʦʚè ʚ ʤʝʜʠʮʠʥʝ ʤʳ ʧʦʜʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʜʦ ʨʘʩʱʝʧʣʝʥʠʷ ʛʝʥʘ ʥʘ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʳʝ ʯʘʩʪʠ, ʦʪʢʨʳʣʠ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʨʥʳʝ ʯʘʩʪʠʮʳ ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʘʪʦʤ, ʚʳʩʘʜʠʣʠ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʥʘ ʃʫʥʫ, ʥʦ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʝʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʥʦʡ ʢʨʝʧʦʩʪʴʶ.

ʇʨʦʚʦʜʷ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʟʳʩʢʘʥʠʷ, ʷ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʪʘʢ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʘ (ʠ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ) ʠ ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʪʘʢ ʚʘʞʥʦ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʬʠʣʴʤ ʦ ʥʝʡ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ. ɺ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʩʘʤʳʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʳʝ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ, ʥʘ ʤʦʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ, ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʢʨʠʧʪʦʛʨʘʬʠʠ, ʧʨʦʝʢʪʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʛʣʫʰʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʘʢʫʩʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʠʛʥʘʣʦʚ ʠ ʟʘʜʘʯʘʭ ʩʚʷʟʠ ʩ ʢʦʩʤʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʢʦʨʘʙʣʷʤʠ, ʥʘʭʦʜʷʱʠʤʠʩʷ ʥʘ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʤ ʫʜʘʣʝʥʠʠ. ʅʠ ʦʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ, ʥʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʫʜʠʪʴ, ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʜʣʷ ʰʠʨʦʢʦʡ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ. ɻʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʘʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʠ ʪʘ ʛʦʨʷʯʥʦʩʪʴ, ʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʥʠ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʠ ʦ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ � ʦʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʠʩʪʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ ʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʜʣʷ ʧʦʩʪʦʨʦʥʥʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʣʶʜʴʤʠ ʥʝ ʦʪ ʤʠʨʘ ʩʝʛʦ. ɺʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʤʦʠʭ ʙʝʩʝʜʘʭ ʩ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ ʤʝʥʷ ʧʦʨʘʞʘʣʘ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʘʷ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʴ, ʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʥʠ ʚʳʨʘʞʘʣʠ ʩʚʦʠ ʤʳʩʣʠ. ʅʘ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʡ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʞʜʘʪʴ, ʧʦʢʘ ʪʦʯʥʘʷ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʘ ʥʝ ʚʳʨʠʩʦʚʳʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʡ ʯʝʪʢʦʩʪʴʶ ʚ ʫʤʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ, ʥʦ ʟʘʪʦ ʧʦʪʦʤ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʷʩʥʳʡ ʠ ʯʝʪʢʠʡ ʦʪʚʝʪ, ʦ ʢʘʢʦʤ ʷ ʤʦʛ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʝʯʪʘʪʴ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʩʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʤ ʇʠʪʝʨʘ ʉʘʨʥʘʢʘ, ʧʨʠʷʪʝʣʷ ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʦʥ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʣ ʤʥʝ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʪʝʨʧʝʪʴ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʣʦʞʥʳʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʦʥʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʶʪ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʶ ʠ ʥʝ ʯʫʞʜʳ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʝʥʠʷ, ʥʦ ʬʦʨʤʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʙʝʟʫʧʨʝʯʥʳʤʠ. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʣʝʞʠʪ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʩʝʨʜʮʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʠ ʵʪʦ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʝʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʦʪ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʥʘʫʢ. ɺ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʥʘʫʢʘʭ ʠʤʝʶʪʩʷ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ, ʧʨʦʚʝʨʷʝʤʳʝ ʥʘ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʠʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʜʘʥʥʳʭ ʠ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʦʪʚʝʨʛʘʝʤʳʝ ʠ ʟʘʤʝʥʷʝʤʳʝ ʥʦʚʳʤʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘʤʠ. ɺ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʮʝʣʴʶ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʙʝʟʫʧʨʝʯʥʦʝ, ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦʝ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʠ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ ʥʘ ʚʝʯʥʳʝ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʘ � ʜʣʷ ʢʘʢʠʭ-ʣʠʙʦ ʠʟʤʝʥʝʥʠʡ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʤʝʩʪʘ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʤ ʚʳʟʦʚʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ, ʠ ʪʦʪ, ʢʪʦ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʙʳ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʣ ʙʳ ʚʦʩʪʦʨʞʝʥʥʦʝ ʧʦʢʣʦʥʝʥʠʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ.

ɿʘ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʝʜʣʘʛʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʠʟʳ; ʧʨʦʮʚʝʪʘʣʦ ʩʦʧʝʨʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ. ʋ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʦʛʘʪʘʷ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ, ʟʥʘʚʰʘʷ ʩʤʝʨʪʴ ʠ ʤʦʰʝʥʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ. ʆʥʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʝ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʇʦ ʩʣʦʚʘʤ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ɻʘʨʚʘʨʜʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨʘ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʜʦʭʥʫʣ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʚ ʪʝ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʳ ʩ ʧʝʨʚʳʤʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘʤʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ. ʇʦ ʠʨʦʥʠʠ ʩʫʜʴʙʳ, ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʟʘʥʷʣ ʮʝʥʪʨʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʚ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ.

ʇʦʩʪʝʧʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʦʥʠʢʘʷʩʴ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʝʤ ʥʝʟʥʘʢʦʤʦʡ ʤʥʝ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ, ʷ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʳʛʨʘʣʘ ʛʣʘʚʥʫʶ ʨʦʣʴ ʚ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʝʝ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʰʣʘ ʧʘʨʘʣʣʝʣʴʥʦ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʣ ʦʪʮʦʤ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʉ ʪʦʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʞʠʣ ʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʦʙʨʝʣʘ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ, ʩʪʘʣʘ ʨʘʟʚʠʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʠ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ, ʚ ʨʘʤʢʘʭ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʥʦʚʝʥʠʶ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʚ ʠʣʠ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʪʠʣʠ ʩʚʦʝ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʝ, ʠʩʯʝʨʧʘʚ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ. ʇʦ ʧʨʦʰʝʩʪʚʠʠ ʚʝʢʦʚ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʦʪʭʦʜʠʣʘ ʦʪ ʧʝʨʝʜʥʝʛʦ ʢʨʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ, ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʱʘʷʩʴ ʚ ʢʫʨʴʝʟ. ʅʦ ʢʘʢ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʦʥʘ ʥʝ ʫʪʨʘʪʠʣʘ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʮʝʥʪʨʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʤʝʩʪʘ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ.

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʝ ʩ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, � ʚʨʦʜʝ ʪʦʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʌʝʨʤʘ, � ʩʣʫʞʘʪ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʠʩʧʳʪʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʧʦʣʠʛʦʥʘʤʠ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʟʛʘʜʳʚʘʥʠʷ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ, ʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʣʶʙʷʪ ʨʘʟʛʘʜʳʚʘʪʴ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ. ɼʣʷ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʦʡ ʦʩʦʙʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ: ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʝʝ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʤʝʯʪʦʡ ʚʩʝʡ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʠ. ʊʨʠʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʥʘʟʘʜ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʝʱʝ ʙʳʣ ʤʘʣʴʯʠʰʢʦʡ, ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʨʘʟʠʣʘ ʝʛʦ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʟʘʧʘʣʘ ʚ ʩʝʨʜʮʝ. ʃʝʪʦʤ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʩʝʤʠʣʝʪʥʝʡ ʩʘʤʦʦʪʚʝʨʞʝʥʥʦʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ, ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʚʰʝʡ ʦʪ ʥʝʛʦ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʠ ʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʠ, ʢʘʢʠʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʩʝʙʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ. ʄʥʦʛʠʝ ʠʟ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʥʳʭ ʠʤ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʝʱʝ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʳ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʢ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ. ʆʥ ʩʣʠʣ ʚʦʝʜʠʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʳ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʧʨʝʚʦʩʭʦʜʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʤʠ ʠʜʝʷʤʠ ʠ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʙʦʷʣʠʩʴ ʜʘʞʝ ʜʫʤʘʪʴ. ɺ ʢʘʢʦʤ-ʪʦ ʩʤʳʩʣʝ, ʢʘʢ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ ɹʘʨʨʠ

ʄʘʟʫʨ, ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʣʠ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʣʠ ʧʦʨʦʟʥʴ, ʥʝ ʧʦʤʳʰʣʷʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʝʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ, ʧʦʪʦʤʫ ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʚʩʝʡ ʤʦʱʠ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʊʦ ʯʪʦ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʩʚʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʢ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʩʚʷʟʝʡ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʘʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʨʘʟʦʰʝʜʰʠʤʠʩʷ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ. ɽʛʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʦʧʨʘʚʜʘʥʠʝʤ ʚʩʝʡ ʜʠʚʝʨʩʠʬʠʢʘʮʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʧʨʝʪʝʨʧʝʣʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʩ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʥʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʠʣʘʩʴ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ. ɼʣʷ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʦʝ ʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ ʢʦʥʝʮ ʠʟʦʣʷʮʠʠ, ʧʦʯʪʠ ʯʫʞʜʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʦʙʳʯʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʢʦʣʣʝʢʪʠʚʥʫʶ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ. ɺ ʥʘʨʫʰʝʥʠʝ ʚʩʝʭ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʡ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʭʨʘʥʠʣ ʤʦʣʯʘʥʠʝ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʚʧʣʦʪʴ ʜʦ ʝʝ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʪʘʜʠʠ. ʀ ʝʛʦ ʤʦʣʯʘʥʠʝ ʩʣʫʞʠʣʦ ʤʝʨʦʡ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʜʚʠʞʠʤ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʴʶ � ʞʝʣʘʥʠʝʤ ʚʦ ʯʪʦ ʙʳ ʪʦ ʥʠ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʪʝʤ, ʢʪʦ ʨʝʰʠʪ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʩʪʨʘʩʪʴʶ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʩʠʣʴʥʦʡ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʟʘʩʪʘʚʠʣʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʦʩʚʷʪʠʪʴ ʩʝʤʴ ʣʝʪ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʴ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʶ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʮʝʣʠ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʝʚʦʩʭʦʜʥʦ ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʘʣʦʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʥʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʘʢʘʣ ʩʦʩʪʷʟʘʥʠʷ ʟʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʥʝ ʦʩʣʘʙʝʚʘʣ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʨʠʩʢʥʫʪʴ, ʟʘʷʚʠʚ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʫʩʣʳʰʘʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʧʳʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʇʨʦʚʝʜʷ ʜʦʣʛʠʝ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ ʟʘ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʷ ʧʨʠʙʳʣ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥ. ɼʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʥʘʢʘʣ ʵʤʦʮʠʡ ʙʳʣ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʚʳʩʦʢ. ʄʥʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʩʦʧʝʨʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ, ʫʩʧʝʭʘ, ʦʜʠʥʦʯʝʩʪʚʘ, ʛʝʥʠʷ, ʪʨʠʫʤʬʘ, ʨʝʚʥʦʩʪʠ, ʞʝʩʪʦʢʦʛʦ ʧʨʝʩʩʠʥʛʘ, ʫʪʨʘʪ ʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʪʨʘʛʝʜʠʠ. ɺ ʮʝʥʪʨʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ�ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ, ʩʳʛʨʘʚʰʝʡ ʨʝʰʘʶʱʫʶ ʨʦʣʴ ʚ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʙʳʣʘ ʪʨʘʛʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʧʦʩʣʝʚʦʝʥʥʘʷ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʚ ʗʧʦʥʠʠ ʖʪʘʢʠ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ, ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʷ ʠʤʝʣ ʯʝʩʪʴ ʚʳʩʣʫʰʘʪʴ ʦʪ ʝʛʦ ʙʣʠʟʢʦʛʦ ʜʨʫʛʘ ɻʦʨʦ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ʆʪ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʷ ʫʟʥʘʣ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʦ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʠ çʜʦʙʨʦʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠè ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʛʜʝ ʚʩʝ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ ʦʪʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʦʪʣʠʯʥʦʛʦ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʘ. ʂʘʢʠʤ-ʪʦ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʦʱʫʱʝʥʠʝ ʜʦʙʨʦʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʚ ʪʦ ʣʝʪʦ ʧʨʦʥʠʟʳʚʘʣʦ ʘʪʤʦʩʬʝʨʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ɺʩʝ ʥʘʩʣʘʞʜʘʣʠʩʴ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʤʦʤʝʥʪʦʤ.

ʋʯʠʪʳʚʘʷ ʚʩʝ ʩʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʝ, ʥʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʫʜʠʚʣʷʪʴʩʷ ʪʦʤʫ ʛʨʫʟʫ ʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʦʱʫʪʠʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʩʝʥʴʶ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʜʦʧʫʱʝʥʘ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ. ɺʟʦʨʳ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʙʨʘʱʝʥʳ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ, ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʧʨʠʟʳʚʘʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʠʣʠ ʚ ʠʥʦʤ ʚʠʜʝ (ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʥ ʦʜʠʥ ʟʥʘʣ, ʚ ʢʘʢʦʤ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʚʠʜʝ), ʥʦ ʛʣʘʚʥʦʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʪʨʦʛʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ! ʈʦʢʦʚʦʡ ʧʝʨʝʭʦʜ ʦʪ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ ʚ ʜʦʤʘʰʥʝʡ ʦʙʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʝ ʠ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʞʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʤ ʪʝʤʧʝ ʢ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʥʘ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʝ ʙʳʣ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥ. ʕʥʜʨʶ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦ ʜʦʤʘʰʥʠʡ, ʠ ʦʥ ʠʟʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʩʠʣ ʙʦʨʦʣʩʷ ʟʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʛʨʘʜʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʶ ʩʝʤʴʶ ʦʪ ʨʘʟʨʘʟʠʚʰʝʡʩʷ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ʥʝʛʦ ʙʫʨʠ. ɺʩʶ ʥʝʜʝʣʶ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʤʥʝ ʜʦʚʝʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʚʝʩʪʠ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʝ, ʷ ʟʚʦʥʠʣ, ʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʣ ʟʘʧʠʩʢʠ ʚ ʦʬʠʩʝ, ʫ ʜʚʝʨʝʡ ʝʛʦ ʢʚʘʨʪʠʨʳ, ʧʝʨʝʜʘʚʘʣ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʝʛʦ ʜʨʫʟʝʡ... ʅʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʫʧʦʨʥʦ ʩʦʧʨʦʪʠʚʣʷʣʩʷ ʚʩʝʤ ʤʦʠʤ çʧʦʜʭʦʜʘʤè ʧʦʢʘ ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʩʷ ʦʜʠʥ-ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʰʘʥʩ ʧʦʚʠʜʘʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʥʠʤ ʚ ʜʝʥʴ ʤʦʝʛʦ ʦʪʲʝʟʜʘ. ʇʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʘ ʪʠʭʘʷ ʥʘʩʳʱʝʥʥʘʷ ʙʝʩʝʜʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʨʦʜʣʠʣʘʩʴ ʚʩʝʛʦ-ʥʘʚʩʝʛʦ ʧʷʪʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʤʠʥʫʪ.

ʊʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʤʳ ʨʘʩʩʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʪ ʜʝʥʴ, ʤʝʞʜʫ ʥʘʤʠ ʮʘʨʠʣʦ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ. ɽʩʣʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʫʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʪʦ ʦʥ ʥʝʧʨʝʤʝʥʥʦ ʥʘʡʜʝʪ ʤʝʥʷ, ʠ ʤʳ ʦʙʩʫʜʠʤ ʟʘʤʳʩʝʣ ʬʠʣʴʤʘ. ʗ ʧʨʠʛʦʪʦʚʠʣʩʷ ʞʜʘʪʴ. ʅʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʚʝʯʝʨʦʤ ʣʝʪʝʣ ʜʦʤʦʡ ʚ ʃʦʥʜʦʥ, ʤʥʝ ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ

ʪʝʣʝʚʠʟʠʦʥʥʘʷ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʯʘ ʧʦʛʠʙʣʘ, ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʫʩʧʝʚ ʨʦʜʠʪʴʩʷ. ɿʘ ʪʨʠʩʪʘ ʣʝʪ ʝʱʝ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʟʘʰʪʦʧʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʨʝʭʠ, ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʥʳʝ ʚ ʤʥʦʛʦʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘʭ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʫʩʝʷʥʘ ʣʦʞʥʳʤʠ ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʠʷʤʠ çʬʝʨʤʘʪʠʩʪʦʚè, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʷʢʦʙʳ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʗ ʦʪ ʜʫʰʠ ʞʝʣʘʣ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʩʪʘʣ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝʤ, ʥʦ ʦʪʯʝʪʣʠʚʦ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʠʤʷ ʩʢʦʨʝʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʦʜʥʦʤ ʠʟ ʥʘʜʛʨʦʙʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʢʣʘʜʙʠʱʘ.

ɻʦʜ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʤʥʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʥʠʣʠ. ʉʦʚʝʨʰʠʚ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʳʡ ʧʦʚʦʨʦʪ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷʭ, ʚ ʧʦʨʳʚʝ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʝʥʠʷ ʧʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʚ ʠʩʪʠʥʫ, ʕʥʜʨʶ ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʠʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʷ ʫʩʧʝʣ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʩʠʪʴ ʉʘʡʤʦʥʘ ʉʠʥʛʭʘ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʠ ʬʠʣʴʤʘ, ʠ ʤʳ ʦʙʘ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʩ ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʩʣʫʰʘʷ ʦʪ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʘʚʪʦʨʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʫʶ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ ʩʝʤʠ ʣʝʪ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ ʚ ʦʜʠʥʦʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʚʰʝʛʦ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʛʦʜʠʯʥʦʛʦ ʘʜʘ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʤʳ ʩʥʠʤʘʣʠ ʬʠʣʴʤ, ʕʥʜʨʶ ʧʦʚʝʜʘʣ ʥʘʤ ʪʦ, ʦ ʯʝʤ ʦʥ ʥʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ: ʦ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʩʦʢʨʦʚʝʥʥʝʡʰʠʭ ʤʳʩʣʷʭ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ; ʦ ʜʝʪʩʢʦʡ ʤʝʯʪʝ, ʜʦʚʣʝʚʰʝʡ ʥʘʜ ʥʠʤ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʠ ʣʝʪ; ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʝʤʫ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʠʟʫʯʠʪʴ, ʥʝ ʟʥʘʷ ʝʱʝ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʝʪʩʷ ʩʙʦʨʦʤ ʦʨʫʜʠʡ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʠʛʨʘʚʰʝʡ ʛʣʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʫʶʱʫʶ ʨʦʣʴ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʡ ʝʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʝ; ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦʛʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʩ ʥʠʤ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʡʜʝʪ; ʦʙ ʦʭʚʘʪʠʚʰʝʤ ʝʛʦ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʝ ʧʦʪʝʨʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʫʞʝ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʝʛʦ ʧʦʩʪʦʷʥʥʳʤ ʢʦʤʧʘʥʴʦʥʦʤ; ʦ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʝ ʜʫʰʝʚʥʦʛʦ ʧʦʜʲʝʤʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʦʭʚʘʪʳʚʘʝʪ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʠ ʤʳʩʣʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʣ. ɼʣʷ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʛʣʘʚ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʠ, ʤʥʝ ʞʝ ʚʳʧʘʣʘ ʚʳʩʦʢʘʷ ʯʝʩʪʴ ʧʨʠʢʦʩʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʢ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʶ.

ʅʘʰ ʬʠʣʴʤ ʙʳʣ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥ ʧʦ ʪʝʣʝʚʠʜʝʥʠʶ ɹʠ-ɹʠ-ʉʠ ʚ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʝ çɻʦʨʠʟʦʥʪè ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ çɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘè. ʉʘʡʤʦʥ ʉʠʥʛʭ ʨʘʟʚʠʣ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʠʟ ʜʦʚʝʨʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʙʝʩʝʜ ʩ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ, ʠ ʥʘʩʳʪʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣ ʬʘʢʪʘʤʠ ʠʟ ʙʦʛʘʪʦʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʵʪʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ. ʊʘʢ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ ʩʚʝʪ ʵʪʘ ʢʥʠʛʘ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʱʘʷ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʧʦʣʥʫʶ ʠ ʦʙʱʝʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʫʶ ʧʠʩʴʤʝʥʥʫʶ ʚʝʨʩʠʶ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʤʳʩʣʠ.

ʄʘʨʪ 1997 ʛ. ɼʞʦʥ ʃʠʥʯʈʝʜʘʢʪʦʨ ʩʝʨʠʠ çɻʦʨʠʟʦʥʪè

ʪʝʣʝʚʠʜʝʥʠʷ ɹʠ-ɹʠ-ʉʠ

ɺʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ

ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʳʚʥʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʘ ʩ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʟʘʪʨʘʛʠʚʘʝʪ ʚʩʝ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʳʝ ʪʝʤʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʆʥʘ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʝʪ ʫʥʠʢʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʚʠʞʝʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʜʘʝʪ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʝʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ, � ʘ ʵʪʦ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʜʘʞʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʘʞʥʦ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʮʝʥʪʨʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʷʜʨʦ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʳʚʘʶʱʝʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʦ ʩʤʝʣʦʩʪʠ, ʤʦʰʝʥʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʝ, ʭʠʪʨʦʩʪʠ ʠ ʪʨʘʛʝʜʠʠ, � ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʪʘʢ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʘʯʝ ʟʘʪʨʘʛʠʚʘʝʪ ʚʩʝʭ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʛʝʨʦʝʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ʉʚʦʠʤʠ ʢʦʨʥʷʤʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʭʦʜʠʪ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ɼʨʝʚʥʝʡ ɻʨʝʮʠʠ � ʟʘ ʜʚʝ ʪʳʩʷʯʠ ʣʝʪ ʜʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʚʠʜʝ, ʚ ʢʘʢʦʤ ʤʳ ʟʥʘʝʤ

ʝʝ ʩʝʛʦʜʥʷ. ʊʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʚʷʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʟʘʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʝ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʤ, ʩ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʠʟʦʱʨʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʠʜʝʷʤʠ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʇʨʠ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʠʠ ʵʪʦʡ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʷ ʦʧʠʨʘʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʭʨʦʥʦʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ, ʥʘʯʠʥʘʷ ʩ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʦʥʥʦʛʦ ʵʧʦʩʘ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʟʘʢʘʥʯʠʚʘʷ ʣʠʯʥʦʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʝʡ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ � ʝʛʦ ʫʧʦʨʥʦʡ ʙʦʨʴʙʳ ʟʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ɻʣʘʚʘ 1 ʧʦʚʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʝ ʠ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʝʪ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʧʨʷʤʳʤ ʧʨʝʜʢʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɺ ʵʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʛʣʘʚʝ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʶʪʩʷ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʚ ʵʪʦʡ ʢʥʠʛʠ. ɺ ʛʣʘʚʝ 2 ʠʟʣʘʛʘʝʪʩʷ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʦʪ ɼʨʝʚʥʝʡ ɻʨʝʮʠʠ ʜʦ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ XVIII ʚʝʢʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʦʟʜʘʣ ʩʘʤʫʶ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʫʶ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʫ. ʅʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮ ʧʦʩʚʷʱʝʥʦ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʶ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʝʛʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʭ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ. ʕʪʦ ʧʦʤʦʞʝʪ ʣʫʯʰʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʳʡ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ (ʜʘʣʝʢʦ ʚʳʭʦʜʷʱʠʡ ʟʘ ʨʘʤʢʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʥʦʩʷʱʝʡ ʥʳʥʝ ʝʛʦ ʠʤʷ).

ɻʣʘʚʳ 3 ʠ 4 ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʶʪ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʪʳʝ ʚ XVIII, XIX ʠ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ XX ʚʝʢʘ. ʍʦʪʷ ʵʪʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʦʢʦʥʯʠʣʠʩʴ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʝʡ, ʦʥʠ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʠ ʢ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʶ ʧʦʨʘʟʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʘʨʩʝʥʘʣʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʠ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʙʳʣʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʳ ʚ ʨʷʜʝ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʧʦʧʳʪʦʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʚ ʵʪʠʭ ʛʣʘʚʘʭ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʴ ʥʘʡʜʝʪ ʩʚʝʜʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʭ, ʯʴʝ ʪʚʦʨʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʪʦʡ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʳ ʩ ʥʘʩʣʝʜʠʝʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʆʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʛʣʘʚʳ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʪ ʭʨʦʥʠʢʫ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʩʦʨʦʢʘ ʣʝʪ, ʚ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʚ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʝʣ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʨʦʪ. ɺ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ʚ ʛʣʘʚʘʭ 7 ʠ 8 ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʝ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʫʜʝʣʝʥʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʯʝʡ ʛʝʨʦʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ, ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʡ ʚ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʝ, ʧʦʨʘʟʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ. ɺ ʦʩʥʦʚʫ ʵʪʠʭ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʛʣʘʚ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʳ ʦʙʰʠʨʥʳʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʚʴʶ ʩ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ. ɼʣʷ ʤʝʥʷ ʦʥʠ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʨʦʜʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʫʩʣʳʰʘʪʴ ʦʪ ʥʝʧʦʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʘ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ ʦ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʦʤ ʧʨʠʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʠ XX ʚʝʢʘ. ʀ ʷ ʥʘʜʝʶʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʪʴ ʪʦ ʪʚʦʨʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʛʦʨʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʛʝʨʦʠʟʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩ ʯʝʩʪʴʶ ʚʳʜʝʨʞʘʪʴ ʩʫʨʦʚʳʝ ʠʩʧʳʪʘʥʠʷ, ʜʣʠʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʝ.

ʈʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʷ ʣʝʛʝʥʜʫ ʦ ʇʴʝʨʝ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʥʥʦʡ ʠʤ ʧʦʨʘʟʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʝ, ʷ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʙʝʛʘʷ ʢ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷʤ, ʥʦ x, y ʠ z ʚʨʝʤʷ ʦʪ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʥʝʠʟʙʝʞʥʦ ʧʦʜʥʠʤʘʣʠ ʩʚʦʠ ʛʦʣʦʚʳ. ɺʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʧʦʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʝʢʩʪʝ, ʦʥʠ ʩʥʘʙʞʝʥʳ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʳʤʠ ʧʦʷʩʥʝʥʠʷʤʠ ʠ ʥʝ ʚʳʟʦʚʫʪ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʫ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʝʡ, ʥʝ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʱʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʧʦʜʛʦʪʦʚʢʦʡ. ɼʣʷ ʪʝʭ ʞʝ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʝʡ, ʯʴʠ ʧʦʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʛʣʫʙʞʝ, ʷ ʧʨʠʚʦʞʫ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʟʘʪʨʘʛʠʚʘʝʤʳʝ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʤ ʪʝʢʩʪʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠʜʝʠ ʠʟʣʘʛʘʶʪʩʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥ ʩʧʠʩʦʢ ʣʠʪʝʨʘʪʫʨʳ ʜʣʷ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʯʪʝʥʠʷ. ʂʘʢ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʦ, ʚ ʥʝʛʦ ʚʦʰʣʠ ʢʥʠʛʠ, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʴ-ʥʝʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʥʘ ʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʦʤ ʜʣʷ ʩʝʙʷ ʫʨʦʚʥʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʦʤ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ʉʦʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʝʟ ʧʦʤʦʱʠ ʠ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʷ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʣʶʜʝʡ. ʆʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʷ ʭʦʯʫ ʧʦʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʠʪʴ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ, ʚʦʧʨʝʢʠ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʠʶ, ʜʘʚʘʣ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʠ

ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʳʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʚʴʶ ʚ ʩʘʤʳʡ ʨʘʟʛʘʨ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʥʘʜ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɿʘ ʩʝʤʴ ʣʝʪ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʥʘ ʧʦʧʨʠʱʝ ʥʘʫʯʥʦʡ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʠʩʪʠʢʠ ʷ ʥʝ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʣ ʥʠʢʦʛʦ, ʢʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʙʳ ʪʘʢ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦ ʧʨʝʜʘʥ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ, ʠ ʷ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʶ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʫ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʟʘ ʝʛʦ ʛʦʪʦʚʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʦʚʝʜʘʪʴ ʤʥʝ ʩʚʦʶ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ.

ʗ ʭʦʯʫ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʦʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʠʪʴ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʦʤʦʛʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʢʥʠʛʫ ʠ ʣʶʙʝʟʥʦ ʩʦʛʣʘʩʠʣʠʩʴ ʜʘʪʴ ʤʥʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʳʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʚʴʶ. ʆʜʥʠ ʠʟ ʤʦʠʭ ʩʦʙʝʩʝʜʥʠʢʦʚ ʩʘʤʠ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʣʠ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘʭ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʷʤʠ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ, ʧʨʦʠʩʰʝʜʰʠʭ ʟʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʩʦʨʦʢ ʣʝʪ. ʏʘʩʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʷ ʧʨʦʚʝʣ, ʙʝʩʝʜʫʷ ʠ ʦʙʤʝʥʠʚʘʷʩʴ ʩ ʥʠʤʠ ʰʫʪʣʠʚʳʤʠ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʥʠʷʤʠ, ʜʦʩʪʘʚʠʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʫʶ ʨʘʜʦʩʪʴ, ʠ ʷ ʚʳʩʦʢʦ ʮʝʥʶ ʪʦ ʪʝʨʧʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʵʥʪʫʟʠʘʟʤ, ʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʦʥʠ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʩʫʪʴ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʝʡʰʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʡ.

ʗ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʙʳ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʧʦʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʠʪʴ ɼʞʦʥʘ ʂʦʫʪʩʘ, ɼʞʦʥʘ ʂʦʥʚʝʷ, ʅʠʢʘ ʂʘʮʘ, ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨʘ, ʂʝʥʘ ʈʠʙʝʪʘ, ʇʠʪʝʨʘ ʉʘʨʥʘʢʘ, ɻʦʨʦ ʐʠʤʫʨʫ ʠ ʈʠʯʘʨʜʘ ʊʝʡʣʦʨʘ.

ʉʚʦʶ ʢʥʠʛʫ ʷ ʩʪʨʝʤʠʣʩʷ ʧʨʦʠʣʣʶʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʢʘʢ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ ʧʦʨʪʨʝʪʦʚ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʴ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʣʫʯʰʝʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʝʭ, ʢʪʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʈʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʠ ʠ ʘʨʭʠʚʳ ʩʜʝʣʘʣʠ ʚʩʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʝ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʚ ʠʭ ʩʠʣʘʭ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʤʦʯʴ ʤʥʝ. ʗ ʭʦʯʫ ʚʳʨʘʟʠʪʴ ʦʩʦʙʫʶ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʥʦʩʪʴ ʉʴʶʟʝʥ ʆʫʢʝʩ ʠʟ ʃʦʥʜʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ, ʉʘʥʜʨʝ ʂʘʤʤʠʥʛ ʠʟ ʂʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʦʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʗʥʫ ʉʪʶʘʨʪʫ ʠʟ ɺʘʨʚʠʢʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ. ʗ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʝʣʝʥ ʪʘʢʞʝ ɾʘʢʣʠʥ ʉʘʚʘʥʠ ʠʟ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ɼʫʥʢʘʥʫ ʄʘʢʘʛʥʫʩʫ, ɼʞʝʨʝʤʠ ɻʨʝʶ ʇʦʣʫ ɹʘʣʠʩʪʝʨʫ ʠʟ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʘ ʩʵʨʘ ʀʩʘʘʢʘ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ ʟʘ ʠʭ ʧʦʤʦʱʴ ʚ ʧʦʜʙʦʨʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʘ. ʗ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʝʥ ʇʘʪʨʠʢʫ ʋʦʣʰʫ, ʂʨʠʩʪʦʬʝʨʫ ʇʦʪʪʝʨʫ, ɹʝʨʥʘʜʝʪʪʝ ɸʣʴʚʝʩ, ʉʘʥʜʞʠʜʝ ʆ'ʂʦʥʥʝʣ ʠ ʤʦʠʤ ʨʦʜʠʪʝʣʷʤ ʟʘ ʠʭ ʢʦʤʤʝʥʪʘʨʠʠ ʠ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʢʫ, ʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʫʶ ʤʥʝ ʚ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʡ ʛʦʜ.

ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʚʴʶ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʢʥʠʛʝ, ʙʳʣʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʳ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʫʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʴʶ ʪʝʣʝʚʠʟʠʦʥʥʦʛʦ ʬʠʣʴʤʘ ʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʗ ʭʦʯʫ ʧʦʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʠʪʴ ɹʠ-ɹʠ-ʉʠ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʚʰʫʶ ʤʥʝ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʵʪʠʤ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʦʤ ʠ ʚ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ɼʞʦʥʘ ʃʠʥʯʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩʦ ʤʥʦʡ ʥʘʜ ʵʪʠʤ ʬʠʣʴʤʦʤ ʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʧʨʦʙʫʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʤʦʝʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʘ ʢ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʄʘʨʪ 1997 ʛ.

ʇʘʤʷʪʠ ʇʘʢʭʘʨʘ ʉʠʥʛʭʘ

ʉʘʡʤʦʥ ʉʀʅɻʍ

ɺɽʃʀʂɸʗ ʊɽʆʈɽʄɸ ʌɽʈʄɸ

ɻʣʘʚʘ 1çɼʫʤʘʶ, ʤʥʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴʩʷè

ɸʨʭʠʤʝʜʘ ʙʫʜʫʪ ʧʦʤʥʠʪʴ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʕʩʭʠʣʘ ʟʘʙʫʜʫʪ, ʧʦʪʦʤʫ ʯʪʦ ʷʟʳʢʠ ʫʤʠʨʘʶʪ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠʜʝʠ. ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʙʝʩʩʤʝʨʪʠʝ � ʛʣʫʧʦʝ ʩʣʦʚʦ, ʥʦ, ʧʦ ʚʩʝʡ ʚʠʜʠʤʦʩʪʠ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʥʘʠʣʫʯʰʠʡ ʰʘʥʩ ʥʘ ʙʝʩʩʤʝʨʪʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳ ʦʥʦ ʥʠ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ.

ɻ. ɻ. ʍʘʨʜʠ

ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞ, 23 ʠʶʥʷ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ

ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʘʤʘʷ ʚʘʞʥʘʷ ʣʝʢʮʠʷ ʧʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷ. ɼʚʝʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʩʠʜʝʣʠ, ʢʘʢ ʟʘʚʦʨʦʞʝʥʥʳʝ. ʃʠʰʴ ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʴ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʣʘ ʛʫʩʪʫʶ ʤʝʰʘʥʠʥʫ ʠʟ ʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʙʫʢʚ ʠ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʠʤʚʦʣʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʦʢʨʳʚʘʣʘ ʜʦʩʢʫ. ʆʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʦʯʝʚʠʜʮʘʤʠ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ, ʢʘʢ ʦʥʠ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʠʩʴ, ʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʧʦʠʩʪʠʥʝ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ.

ʉʣʫʭʠ ʧʦʧʦʣʟʣʠ ʥʘʢʘʥʫʥʝ. ʇʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʤʝʯʝʥʥʘʷ ʥʘ 23 ʠʶʥʷ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʷ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʢʫʣʴʤʠʥʘʮʠʝʡ ʚ ʧʦʠʩʢʘʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ � ʩʘʤʦʡ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʊʘʢʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʩʣʫʭ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʯʝʤ-ʪʦ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʳʤ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʙʳʚʘʣʘ ʪʝʤʦʡ ʨʘʟʛʦʚʦʨʦʚ ʟʘ ʯʘʰʢʦʡ ʯʘʷ, ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʣʠʩʴ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʘʪʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʪʦ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʩʤʫʪʥʳʝ ʙʝʩʝʜʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʚ ʧʦʤʝʱʝʥʠʠ ʜʣʷ ʯʣʝʥʦʚ ʢʦʣʣʝʜʞʝʡ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʱʘʣʠ ʜʦʛʘʜʢʠ ʚ ʩʣʫʭʠ ʦ ʷʢʦʙʳ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʩʣʫʭʦʚ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʠʟʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ.

ʅʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʨʘʟ ʩʣʫʭ ʙʳʣ ʠʥʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ. ʆʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʚ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥ ʚ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ, ʯʪʦ ʨʝʰʠʣʩʷ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʫ ʙʫʢʤʝʢʝʨʦʚ 10 ʬʫʥʪʦʚ ʩʪʝʨʣʠʥʛʦʚ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʦ ʚ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ. ʅʦ ʙʫʢʤʝʢʝʨʳ ʩʦʯʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʜʝʣʦ ʥʝʯʠʩʪʦ, ʠ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʟʘʢʣʘʜ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʧʷʪʳʡ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʩʷ ʢ ʥʠʤ ʩ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʳʤ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʚ ʪʦʪ ʜʝʥʴ. ʅʘʜ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʤ

ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʣʫʯʰʠʝ ʫʤʳ ʙʠʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʪʨʝʭ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʡ, ʠ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʜʘʞʝ ʙʫʢʤʝʢʝʨʳ ʥʘʯʘʣʠ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʚʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʩʢʦʨʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʦ.

ʊʨʠ ʜʦʩʢʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʠʩʧʠʩʘʥʥʳʤʠ, ʠ ʣʝʢʪʦʨ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʧʘʫʟʫ. ʊʝʢʩʪ ʩ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʜʦʩʢʠ ʙʳʣ ʩʪʝʨʪ, ʠ ʚʳʢʣʘʜʢʠ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʣʠʩʴ. ʂʘʞʜʘʷ ʩʪʨʦʢʘ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʢʨʦʭʦʪʥʦʡ ʩʪʫʧʝʥʴʢʦʡ, ʧʨʠʙʣʠʞʘʚʰʝʡ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʥʦ ʚʦʪ ʧʨʦʰʣʦ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʴ ʤʠʥʫʪ, ʘ ʣʝʢʪʦʨ ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʥʝ ʦʙʲʷʚʣʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʝʥʦ. ʇʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʘ, ʟʘʧʦʣʥʠʚʰʠʝ ʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʨʷʜʳ, ʩ ʥʝʪʝʨʧʝʥʠʝʤ ʦʞʠʜʘʣʠ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ. ʉʪʫʜʝʥʪʳ, ʩʪʦʷʚʰʠʝ ʩʟʘʜʠ, ʧʦʛʣʷʜʳʚʘʣʠ ʥʘ ʧʨʝʧʦʜʘʚʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʚ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʝ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝ ʧʦʜʩʢʘʞʫʪ, ʢʘʢʠʤ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ çʧʨʠʛʦʚʦʨè. ʇʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʣʠ ʦʥʠ ʧʨʠ ʠʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ ʧʦʣʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʠʣʠ ʣʝʢʪʦʨ ʠʟʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʙʱʫʶ ʩʭʝʤʫ ʥʝʢʦʝʛʦ ʥʝʧʦʣʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʧʨʠʟʚʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʟʨʷʜʠʪʴ ʚʩʝʦʙʱʝʝ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʥʦʝ ʦʞʠʜʘʥʠʝ ʧʦʜʣʠʥʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ.

ʃʝʢʪʦʨʦʤ ʙʳʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʩʜʝʨʞʘʥʥʳʡ ʘʥʛʣʠʯʘʥʠʥ, ʵʤʠʛʨʠʨʦʚʘʚʰʠʡ ʚ 80-ʭ ʛʦʜʘʭ ʚ ɸʤʝʨʠʢʫ ʠ ʩʪʘʚʰʠʡ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʦʤ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ʛʜʝ ʦʥ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʣ ʨʝʧʫʪʘʮʠʶ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʜʘʨʝʥʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʷ. ɺ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʠʩʯʝʟ ʠʟ ʝʞʝʛʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʢʨʫʛʘ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʡ ʠ ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʦʚ, ʠ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʥʘʯʘʣʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʫʤʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠʩʯʝʨʧʘʣ ʩʚʦʠ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʢʘʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ. ɺʳʛʦʨʝʪʴ ʜʦʪʣʘ ʜʣʷ ʤʦʣʦʜʳʭ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʭ ʫʤʦʚ ʥʝ ʪʘʢʘʷ ʫʞ ʨʝʜʢʦʩʪʴ. ʂʘʢ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜ ɸʜʣʝʨ, çʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʫʯʝʥʦʛʦ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʢʦʨʦʪʢʘ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʝʤʫ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʩʷ ʣʝʪ 25�30, ʝʛʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʨʝʜʢʦ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʜʫʢʪʠʚʥʝʝ. ɽʩʣʠ ʢ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʫ ʤʘʣʦ ʯʪʦ ʩʜʝʣʘʥʦ, ʪʦ ʠ ʧʦʪʦʤ ʫʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʩʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ ʥʝ ʤʥʦʛʦè.

çʄʦʣʦʜʳʝ ʣʶʜʠ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʧʦʞʠʣʳʝ � ʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʢʥʠʛʠ, � ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ ɻ. ɻ. ʍʘʨʜʠ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ çɸʧʦʣʦʛʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘè. � ʅʠ ʦʜʠʥ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʥʝ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʟʘʙʳʚʘʪʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʚ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ, ʯʝʤ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʣʠʙʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʝ ʠʩʢʫʩʩʪʚʦ ʠʣʠ ʥʘʫʢʘ, � ʠʛʨʘ ʤʦʣʦʜʳʭ ʣʶʜʝʡ. ɺ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʛʦ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʘ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʨʝʜʥʠʡ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪ ʠʟʙʨʘʥʠʷ ʚ ʂʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʦʝ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʥʠʞʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚè. ɹʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʡ ʫʯʝʥʠʢ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʍʘʨʜʠ � ʉʨʠʥʠʚʘʩʘ ʈʘʤʘʥʫʜʞʘʥ ʙʳʣ ʠʟʙʨʘʥ ʯʣʝʥʦʤ ʂʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʦʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʚ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʛʦʜʘ, ʫʩʧʝʚ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ ʚ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʤʦʣʦʜʳʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʨʷʜ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʳʭ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ. ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʩʣʘʙʦʝ ʬʦʨʤʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ, ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʠʤ ʚ ʨʦʜʥʦʡ ʜʝʨʝʚʥʝ ʂʫʤʙʘʢʦʥʘʤ ʚ ʖʞʥʦʡ ʀʥʜʠʠ, ʈʘʤʘʥʫʜʞʘʥ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʠ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʨʷʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʥʝ ʧʦʜʜʘʚʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʫʩʠʣʠʷʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʥʘ ɿʘʧʘʜʝ. ɺ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʦʧʳʪ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʪ ʩ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʦʤ, ʤʝʥʝʝ ʚʘʞʝʥ, ʯʝʤ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʷ ʠ ʩʤʝʣʦʩʪʴ, ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʝ ʶʥʦʩʪʠ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʈʘʤʘʥʫʜʞʘʥ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʍʘʨʜʠ ʩʚʦʠ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ, ʢʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʩʢʠʡ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʣ ʈʘʤʘʥʫʜʞʘʥʫ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʤʣʘʜʰʝʛʦ ʢʣʝʨʢʘ ʚ ʖʞʥʦʡ ʀʥʜʠʠ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʝʭʘʪʴ ʚ ʊʨʠʥʠʪʠ-ʢʦʣʣʝʜʞ, ʛʜʝ ʪʦʪ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʦʙʱʘʪʴʩʷ ʠ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʜʝʡʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʩ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʠʟ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ. ʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʩʫʨʦʚʳʝ ʟʠʤʳ ɺʦʩʪʦʯʥʦʡ ɸʥʛʣʠʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʝʧʦʩʠʣʴʥʳʤ ʠʩʧʳʪʘʥʠʝʤ ʜʣʷ ʈʘʤʘʥʫʜʞʘʥʘ. ʆʥ ʟʘʙʦʣʝʣ ʪʫʙʝʨʢʫʣʝʟʦʤ ʠ ʫʤʝʨ ʚ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʠ ʪʨʝʭ ʣʝʪ.

ʅʝʤʘʣʦ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʧʨʦʞʠʣʠ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʞʝ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʫʶ, ʥʦ ʢʨʘʪʢʫʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʚ ʥʘʫʢʝ. ɺ XIX ʚʝʢʝ ʥʦʨʚʝʞʝʮ ʅʠʣʴʩ ʍʝʥʨʠʢ ɸʙʝʣʴ ʚʥʝʩ ʩʚʦʡ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʡ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʝʤʫ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʜʝʚʷʪʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ, ʠ ʫʤʝʨ ʚ ʥʠʱʝʪʝ ʚʦʩʝʤʴʶ ʛʦʜʘʤʠ ʧʦʟʞʝ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʦʪ ʪʫʙʝʨʢʫʣʝʟʘ. ʐʘʨʣʴ ʕʨʤʠʪ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ɸʙʝʣʴ çʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ, ʥʘʜ ʯʝʤ ʠʤ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʠʪ

ʪʨʫʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʣʝʪ ʧʷʪʴʩʦʪè, ʠ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ ʠ ʧʦʥʳʥʝ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʝ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʉʪʦʣʴ ʞʝ ʦʜʘʨʝʥʥʳʡ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʠʢ ɸʙʝʣʷ ʕʚʘʨʠʩʪ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʧʝʨʚʦʩʪʝʧʝʥʥʦʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ, ʙʫʜʫʯʠ ʝʱʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʩʪʢʦʤ, ʠ ʫʤʝʨ ʚ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʛʦʜʘ.

ʇʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʳʝ ʤʥʦʡ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʳ ʧʨʝʜʥʘʟʥʘʯʝʥʳ ʥʝ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʴ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʧʦʩʪʠʛʘʝʪ ʢʦʥʯʠʥʘ ʙʝʟʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʘʷ ʠ ʪʨʘʛʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ. ʗ ʭʦʯʫ ʧʦʜʯʝʨʢʥʫʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʩʚʦʠ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʠʝ ʠʜʝʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʳʜʚʠʛʘʶʪ ʚ ʶʥʦʩʪʠ, ʠ, ʢʘʢ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʍʘʨʜʠ, çʷ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʶ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʙʳ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʠʜʝʷ ʙʳʣʘ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʦʤ ʩʪʘʨʰʝ ʧʷʪʠʜʝʩʷʪʠè. ɼʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʚ ʩʨʝʜʥʝʛʦ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʘ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʦʪʭʦʜʷʪ ʥʘ ʟʘʜʥʠʡ ʧʣʘʥ ʠ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʷʪ ʦʩʪʘʪʦʢ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʜʥʝʡ, ʟʘʥʠʤʘʷʩʴ ʧʨʝʧʦʜʘʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʠʣʠ ʘʜʤʠʥʠʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʤʠ. ʉ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʜʝʣʦ ʦʙʩʪʦʠʪ ʩʦʚʩʝʤ ʠʥʘʯʝ. ʍʦʪʷ ʦʥ ʜʦʩʪʠʛ ʧʦʯʪʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʩʦʨʦʢʘʣʝʪʥʝʛʦ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʘ, ʩʝʤʴ ʣʝʪ ʦʥ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʥʘʜ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʚ ʦʙʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʝ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ʧʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʨʦʜʝ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʝʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ɺ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ, ʢʘʢ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʚʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʜʘʨ ʝʛʦ ʙʝʟʚʦʟʚʨʘʪʥʦ ʠʩʩʷʢ, ʦʥ ʬʘʥʪʘʩʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʙʳʩʪʨʦ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʛʘʣʩʷ ʢ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʮʝʣʠ, ʠʟʦʙʨʝʪʘʷ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʠ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʚʦʟʥʘʤʝʨʠʣʩʷ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤʫ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʫ. ɽʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʚ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʠʟʦʣʷʮʠʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʨʠʩʢʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʝʡ, ʥʝʩʣʳʭʘʥʥʦʡ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ.

ʅʝ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʷ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʪʝʥʠʷʤʠ, ʪʨʝʙʫʶʱʠʤʠ ʧʘʪʝʥʪʦʚʘʥʠʷ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʩʦʧʨʷʞʝʥ ʩ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʚ ʤʝʥʴʰʝʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ, ʯʝʤ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪ. ʉʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʢʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ ʥʘʩʣʘʞʜʘʶʪʩʷ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʳʤ ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʳʤ ʦʙʤʝʥʦʤ ʠʜʝʡ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʦ ʚʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʯʘʝʧʠʪʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʝʞʝʜʥʝʚʥʳʝ ʨʠʪʫʘʣʳ. ʂʘʢ ʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʝ, ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʩʪʘʪʝʡ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʫʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʦʘʚʪʦʨʩʪʚʝ ʠʣʠ ʛʨʫʧʧʘʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʠ ʩʣʘʚʘ ʜʝʣʠʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʦʨʦʚʥʫ. ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʧʦʣʥʦʝ ʠ ʩʪʨʦʛʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʪʦ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʳʩʦʢʦ ʮʝʥʠʤʘʷ ʥʘʛʨʘʜʘ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʝʤʫ, ʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʝʤʫ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ. ʎʝʥʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʫʧʣʘʪʠʪʴ ʟʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʝʣ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʚ ʪʘʡʥʝ ʦʪ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ ʠ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʥʝ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʣ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʜʝʠ ʠ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʷʣ ʠʭ ʥʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʝ, ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʡ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ʯʪʦ ʛʜʝ-ʪʦ ʚ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷʭ ʦʥ ʜʦʧʫʩʪʠʣ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ.

ʇʦ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʟʘʤʳʩʣʫ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʚʘʣʩʷ ʝʱʝ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʧʦʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ. ʅʦ ʝʤʫ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʫʥʠʢʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʦʙʲʷʚʠʪʴ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʠ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʩʵʨʘ ʀʩʘʘʢʘ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ, ʠ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʪʙʨʦʩʠʣ ʦʩʪʦʨʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ. ɽʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʘʷ ʮʝʣʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʘ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʪʴ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʥʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʫʤʳ ʤʠʨʘ ʠ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʪʴ ʠʤ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʧʦ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʫʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʠʶ ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʳ ʧʦ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʞʠʚʦʪʨʝʧʝʱʫʱʠʤ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘʤ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʈʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʝ ʥʘ ʟʘʜʚʦʨʢʘʭ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ʚʜʘʣʠ ʦʪ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʦʚ ʠ ʨʘʟʥʳʭ ʧʦʤʝʭ, ʠʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʩʢʦʝ ʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʩʧʣʘʥʠʨʦʚʘʥʦ ʠ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʦ ʩ ʪʘʢʠʤ ʨʘʩʯʝʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʚʩʝ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʷ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʝ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʝʤʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ ʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʤʦʟʛʦʚʦʡ ʰʪʫʨʤ. ɺʥʫʪʨʠ ʟʜʘʥʠʷ ʥʝʪ ʪʫʧʠʢʦʚ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʟʘʪʘʠʪʴʩʷ. ɺʩʝ ʢʘʙʠʥʝʪʳ ʚʳʭʦʜʷʪ ʥʘ ʬʦʨʫʤ. ʇʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʤ ʙʫʜʫʪ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʬʦʨʫʤʝ. ɼʚʝʨʠ ʢʘʙʠʥʝʪʦʚ ʨʝʢʦʤʝʥʜʫʝʪʩʷ ʜʝʨʞʘʪʴ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʳʤʠ. ʇʝʨʝʜʚʠʛʘʷʩʴ ʧʦ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʫ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʨʳʚʘʪʴ ʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʩ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤʠ. ɼʦʩʢʘ ʚʠʩʠʪ ʜʘʞʝ ʚ ʣʠʬʪʝ, ʧʝʨʝʤʝʱʘʶʱʠʤʩʷ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʪʨʝʤʷ

ʵʪʘʞʘʤʠ. ʀ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʦʜʥʘ ʜʦʩʢʘ ʝʩʪʴ ʚ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʢʦʤʥʘʪʝ, ʥʝ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʘʷ ʚʘʥʥʳʭ. ɺ ʪʦʪ ʨʘʟ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʠʜʝʪ ʨʝʯʴ, ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʳ ʰʣʠ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ çL-ʬʫʥʢʮʠʠ ʠ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘè. ɺʩʝ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʤʠʨʘ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩʦʙʨʘʣʠʩʴ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʙʩʫʜʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʝ ʩʦ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʟʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴʶ ʯʠʩʪʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʦ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ L-ʬʫʥʢʮʠʠ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳ ʜʘʪʴ ʢʣʶʯ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʝʛʦ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʣʘ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʝʡʩʷ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ, ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʛʣʘʚʥʳʤ, ʯʪʦ ʟʘʩʪʘʚʠʣʦ ʝʛʦ ʦʙʲʷʚʠʪʴ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʠ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ, ʙʳʣʦ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʨʦʜʥʦʤ ʛʦʨʦʜʝ � ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʝ. ɿʜʝʩʴ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʨʦʜʠʣʩʷ, ʚʳʨʦʩ, ʟʜʝʩʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʘ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʝ ʝʛʦ ʣʶʙʦʚʴ ʢ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʠ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʚ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʝ ʦʥ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʩʪʦʣʢʥʫʣʩʷ ʩ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʧʦʩʚʷʪʠʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʩʪʘʚʰʫʶʩʷ ʞʠʟʥʴ.

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ

ɺ 1963 ʛʦʜʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʝʤʫ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʜʝʩʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ, ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʫʞʝ ʙʳʣ ʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ. çɺ ʰʢʦʣʝ ʷ ʣʶʙʠʣ ʨʝʰʘʪʴ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʷ ʙʨʘʣ ʠʭ ʜʦʤʦʡ ʠ ʠʟ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʳʚʘʣ ʥʦʚʳʝ. ʅʦ ʣʫʯʰʫʶ ʠʟ ʟʘʜʘʯ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʥʝ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʣʠʙʦ ʧʦʧʘʜʘʣʠʩʴ, ʷ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʚ ʤʝʩʪʥʦʡ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʝè.

ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠ ʣʝʪ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʫʟʥʘʣ ʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ

ʆʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʧʦ ʜʦʨʦʛʝ ʠʟ ʰʢʦʣʳ ʜʦʤʦʡ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʟʘʛʣʷʥʫʪʴ ʚ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʫ ʥʘ ʄʠʣʪʦʥ-ʨʦʫʜ. ʇʦ ʩʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʶ ʩ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘʤʠ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʩʢʠʭ ʢʦʣʣʝʜʞʝʡ ʵʪʘ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʙʝʜʥʦʡ, ʥʦ ʚʳʙʦʨ ʢʥʠʛ ʧʦ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʚ ʥʝʡ ʙʳʣ ʙʦʛʘʪʳʤ, ʠ ʵʪʠ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʣʠ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʕʥʜʨʶ. ʀʭ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʜʦ ʦʪʢʘʟʘ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʳ ʚʩʷʢʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʥʘʫʯʥʳʤʠ ʢʫʨʴʝʟʘʤʠ ʠ ʟʘʜʘʯʘʤʠ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘʤʠ, ʠ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʛʦʪʦʚʳʡ ʦʪʚʝʪ, ʟʘʙʦʪʣʠʚʦ ʧʦʤʝʱʝʥʥʳʡ ʛʜʝ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʥʠʛʠ. ʅʦ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʨʘʟ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʚʳʫʜʠʣ ʢʥʠʛʫ,

ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʨʝʯʴ ʰʣʘ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʙ ʦʜʥʦʡ-ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʝ, ʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʝʝ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ.

ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʢʥʠʛʘ ʕʨʠʢʘ ʊʝʤʧʣʘ ɹʝʣʣʘ çɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘè ʦʙ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʢʦʨʥʠ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʫʭʦʜʷʪ ʚ ɼʨʝʚʥʶʶ ɻʨʝʮʠʶ. ʉʚʦʝʛʦ ʧʦʣʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʮʚʝʪʘ ʵʪʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʣʘ ʚ XVII ʚʝʢʝ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʡ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʝʟ ʚʩʷʢʦʛʦ ʫʤʳʩʣʘ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʝʝ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʚʳʟʦʚʦʤ ʚʩʝʤʫ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ. ɺʳʜʘʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʜʠʥ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʣʠʩʴ ʟʘ ʥʘʩʣʝʜʠʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥʳ ʩʤʠʨʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʠʤ ʥʝ ʧʦ ʩʠʣʘʤ. ɿʘ ʪʨʠʩʪʘ ʣʝʪ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʝʩʪʴ ʥʝʤʘʣʦ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʥʦ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʝʪ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʥʠʭ ʦʩʦʙʦʝ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʦʙʤʘʥʯʠʚʦʡ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʪʦʡ. ʊʨʠʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʦʥ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʧʨʦʯʠʪʘʣ ʢʥʠʛʫ ɹʝʣʣʘ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʤʥʝ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʦʱʫʪʠʣ ʧʨʠ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʝ ʩ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ. çʆʥʘ ʚʳʛʣʷʜʝʣʘ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ, ʠ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʝ ʫʤʳ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʛʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʝʝ. ʇʝʨʝʜʦ ʤʥʦʡ ʙʳʣʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ, ʧʦʥʷʪʥʘʷ ʤʥʝ, ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʥʝʤʫ ʤʘʣʴʯʠʢʫ, ʠ ʷ ʧʦʯʫʚʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩ ʪʦʛʦ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʤʦʤʝʥʪʘ ʷ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʛʫ ʦʪʩʪʫʧʠʪʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʗ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʝʝè.

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʚʳʛʣʷʜʝʣʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʝ ʝʝ ʣʝʞʘʣʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʚʩʝʤ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, � ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ: ʚ ʣʶʙʦʤ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʦʤ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ, ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʥʳʡ ʥʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʥʫʟʝ, ʨʘʚʝʥ ʩʫʤʤʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʚ, ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʥʳʭ ʥʘ ʢʘʪʝʪʘʭ.

ɹʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʫ ʟʘʢʣʠʥʘʥʠʶ, ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʟʘʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʤʦʟʛʫ ʤʠʣʣʠʦʥʦʚ, ʝʩʣʠ ʥʝ ʤʠʣʣʠʘʨʜʦʚ, ʣʶʜʝʡ. ʕʪʦ � ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ, ʟʘʫʯʠʚʘʪʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʟʘʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʪ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʰʢʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ. ʅʦ ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʘ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʶ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʥʠʭ, ʦʥʘ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʣʷʶʱʠʤ ʥʘʯʘʣʦʤ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʧʨʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʬʠʘʩʢʦ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʝ ʫʤʳ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʩ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʘ ʉʘʤʦʩ ʙʳʣ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʣʠʷʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʠ ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʟʘʛʘʜʦʯʥʳʭ ʬʠʛʫʨ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʇʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʜʦʩʪʦʚʝʨʥʳʭ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʡ ʦ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʥʝ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʣʦʩʴ, ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʦʢʫʪʘʥʥʦʡ ʤʠʬʘʤʠ ʠ ʣʝʛʝʥʜʘʤʠ, ʠ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʢʘʤ ʙʳʚʘʝʪ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʦʪʜʝʣʠʪʴ ʬʘʢʪʳ ʦʪ ʚʳʤʳʩʣʘ. ʅʝ ʧʦʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʶ, ʦʜʥʘʢʦ, ʯʪʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʨʘʟʚʠʣ ʠʜʝʶ ʦ ʣʦʛʠʢʝ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʝʤʫ ʤʳ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʳ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ ʟʦʣʦʪʳʤ ʚʝʢʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ɹʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʝʛʦ ʛʝʥʠʶ, ʯʠʩʣʘ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʘʣʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʣʷ ʩʯʝʪʘ ʠ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ ʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʦʮʝʥʝʥʳ ʧʦ ʜʦʩʪʦʠʥʩʪʚʫ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʠʟʫʯʘʣ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʢʣʘʩʩʦʚ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʥʠʤʠ ʠ ʬʠʛʫʨʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʪ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʥʝʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʦ ʦʪ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʥʘ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʝ ʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʘʰʠʭ ʦʨʛʘʥʦʚ ʯʫʚʩʪʚ. ʕʪʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʦʙʨʝʣ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʪʴ ʠʩʪʠʥʳ, ʥʝʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʳʝ ʦʪ ʯʴʝʛʦ-ʣʠʙʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʷ ʠʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʨʘʩʩʫʜʢʘ. ʀʩʪʠʥʳ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʳʝ, ʯʝʤ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʧʨʝʜʳʜʫʱʝʝ ʟʥʘʥʠʝ.

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʞʠʣ ʚ V ʚʝʢʝ ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ., ʩʚʦʠ ʧʦʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʠ ʫʤʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʦʥ ʧʨʠʦʙʨʝʣ, ʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʫʷ ʧʦ ɼʨʝʚʥʝʤʫ ʄʠʨʫ. ʇʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʧʨʝʜʘʥʠʷʤ, ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʧʦʙʳʚʘʣ ʚ ʀʥʜʠʠ ʠ ɹʨʠʪʘʥʠʠ, ʥʦ, ʧʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʜʦʩʪʦʚʝʨʥʳʤ ʩʚʝʜʝʥʠʷʤ, ʦʥ ʧʝʨʝʥʷʣ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʠ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʘ ʫ ʚʘʚʠʣʦʥʷʥ ʠ ʝʛʠʧʪʷʥ. ʀ ʪʝ, ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʜʨʝʚʥʠʝ ʥʘʨʦʜʳ ʚʳʰʣʠ ʟʘ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʳ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʛʦ ʩʯʝʪʘ ʠ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʪʴ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʚʰʠʝ ʠʤ ʩʦʟʜʘʚʘʪʴ ʪʦʥʢʠʝ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʳ ʫʯʝʪʘ ʠ

ʚʦʟʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʝ ʟʜʘʥʠʷ. ʇʨʘʚʜʘ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʦʥʠ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʣʠ ʣʠʰʴ ʢʘʢ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ; ʧʨʠʯʠʥʦʡ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʳʭ ʧʨʘʚʠʣ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʩʪʴ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʘʚʣʠʚʘʪʴ ʛʨʘʥʠʮʳ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʟʝʤʝʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʫʯʘʩʪʢʘʤʠ, ʦʢʘʟʘʚʰʠʤʠʩʷ ʩʤʳʪʳʤʠ ʧʨʠ ʝʞʝʛʦʜʥʳʭ ʨʘʟʣʠʚʘʭ ʅʠʣʘ. ʉʘʤʦ ʩʣʦʚʦ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʷ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ çʟʝʤʣʝʤʝʨʠʝè.

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʠʧʪʷʥʝ ʠ ʚʘʚʠʣʦʥʷʥʝ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʣʠ ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʝ ʧʦ ʨʝʮʝʧʪʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʣʝʧʦ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʴ. ʕʪʠ ʨʝʮʝʧʪʳ, ʘʧʨʦʙʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʳʝ ʥʝ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʝʤ, ʥʝʠʟʤʝʥʥʦ ʜʘʚʘʣʠ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ, ʠ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʠ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦ ʫʩʦʤʥʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʥʠʭ ʠʣʠ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʴ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʫ ʣʦʛʠʢʫ, ʣʝʞʘʱʫʶ ʚ ʠʭ ʦʩʥʦʚʝ. ɼʣʷ ʝʛʠʧʝʪʩʢʦʡ ʠ ʚʘʚʠʣʦʥʩʢʦʡ ʮʠʚʠʣʠʟʘʮʠʡ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʘʞʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ çʨʘʙʦʪʘʶʪè, ʘ ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʦʥʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʶʪ, ʥʝʚʘʞʥʦ.

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʣʝʪ ʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʠʡ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʩʦʙʨʘʣ ʠ ʫʩʚʦʠʣ ʚʩʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʘ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʚʰʠʝ ʚ ʮʠʚʠʣʠʟʦʚʘʥʥʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ, ʠ ʦʪʧʣʳʣ ʥʘ ʨʦʜʠʥʫ � ʦʩʪʨʦʚ ʉʘʤʦʩ ʚ ʕʛʝʡʩʢʦʤ ʤʦʨʝ � ʩ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʥʠʝʤ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʪʴ ʰʢʦʣʫ, ʯʣʝʥʳ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʠʩʴ ʙʳ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʠ ʠ ʚ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʩʦʙʨʘʥʥʳʭ ʠʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʘʚʠʣ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʘ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʩʣʝʧʫʶ ʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʤʠ. ʆʥ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʦ ʤʳʩʣʷʱʠʭ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʦʤʦʛʫʪ ʝʤʫ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʨʘʜʠʢʘʣʴʥʦ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʶ, ʥʦ ʟʘ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʩʫʪʩʪʚʠʷ ʪʠʨʘʥ ʇʦʣʠʢʨʘʪ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʣ ʥʝʢʦʛʜʘ ʚʦʣʴʥʳʡ ʉʘʤʦʩ ʚ ʥʝʪʝʨʧʠʤʦʝ ʢʦʥʩʝʨʚʘʪʠʚʥʦʝ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ. ʇʦʣʠʢʨʘʪ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʩʠʣ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʢʦ ʜʚʦʨʫ, ʥʦ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ ʤʘʥʝʚʨ ʩ ʮʝʣʴʶ ʟʘʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʟʘʤʦʣʯʘʪʴ, ʠ ʧʦʜ ʙʣʘʛʦʚʠʜʥʳʤ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʛʦʤ ʦʪʢʣʦʥʠʣ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʫʶ ʯʝʩʪʴ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʧʦʢʠʥʫʣ ʛʦʨʦʜ ʠ ʧʦʩʝʣʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʧʝʱʝʨʝ, ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʡ ʚ ʦʪʜʘʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʘ, ʛʜʝ ʦʥ ʤʦʛ ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʘʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʷʤ, ʥʝ ʦʧʘʩʘʷʩʴ ʧʨʝʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ.

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʠʥʦʢ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʧʦʜʢʫʧʠʪʴ ʶʥʦʰʫ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʪʦʪ ʩʦʛʣʘʩʠʣʩʷ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʦʤ. ʂʝʤ ʙʳʣ ʵʪʦʪ ʶʥʦʰʘ, ʥʝʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʥʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʢʠ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʟʚʘʣʠ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʤ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʧʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʩʣʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʩʦʚʝʪʦʚʘʣ ʘʪʣʝʪʘʤ ʝʩʪʴ ʤʷʩʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʣʫʯʰʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʩʧʦʨʪʠʚʥʳʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ-ʫʯʠʪʝʣʴ ʧʣʘʪʠʣ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʫ ʧʦ ʪʨʠ ʦʙʦʣʘ ʟʘ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʫʨʦʢ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʪʦʪ ʧʦʩʝʱʘʣ. ʇʦ ʧʨʦʰʝʩʪʚʠʠ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʦʥ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʫʧʦʨʥʦʝ ʥʝʞʝʣʘʥʠʝ ʶʥʦʰʠ ʫʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʣʦʩʴ ʚ ʣʶʙʦʚʴ ʢ ʟʥʘʥʠʶ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʠʩʧʳʪʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʘ, ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʚʠʜ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʚ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʠ ʧʣʘʪʠʪʴ ʝʤʫ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʫʨʦʢʠ ʧʨʠʜʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʪʠʪʴ. ɺ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʫʯʝʥʠʢ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʣ ʩʘʤ ʦʧʣʘʯʠʚʘʪʴ ʫʨʦʢʠ, ʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʧʦʢʠʥʫʪʴ ʢʦʣʦʥʠʶ.

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʶʞʥʫʶ ʀʪʘʣʠʶ, ʙʳʚʰʫʶ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʯʘʩʪʴʶ ɼʨʝʚʥʝʡ ɻʨʝʮʠʠ, ʠ ʧʦʩʝʣʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʂʨʦʪʦʥʝ, ʛʜʝ ʝʤʫ ʧʦʩʯʘʩʪʣʠʚʠʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʧʦʢʨʦʚʠʪʝʣʷ ʚ ʣʠʮʝ ʄʠʣʦ, ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʙʦʛʘʪʦʛʦ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ ʚ ʂʨʦʪʦʥʝ ʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʩʠʣʴʥʝʡʰʠʭ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ. ʍʦʪʷ ʩʣʘʚʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʢʘʢ ʤʫʜʨʝʮʘ ʩ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʘ ʉʘʤʦʩ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʣʘʩʴ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʡ ɻʨʝʮʠʠ, ʩʣʘʚʘ ʄʠʣʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ. ʄʠʣʦ ʙʳʣ ʩʣʦʞʝʥ, ʢʘʢ ɻʝʨʢʫʣʝʩ, ʠ ʜʚʝʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʨʘʟ ʟʘʚʦʝʚʳʚʘʣ ʪʠʪʫʣ ʯʝʤʧʠʦʥʘ ʆʣʠʤʧʠʡʩʢʠʭ ʠ ʇʠʬʠʡʩʢʠʭ ʠʛʨ. ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʡ ʘʪʣʝʪʠʢʦʡ ʄʠʣʦ ʚʳʩʦʢʦ ʮʝʥʠʣ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʶ ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʠ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʠʭ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ. ʆʥ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʫ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʜʦʤʘ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʪʦʪ ʤʦʛ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʪʴ ʰʢʦʣʫ. ʊʘʢ ʩʘʤʳʡ ʪʚʦʨʯʝʩʢʠ ʤʳʩʣʠʚʰʠʡ ʨʘʟʫʤ ʠ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʤʦʱʥʦʝ ʪʝʣʦ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʧʘʨʪʥʝʨʘʤʠ.

ʏʫʚʩʪʚʫʷ ʩʝʙʷ ʚ ʙʝʟʦʧʘʩʥʦʩʪʠ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʥʦʚʦʤ ʜʦʤʝ, ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʣ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʝ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʦ � ʛʨʫʧʧʫ ʠʟ ʰʝʩʪʠʩʦʪ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʝʡ, ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʳʭ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʫʯʝʥʠʷ, ʥʦ ʠ ʜʦʙʘʚʠʪʴ ʢ ʥʠʤ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʠʜʝʠ ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ɺʩʪʫʧʘʷ ʚ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʦ, ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʧʦʞʝʨʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʚ ʦʙʱʠʡ ʬʦʥʜ ʚʩʝ ʩʚʦʝ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ. ʂʘʞʜʳʡ, ʢʪʦ ʧʦʢʠʜʘʣ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʦ, ʧʦʣʫʯʘʣ ʩʫʤʤʫ ʚʜʚʦʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʫʶ, ʯʝʤ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʧʦʞʝʨʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ, ʠ ʚ ʧʘʤʷʪʴ ʦ ʥʝʤ ʚʦʟʜʚʠʛʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʘʜʛʨʦʙʥʘʷ ʧʣʠʪʘ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʝ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʵʛʘʣʠʪʘʨʥʦʡ ʰʢʦʣʦʡ, ʠ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʫʯʘʱʠʭʩʷ ʙʳʣʠ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʫʞʯʠʥʳ, ʥʦ ʠ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʞʝʥʱʠʥ. ʃʶʙʠʤʦʡ ʫʯʝʥʠʮʝʡ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʜʦʯʴ ʄʠʣʦ � ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʘʷ ʊʝʘʥʦ. ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʙʦʣʴʰʫʶ ʨʘʟʥʠʮʫ ʚ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʠ ʊʝʘʥʦ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʧʦʞʝʥʠʣʠʩʴ.

ɺʩʢʦʨʝ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʣ ʩʣʦʚʦ çʬʠʣʦʩʦʬè ʠ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʧʨʦʚʦʟʛʣʘʩʠʣ ʮʝʣʠ ʰʢʦʣʳ. ɺʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʆʣʠʤʧʠʡʩʢʠʭ ʠʛʨ ʃʝʦʥ, ʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴ ʌʣʠʫʩʘ, ʩʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳ ʪʦʪ ʦʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨʠʟʦʚʘʣ ʩʝʙʷ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣ: çʗ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬè, ʥʦ ʃʝʦʥʫ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ ʩʣʳʰʘʪʴ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩʣʦʚʘ, ʠ ʦʥ ʧʦʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ.

çɾʠʟʥʴ, ʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴ ʃʝʦʥ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʫʧʦʜʦʙʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʷʱʠʤ ʩʝʡʯʘʩ ʆʣʠʤʧʠʡʩʢʠʤ ʠʛʨʘʤ: ʚ ʩʦʙʨʘʚʰʝʡʩʷ ʟʜʝʩʴ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦʡ ʪʦʣʧʝ ʦʜʥʠʭ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʝʪ ʚʳʛʦʜʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʦʥʠ ʥʘʜʝʶʪʩʷ ʠʟʚʣʝʯʴ, ʜʨʫʛʠʭ � ʥʘʜʝʞʜʳ ʠ ʯʝʩʪʦʣʶʙʠʚʳʝ ʟʘʤʳʩʣʳ, ʦʥʠ ʥʘʜʝʶʪʩʷ ʦʙʨʝʩʪʠ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʠ ʩʣʘʚʫ. ʅʦ ʝʩʪʴ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʥʠʭ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʦ ʠ ʪʘʢʠʭ, ʢʪʦ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʩʶʜʘ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʚʠʜʝʪʴ ʠ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʟʜʝʩʴ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ.

ʊʦ ʞʝ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʩʷ ʠ ʢ ʞʠʟʥʠ. ʆʜʥʠ ʦʙʫʷʥʳ ʣʶʙʦʚʴʶ ʢ ʙʣʘʛʦʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʶ, ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʩʣʝʧʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʪ ʙʝʟʫʤʥʦʡ ʣʠʭʦʨʘʜʦʯʥʦʡ ʞʘʞʜʝ ʚʣʘʩʪʠ ʠ ʛʦʩʧʦʜʩʪʚʘ, ʥʦ ʣʫʯʰʠʡ ʠʟ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʧʦʩʚʷʱʘʝʪ ʩʝʙʷ ʧʦʟʥʘʥʠʶ ʩʤʳʩʣʘ ʠ ʮʝʣʠ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ. ʆʥ ʩʪʨʝʤʠʪʩʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪʴ ʪʘʡʥʳ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʳ. ʊʘʢʦʛʦ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ ʷ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʦʤ, ʠʙʦ ʭʦʪʷ ʥʠ ʦʜʠʥ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʚʩʶ ʤʫʜʨʦʩʪʴ ʤʠʨʘ, ʦʥ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʣʶʙʠʪʴ ʤʫʜʨʦʩʪʴ ʢʘʢ ʢʣʶʯ ʢ ʪʘʡʥʘʤ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʳè.

ʍʦʪʷ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʟʥʘʣʠ ʦ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʥʠʷʭ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʥʠʢʪʦ ʟʘ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʘʤʠ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʘ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʝʤ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʶʪʩʷ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʠ. ʂʘʞʜʳʡ ʯʣʝʥ ʰʢʦʣʳ ʧʨʠʥʦʩʠʣ ʪʦʨʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʫʶ ʢʣʷʪʚʫ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ, ʥʠ ʧʦʜ ʢʘʢʠʤ ʚʠʜʦʤ, ʥʝ ʨʘʟʛʣʘʰʘʪʴ ʧʦʩʪʦʨʦʥʥʠʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʘ. ɼʘʞʝ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʯʣʝʥʦʚ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʘ ʙʳʣ ʫʪʦʧʣʝʥ ʟʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʥʘʨʫʰʠʣ ʢʣʷʪʚʫ, � ʧʫʙʣʠʯʥʦ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ ʦʙ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʠ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʪʝʣʘ, ʜʦʜʝʢʘʵʜʨʘ, ʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʜʚʝʥʘʜʮʘʪʴʶ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʧʷʪʠʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘʤʠ. ʄʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʤʠʬʦʚ ʦ ʩʪʨʘʥʥʳʭ ʨʠʪʫʘʣʘʭ, ʩʦʚʝʨʰʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʯʣʝʥʘʤʠ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʘ, ʠ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʦʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʘʜʝʞʥʳʭ ʩʚʝʜʝʥʠʡ ʦʙ ʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʷʭ � ʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʝ ʪʦʡ ʜʦʚʝʜʝʥʥʦʡ ʜʦ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʘ ʪʘʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʢʨʫʞʘʣʠ ʩʝʙʷ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ.

ɼʦʩʪʦʚʝʨʥʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣ ʵʪʦʩ, ʠʟʤʝʥʠʚʰʠʡ ʭʦʜ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʇʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʝ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʨʝʣʠʛʠʦʟʥʳʤ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦʤ, ʠ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʠʜʦʣʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʧʦʢʣʦʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ, ʙʳʣʦ ʏʠʩʣʦ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʩʪʠʛʘʷ ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, ʦʥʠ ʩʤʦʛʫʪ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪʴ ʜʫʭʦʚʥʳʝ ʪʘʡʥʳ ɺʩʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʠ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʟʠʪʴʩʷ ʢ ʙʦʛʘʤ. ʆʩʦʙʦʝ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʯʣʝʥʳ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʘ ʫʜʝʣʷʣʠ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʘʤ (1, 2, 3, ...) ʠ ʜʨʦʙʷʤ. ʅʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩ ʜʨʦʙʷʤʠ (ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷʤʠ ʵʪʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ) ʥʘ ʷʟʳʢʝ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ. ʉʨʝʜʠ

ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ ʚʳʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʣʠ ʪʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʦʩʦʙʦʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ. ʉʨʝʜʠ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʟʥʘʯʠʤʳʭ ʜʣʷ ʥʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʙʳʣʠ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʝ çʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʝè ʯʠʩʣʘ.

ʇʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʟʘʚʠʩʠʪ ʦʪ ʝʛʦ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ (ʪ. ʝ. ʪʝʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʜʝʣʷʪ ʙʝʟ ʦʩʪʘʪʢʘ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ). ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʷʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ 12 ʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ 1, 2, 3, 4, ʠ 6. ɽʩʣʠ ʩʫʤʤʘ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ çʠʟʙʳʪʦʯʥʳʤè. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, 12 � ʠʟʙʳʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʩʫʤʤʘ ʝʛʦ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʨʘʚʥʘ 16.

ʉ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ, ʝʩʣʠ ʩʫʤʤʘ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʤʝʥʴʰʝ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ çʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʳʤè. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, 10 � ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʩʫʤʤʘ ʝʛʦ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ (1, 2 ʠ 5) ʨʘʚʥʘ ʣʠʰʴ 8.

ʏʠʩʣʘ, ʩʫʤʤʘ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʚ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʨʘʚʥʘ ʩʘʤʦʤʫ ʯʠʩʣʫ, ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʚʘʞʥʳʤʠ. ʊʘʢʠʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʦʥʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʣʠ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʯʠʩʣʦ 6 ʠʤʝʝʪ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʷʤʠ 1, 2 ʠ 3 ʠ, ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ 1+2+3=6. ʉʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʨʘʚʥʦ 28, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ

1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28.

ʉʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʡ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨ ʯʠʩʝʣ 6 ʠ 28, ʠʤʝʚʰʠʡ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʜʣʷ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʝʚ, ʙʳʣ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʢʫʣʴʪʫʨʘʤʠ, ʦʙʨʘʪʠʚʰʠʤʠ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʃʫʥʘ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʘʝʪ ʦʙʦʨʦʪ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ɿʝʤʣʠ ʢʘʞʜʳʝ 28 ʜʥʝʡ, ʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʚʰʠʤʠ, ʯʪʦ ɹʦʛ ʩʦʪʚʦʨʠʣ ʤʠʨ ʟʘ 6 ʜʥʝʡ.

ɺ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʠ çɻʨʘʜ ɹʦʞʠʡè ʉʚ. ɸʚʛʫʩʪʠʥ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʤʳʩʣʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʭʦʪʷ ɹʦʛ ʤʦʛ ʩʦʪʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʤʠʨ ʚ ʦʜʥʦ ʤʛʥʦʚʝʥʴʝ, ʆʥ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʯʝʣ ʩʦʪʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʟʘ 6 ʜʥʝʡ, ʜʘʙʳ ʧʦʨʘʟʤʳʩʣʠʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦʤ ʤʠʨʘ. ʇʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ ʉʚ. ɸʚʛʫʩʪʠʥʘ, ʯʠʩʣʦ 6 ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʥʝ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ɹʦʛ ʠʟʙʨʘʣ ʝʛʦ, ʘ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦ ʚʥʫʪʨʝʥʥʝ ʧʨʠʩʫʱʝ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʝ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. çʏʠʩʣʦ 6 ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʩʘʤʦ ʧʦ ʩʝʙʝ, ʘ ʥʝ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ɻʦʩʧʦʜʴ ʩʦʪʚʦʨʠʣ ʚʩʝ ʩʫʱʝʝ ʟʘ 6 ʜʥʝʡ; ʩʢʦʨʝʝ ʥʘʦʙʦʨʦʪ, ɹʦʛ ʩʦʪʚʦʨʠʣ ʚʩʝ ʩʫʱʝʝ ʟʘ 6 ʜʥʝʡ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ. ʀ ʦʥʦ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʤ, ʜʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʦʪʚʦʨʝʥʠʷ ʟʘ 6 ʜʥʝʡè.

ʇʦ ʤʝʨʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʘʶʪ, ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʚʩʝ ʨʝʞʝ. ʊʨʝʪʴʝ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ 496, ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʦʝ � 8 128, ʧʷʪʦʝ � 33 550 336, ʰʝʩʪʦʝ � 8 589 869 056. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʘʚʥʳ ʩʫʤʤʝ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ, ʥʦ ʠ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʪ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʠʟʷʱʥʳʤʠ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘʤʠ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʨʘʚʥʳ ʩʫʤʤʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɺ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʜʝʣʝ,

6 = 1 + 2 + 3,28 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7,496 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + ... + 30 + 31,8128 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + ... + 126 + 127.

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʟʘʙʘʚʣʷʣʩʷ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʣʠʰʴ

ʢʦʣʣʝʢʮʠʦʥʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʆʥ ʤʝʯʪʘʣ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʴ ʠʭ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ. ʆʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʪʝʩʥʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʦ ʩ çʜʚʦʠʯʥʦʩʪʴʶè. ʏʠʩʣʘ 4=2Ā2, 8=2Ā2Ā2, 16=2Ā2Ā2Ā2 ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʷʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ 2 ʠ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʳ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ 2n, ʛʜʝ n ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʝʨʝʤʥʦʞʝʥʥʳʭ ʜʚʦʝʢ. ɺʩʝ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ 2 ʯʫʪʴ-ʯʫʪʴ çʥʝ ʜʦʩʪʘʶʪè ʜʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʩʫʤʤʘ ʠʭ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʥʘ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʫ ʤʝʥʴʰʝ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʚʩʝ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʜʚʦʡʢʠ ʩʣʝʛʢʘ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʳ:

22 = 2Ā2 = 4, ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʠ 1, 2, ʩʫʤʤʘ 3, 23 = 2Ā2Ā2 = 8, ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʠ 1, 2, 4, ʩʫʤʤʘ 7, 24 = 2Ā2Ā2Ā2 = 16, ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʠ 1, 2, 4, 8, ʩʫʤʤʘ 15, 25 = 2Ā2Ā2Ā2Ā2 = 32, ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʠ 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ʩʫʤʤʘ 31.

ɼʚʫʤʷ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷʤʠ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʫʪʦʯʥʠʣ ʟʘʤʝʯʝʥʥʫʶ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʤ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʴ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʜʚʦʠʯʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʠ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦʤ. ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʢʨʘʪʥʳ ʜʚʫʤ ʯʠʩʣʘʤ, ʦʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ 2, ʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʝ ʥʘ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʫ ʤʝʥʴʰʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ 2:

6 = 21Ā(22 � 1),28 = 22Ā(23 � 1),496 = 24Ā(25 � 1),8128 = 26Ā(27 � 1).

ʉʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʝ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʳ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʠ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʴ ʧʦʠʩʢ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ ʯʫʜʦʚʠʱʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʝ ʵʢʟʝʤʧʣʷʨʳ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, 2216090Ā(2216091 � 1). ʕʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʠʪ ʙʦʣʝʝ 130 000 ʮʠʬʨ ʠ ʧʦʜʯʠʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʫ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ.

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʚʦʩʭʠʱʘʣʩʷ ʨʘʟʥʦʦʙʨʘʟʠʝʤ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʳ ʠ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘʤʠ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʩ ʧʦʯʪʝʥʠʝʤ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʣʩʷ ʢ ʠʭ ʪʦʥʢʦʩʪʠ ʠ ʢʦʚʘʨʩʪʚʫ. ʅʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ, ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦ � ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦ, ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʜʣʷ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ. ʊʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ, ʜʨʝʚʥʠʝ ʛʨʝʢʠ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʩʫʤʝʣʠ ʧʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʊʘʢ, ʭʦʪʷ ʦʥʠ ʟʥʘʣʠ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʩʣʝʛʢʘ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ (ʪ.ʝ. ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩʫʤʤʘ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʘ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʫ ʤʝʥʴʰʝ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ), ʠʤ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʩʣʝʛʢʘ ʠʟʙʳʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ (ʪ.ʝ. ʯʠʩʣʦ ʩʫʤʤʘ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʥʘ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʫ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ). ʆʥʠ ʥʝ ʩʫʤʝʣʠ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ.

ʍʦʪʷ ʥʠʢʘʢʦʛʦ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ ʵʪʘ ʟʘʜʘʯʘ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʣʘ, ʝʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʨʦʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʫ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʦʥʘ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʚʘʣʘ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʷ. ʊʘʢʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʟʘʛʘʜʢʠ ʠʥʪʨʠʛʦʚʘʣʠ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʝ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʦ, ʠ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʜʚʝ ʩ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʦʡ ʪʳʩʷʯʠ ʣʝʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʩʣʝʛʢʘ ʠʟʙʳʪʦʯʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ.

ɺʩʸ ʩʫʱʝʝ ʝʩʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦ

ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʷ ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʡ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʣʘ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʴ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ ʠ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʦʡ. ʆʥ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʥʳʝ ʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʦʜʯʠʥʷʶʪʩʷ ʟʘʢʦʥʘʤ, ʘ ʵʪʠ ʟʘʢʦʥʳ

ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷʤʠ. ʆʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʝʡ ʚ ʤʫʟʳʢʝ ʠ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʝʡ ʯʠʩʝʣ.

ʉʘʤʳʤ ʚʘʞʥʳʤ ʠʥʩʪʨʫʤʝʥʪʦʤ ʚ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʤʫʟʳʢʝ ʙʳʣ ʪʝʪʨʘʭʦʨʜ, ʠʣʠ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭʩʪʨʫʥʥʘʷ ʣʠʨʘ. ʀ ʜʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʤʫʟʳʢʘʥʪʳ ʮʝʥʠʣʠ ʪʝ ʥʦʪʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʨʠ ʩʦʚʤʝʩʪʥʦʤ ʟʚʫʯʘʥʠʠ ʩʦʟʜʘʚʘʣʠ ʧʨʠʷʪʥʳʡ ʵʬʬʝʢʪ, ʠ ʥʘʩʪʨʘʠʚʘʣʠ ʩʚʦʠ ʣʠʨʳ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʨʠ ʧʦʱʠʧʳʚʘʥʠʠ ʜʚʫʭ ʩʪʨʫʥ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʣʘ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʷ. ʅʦ ʤʫʟʳʢʘʥʪʳ ʥʝ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʣʠ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʪʝ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʳʝ ʩʦʯʝʪʘʥʠʷ ʥʦʪ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʯʥʳ, ʠ ʥʝ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʣʠ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʠʚʥʦʡ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʦʡ ʜʣʷ ʥʘʩʪʨʦʡʢʠ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʠʥʩʪʨʫʤʝʥʪʦʚ. ʃʠʨʳ ʦʥʠ ʥʘʩʪʨʘʠʚʘʣʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦ ʩʣʫʭʫ, ʧʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʫʩʪʘʥʘʚʣʠʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʟʚʫʯʘʥʠʝ ʩʪʨʫʥ, � ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʇʣʘʪʦʥ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʣ ʧʳʪʢʦʡ ʥʘʩʪʨʦʝʯʥʳʭ ʢʦʣʢʦʚ.

ʗʤʚʣʠʭ, ʫʯʝʥʳʡ, ʞʠʚʰʠʡ ʚ IV ʚʝʢʝ ʠ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʚʰʠʡ ʜʝʚʷʪʴ ʢʥʠʛ ʦ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʤ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʝ, ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʶ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧʦʚ, ʣʝʞʘʱʠʭ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʝ ʤʫʟʳʢʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʠ.

çʆʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʙʳʣ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦ ʧʦʛʨʫʞʝʥ ʚ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʩʪʠ ʤʝʭʘʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʫʩʪʨʦʡʩʪʚʦ ʜʣʷ ʩʣʫʭʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʥʘʜʝʞʥʳʤ ʠ ʥʝʟʘʤʳʩʣʦʚʘʪʳʤ. ʊʘʢʦʝ ʫʩʪʨʦʡʩʪʚʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʮʠʨʢʫʣʷʤ, ʣʠʥʝʡʢʘʤ ʠ ʦʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʠʥʩʪʨʫʤʝʥʪʘʤ, ʠʟʤʳʰʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʜʣʷ ʟʨʝʥʠʷ... ɹʦʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʘʷ ʫʜʘʯʘ ʨʘʩʧʦʨʷʜʠʣʘʩʴ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʧʨʦʭʦʜʠʣ ʢʘʢ-ʪʦ ʨʘʟ ʤʠʤʦ ʢʫʟʥʠʮʳ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣʠ ʢʫʟʥʝʮʳ, ʠ ʫʩʣʳʰʘʣ ʫʜʘʨʳ ʤʦʣʦʪʢʦʚ ʦ ʞʝʣʝʟʦ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʚʰʠʭ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʷʭ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʦʜʥʦʡ, ʨʘʟʥʦʦʙʨʘʟʥʳʝ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʟʚʫʢʠè.

ʂʘʢ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʜʘʣʝʝ ʗʤʚʣʠʭ, ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ, ʩʛʦʨʘʷ ʦʪ ʥʝʪʝʨʧʝʥʠʷ, ʚʙʝʞʘʣ ʚ ʢʫʟʥʠʮʫ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʳʷʩʥʠʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʝʪ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʷ ʤʦʣʦʪʦʚ. ʆʥ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʤʦʣʦʪʦʚ, ʝʩʣʠ ʠʤʠ ʫʜʘʨʠʪʴ ʦʜʥʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦ, ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʶʪ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʟʚʫʯʘʥʠʝ, ʥʦ ʦʜʥʘ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʷ ʤʦʣʦʪʦʚ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʣʘ ʥʝʧʨʠʷʪʥʦʝ ʟʚʫʯʘʥʠʝ. ʈʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʚ ʭʦʨʦʰʝʥʴʢʦ ʤʦʣʦʪʳ, ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟʜʘʚʘʣʠ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʟʚʫʯʘʥʠʝ, ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʠ: ʠʭ ʤʘʩʩʳ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʳʚʘʣʠ ʜʨʫʛ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ, ʠʣʠ ʜʨʦʙʠ. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʤʦʣʦʪʳ, ʚʝʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʫ, ʜʚʝ ʪʨʝʪʠ ʠʣʠ ʪʨʠ ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʠ ʚʝʩʘ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʪʦ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʚʝʩʘ, ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʶʪ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʟʚʫʯʘʥʠʷ. ʉ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ, ʤʦʣʦʪ, ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʶʱʠʡ ʜʠʩʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʶ (ʝʩʣʠ ʫʜʘʨʠʪʴ ʠʤ ʦʜʥʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦ ʩ ʣʶʙʳʤ ʠʟ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʤʦʣʦʪʦʚ), ʠʤʝʝʪ ʚʝʩ, ʥʝ ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʱʠʡ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʛʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ ʩ ʚʝʩʦʤ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʤʦʣʦʪʦʚ.

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʦʪʚʝʯʘʶʪ ʟʘ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʶ ʚ ʤʫʟʳʢʝ. ʋʯʝʥʳʝ ʫʩʦʤʥʠʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʜʠʚʦʩʪʠ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ, ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʡ ʗʤʚʣʠʭʦʤ ʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʝ. ɹʦʣʝʝ ʜʦʩʪʦʚʝʨʥʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʤʫʟʳʢʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʡ ʢ ʣʠʨʝ, ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʷ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʩʪʨʫʥʳ. ɽʩʣʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʫʱʠʧʥʫʪʴ ʩʪʨʫʥʫ, ʪʦ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʝʪ ʩʪʘʥʜʘʨʪʥʘʷ ʥʦʪʘ, ʠʣʠ ʪʦʥ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʩʦʟʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʩʝʡ ʜʣʠʥʦʡ ʢʦʣʝʙʣʶʱʝʡʩʷ ʩʪʨʫʥʳ. ɿʘʞʘʚ ʩʪʨʫʥʫ ʚ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʨʦʜʠʪʴ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʢʦʣʝʙʘʥʠʷ ʠ ʪʦʥʳ, ʢʘʢ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 1. ɺʘʞʥʦ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʪʦʥʘ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʶʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʠ ʟʘʞʠʤʝ ʩʪʨʫʥʳ ʚ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʟʘʞʘʚ ʩʪʨʫʥʫ ʪʦʯʥʦ ʧʦʩʝʨʝʜʠʥʝ ʠ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʫʱʠʧʥʫʚ ʝʝ, ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʤ ʪʦʥ ʦʢʪʘʚʦʡ ʚʳʰʝ ʚ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʩʦʟʚʫʯʠʠ ʩ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʪʦʥʦʤ. ɽʩʣʠ ʩʪʨʫʥʫ ʟʘʞʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʠ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʪʨʝʪʠ, ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʠ ʠʣʠ ʧʷʪʦʡ ʜʣʠʥʳ ʦʪ ʢʦʥʮʘ, ʪʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʪʩʷ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʪʦʥʘ. ʅʦ ʩʪʦʠʪ

ʟʘʞʘʪʴ ʩʪʨʫʥʫ ʚ ʪʦʯʢʝ, ʦʪʩʪʦʷʱʝʡ ʦʪ ʢʦʥʮʘ ʥʘ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʠ, ʥʝ ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʱʝʤ ʧʨʦʩʪʫʶ ʜʨʦʙʴ ʩ ʜʣʠʥʦʡ ʩʪʨʫʥʳ, ʢʘʢ ʠʟʜʘʚʘʝʤʳʡ ʩʪʨʫʥʦʡ ʟʚʫʢ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʪʦʥʘʤʠ.

ʈʠʩ. 1. ʉʚʦʙʦʜʥʦ ʢʦʣʝʙʣʶʱʘʷʩʷ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʘʷ ʩʪʨʫʥʘ ʠʟʜʘʝʪ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʡ ʪʦʥ. ɽʩʣʠ ʪʦʯʥʦ ʧʦʩʨʝʜʠʥʝ ʩʪʨʫʥʳ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʫʟʝʣ ʢʦʣʝʙʘʥʠʷ, ʪʦ ʠʟʜʘʚʘʝʤʘʷ ʩʪʨʫʥʦʡ ʥʦʪʘ ʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʥʘ ʦʢʪʘʚʫ ʚʳʰʝ ʠ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʩ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʡ ʥʦʪʦʡ. ɼʨʫʛʠʝ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʢʠ ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʤ, ʧʝʨʝʤʝʱʘʷ ʫʟʝʣ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ, ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤ ʜʨʦʙʷʤ (ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʪʨʝʪʠ, ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʦʡ ʠʣʠ ʧʷʪʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ) ʦʪ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʜʣʠʥʳ ʩʪʨʫʥʳ

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʧʦʜʯʠʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʷʚʣʝʥʠʝ, ʠ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ ʠ ʬʠʟʠʢʦʡ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʴ. ʉʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ ʫʯʝʥʳʝ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʘʚʠʣ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ, ʩʫʜʷ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʤʫ, ʧʦʜʯʠʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩ ʚ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ, ʠ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʶʪ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʷʚʣʝʥʠʷʭ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʳ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʚʭʦʜʠʪ ʚ ʟʘʢʦʥʦʤʝʨʥʦʩʪʴ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʧʦʜʯʠʥʷʶʪʩʷ ʜʣʠʥʳ ʨʝʢ. ʇʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʍʘʥʩ-ʍʝʥʨʠʢ ʉʪʦʫʥ, ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪ ʧʦ ʬʠʟʠʢʝ ɿʝʤʣʠ ʠʟ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʣ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʡ ʜʣʠʥʦʡ ʨʝʢʠ ʦʪ ʠʩʪʦʢʘ ʜʦ ʫʩʪʴʷ ʠ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʝʤ çʧʦ ʧʨʷʤʦʡè, ʢʘʢ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʙʳ ʣʝʪʝʪʴ ʧʪʠʮʘ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʵʪʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʚʘʨʴʠʨʫʝʪʩʷ ʦʪ ʨʝʢʠ ʢ ʨʝʢʝ, ʝʛʦ ʩʨʝʜʥʝʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʣʠʰʴ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʠʤ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ 3, ʪ.ʝ. ʠʩʪʠʥʥʘʷ ʜʣʠʥʘ ʨʝʢʠ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʥʦ ʚ 3 ʨʘʟʘ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʷ ʦʪ ʠʩʪʦʯʥʠʢʦʚ ʜʦ ʫʩʪʴʷ ʧʦ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ.

ɺ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʵʪʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʥʦ ʨʘʚʥʦ 3,14, ʯʪʦ ʙʣʠʟʢʦ ʢ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʶ ʯʠʩʣʘ ˊ � ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʶ ʜʣʠʥʳ ʦʢʨʫʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʢ ʝʝ ʜʠʘʤʝʪʨʫ. ʏʠʩʣʦ ˊ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʣʦ ʚ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ ʦʢʨʫʞʥʦʩʪʝʡ, ʥʦ ʧʦʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʠ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʧʨʠ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʭ ʚʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʘʭ ʥʘʫʢʠ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʧʦʷʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ˊ ʚ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʠ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʡ ʜʣʠʥʳ ʨʝʢʠ ʦʪ ʠʩʪʦʢʦʚ ʜʦ ʫʩʪʴʷ ʢ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʶ ʦʪ ʝʝ ʠʩʪʦʢʦʚ ʜʦ ʫʩʪʴʷ ʧʦ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ � ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ ʙʦʨʴʙʳ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʦʤ ʠ ʭʘʦʩʦʤ.

ʕʡʥʰʪʝʡʥ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʨʝʢʠ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʪʝʥʜʝʥʮʠʶ ʢʦ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʠʟʚʠʣʠʩʪʦʤʫ ʨʫʩʣʫ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʝʝ ʠʩʢʨʠʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʨʫʩʣʘ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʫʩʢʦʨʝʥʠʶ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʷ ʫ çʥʘʨʫʞʥʦʛʦè ʙʝʨʝʛʘ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʴ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʫʩʢʦʨʝʥʠʶ ʵʨʦʟʠʠ ʙʝʨʝʛʘ ʠ ʫʚʝʣʠʯʝʥʠʶ ʢʨʫʪʠʟʥʳ ʧʦʚʦʨʦʪʘ. ʏʝʤ ʢʨʫʯʝ ʧʦʚʦʨʦʪ, ʪʝʤ ʙʳʩʪʨʝʝ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʫ çʥʘʨʫʞʥʦʛʦè ʙʝʨʝʛʘ; ʯʝʤ ʙʳʩʪʨʝʝ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ, ʪʝʤ ʩʠʣʴʥʝʝ ʵʨʦʟʠʷ; ʯʝʤ ʩʠʣʴʥʝʝ ʵʨʦʟʠʷ, ʪʝʤ ʢʨʫʯʝ ʧʦʚʦʨʦʪ ʨʝʢʠ, ʠ ʪ.ʜ.

ʆʜʥʘʢʦ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʚ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʝ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʫʢʨʦʱʘʝʪ ʭʘʦʩ: ʫʚʝʣʠʯʝʥʠʝ ʠʟʚʠʣʠʩʪʦʩʪʠ ʨʫʩʣʘ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʧʦʷʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʧʝʪʝʣʴ ʠ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʢ çʢʦʨʦʪʢʦʤʫ ʟʘʤʳʢʘʥʠʶè ʨʫʩʣʘ: ʨʝʢʘ ʩʧʨʷʤʣʷʝʪ ʨʫʩʣʦ, ʘ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʘʷ ʧʝʪʣʷ, ʦʩʪʘʚʰʘʷʩʷ ʚ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʝ ʦʪ ʨʫʩʣʘ, ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʩʪʘʨʠʮʝʡ. ɹʘʣʘʥʩ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʵʪʠʤʠ ʜʚʫʤʷ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʧʦʣʦʞʥʳʤʠ ʬʘʢʪʦʨʘʤʠ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʙʣʠʟʢʦʤʫ ʢ ˊ ʩʨʝʜʥʝʤʫ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʶ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʡ ʜʣʠʥʳ ʨʝʢʠ ʠ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʝʤ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʠʩʪʦʢʘʤʠ ʠ ʫʩʪʴʝʤ ʧʦ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ. ʆʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʨʘʚʥʦʝ ˊ ʯʘʱʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʫ ʨʝʢ, ʪʝʢʫʱʠʭ ʧʦ ʨʘʚʥʠʥʘʤ ʩ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʩʣʘʙʳʤ ʫʢʣʦʥʦʤ. ʊʘʢʦʚʳ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʨʝʢʠ ɹʨʘʟʠʣʠʠ ʠ ʉʠʙʠʨʠ.

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʶʜʫ, ʦʪ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʠ ʚ ʤʫʟʳʢʝ ʜʦ ʧʣʘʥʝʪʥʳʭ ʦʨʙʠʪ, ʩʢʨʳʪʳ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʠ ʵʪʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʦ ʝʤʫ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʘʬʦʨʠʟʤ: çɺʩʝ ʩʫʱʝʝ ʝʩʪʴ ʏʠʩʣʦè. ʇʦʩʪʠʛʘʷ ʩʤʳʩʣ ʠ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʘʪʳʚʘʣ ʷʟʳʢ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣ ʙʳ ʠ ʝʤʫ ʩʘʤʦʤʫ, ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʪʴ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʫ ɺʩʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ. ʉ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʞʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʜʘʚʘʣʦ ʫʯʝʥʳʤ ʩʣʦʚʘʨʴ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳʡ ʜʣʷ ʣʫʯʰʝʛʦ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʝʥʠʷ ʷʚʣʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʦʢʨʫʞʘʶʱʝʤ ʤʠʨʝ. ʅʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʨʝʫʚʝʣʠʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʫʩʧʝʭʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʣʠ ʢʦʨʝʥʥʳʝ ʩʜʚʠʛʠ ʚ ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʦʟʥʘʥʠʠ.

ʀʩʘʘʢ ʅʴʶʪʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʪʝʣʝʤ ʟʘʢʦʥʘ ʚʩʝʤʠʨʥʦʛʦ ʪʷʛʦʪʝʥʠʷ, ʥʦ ʠ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʤʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʤ. ɽʛʦ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʤ ʚʢʣʘʜʦʤ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʘ � ʜʠʬʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠ ʠʥʪʝʛʨʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ. ʇʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠ ʷʟʳʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʘ ʜʣʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʯʥʦʛʦ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʷ ʟʘʢʦʥʘ ʚʩʝʤʠʨʥʦʛʦ ʪʷʛʦʪʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʟʘʜʘʯ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʭ ʩ ʛʨʘʚʠʪʘʮʠʝʡ. ʉʦʟʜʘʥʥʘʷ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʦʤ ʢʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʛʨʘʚʠʪʘʮʠʠ ʧʝʨʝʞʠʣʘ ʚʝʢʘ ʠ ʫʩʪʫʧʠʣʘ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʦʙʱʝʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ɸʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ ʕʡʥʰʪʝʡʥʘ, ʜʘʚʰʝʛʦ ʥʦʚʦʝ, ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʝ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʝʥʠʝ ʛʨʘʚʠʪʘʮʠʠ. ʀʜʝʠ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʕʡʥʰʪʝʡʥʘ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʤʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʥʦʚʳʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷʤ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʚʰʠʤ ʝʤʫ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʴ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʠʟʦʱʨʝʥʥʳʡ ʷʟʳʢ ʜʣʷ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʭ (ʧʦ ʩʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʶ ʩ ʥʴʶʪʦʥʦʚʩʢʠʤʠ) ʥʘʫʯʥʳʭ ʠʜʝʡ. ʉʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʘʷ ʠʥʪʝʨʧʨʝʪʘʮʠʷ ʛʨʘʚʠʪʘʮʠʠ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʡ ʧʦʜ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝʤ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʅʦʚʝʡʰʠʝ ʢʚʘʥʪʦʚʳʝ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʛʨʘʚʠʪʘʮʠʠ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʳ ʩ ʫʩʧʝʭʘʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʩʪʨʫʥ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠ ʪʦʧʦʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘ ʪʨʫʙʦʢ ʥʘʠʣʫʯʰʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʶʪ ʩʠʣʳ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʳ.

ʀʟ ʚʩʝʭ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʝʡ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ ʠ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʦʡ, ʠʟʫʯʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʣʝʥʘʤʠ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʘ, ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʘʞʥʳʤ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʥʳʥʝ ʥʦʩʠʪ ʠʤʷ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʪʝʣʷ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʘ. ʊʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʜʘʝʪ ʥʘʤ ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʳʭ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʦʚ ʠ, ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʷʝʪ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʫʛʦʣ. ɺ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʴ, ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʫʛʦʣ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʷʝʪ ʧʝʨʧʝʥʜʠʢʫʣʷʨ, ʪ.ʝ. ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʚʝʨʪʠʢʘʣʠ ʢ ʛʦʨʠʟʦʥʪʘʣʠ, ʘ ʚ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʤ ʩʯʝʪʝ � ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʪʨʝʤʷ ʠʟʤʝʨʝʥʠʷʤʠ ʥʘʰʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ � ʯʝʨʝʟ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʫʛʦʣ � ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʷʝʪ ʩʘʤʫʶ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʫ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʤʳ ʞʠʚʝʤ. ʕʪʦ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʘʷ ʤʳʩʣʴ.

ʄʝʞʜʫ ʪʝʤ, ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʢʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʘ. ɼʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ

ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʝʝ, ʥʫʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʠʟʤʝʨʠʪʴ ʜʣʠʥʫ ʜʚʫʭ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʢʦʨʦʪʢʠʭ ʩʪʦʨʦʥ (x ʠ y), � ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʭ ʢʘʪʝʪʦʚ, � ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ, ʠ ʢʘʞʜʫʶ ʠʟ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʭ ʜʣʠʥ ʚʦʟʚʝʩʪʠ ʚ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ (x2 ʠ y2). ɿʘʪʝʤ ʥʫʞʥʦ ʩʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʳ ʜʣʠʥ (x2 + y2). ɼʣʷ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ, ʠʟʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 2, ʩʫʤʤʘ ʨʘʚʥʘ 25.

x = 3, y = 4, z = 5x2 + y2 = z29 + 16 = 25

ʈʠʩ. 2.

ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʚʳ ʤʦʞʝʪʝ ʠʟʤʝʨʠʪʴ ʜʣʠʥʫ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʴʰʝʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ z � ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʥʫʟʳ � ʠ ʚʦʟʚʝʩʪʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʚ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ. ʉʘʤʦʝ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ z2 ʩʦʚʧʘʜʘʝʪ ʩ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʚʘʤʠ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʩʫʤʤʦʡ, ʪ.ʝ. 52 = 25. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʚ ʣʶʙʦʤ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʦʤ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ, ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʥʳʡ ʥʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʥʫʟʝ, ʨʘʚʝʥ ʩʫʤʤʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʚ, ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʥʳʭ ʥʘ ʢʘʪʝʪʘʭ.

ʀʥʳʤʠ ʩʣʦʚʘʤʠ (ʪʦʯʥʝʝ, ʩʠʤʚʦʣʘʤʠ), ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ

x2 + y2 = z2.

ʗʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 2, ʥʦ ʩʫʪʴ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʦ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʠʣʝ ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ, ʢʘʢʦʡ ʚʳ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʦʞʝʪʝ ʩʝʙʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ. ʕʪʦ � ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʟʘʢʦʥ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʠ ʚʳ ʤʦʞʝʪʝ ʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʚʘʤ ʜʦʚʝʜʝʪʩʷ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʠʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʫʛʦʣ. ʀ ʦʙʨʘʪʥʦ, ʩʪʦʠʪ ʚʘʤ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢ, ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʶʱʠʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʢʘʢ ʚʳ ʤʦʞʝʪʝ ʙʳʪʴ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʚʘʤʠ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʳʡ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢ.

ʋʤʝʩʪʥʦ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ, ʭʦʪʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʠʜʝʪ ʨʝʯʴ, ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʘ ʩ ʠʤʝʥʝʤ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʢʠʪʘʡʮʳ ʠ ʚʘʚʠʣʦʥʷʥʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠ ʝʝ ʥʘ ʪʳʩʷʯʫ ʣʝʪ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ ʥʠ ʢʠʪʘʡʩʢʠʝ, ʥʠ ʚʘʚʠʣʦʥʩʢʠʝ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʳ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ. ʊʝʦʨʝʤʘ, ʧʦʣʫʯʠʚʰʘʷ ʚʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʠ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʚʝʨʥʦʡ ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʢʠʪʘʡʮʳ ʠ ʚʘʚʠʣʦʥʷʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʝʝ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ, ʥʦ ʦʥʠ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʣʠ, ʢʘʢ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʩʧʨʘʚʝʜʣʠʚʘ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʪʝʭ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʳʭ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʥʠ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʣʠ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʝ. ʇʨʠʯʠʥʘ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʦʥ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʝʝ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴ.

ʅʦ ʢʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʫʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ? ʆʥ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʥʘʜʝʷʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ

ʨʘʟʥʦʦʙʨʘʟʥʝʡʰʠʭ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʳʭ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʦʚ, ʠ ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʦʙʨʝʩʪʠ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ çʥʘ ʚʩʝ ʩʪʦ ʧʨʦʮʝʥʪʦʚè ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ � ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʘʷ ʠʩʪʠʥʘ. ʇʨʠʯʠʥʘ ʝʛʦ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ � ʚ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʇʦʠʩʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ � ʵʪʦ ʧʦʠʩʢ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ, ʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʯʥʦʛʦ, ʯʝʤ ʟʥʘʥʠʝ, ʥʘʢʦʧʣʝʥʥʦʝ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʥʘʫʯʥʦʡ ʜʠʩʮʠʧʣʠʥʦʡ. ɾʘʞʜʘ ʧʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʫʶ ʠʩʪʠʥʫ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʤʝʪʦʜʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʜʚʠʛʘʣʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʜʚʫʭ ʩ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʦʡ ʪʳʩʷʯ ʣʝʪ.

ɸʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ

ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ � ʵʪʦ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʧʦʠʩʢʘ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʶʱʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʤʦʱʥʝʝ ʠ ʩʪʨʦʞʝ, ʯʝʤ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʤʳ ʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʤʩʷ ʚ ʥʘʰʝʤ ʧʦʚʩʝʜʥʝʚʥʦʤ ʷʟʳʢʝ, ʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʯʝʤ ʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʧʨʠʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʠʣʠ ʭʠʤʠʢʠ. ʇʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʠʷ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʥʘʫʯʥʳʤ ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʤʠ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʘʶʱʝʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʜʣʷ ʦʩʦʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʝʤ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʝʪʩʷ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʩʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ.

ʂʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʝʪʩʷ ʩ ʩʝʨʠʠ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ � ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳʤʠ ʠʣʠ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʩʘʤʦʦʯʝʚʠʜʥʘ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ, ʰʘʛ ʟʘ ʰʘʛʦʤ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʠʡʪʠ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ. ɽʩʣʠ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʳ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳ, ʘ ʣʦʛʠʢʘ ʙʝʟʫʧʨʝʯʥʘ, ʪʦ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝ ʙʝʟʫʧʨʝʯʥʦ. ʕʪʠʤ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʠ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ.

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʦʧʠʨʘʶʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩ ʠ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʳʝ ʦʜʥʘʞʜʳ, ʦʥʠ ʦʩʪʘʶʪʩʷ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳʤʠ ʜʦ ʩʢʦʥʯʘʥʠʷ ʚʝʢʦʚ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʳ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʧʦ ʜʦʩʪʦʠʥʩʪʚʫ ʦʮʝʥʠʪʴ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʳʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ, ʠʭ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʴ ʩ ʠʭ çʙʝʜʥʳʤ ʨʦʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʠʢʦʤè � ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʥʘʫʯʥʳʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʧʨʠʥʷʪʳʤ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʚ ʬʠʟʠʢʝ.

ɺ ʬʠʟʠʢʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʚʳʜʚʠʛʘʝʪʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʝʥʠʷ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ. ɽʩʣʠ ʥʘʙʣʶʜʝʥʠʷ ʟʘ ʷʚʣʝʥʠʝʤ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ ʩʦʛʣʘʩʫʶʪʩʷ ʩ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ, ʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʚ ʝʝ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ, ʠʣʠ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ, ʧʦʜʢʨʝʧʣʷʝʪ ʚʳʜʚʠʥʫʪʫʶ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʪʴ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩʳ, ʥʦ ʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʠʩʭʦʜ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩʦʚ.

ɼʣʷ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʠʣʳ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʠʤʝʥʪʳ, ʠ ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʠ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʫʩʧʝʰʥʳʤʠ, ʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʝʱʝ ʩʠʣʴʥʝʝ ʧʦʜʢʨʝʧʣʷʝʪ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ. ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ, ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʜʘʥʥʳʭ, ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʭ ʚ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ, ʤʦʞʝʪ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ, ʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʶʪ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ.

ʆʜʥʘʢʦ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʥʘ ʫʨʦʚʥʝ, ʩʪʦʣʴ ʞʝ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʪʦʪ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ: ʥʘ ʦʩʥʦʚʝ ʠʤʝʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʜʘʥʥʳʭ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʣʠʰʴ ʩ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʡ ʠʣʠ ʤʝʥʴʰʝʡ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴʶ. ʊʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʝ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ, ʠʣʠ, ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʙʱʦ, ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʥʘʫʯʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʦ ʥʘ ʥʘʙʣʶʜʝʥʠʷʭ ʠ ʜʘʥʥʳʭ, ʜʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʤʳʭ ʥʘʰʠʤʠ ʦʨʛʘʥʘʤʠ ʯʫʚʩʪʚ. ʀ ʪʝ, ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʦʙʤʘʥʯʠʚʳ ʠ ʜʘʶʪ ʣʠʰʴ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʞʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʠʩʪʠʥʝ. ʂʘʢ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ ɹʝʨʪʨʘʥ ʈʘʩʩʝʣ:

çʍʦʪʷ ʵʪʦ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩʦʤ, ʚʩʝ ʪʦʯʥʳʝ ʥʘʫʢʠ ʧʨʦʥʠʟʘʥʳ ʠʜʝʝʡ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʞʝʥʠʷè.

ɼʘʞʝ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʰʠʨʦʢʦ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʥʳʝ ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʥʘʫʯʥʳʝ çʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘè ʥʝʠʟʤʝʥʥʦ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʪ ʚ ʩʝʙʝ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʷ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʝ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʤʝʥʴʰʝ; ʥʦ ʦʥʦ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʠʩʯʝʟʘʝʪ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʚʳʷʩʥʷʝʪʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʦ. ʉʣʘʙʦʩʪʴ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʥʘʫʯʥʳʤ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʷʤ, ʚʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʘ ʩʤʝʥʫ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ, ʩʯʠʪʘʚʰʝʡʩʷ çʚʝʨʥʦʡè ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʪ ʜʨʫʛʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʫʪʦʯʥʝʥʠʝʤ ʧʨʝʞʥʝʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ, ʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʪʴ ʝʡ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʚ ʧʦʠʩʢʝ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʘʩʪʠʮ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʠ ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʝ ʬʠʟʠʢʦʚ çʧʝʨʝʧʘʭʠʚʘʣʦè ʠʣʠ, ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ, ʫʪʦʯʥʷʣʦ ʠ ʫʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʧʨʝʜʰʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʠʢʦʚ. ʉʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʡ ʵʪʘʧ ʧʦʠʩʢʘ ʤʝʣʴʯʘʡʰʠʭ çʢʠʨʧʠʯʠʢʦʚè, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʘ ɺʩʝʣʝʥʥʘʷ, ʥʘʯʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʛʦʜʳ XIX ʚʝʢʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʚ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʩʝʨʠʠ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʠʤʝʥʪʦʚ ɼʞʦʥ ɼʘʣʴʪʦʥ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʠʟ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʘʪʦʤʦʚ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʵʪʠ ʘʪʦʤʳ � ʤʝʣʴʯʘʡʰʠʝ ʯʘʩʪʠʮʳ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʠ.

ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ XIX ʚʝʢʘ ɼʞ. ɼʞ. ʊʦʤʩʦʥ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥ � ʧʝʨʚʫʶ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʫʶ ʩʫʙʘʪʦʤʥʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʠʮʫ, ʠ ʘʪʦʤ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʘʣ ʙʳʪʴ ʤʝʣʴʯʘʡʰʝʡ ʯʘʩʪʠʮʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʠ.

ɺ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ XX ʚʝʢʘ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʣʠ çʧʦʣʥʫʶè ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʘʪʦʤʘ: ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ʷʜʨʘ, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʱʝʛʦ ʠʟ ʧʨʦʪʦʥʦʚ ʠ ʥʝʡʨʦʥʦʚ, ʦʙʨʘʱʘʶʪʩʷ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʳ. ʇʨʦʪʦʥʳ, ʥʝʡʨʦʥʳ ʠ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʛʦʨʜʝʣʠʚʦ ʧʨʦʚʦʟʛʣʘʰʝʥʳ ʬʠʟʠʢʘʤʠ ʧʦʣʥʳʤ ʥʘʙʦʨʦʤ ʠʥʛʨʝʜʠʝʥʪʦʚ, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ɺʩʝʣʝʥʥʘʷ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʘʥʘʣʠʟ ʢʦʩʤʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʣʫʯʝʡ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʨʥʳʭ ʯʘʩʪʠʮ � ʧʠʦʥʦʚ ʠ ʤʶʦʥʦʚ. ɽʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʡ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʨʦʪ ʚ ʬʠʟʠʢʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʝʣ ʚ 1932 ʛʦʜʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʦ ʘʥʪʠʚʝʱʝʩʪʚʦ � ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʘʥʪʠʧʨʦʪʦʥʦʚ, ʘʥʪʠʥʝʡʪʨʦʥʦʚ, ʘʥʪʠʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʦʚ ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ, ʟʘʥʠʤʘʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʨʥʳʭ ʯʘʩʪʠʮ, ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʩ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʯʘʩʪʠʮ, ʥʦ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʘʩʪʠʮʳ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʨʥʳ, ʪ.ʝ. ʥʝʜʝʣʠʤʳ. ʊʘʢ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦ 60-ʭ ʛʦʜʦʚ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʦʩʴ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ ʢʚʘʨʢʘ. ʇʨʦʪʦʥ, ʪʘʢ ʞʝ, ʢʘʢ ʥʝʡʪʨʦʥ, ʧʠʦʥ ʠ ʤʶʦʥ, ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʱʠʤ ʠʟ ʢʚʘʨʢʦʚ, ʥʝʩʫʱʠʭ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʟʘʨʷʜ, ʨʘʚʥʳʡ ʜʨʦʙʥʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʟʘʨʷʜʘ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʘ. ʄʦʨʘʣʴ ʚʩʝʡ ʵʪʦʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʥʝʧʨʝʩʪʘʥʥʦ ʤʝʥʷʶʪ ʩʚʦʶ ʢʘʨʪʠʥʫ ʤʠʨʘ, ʘ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʜʘʞʝ ʩʪʠʨʘʶʪ ʝʝ ʩʦʚʩʝʤ ʠ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʶʪ ʨʠʩʦʚʘʪʴ ʩ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʥʘʯʘʣʘ. ɺ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʤ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʠ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʯʘʩʪʠʮʝ ʢʘʢ ʦ ʪʦʯʝʯʥʦʤ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʨʝʪʝʨʧʝʪʴ ʟʘʤʝʥʫ ʥʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʯʘʩʪʠʮʘʭ ʢʘʢ ʦ ʩʪʨʫʥʘʭ � ʪʝʭ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʩʪʨʫʥʘʭ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʧʦʩʣʫʞʘʪ ʥʘʠʣʫʯʰʝʤʫ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʝʥʠʶ ʛʨʘʚʠʪʘʮʠʠ. ʉʦʛʣʘʩʥʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʩʪʨʫʥ, ʪʨʫʙʢʠ ʜʣʠʥʦʡ ʚ ʦʜʥʫ ʤʠʣʣʠʘʨʜʥʫʶ ʤʠʣʣʠʘʨʜʥʦʡ ʤʠʣʣʠʘʨʜʥʦʡ ʤʠʣʣʠʘʨʜʥʦʡ ʤʝʪʨʘ (ʪʘʢʠʝ ʤʘʣʝʥʴʢʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʢʘʞʫʪʩʷ ʪʦʯʢʘʤʠ) ʤʦʛʫʪ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʘʪʴ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʢʦʣʝʙʘʥʠʷ, ʠ ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʢʦʣʝʙʘʥʠʝ ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʝʪ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʠʮʫ. ʊʘʢʦʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʶ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʚʰʝʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʜʥʘ ʩʪʨʫʥʘ ʣʠʨʳ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʪʴ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʥʦʪʳ ʚ ʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʦʩʪʠ ʦʪ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʦʥʘ ʢʦʣʝʙʣʝʪʩʷ.

ʇʠʩʘʪʝʣʴ-ʬʘʥʪʘʩʪ ʠ ʬʫʪʫʨʦʣʦʛ ɸʨʪʫʨ ʂʣʘʨʢ ʧʠʩʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʳʡ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʥʝʩʦʤʥʝʥʥʦ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦ, ʪʦ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʜʝʥʴ ʵʪʦ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʣʦʞʥʳʤ. ʌʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʥʝʥʘʜʝʞʥʦ ʠ ʰʘʪʢʦ. ɺ ʪʦ ʞʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦ ʠ ʣʠʰʝʥʦ ʠ ʪʝʥʠ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʴʷ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ

ʫʤʝʨ ʚ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ, ʙʳʚʰʘʷ ʠʩʪʠʥʦʡ ʚ 500 ʛʦʜʫ ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ., ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʡ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ.

ʌʠʟʠʢʘ ʞʠʚʝʪ, ʩʣʦʚʥʦ ʧʦʜʯʠʥʷʷʩʴ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʩʫʜʘ. ʊʝʦʨʠʷ ʩʯʠʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʝʨʥʦʡ, ʝʩʣʠ ʠʤʝʝʪʩʷ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʜʘʥʥʳʭ, çʥʝʦʧʨʦʚʝʨʞʠʤʦè ʧʦʜʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʶʱʠʭ ʝʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʢʘʟʘʥʠʷ. ʀʥʦʝ ʜʝʣʦ � ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ. ʆʥʘ ʥʝ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʜʘʥʥʳʝ, ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʚ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʤʦʛʫʱʠʭ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʰʠʙʦʯʥʳʤʠ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʠʤʝʥʪʦʚ, ʘ ʩʪʨʦʠʪ ʩʚʦʠ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʦʩʥʦʚʝ çʞʝʣʝʟʥʦʡè, ʪ.ʝ. ʥʝ ʟʥʘʶʱʝʡ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ, ʣʦʛʠʢʠ. ʇʨʠʤʝʨʦʤ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʠʷ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʦʤ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʣʫʞʠʪʴ ʟʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʦʡ ʜʦʩʢʝ ʩ ʚʳʧʠʣʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʫʛʣʦʚʳʤʠ ʧʦʣʷʤʠ (ʨʠʩ. 3).

ʈʠʩ. 3.

ʇʝʨʝʜ ʥʘʤʠ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʘʷ ʜʦʩʢʘ, ʦʪ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʜʚʘ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʧʦʣʦʞʥʳʭ ʫʛʣʦʚʳʭ ʧʦʣʷ ʦʪʧʠʣʠʣʠ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʦʩʪʘʣʦʩʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ 62 ʧʦʣʷ. ɺʦʟʴʤʝʤ 31 ʢʦʩʪʴ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʦʚ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʢʦʩʪʴ ʥʘʢʨʳʚʘʝʪ ʨʦʚʥʦ ʜʚʘ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʳʭ ʧʦʣʷ. ɺʦʧʨʦʩ: ʤʦʞʥʦ ʣʠ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʠʪʴ 31 ʢʦʩʪʴ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʥʘ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʦʡ ʜʦʩʢʝ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ 62 ʧʦʣʷ ʦʢʘʞʫʪʩʷ ʧʦʢʨʳʪʳʤʠ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ? ʂ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʜʚʘ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʘ.

1) ʌʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ

ʌʠʟʠʢ ʧʳʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʠʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦ ʠ, ʧʝʨʝʧʨʦʙʦʚʘʚ ʩ ʜʶʞʠʥʫ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʨʘʟʤʝʱʝʥʠʷ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʥʘ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʦʡ ʜʦʩʢʝ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʦʥʠ ʟʘʢʘʥʯʠʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʝʡ.

ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʬʠʟʠʢ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʨʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʜʘʥʥʳʭ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʭ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʢʨʳʪʴ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʫʶ ʜʦʩʢʫ ʩ ʜʚʫʤʷ ʚʳʧʠʣʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʧʦ ʜʠʘʛʦʥʘʣʠ ʫʛʣʦʚʳʤʠ ʧʦʣʷʤʠ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ ʬʠʟʠʢ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʦ ʢʦʥʮʘ ʫʚʝʨʝʥ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʘʢ, ʧʦʪʦʤʫ ʯʪʦ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʥʘʡʪʠʩʴ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʥʘ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʦʡ ʜʦʩʢʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʤ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʠʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʦ, ʥʦ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʦʥʦ ʠ ʜʘʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ. ʈʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʞʝ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʥʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʤʠʣʣʠʦʥ, ʠ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʠʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʤʘʣʫʶ ʠʭ ʪʦʣʠʢʫ. ʏʪʦ ʞʝ ʢʘʩʘʝʪʩʷ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʷ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʪʦ ʵʪʦ � ʪʝʦʨʠʷ, ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʥʘʷ ʥʘ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʠʤʝʥʪʝ, ʠ ʬʠʟʠʢʫ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ

ʜʨʫʛʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʞʠʪʴ ʧʦʜ ʫʛʨʦʟʦʡ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʦʜʠʥ çʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʳʡè ʜʝʥʴ ʵʪʘ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʪʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʦʡ.

2) ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʩʪʨʝʤʠʪʩʷ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ, ʚʳʩʪʨʘʠʚʘʷ ʮʝʧʦʯʢʫ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʘʨʛʫʤʝʥʪʦʚ, ʧʨʠʚʦʜʷʱʫʶ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ, ʚʥʝ ʚʩʷʢʠʭ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʡ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʠ ʦʩʪʘʶʱʝʤʫʩʷ ʙʝʟʫʧʨʝʯʥʳʤ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ. ʆʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʮʝʧʦʯʝʢ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʘʨʛʫʤʝʥʪʦʚ ʚʳʛʣʷʜʠʪ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ.

ǒ ʆʙʘ ʫʛʣʦʚʳʭ ʧʦʣʷ, ʚʳʧʠʣʝʥʥʳʝ ʠʟ ʜʦʩʢʠ, � ʙʝʣʳʝ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʥʘ ʜʦʩʢʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʠʩʴ 32 ʯʝʨʥʳʭ ʧʦʣʷ ʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ 30 ʙʝʣʳʭ ʧʦʣʷ.

ǒ ʂʘʞʜʦʝ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʧʦʢʨʳʚʘʝʪ ʜʚʘ ʩʤʝʞʥʳʭ ʧʦʣʷ, ʘ ʩʤʝʞʥʳʝ ʧʦʣʷ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʧʦ ʮʚʝʪʫ, ʪ.ʝ. ʦʜʥʦ ʧʦʣʝ ʯʝʨʥʦʝ, ʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʝ � ʙʝʣʦʝ.

ǒ ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʥʝʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʦ ʦʪ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʥʘ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʦʡ ʜʦʩʢʝ, ʧʝʨʚʳʝ 30 ʢʦʩʪʝʡ, ʚʳʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʭ ʥʘ ʜʦʩʢʫ, ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʧʦʢʨʳʪʴ 30 ʙʝʣʳʭ ʠ 30 ʯʝʨʥʳʭ ʧʦʣʝʡ.

ǒ ʕʪʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʠ ʣʶʙʦʤ ʨʘʩʢʣʘʜʝ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʦʜʥʘ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʠ ʜʚʘ ʥʝʧʦʢʨʳʪʳʭ ʯʝʨʥʳʭ ʧʦʣʷ.

ǒ ʅʦ ʣʶʙʘʷ ʢʦʩʪʴ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʧʦʢʨʳʚʘʝʪ ʥʘ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʦʡ ʜʦʩʢʝ ʜʚʘ ʩʤʝʞʥʳʭ ʧʦʣʷ, ʘ ʩʤʝʞʥʳʝ ʧʦʣʷ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʧʦ ʮʚʝʪʫ. ɼʚʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʥʝʧʦʢʨʳʪʳʤʠ ʧʦʣʷ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʮʚʝʪʘ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʥʘʢʨʳʪʴ ʠʭ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʢʦʩʪʴʶ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʧʦʢʨʳʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʜʦʩʢʫ 31 ʢʦʩʪʴʶ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ!

ʇʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʦʝ ʚʳʰʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʫʶ ʜʦʩʢʫ ʩ ʜʚʫʤʷ ʚʳʧʠʣʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʧʦ ʜʠʘʛʦʥʘʣʠ ʫʛʣʦʚʳʤʠ ʧʦʣʷʤʠ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʢʨʳʪʴ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʧʨʠ ʣʶʙʦʤ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ ʢʦʩʪʝʡ. ɸʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʩʦʟʜʘʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʳʡ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʝʪ ʝʛʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ. ɼʣʷ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʳʤ, ʠ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʦ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʤʫ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʫ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʴ ʪʘʢ ʤʥʦʛʦ. ɹʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ ʥʝʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦ ʩʣʦʞʥʳ, ʠ ʨʘʟʦʙʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʥʠʭ ʥʝʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʫ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʥʝ ʧʦ ʩʠʣʘʤ. ɺ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʭʦʜ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ, ʢ ʩʯʘʩʪʴʶ, ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʪ ʠ ʦʧʠʨʘʝʪʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʠʟʫʯʘʶʪ ʚ ʩʨʝʜʥʝʡ ʰʢʦʣʝ. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʠʟʣʦʞʝʥʦ ʚ ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ 1.

ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʥʝʦʧʨʦʚʝʨʞʠʤʦ. ʆʥʦ ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ ʚʦ ɺʩʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ. ʆʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ ʵʪʦ ʪʘʢ ʧʦʪʨʷʩʣʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʚ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʠʥʝʩ ʚ ʞʝʨʪʚʫ ʙʦʛʘʤ ʩʪʦ ʙʳʢʦʚ. [ʅʝ ʤʦʛʫ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʚ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʠ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʩʦʥʝʪ ɸ. ʐʘʤʠʩʩʦ, ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʥʳʡ ʧʦ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ:

ɺʦ ʤʛʣʝ ʚʝʢʦʚ ʧʨʝʜ ʥʘʰʠʤ ʚʟʦʨʦʤɹʣʝʩʥʫʣʘ ʠʩʪʠʥʘ. ʆʥʘ,ʂʘʢ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ,ɼʦ ʥʘʰʠʭ ʜʥʝʡ ʝʱʝ ʚʝʨʥʘ.

ʅʘʡʜʷ ʨʘʟʛʘʜʢʫ, ʤʫʜʨʳʡ ʩʪʘʨʝʮɹʳʣ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʝʥ ʥʝʙʝʩʘʤ;ʆʥ ʩʪʦ ʙʳʢʦʚ ʚʝʣʝʣ ʟʘʞʘʨʠʪʴʀ ʚ ʞʝʨʪʚʫ ʧʨʠʥʝʩʪʠ ʙʦʛʘʤ.

ʉ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ ʙʳʢʠ ʪʨʝʚʦʞʥʦ ʜʳʰʘʪ, �ʆʥʠ, ʢʣʷʥʷ ʜʘʨʳ ʙʦʛʦʚ,ʆ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʠʩʪʠʥʝ ʫʩʣʳʰʘʚ,ʋʞʘʩʥʳʡ ʧʦʜʥʠʤʘʶʪ ʨʝʚ.

ʀʭ ʩʪʘʨʮʘ ʠʤʷ ʧʦʪʨʷʩʘʝʪ,ʀʭ ʠʩʪʠʥʳ ʣʫʯʠ ʩʣʝʧʷʪ;ʀ, ʥʦʚʦʡ ʞʝʨʪʚʳ ʦʞʠʜʘʷ,ɹʳʢʠ, ʟʘʞʤʫʨʠʚʰʠʩʴ, ʜʨʦʞʘʪ.

� E.G.A.] ʆʥʦ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʚʝʭʦʡ ʚ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʚʘʞʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʨʳʚʦʚ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʮʠʚʠʣʠʟʘʮʠʠ. ɿʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʚʦʷʢʠʤ.

ɺʦ-ʧʝʨʚʳʭ, ʦʥʦ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʦ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʳʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʡ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ, ʯʝʤ ʣʶʙʘʷ ʜʨʫʛʘʷ ʠʩʪʠʥʘ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥ ʰʘʛ ʟʘ ʰʘʛʦʤ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ. ʍʦʪʷ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬ ʌʘʣʝʩ ʄʠʣʝʪʩʢʠʡ ʝʱʝ ʜʦ ʨʘʙʦʪ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ, ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʨʘʟʚʠʣ ʠʜʝʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʜʘʣʴʰʝ ʠ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʭʠʪʨʦʫʤʥʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ.

ɺʦ-ʚʪʦʨʳʭ, ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʫʩʪʘʥʘʚʣʠʚʘʝʪ ʩʚʷʟʴ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʳʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʤ ʠ ʯʝʤ-ʪʦ ʦʩʷʟʘʝʤʳʤ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʠʩʪʠʥʘ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʠʤʘ ʢ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʦʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ ʠ ʩʣʫʞʠʪ ʝʛʦ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʜʘʝʪ ʬʠʟʠʢʝ ʩʪʨʦʛʦʝ ʥʘʯʘʣʦ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ, ʢ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʥʝʟʳʙʣʝʤʦʤʫ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʶ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʥʘʙʣʶʜʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʠʟʤʝʨʝʥʠʷ, ʦʪʷʛʦʱʝʥʥʳʝ ʦʰʠʙʢʘʤʠ.

ɹʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʥʳʤ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʤ ʠʩʪʠʥʳ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʚʜʦʭʥʫʣʠ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʞʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʩʠʣʫ. ɺʝʩʪʠ ʦ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʳʭ ʠʤʠ ʫʩʧʝʭʘʭ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʣʠʩʴ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʤʫ ɼʨʝʚʥʝʤʫ ʄʠʨʫ, ʭʦʪʷ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ ʭʨʘʥʠʣʠ ʚ ʩʪʨʦʛʦʡ ʪʘʡʥʝ. ʆʪ ʞʝʣʘʶʱʠʭ ʧʨʦʥʠʢʥʫʪʴ ʚ ʩʚʷʪʠʣʠʱʝ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʪʙʦʷ, ʥʦ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʝ ʫʤʳ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʨʘʩʩʯʠʪʳʚʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʧʨʠʝʤ ʚ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʦ. ʆʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʪʝʭ, ʢʦʤʫ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣʠ ʦʪʢʘʟʦʤ, ʙʳʣ ʢʘʥʜʠʜʘʪ ʧʦ ʠʤʝʥʠ ʉʠʣʦʥ. ʆʥ ʟʘʪʘʠʣ ʦʙʠʜʫ ʥʘ ʫʥʠʟʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʦʪʢʘʟ ʠ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʚʟʷʣ ʨʝʚʘʥʰ.

ɺʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʰʝʩʪʴʜʝʩʷʪ ʩʝʜʴʤʦʡ ʆʣʠʤʧʠʘʜʳ (510 ʛʦʜ ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) ʚ ʩʦʩʝʜʥʝʤ ʛʦʨʦʜʝ ʉʠʙʘʨʠʩʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʦ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʠʝ. ʊʝʣʠʩ, ʧʦʙʝʜʦʥʦʩʥʳʡ ʣʠʜʝʨ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʠʷ, ʥʘʯʘʣ ʚʘʨʚʘʨʩʢʫʶ ʢʘʤʧʘʥʠʶ

ʧʨʝʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʥʠʢʦʚ ʧʨʝʞʥʝʛʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʟʘʩʪʘʚʠʣʘ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʠʩʢʘʪʴ ʫʙʝʞʠʱʘ ʚ ʂʨʦʪʦʥʝ. ʊʝʣʠʩ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʨʝʜʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʚʝʨʥʫʣʠ ʚ ʉʠʙʘʨʠʩ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʪʝ ʧʦʥʝʩʣʠ ʥʘʢʘʟʘʥʠʝ, ʥʦ ʧʦ ʧʨʠʟʳʚʫ ʄʠʣʦ ʠ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʂʨʦʪʦʥʘ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʠʣʠ ʧʨʦʪʠʚ ʪʠʨʘʥʘ ʚ ʟʘʱʠʪʫ ʙʝʛʣʝʮʦʚ. ʊʝʣʠʩ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʚ ʷʨʦʩʪʴ ʠ, ʙʳʩʪʨʦ ʩʦʙʨʘʚ ʘʨʤʠʶ ʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʚ 300000 ʚʦʠʥʦʚ, ʧʦʰʝʣ ʤʘʨʰʝʤ ʥʘ ʂʨʦʪʦʥ, ʦʙʦʨʦʥʫ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʚʦʟʛʣʘʚʠʣ ʄʠʣʦ, ʩʦʙʨʘʚʰʠʡ ʧʦʜ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʥʘʯʘʣʦʤ 100000 ʚʦʦʨʫʞʝʥʥʳʭ ʞʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ. ʅʘ ʩʝʤʠʜʝʩʷʪʳʡ ʜʝʥʴ ʚʦʡʥʳ ʟʘʱʠʪʥʠʢʠ ʂʨʦʪʦʥʘ ʧʦʜ ʧʨʝʜʚʦʜʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʄʠʣʦ ʦʜʝʨʞʘʣʠ ʧʦʙʝʜʫ. ɺ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʚʦʟʤʝʟʜʠʷ ʄʠʣʦ ʧʨʠʢʘʟʘʣ ʧʦʚʝʨʥʫʪʴ ʚʦʜʳ ʨʝʢʠ ʂʨʘʪʠʩ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʥʠ ʟʘʪʦʧʠʣʠ ʉʠʙʘʨʠʩ ʠ ʨʘʟʨʫʰʠʣʠ ʛʦʨʦʜ.

ɺʦʡʥʘ ʦʢʦʥʯʠʣʘʩʴ, ʥʦ ʂʨʦʪʦʥ ʙʫʨʣʠʣ: ʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʩʧʦʨʠʣʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʧʦ ʩʧʨʘʚʝʜʣʠʚʦʩʪʠ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʪʴ ʚʦʝʥʥʳʝ ʪʨʦʬʝʠ. ʆʧʘʩʘʷʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʟʝʤʣʠ ʜʦʩʪʘʥʫʪʩʷ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʡ ʵʣʠʪʝ, ʨʷʜʦʚʳʝ ʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʂʨʦʪʦʥʘ ʥʘʯʘʣʠ ʚʦʨʯʘʪʴ. ʅʝʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʘʣʦ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʝ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʦ ʫʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʪʴ ʚ ʪʘʡʥʝ ʩʚʦʠ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ, ʥʦ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʡ ʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʂʨʦʪʦʥʘ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʣʠ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʚ ʜʝʣʦ ʥʝ ʚʤʝʰʘʣʩʷ ʉʠʣʦʥ. ʉʳʛʨʘʚ ʥʘ ʩʪʨʘʭʘʭ, ʫʤʦʧʦʤʝʰʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʠ ʟʘʚʠʩʪʠ ʪʦʣʧʳ, ʉʠʣʦʥ ʚʦʟʛʣʘʚʠʣ ʝʝ ʠ ʧʦʚʝʣ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʨʘʟʨʫʰʠʪʴ ʩʘʤʫʶ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʫʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʰʢʦʣʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʣʠʙʦ ʟʥʘʣ ʤʠʨ. ɼʦʤ ʄʠʣʦ ʠ ʩʦʩʝʜʥʷʷ ʰʢʦʣʘ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʢʨʫʞʝʥʳ. ɺʩʝ ʜʚʝʨʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʟʘʢʨʳʪʳ ʠ ʟʘʙʘʨʨʠʢʘʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʳ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʪʝ, ʢʪʦ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʠʩʴ ʚʥʫʪʨʠ, ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʩʧʘʩʪʠʩʴ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʦʙʘ ʟʜʘʥʠʷ ʙʳʣʠ ʧʦʜʦʞʞʝʥʳ. ʄʠʣʦ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʚʳʨʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʟ ʘʜʘ ʠ ʫʙʝʞʘʪʴ, ʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩʦ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʤʥʦʛʦʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʘʤʠ ʙʳʣ ʫʙʠʪ.

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʧʦʪʝʨʷʣʘ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ ʛʝʨʦʷ, ʥʦ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʠʡ ʜʫʭ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʩʦʢʨʫʰʝʥ. ʏʠʩʣʘ ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠʩʪʠʥʳ ʙʝʩʩʤʝʨʪʥʳ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʚ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ, ʯʝʤ ʢʘʢʘʷ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʜʨʫʛʘʷ ʥʘʫʯʥʘʷ ʜʠʩʮʠʧʣʠʥʘ, ʣʠʰʝʥʘ ʩʫʙʲʝʢʪʠʚʥʦʩʪʠ. ɽʛʦ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʘʤ ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʷʤ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʥʫʞʝʥ ʫʯʠʪʝʣʴ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ, ʚʝʨʥʘ ʣʠ ʪʘ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ. ʀʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʥʝ ʟʘʚʠʩʠʪ ʦʪ ʯʴʝʛʦ ʙʳ ʪʦ ʥʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʷ. ɸʨʙʠʪʨʦʤ ʚʤʝʩʪʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʷ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʣʦʛʠʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʦʥʩʪʨʫʢʮʠʠ. ɺʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʤ ʚʢʣʘʜʦʤ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʚ ʮʠʚʠʣʠʟʘʮʠʶ ʩʪʘʣ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʷ ʠʩʪʠʥʳ, ʥʝ ʧʦʜʚʣʘʩʪʥʳʡ ʦʰʠʙʦʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʥʘʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʉʠʣʦʥʘ ʠ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʦʪʮʘ-ʦʩʥʦʚʘʪʝʣʷ, ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ ʧʦʢʠʥʫʣʠ ʂʨʦʪʦʥ ʠ ʨʘʟʙʨʝʣʠʩʴ ʧʦ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʛʦʨʦʜʘʤ ɼʨʝʚʥʝʡ ɻʨʝʮʠʠ.

ʅʦ ʧʨʝʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʠʩʴ, ʠ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥʳ ʧʦʩʝʣʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʯʫʞʙʠʥʝ. ɺʳʥʫʞʜʝʥʥʘʷ ʵʤʠʛʨʘʮʠʷ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʘ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʣʠ ʩʚʦʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʫʯʝʥʠʝ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʤʫ ɼʨʝʚʥʝʤʫ ʄʠʨʫ. ʋʯʝʥʠʢʠ ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʠ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʣʠ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʰʢʦʣʳ ʠ ʦʙʫʯʠʣʠ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʦʚ ʤʝʪʦʜʫ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʛʦ ʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʦʥʠ ʧʦʚʝʜʘʣʠ ʤʠʨʫ ʩʝʢʨʝʪ ʥʘʭʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʭ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ.

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳ ʪʨʦʡʢʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʠ ʠʟ ʪʨʝʭ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʶʱʠʭ ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʶ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ x2 + y2 = z2. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʠ x=3, y=4 ʠ z=5:

ɿ2 + 42 = 52, 9 + 16 = 25.

ɼʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʠʷ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ � ʧʝʨʝʩʪʨʦʡʢʘ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʚ. ɽʩʣʠ ʚʟʷʪʴ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ 3Ĭ3,

ʩʦʩʪʦʷʱʠʡ ʠʟ 9 ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʭ ʧʣʠʪʦʢ, ʠ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ 4Ĭ4, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʱʠʡ ʠʟ 16 ʧʣʠʪʦʢ, ʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʵʪʠ ʧʣʠʪʢʠ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʧʦ-ʥʦʚʦʤʫ, ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʥʠ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʳʚʘʣʠ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ 5Ĭ5, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʱʠʡ ʠʟ 25 ʧʣʠʪʦʢ (ʨʠʩ. 4).

+

=

329

++

4216

==

5225

ʈʠʩ. 4.

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ ʤʝʯʪʘʣʠ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʠʝ ʪʨʦʡʢʠ, ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʳ, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʩʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʪʨʝʪʠʡ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʭ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʦʚ. ɽʱʝ ʦʜʥʘ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʘ ʪʨʦʡʢʘ: x=5, y=12 ʠ z=13:

52 + 122 = 132, 15 + 144 = 169.

ʇʨʠʚʝʜʝʤ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʫ ʪʨʦʡʢʫ ʠʟ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ: x=99, y=4900 ʠ z=4901. ʇʦ ʤʝʨʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʘʶʪ, ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳ ʪʨʦʡʢʠ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʚʩʝ ʨʝʞʝ ʠ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʴ ʠʭ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʚʩʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʝʝ ʠ ʪʨʫʜʥʝʝ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʣʠ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʦʪʳʩʢʘʥʠʷ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ ʠ, ʧʦʣʴʟʫʷʩʴ ʠʤ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ.

ʆʪ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʜʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ

ʆ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʠ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ ʰʣʘ ʨʝʯʴ ʚ ʢʥʠʛʝ ʕ. ʊ. ɹʝʣʣʘ çɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘè � ʪʦʡ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʯʥʦʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʣʘ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʣʠ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʧʦʣʥʦʛʦ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʠʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʢʦʨʦ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʫ ʥʝʚʠʥʥʦʛʦ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ x2 + y2 = z2 ʠʤʝʝʪʩʷ ʠ ʪʝʤʥʘʷ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʘ � ʚ ʢʥʠʛʝ ɹʝʣʣʘ ʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʯʫʜʦʚʠʱʘ.

ɺ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʚʭʦʜʷʪ ʪʨʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ x, y ʠ z, ʚʩʝ ʪʨʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚʭʦʜʷʪ ʚ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʝ (ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, x2 = xĀx):

x2 + y2 = z2.

ʅʦ ʚ ʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʢʥʠʛʝ ɹʝʣʣʘ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʠ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ, ʦʯʝʥʴ ʧʦʭʦʞʝʝ ʥʘ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʥʦ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʶʱʝʝʩʷ ʦʪ ʥʝʛʦ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚʭʦʜʷʪ ʚ ʢʫʙʝ (ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, x3 = xĀxĀx). ʊʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʘʷ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʴ ʧʝʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ x ʚ ʵʪʦʤ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʠ ʨʘʚʥʘ ʥʝ 2, ʘ 3:

x3 + y3 = z3.

ʅʘʡʪʠ ʮʝʣʦʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʳʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʪ.ʝ. ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳ ʪʨʦʡʢʠ, ʙʳʣʦ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʣʝʛʢʦ, ʥʦ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʣʠʰʴ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ 2 ʥʘ 3 (ʪ.ʝ. ʟʘʤʝʥʠʪʴ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʳ ʢʫʙʘʤʠ), ʢʘʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ, ʩʪʦʣʴ ʧʦʭʦʞʝʛʦ ʥʘ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʤ. ʇʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʠʩʧʠʩʳʚʘʣʠ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʫ ʟʘ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʝʡ ʚ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʙʣʦʢʥʦʪʘʭ ʚ ʪʱʝʪʥʦʡ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʝ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ.

ʇʨʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ çʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʦʛʦè ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʣʠʪʢʠ, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʠ ʜʚʘ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ, ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʥʠ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʳʚʘʣʠ ʪʨʝʪʠʡ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʢʨʫʧʥʳʭ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʦʚ. ɺ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ çʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦè ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʠʟ ʢʫʙʠʢʦʚ, ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʱʠʭ ʜʚʘ ʢʫʙʘ, ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʪʨʝʪʠʡ ʢʫʙ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʢʨʫʧʥʳʭ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʦʚ. ʗʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʦ ʦʪ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢʠʝ ʜʚʘ ʢʫʙʘ ʚʳʙʨʘʥʳ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ, ʠʟ ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʱʠʭ ʠʭ ʢʫʙʠʢʦʚ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʣʠʙʦ ʪʨʝʪʠʡ ʢʫʙ, ʧʨʠʯʝʤ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʢʫʙʠʢʦʚ ʦʩʪʘʥʫʪʩʷ çʣʠʰʥʠʤʠè, ʣʠʙʦ ʥʝʧʦʣʥʳʡ (ʥʝʜʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʥʳʡ) ʢʫʙ. ɹʣʠʞʘʡʰʠʤ ʢ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʢʫʙʫ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʪʘʢʘʷ ʢʣʘʜʢʘ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʜʠʥ ʢʫʙʠʢ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʣʠʰʥʠʤ ʠʣʠ ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʶʱʠʤ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʝʩʣʠ ʤʳ ʥʘʯʥʝʤ ʩ ʢʫʙʦʚ 63 ʠ 83 ʪʦ, ʨʘʩʩʳʧʘʚ ʠʭ ʥʘ ʢʫʙʠʢʠ, ʩʤʦʞʝʤ ʩʣʦʞʠʤ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʢʣʘʜʢʫ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʢʫʙʠʢʘ ʥʝ ʭʚʘʪʠʪ ʜʦ ʧʦʣʥʦʛʦ ʢʫʙʘ 93 (ʨʠʩ. 5).

+

=

63216

++

83512

==

93 � 1729 � 1

ʈʠʩ. 5.

ʅʘʡʪʠ ʪʨʠ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʚ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʶʪ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʤʫ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʶ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʫ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ

x3 + y3 = z3

ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʮʝʣʦʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ. ɹʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʝʩʣʠ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʴ ʧʦʚʳʩʠʪʴ ʩ 3 (ʢʫʙʘ) ʜʦ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʛʦ ʮʝʣʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ (ʪ.ʝ. ʜʦ 4, 5, 6, ...), ʪʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʮʝʣʦʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʫ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʙʱʝʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ

xn + yn = zn,

ʛʜʝ n ʙʦʣʴʰʝ 2, ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ. ɺʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʚ 2 ʚ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʠ

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʥʘ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʙ·ʣʴʰʝʝ 2, ʤʳ ʚʤʝʩʪʦ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʨʝʰʘʝʤʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ ʫʤʦʧʦʤʨʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʣʦʞʥʦʩʪʠ. ɺʝʣʠʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ XVII ʚʝʢʘ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟ ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝ: ʦʥ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʟʥʘʝʪ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʦʙʱʝʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʇʦ ʝʛʦ ʩʣʦʚʘʤ, ʧʨʠʯʠʥʘ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ.

ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʭ ʠ ʟʘʛʘʜʦʯʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ. ʂʘʢ ʠ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ, ʦʥ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʥʦ ʙʳʣ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦ ʫʚʝʨʝʥ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʪʨʦʡʢʠ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʣʘ ʙʳ ʦʙʱʝʤʫ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʶ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʝʛʦ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʦʧʠʨʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ʇʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʚʦʚʩʝ ʥʝ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʤʳʩʣʠʤʳʝ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʩʪʠ ʧʝʨʝʧʨʦʙʦʚʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʤʳʩʣʠʤʳʝ ʪʨʦʡʢʠ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʩʧʨʘʚʝʜʣʠʚʦʩʪʠ ʝʛʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ.

ʇʨʦʯʠʪʘʚ ʚʩʶ ʢʥʠʛʫ ʕ. ʊ. ɹʝʣʣʘ ʦʪ ʢʦʨʢʠ ʜʦ ʢʦʨʢʠ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʫʟʥʘʣ, ʢʘʢ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣ ʚʦʩʭʠʱʝʥ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʠ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʠ ʢʘʢ ʩʘʤ ʧʦʩʪʝʧʝʥʥʦ ʫʚʣʝʢʩʷ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ çʠʩʧʦʨʯʝʥʥʦʛʦè ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ. ʇʨʦʯʠʪʘʚ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʦʚʦʟʛʣʘʩʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ ʧʦʪʨʘʪʷʪ ʮʝʣʫʶ ʚʝʯʥʦʩʪʴ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ, ʥʦʩʷʱʝʛʦ ʥʳʥʝ ʝʛʦ ʠʤʷ, ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʪʦ ʠ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʠʤ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚ ʥʝʪʝʨʧʝʥʠʠ ʧʝʨʝʚʝʨʥʫʣ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮ, ʧʨʝʜʚʢʫʰʘʷ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʝ ʦʪ ʨʘʟʙʦʨʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʪʱʝʪʥʦ: ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ. ʅʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʢʥʠʛʝ ʕ. ʊ. ɹʝʣʣʘ, ʥʦ ʠ ʥʠʛʜʝ. ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʦʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʘʚʥʦ ʫʪʝʨʷʥʦ. ʅʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʫʢʘʟʘʥʠʡ, ʥʘʤʝʢʦʚ ʠʣʠ ʜʦʛʘʜʦʢ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʠʣʠ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʟʘʥʦʚʦ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʟʘʠʥʪʨʠʛʦʚʘʥ, ʨʘʟʲʷʨʝʥ ʠ ʦʟʘʜʘʯʝʥ. ʇʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ, ʦʥ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʭʦʨʦʰʝʡ ʢʦʤʧʘʥʠʠ.

ɹʦʣʝʝ 300 ʣʝʪ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʠʟ ʢʨʫʧʥʝʡʰʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʚʥʦʚʴ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʴ ʫʪʝʨʷʥʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʪʱʝʪʥʦ. ʉ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʝʡ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʥʦʛʦ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʝ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʣʦ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʝ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʠ ʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʴ. ɺ 1742 ʛʦʜʫ, ʧʦʯʪʠ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʩʪʦ ʣʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʰʚʝʡʮʘʨʩʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʩʷ ʢ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʜʨʫʛʫ ʂʣʝʨʦ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʴʙʦʡ ʧʦʠʩʢʘʪʴ ʚ ʜʦʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʦʩʴ ʣʠ ʛʜʝ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʢʣʦʯʢʘ ʙʫʤʘʛʠ ʩ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦ ʚʘʞʥʳʤ ʬʨʘʛʤʝʥʪʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʅʦ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʥʘʤʝʢʘ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢʠʤ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɺ ʛʣ. 2 ʤʳ ʫʟʥʘʝʤ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦ ʦ ʟʘʛʘʜʦʯʥʦʡ ʬʠʛʫʨʝ ʇʴʝʨʘ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳʣʦ ʫʪʝʨʷʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ɸ ʧʦʢʘ ʤʳ ʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʠʤʩʷ ʣʠʰʴ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʢʘʞʝʤ: ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ, ʥʘʜ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʣʦʤʘʣʠ ʛʦʣʦʚʳ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʡ, ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʣʘ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ ʶʥʦʛʦ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ.

ɼʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʥʠʡ ʤʘʣʴʯʠʢ ʚ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʝ ʥʘ ʄʠʣʪʦʥ-ʨʦʫʜ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʦʪʦʨʚʘʪʴ ʚʟʛʣʷʜʘ ʦʪ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʆʙʳʯʥʦ ʧʨʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʫ ʜʝʣʘ. ʅʦ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʢʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʘ: ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ xn + yn = zn ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʧʨʠ n ʙʦʣʴʰʝ 2. ʕʥʜʨʶ ʥʝ ʩʤʫʱʘʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʝ ʫʤʳ ʥʘ ɿʝʤʣʝ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʬʠʘʩʢʦ, ʧʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʟʘʥʦʚʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʝʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʩʷ ʟʘ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ, ʧʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʚʩʝʡ ʧʨʝʤʫʜʨʦʩʪʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʦʥ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʦʛ ʠʟʚʣʝʯʴ ʠʟ ʫʯʝʙʥʠʢʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʫʪʨʘʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ɸ ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ, ʢʨʦʤʝ

ʌʝʨʤʘ? ʆʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʧʨʦʛʣʷʜʝʣʠ? ʋʘʡʣʩ ʤʝʯʪʘʣ ʧʦʪʨʷʩʪʠ ʤʠʨ.

ʀ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʪʴ ʟʘʜʫʤʘʥʥʦʝ. ɺ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʘ ʩʵʨʘ ʀʩʘʘʢʘ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ ʦʥ, ʧʦʢʨʳʚ ʚʩʶ ʜʦʩʢʫ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷʤʠ ʠ ʩ ʪʨʫʜʦʤ ʩʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʷ ʪʦʨʞʝʩʪʚʦ, ʦʙʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ ʣʠʮʦʤ ʢ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ. ɽʛʦ ʣʝʢʮʠʷ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʣʘ ʢʫʣʴʤʠʥʘʮʠʠ, ʠ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʷ ʩʦʟʥʘʚʘʣʘ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʡ ʤʦʤʝʥʪ. ʆʜʠʥ ʠʣʠ ʜʚʦʝ ʠʟ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʚʰʠʭ ʪʘʡʢʦʤ ʧʨʦʥʝʩʣʠ ʥʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʶ ʬʦʪʦʘʧʧʘʨʘʪʳ, ʠ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʥʠʷ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʩʦʧʨʦʚʦʞʜʘʣʠʩʴ ʚʩʧʳʰʢʘʤʠ ʷʨʢʦʛʦ ʩʚʝʪʘ.

ɼʝʨʞʘ ʤʝʣ ʚ ʨʫʢʝ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʡ ʨʘʟ ʧʦʚʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ ʢ ʜʦʩʢʝ. ʇʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʪʨʦʢ, ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʝʥʦ. ɺʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʟʘ ʪʨʠʩʪʘ ʣʝʪ ʚʳʟʦʚ, ʙʨʦʰʝʥʥʳʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʜʦʩʪʦʡʥʳʡ ʦʪʚʝʪ. ɽʱʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʢʘʤʝʨ ʧʦʜ ʙʣʝʩʢ ʚʩʧʳʰʝʢ ʟʘʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʣʠ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʤʦʤʝʥʪ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʢʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʧʦʚʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ ʢ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ ʠ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ: çɼʫʤʘʶ, ʤʥʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʤ ʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴʩʷè.

23 ʠʶʥʷ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʩ ʣʝʢʮʠʝʡ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʩʵʨʘ ʀʩʘʘʢʘ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ ʚ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʝ. ʅʘ ʩʥʠʤʢʝ ʚʳ ʚʠʜʠʪʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʤʛʥʦʚʝʥʴʝ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʦʥ ʦʙʲʷʚʠʣ ʦ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʦʤ ʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ

ɼʚʝʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʚʩʢʦʯʠʣʠ ʚ ʝʜʠʥʦʤ ʧʦʨʳʚʝ ʠ ʟʘʘʧʣʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ. ɸʧʣʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ ʚʩʝ, ʜʘʞʝ ʪʝ, ʢʪʦ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʣ ʚʝʩʪʴ ʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʤ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʫʭʤʳʣʢʦʡ ʥʝʜʦʚʝʨʠʷ. ʊʘʢ ʪʨʠ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʷ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʚʝʨʠʣ ʚ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʶ ʤʝʯʪʫ, ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʝʤʠ ʣʝʪ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʚ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʠʟʦʣʷʮʠʠ ʨʝʰʠʣʩʷ ʦʙʥʘʨʦʜʦʚʘʪʴ ʠʪʦʛʠ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʪʘʡʥʳʭ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ. ʅʦ ʧʦʢʘ ʨʘʜʦʩʪʴ ʧʝʨʝʧʦʣʥʷʣʘ ʩʦʙʨʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ, ʪʨʘʛʝʜʠʷ ʫʞʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʛʦʪʦʚʘ ʨʘʟʨʘʟʠʪʴʩʷ. ʀ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʨʘʜʫʷʩʴ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʤʠ, ʢʪʦ ʩʦʙʨʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ, ʝʱʝ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʣ ʦ ʪʝʭ ʟʣʦʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʷʭ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʝ ʟʘʤʝʜʣʠʣʠ ʚʩʢʦʨʝ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʴ.

ɻʣʘʚʘ 2ʉʦʟʜʘʪʝʣʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ

ɿʥʘʝʪʝ, � ʧʨʠʟʥʘʣʩʷ ʜʴʷʚʦʣ, � ʜʘʞʝ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʣʫʯʰʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʧʣʘʥʝʪʘʭ, ʘ ʦʥʠ, ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʚʘʤ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʥʘʤʥʦʛʦ ʦʧʝʨʝʜʠʣʠ ʚʘʰʠʭ, ʥʝ ʨʝʰʠʣʠ ʝʝ.

ɺʟʷʪʴ ʭʦʪʷ ʙʳ ʪʦʛʦ ʧʘʨʥʷ ʥʘ ʉʘʪʫʨʥʝ, ʯʪʦ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʧʦʭʦʞ ʥʘ ʛʨʠʙ ʥʘ ʭʦʜʫʣʷʭ. ʆʥ ʚ ʫʤʝ ʨʝʰʘʝʪ ʜʠʬʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʯʘʩʪʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʥʳʭ. ʊʘʢ ʜʘʞʝ ʦʥ ʥʝ ʩʧʨʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʩ ʵʪʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʝʡ.

ɸ. ʇʦʨʜʞʝʩ. ɼʴʷʚʦʣ ʠ ʉʘʡʤʦʥ ʌʣʵʛʛ

ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʨʦʜʠʣʩʷ 20 ʘʚʛʫʩʪʘ 1601 ʛʦʜʘ ʚ ʛʦʨʦʜʝ ɹʦʤʦʥ-ʜʝ-ʃʦʤʘʥʴ ʥʘ ʶʛʦ-ʟʘʧʘʜʝ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ. ɽʛʦ ʦʪʝʮ, ɼʦʤʠʥʠʢ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʙʳʣ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʪʦʨʛʦʚʮʝʤ ʢʦʞʝʡ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʇʴʝʨ ʠʤʝʣ ʩʯʘʩʪʣʠʚʫʶ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʧʨʝʩʪʠʞʥʦʝ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʚʦ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʤ ʤʦʥʘʩʪʳʨʝ ɻʨʘʥʩʝʣʴʚʘ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ, ʚ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʫʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʝ ʊʫʣʫʟʳ. ʅʝ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʜʦʢʫʤʝʥʪʦʚ, ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʭ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʶʥʳʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʦʷʚʠʣ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʝ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʩʪʠ ʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ.

ʇʦʜ ʜʘʚʣʝʥʠʝʤ ʩʝʤʴʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʥʘ ʛʨʘʞʜʘʥʩʢʫʶ ʩʣʫʞʙʫ ʠ ʚ 1631 ʛʦʜʫ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʟʥʘʯʝʥ ʩʦʚʝʪʥʠʢʦʤ ʧʘʨʣʘʤʝʥʪʘ ʊʫʣʫʟʳ (conseiller au Parlement de Toulouse) � ʟʘʚʝʜʫʶʱʠʤ ʦʪʜʝʣʘ ʧʨʦʰʝʥʠʡ. ɽʩʣʠ ʤʝʩʪʥʳʝ ʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʭʦʪʝʣʠ ʧʦʜʘʪʴ ʧʝʪʠʮʠʶ ʢʦʨʦʣʶ ʧʦ ʣʶʙʦʤʫ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʫ, ʪʦ ʩʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʠʤ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʫʞʥʦ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ ʚ ʚʘʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʧʨʠʯʠʥ, ʚʳʥʫʞʜʘʶʱʠʭ ʧʦʜʘʚʘʪʴ ʧʝʪʠʮʠʶ. ʉʦʚʝʪʥʠʢʠ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʷʣʠ ʞʠʚʫʶ ʩʚʷʟʴ ʤʝʞʜʫ

ʧʨʦʚʠʥʮʠʝʡ ʠ ʇʘʨʠʞʝʤ. ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʦʥʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʳ ʩʣʝʜʠʪʴ ʟʘ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚ ʧʨʦʚʠʥʮʠʷʭ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʢʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʠʝ ʫʢʘʟʳ, ʠʟʜʘʚʘʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʚ ʩʪʦʣʠʮʝ. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʣʦʜʦʪʚʦʨʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʠʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʧʦʩʪʫ ʠ, ʩʫʜʷ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʦʪʟʳʚʘʤ, ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʣ ʩʚʦʠ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʧʨʠʣʝʞʥʦ, ʘ ʢ ʧʨʦʩʠʪʝʣʷʤ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʣʩʷ ʜʦʙʨʦʞʝʣʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ.

ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʚ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʭʦʜʠʣ ʨʘʟʙʦʨ ʩʫʜʝʙʥʳʭ ʜʝʣ. ʆʥ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʚʳʩʦʢʠʡ ʧʦʩʪ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʝʤʫ ʧʦʨʫʯʘʣʠ ʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʳʭ ʜʝʣ. ʆʮʝʥʢʫ ʝʛʦ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʤʳ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʤ ʚ ʟʘʧʠʩʢʘʭ ʘʥʛʣʠʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʂʝʥʝʣʴʤʘ ɼʠʛʙʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʧʦʥʘʜʦʙʠʣʦʩʴ ʧʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʜʝʣʫ ʥʘʚʝʩʪʠʪʴ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɺ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ʢ ʠʭ ʦʙʱʝʤʫ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʝ � ɼʞʦʥʫ ɺʘʣʣʠʩʫ � ɼʠʛʙʠ ʩʦʦʙʱʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʠʭ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʠʡ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘ ʯʨʝʟʚʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʟʘʥʷʪ ʥʝʦʪʣʦʞʥʳʤʠ ʩʫʜʝʙʥʳʤʠ ʜʝʣʘʤʠ, ʠ ʥʘʤʝʯʝʥʥʘʷ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʡ.

çʇʨʘʚʜʘ, � ʧʠʰʝʪ ɼʠʛʙʠ, � ʤʝʥʷ ʫʛʦʨʘʟʜʠʣʦ ʧʨʠʙʳʪʴ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʚ ʪʦʪ ʜʝʥʴ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʩʫʜʴʠ ʠʟ ʂʘʩʪʨʘ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʊʫʣʫʟʝ, ʛʜʝ ʦʥ [ʌʝʨʤʘ] ʠʩʧʦʣʥʷʝʪ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʥʦʩʪʠ ɻʣʘʚʥʦʛʦ ʩʫʜʴʠ ʉʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʩʫʜʘ ʧʘʨʣʘʤʝʥʪʘ, ʠ ʩ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ ʦʥ ʟʘʥʷʪ ʩʘʤʳʤʠ ʢʨʫʧʥʳʤʠ ʜʝʣʘʤʠ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦʡ ʚʘʞʥʦʩʪʠ. ʉʣʫʰʘʥʠʝ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʜʝʣ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʠʣʦʩʴ ʚʳʥʝʩʝʥʠʝʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʠʛʦʚʦʨʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʥʘʜʝʣʘʣ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʰʫʤʘ. ʈʝʯʴ ʰʣʘ ʦʙ ʦʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʠ ʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʠʢʘ, ʜʫʨʥʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʷʚʰʝʛʦ ʩʚʦʠ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʠ ʧʨʠʛʦʚʦʨʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʢ ʩʦʞʞʝʥʠʶ ʥʘ ʵʰʘʬʦʪʝ. ʊʝʤ ʜʝʣʦ ʠ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʠʣʦʩʴ. ʇʨʠʛʦʚʦʨ ʙʳʣ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥ ʚ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʝè.

ʌʝʨʤʘ ʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦ ʧʝʨʝʧʠʩʳʚʘʣʩʷ ʩ ɼʠʛʙʠ ʠ ɺʘʣʣʠʩʦʤ. ʂʘʢ ʤʳ ʫʚʠʜʠʤ ʜʘʣʝʝ, ʵʪʠ ʧʠʩʴʤʘ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʙʳʣʠ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʩʫʭʠʤʠ, ʥʦ ʦʥʠ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʪ ʟʘʛʣʷʥʫʪʴ ʚ ʧʦʚʩʝʜʥʝʚʥʫʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʠ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠʟʳʩʢʘʥʠʷ.

ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʩʪʨʦ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʛʘʣʩʷ ʧʦ ʩʪʫʧʝʥʷʤ ʩʣʫʞʝʙʥʦʡ ʣʝʩʪʥʠʮʳ ʠ ʚʦʰʝʣ ʚ ʢʨʫʛ ʟʥʘʪʠ, ʦ ʯʝʤ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʘʷ ʯʘʩʪʠʮʘ çʜʝè, ʧʦʷʚʠʚʰʘʷʩʷ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʝʛʦ ʠʤʝʥʝʤ: ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʋʩʧʝʰʥʘʷ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʘ ʥʝ ʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʩ ʝʛʦ ʯʝʩʪʦʣʶʙʠʚʳʤʠ ʫʩʪʨʝʤʣʝʥʠʷʤʠ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩ ʝʛʦ ʟʜʦʨʦʚʴʝʤ. ɺ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʚ ɽʚʨʦʧʝ ʩʚʠʨʝʧʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʘ ʯʫʤʘ, ʠ ʪʝ, ʢʪʦ ʚʳʞʠʚʘʣ, ʧʦʜʥʠʤʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦ ʩʣʫʞʝʙʥʦʡ ʣʝʩʪʥʠʮʝ, ʟʘʥʠʤʘʷ ʤʝʩʪʘ ʫʤʝʨʰʠʭ. ɺ 1652 ʛʦʜʫ ʥʘʩʪʘʣ ʯʝʨʝʜ ʠ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ: ʦʥ ʪʦʞʝ ʟʘʙʦʣʝʣ ʯʫʤʦʡ ʠ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʣʦʭ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʜʨʫʛ ɹʝʨʥʘʨ ʄʝʜʦʥ ʜʘʞʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʠʣ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ ʦ ʢʦʥʯʠʥʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʅʦ ʚʩʢʦʨʝ ʄʝʜʦʥ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ ʚ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ʢ ʛʦʣʣʘʥʜʮʫ ʅʠʢʦʣʘʩʫ ʍʘʡʥʩʠʫʩʫ: çʈʘʥʝʝ ʷ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ ɺʘʤ ʦ ʢʦʥʯʠʥʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʅʦ ʦʥ ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʞʠʚ, ʠ ʤʳ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʥʝ ʦʧʘʩʘʝʤʩʷ ʝʛʦ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ, ʭʦʪʷ ʝʱʝ ʩʦʚʩʝʤ ʥʝʜʘʚʥʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʤʝʨʪʚʳʭ. ʏʫʤʘ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʥʝ ʩʚʠʨʝʧʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʥʘʤʠè.

ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʨʠʩʢʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʚʦ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ XVII ʚʝʢʘ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʘʣʦʩʴ ʝʛʦ ʟʜʦʨʦʚʴʝ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʚʳʞʠʚʘʪʴ ʚ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʷʭ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʦʧʘʩʥʦʩʪʝʡ. ɽʛʦ ʥʘʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʧʘʨʣʘʤʝʥʪ ʊʫʣʫʟʳ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ ʨʦʚʥʦ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʪʨʠ ʛʦʜʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʢʘʨʜʠʥʘʣ ʈʠʰʝʣʴʝ ʩʪʘʣ ʧʨʝʤʴʝʨ-ʤʠʥʠʩʪʨʦʤ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʚʝʢ ʟʘʛʦʚʦʨʦʚ ʠ ʠʥʪʨʠʛ, ʠ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ, ʢʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʚʦʚʣʝʯʝʥ ʚ ʫʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʛʦʩʫʜʘʨʩʪʚʦʤ ʜʘʞʝ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʚʠʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʫʨʦʚʥʝ, ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʩ ʦʩʦʙʦʡ ʦʩʪʦʨʦʞʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʩʣʝʜʠʪʴ ʟʘ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʝ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʭʠʪʨʦʩʧʣʝʪʝʥʠʠ ʤʘʭʠʥʘʮʠʡ ʢʘʨʜʠʥʘʣʘ.

ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠʟʙʨʘʣ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʶ ʥʝʫʢʦʩʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʚʦʟʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʭ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʠ ʥʝ ʙʝʩʧʦʢʦʠʣʩʷ ʦ ʩʝʙʝ. ʋ ʥʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʩʦʙʳʭ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʘʤʙʠʮʠʡ, ʠ ʦʥ ʜʝʣʘʣ ʚʩʝ ʦʪ ʥʝʛʦ ʟʘʚʠʩʷʱʝʝ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʝ ʦʪ ʢʠʧʝʥʠʷ ʧʘʨʣʘʤʝʥʪʩʢʠʭ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʝʡ. ɺʩʶ ʵʥʝʨʛʠʶ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʪʴ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʩʣʫʞʝʙʥʳʭ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʥʦʩʪʝʡ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʪʜʘʚʘʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʥʫʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʨʠʛʦʚʘʨʠʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʠʢʦʚ ʢ ʩʦʞʞʝʥʠʶ ʥʘ ʵʰʘʬʦʪʝ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩ ʥʘʩʣʘʞʜʝʥʠʝʤ ʧʨʝʜʘʚʘʣʩʷ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʫʚʣʝʯʝʥʠʶ. ʇʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳʤ ʫʯʝʥʳʤ-ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʝʤ, ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʕ. ʊ. ɹʝʣʣ ʥʘʟʚʘʣ çʢʥʷʟʝʤ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʝʡè. ʅʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʪʘʣʘʥʪ ʝʛʦ ʙʳʣ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʚʝʣʠʢ, ʯʪʦ ɼʞʫʣʠʘʥ ʂʫʣʠʜʞ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ çʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʭ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʝʡè ʠʩʢʣʶʯʠʣ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠʟ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʥʘ ʪʦʤ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʚʝʩʢʦʤ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʠ, ʯʪʦ ʪʦʪ çʙʳʣ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʝʣʠʢ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʦʤè.

ɺ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ XVII ʚʝʢʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʝʱʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʞʠʚʘʣʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʤʨʘʯʥʦʛʦ ʉʨʝʜʥʝʚʝʢʦʚʴʷ, ʠ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʷ ʵʪʦʡ ʥʘʫʢʦʡ ʚ ʛʣʘʟʘʭ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʢʦʪʠʨʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʝ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʚʳʩʦʢʦ. ʉʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ, ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʙʳʣʦ ʣʠʰʝʥʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦʛʦ ʫʚʘʞʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʤʥʦʛʠʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʩʠʣʘʤʠ ʜʦʙʳʚʘʪʴ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʘ ʜʣʷ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʡ ʣʶʙʠʤʦʡ ʥʘʫʢʦʡ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ɻʘʣʠʣʝʡ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʛ ʠʟʫʯʘʪʴ

ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʚ ʇʠʟʘʥʩʢʦʤ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʝ ʠ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʠʩʢʘʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʝʧʦʜʘʚʘʪʝʣʷ. ɽʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʫʯʝʙʥʦʝ ʟʘʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʚ ɽʚʨʦʧʝ, ʛʜʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʘʢʪʠʚʥʦ ʧʦʦʱʨʷʣʠ, ʙʳʣ ʆʢʩʬʦʨʜʩʢʠʡ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪ, ʫʯʨʝʜʠʚʰʠʡ ʚ 1619 ʛʦʜʫ ʉʘʚʠʣʴʷʥʩʢʫʶ ʢʘʬʝʜʨʫ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ. ʇʦ ʧʨʘʚʜʝ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ XVII ʚʝʢʘ ʚ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʝ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʙʳʣʠ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʷʤʠ, ʥʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣ ʦʩʦʙʳʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʤ. ɾʠʚʷ ʚʜʘʣʠ ʦʪ ʇʘʨʠʞʘ, ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʠʟʦʣʠʨʦʚʘʥ ʜʘʞʝ ʦʪ ʪʦʛʦ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʦ (ʘ ʚ ʥʝʛʦ ʚʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʬʠʛʫʨʳ, ʢʘʢ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʴ, ɻʘʩʩʝʥʜʠ, ʈʦʙʝʨʚʘʣʴ, ɹʦʛʨʘʥ ʠ ʦʪʝʮ ʄʘʨʝʥ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ).

ʆʪʝʮ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʚʥʝʩ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʠ ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ XVII ʚʝʢʘ ʦʥ ʩʳʛʨʘʣ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʘʞʥʫʶ, ʭʦʪʷ ʠ ʥʝʦʜʥʦʟʥʘʯʥʫʶ, ʨʦʣʴ, ʯʝʤ ʝʛʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʥʳʝ ʠ ʧʦʯʠʪʘʝʤʳʝ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʚʩʪʫʧʣʝʥʠʷ ʚ 1611 ʛʦʜʫ ʚ ʦʨʜʝʥ ʤʠʥʠʤʦʚ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʠʟʫʯʘʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʧʨʝʧʦʜʘʚʘʣ ʵʪʦʪ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʤʦʥʘʭʘʤ ʠ ʤʦʥʘʭʠʥʷʤ ʚ ʤʦʥʘʩʪʳʨʝ ʦʨʜʝʥʘ ʚ ʅʝʚʝʨʝ. ɺʦʩʝʤʴʶ ʛʦʜʘʤʠ ʧʦʟʞʝ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʧʝʨʝʝʟʞʘʝʪ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞ ʠ ʧʨʠʩʦʝʜʠʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʢ ʦʨʜʝʥʫ ʄʠʥʠʤ ʜʝʣʴ'ɸʥʥʦʩʠʘʜ, ʥʝʧʦʜʘʣʝʢʫ ʦʪ ʇʘʣʝ ʈʦʡʷʣʴ � ʤʝʩʪʘ, ʛʜʝ, ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʞʝ, ʩʦʙʠʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʠʥʪʝʣʣʝʢʪʫʘʣʳ. ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʣʩʷ ʩ ʧʘʨʠʞʩʢʠʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ, ʥʦ ʠʭ ʥʝʞʝʣʘʥʠʝ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʪʴ ʥʘʫʯʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʩ ʥʠʤ ʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʦʧʝʯʘʣʠʣʦ ʝʛʦ.

ɿʘʤʢʥʫʪʦʩʪʴ ʧʘʨʠʞʩʢʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʙʳʣʘ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʝʡ, ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʚʰʝʡʩʷ ʦʪ ʢʦʩʩʠʪʦʚ XVI ʚʝʢʘ. ʂʦʩʩʠʪʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʟʥʘʪʦʢʘʤʠ ʚʩʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ. ʂʫʧʮʳ ʠ ʜʝʣʦʚʳʝ ʣʶʜʠ ʧʨʠʙʝʛʘʣʠ ʢ ʠʭ ʫʩʣʫʛʘʤ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ, ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʶʱʠʭ ʚ ʩʚʷʟʠ ʩ ʫʯʝʪʦʤ ʪʦʚʘʨʦʚ. ʉʣʦʚʦ çʢʦʩʩʠʪè ʚʦʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʠʪʘʣʴʷʥʩʢʦʤʫ ʩʣʦʚʫ çcosaè, ʦʟʥʘʯʘʶʱʝʤʫ çʚʝʱʴè, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʢʦʩʩʠʪʳ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠ ʩʠʤʚʦʣʳ ʜʣʷ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ ʥʝʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʚʝʣʠʯʠʥ, ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʪʦʤʫ, ʢʘʢ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʘʶʪ ʥʝʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʫʶ ʚʝʣʠʯʠʥʫ ʩʠʤʚʦʣʦʤ x. ɺʩʝ, ʢʪʦ ʚ ʪʫ ʧʦʨʫ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʟʘʜʘʯ, ʠʟʦʙʨʝʪʘʣʠ ʩʚʦʠ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʝ ʭʠʪʨʦʫʤʥʳʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ ʠ ʜʝʨʞʘʣʠ ʠʭ ʚ ʪʘʡʥʝ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʶ ʨʝʧʫʪʘʮʠʶ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʨʦʜʝ ʣʶʜʝʡ, ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʳʭ ʨʝʰʘʪʴ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʪʦʛʦ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʦʛʦ ʪʠʧʘ.

ʀʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʙʳʣ ʅʠʢʢʦʣʦ ʊʘʨʪʘʣʴʷ, ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʚʰʠʡ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʙʳʩʪʨʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ. ʆʥ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ ʩʚʦʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ ɼʞʠʨʦʣʘʤʦ ʂʘʨʜʘʥʦ ʠ ʚʟʷʣ ʩ ʪʦʛʦ ʢʣʷʪʚʫ, ʯʪʦ ʪʦʪ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʦʪʢʨʦʝʪ ʜʦʚʝʨʝʥʥʫʶ ʝʤʫ ʪʘʡʥʫ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʜʝʩʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʂʘʨʜʘʥʦ ʥʘʨʫʰʠʣ ʩʚʦʝ ʦʙʝʱʘʥʠʝ ʠ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʊʘʨʪʘʣʴʠ ʚ ʢʥʠʛʝ çArs Magnaè (ɺʝʣʠʢʦʝ ʠʩʢʫʩʩʪʚʦ). ʕʪʦʪ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʦʢ ʊʘʨʪʘʣʴʷ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʠʣ ʂʘʨʜʘʥʦ. ʆʥ ʧʦʨʚʘʣ ʚʩʝ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ ʩ ʂʘʨʜʘʥʦ, ʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʚʰʝʝ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʦʩʪʨʦʝ ʧʫʙʣʠʯʥʦʝ ʨʘʟʙʠʨʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʫʢʨʝʧʠʣʦ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʚ ʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʠ ʭʨʘʥʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʪʘʡʥʳ. ʉʢʨʳʪʥʳʡ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʣʩʷ ʜʦ ʢʦʥʮʘ XIX ʚʝʢʘ, ʠ, ʢʘʢ ʤʳ ʫʚʠʜʠʤ ʚ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʤ, ʠʤʝʶʪʩʷ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʳ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʛʝʥʠʠ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʣʠ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʚ ʪʘʡʥʝ ʦʪ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ ʜʘʞʝ ʚ XX ʚʝʢʝ.

ʇʦ ʧʨʠʙʳʪʠʠ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞ ʦʪʝʮ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʚʦʟʥʘʤʝʨʠʣʩʷ ʧʦʢʦʥʯʠʪʴ ʩ ʦʙʳʯʘʝʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʚ ʪʘʡʥʝ ʦʪ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ ʠ ʩʪʘʣ ʚʩʷʯʝʩʢʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʦʙʤʝʥʫ ʠʜʝʡ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ ʠ ʧʦʦʱʨʷʪʴ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʚ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʚ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʜʨʫʛʦʛʦ. ʆʪʝʮ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʜʦʙʠʣʩʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʘʯʘʣʠ ʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʠ. ʇʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʝʛʦ ʛʨʫʧʧʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʪʝʤ ʷʜʨʦʤ, ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʩʬʦʨʤʠʨʦʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʌʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʘʷ ʘʢʘʜʝʤʠʷ. ɽʩʣʠ ʚʩʝ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʥʘ ʟʘʩʝʜʘʥʠʝ ʦʪʚʝʯʘʣʠ ʦʪʢʘʟʦʤ, ʪʦ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʩʪʘʨʘʣʩʷ ʩʦʙʨʘʪʴ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʪʦ ʛʨʫʧʧʫ, ʩʦʦʙʱʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʥʠʝ ʧʠʩʝʤ ʠ ʨʘʙʦʪ, ʧʨʠʩʣʘʥʥʳʭ ʝʤʫ

ʢʦʥʬʠʜʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦ. ɼʣʷ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ ʚ ʩʫʪʘʥʝ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʧʦʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʚʨʷʜ ʣʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʵʪʠʯʥʳʤ, ʥʦ ʦʪʝʮ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʦʧʨʘʚʜʳʚʘʣ ʝʛʦ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʙʤʝʥ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʝʡ ʠʜʝʪ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʠ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʪʚʫ. ʉʪʦʣʴ ʥʝʙʣʘʛʦʚʠʜʥʳʝ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʢʠ, ʨʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʥʝ ʚʳʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʨʝʟʢʦʡ ʧʦʣʝʤʠʢʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʤʦʥʘʭʦʤ, ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʩʪʚʦʚʘʚʰʠʤʩʷ ʙʣʘʛʠʤʠ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʥʠʷʤʠ, ʠ çʩʦʣʠʩʪʘʤʠè ʫʯʝʥʦʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ, ʥʝ ʩʢʣʦʥʥʳʤʠ ʜʝʣʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤʠ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʪʘʡʥʘʤʠ. ɺʩʝ ʵʪʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʦ ʢ ʨʘʟʨʳʚʫ ʜʘʚʥʠʭ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʡ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥʦʤ ʠ ɼʝʢʘʨʪʦʤ (ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʩʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥ ʩʦʚʤʝʩʪʥʦʡ ʫʯʝʙʳ ʚ ʠʝʟʫʠʪʩʢʦʤ ʂʦʣʣʝʞʝ ʚ ʃʘ ʌʣʝʰʝ). ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʦʙʥʘʨʦʜʦʚʘʣ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʩʢʠʝ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ɼʝʢʘʨʪʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʠʩʪʦʣʢʦʚʘʥʳ ʢʘʢ ʦʩʢʦʨʙʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʜʣʷ ʮʝʨʢʚʠ, ʥʦ ʢ ʯʝʩʪʠ ʦʪʮʘ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʚ ʟʘʱʠʪʫ ɼʝʢʘʨʪʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʪʦʪ ʙʳʣ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʥʫʪ ʢʨʠʪʠʢʝ ʩʦ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ ʪʝʦʣʦʛʦʚ (ʨʘʥʝʝ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʪʘʢ ʞʝ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʮʝʨʢʦʚʥʳʝ ʚʣʘʩʪʠ ʧʨʝʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʠ ɻʘʣʠʣʝʷ). ɺ ʵʧʦʭʫ ʪʦʪʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʛʦʩʧʦʜʩʪʚʘ ʨʝʣʠʛʠʠ ʠ ʤʘʛʠʠ ʦʪʝʮ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʦʪʩʪʘʠʚʘʣ ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʤʳʩʣʴ.

ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʧʫʪʝʰʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʧʦ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ ʠ ʜʘʣʝʢʦ ʟʘ ʝʝ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʘʤʠ, ʧʦʚʩʶʜʫ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʷʷ ʚʝʩʪʠ ʦ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷʭ. ɺ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʠʷʭ ʦʥ, ʚ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ʟʘʭʦʪʝʣ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʇʴʝʨʦʤ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʠ ʠʭ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʩʪʘʣʘ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʢʦʥʪʘʢʪʦʤ ʪʫʣʫʟʩʢʦʛʦ ʦʪʰʝʣʴʥʠʢʘ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʤ. ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʥʘ çʢʥʷʟʷ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʝʡè ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ, ʫʩʪʫʧʘʚʰʝʝ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʪʦʣʴʢʦ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ (ʩʙʦʨʥʠʢʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʪʨʘʢʪʘʪʦʚ, ʜʦʩʪʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ XVII ʚʝʢʫ ʚ ʥʘʩʣʝʜʠʝ ʦʪ ʜʨʝʚʥʠʭ ʛʨʝʢʦʚ). ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʨʘʩʩʪʘʚʘʣʩʷ ʩ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʦʡè.

ɼʘʞʝ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʪ ʧʦʝʟʜʦʢ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ, ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʪʴ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ ʩ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ, ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʷʷ ʠʤ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʠʩʝʤ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥʘ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʘʧʘʨʪʘʤʝʥʪʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʙʠʪʢʦʤ ʥʘʙʠʪʳ ʧʠʩʴʤʘʤʠ ʦʪ ʩʝʤʠʜʝʩʷʪʠ ʚʦʩʴʤʠ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʢʦʨʨʝʩʧʦʥʜʝʥʪʦʚ.

ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʥʘʩʪʦʡʯʠʚʳʝ ʧʨʦʩʴʙʳ ʦʪʮʘ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥʘ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʧʦʨʥʦ ʦʪʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʩʷ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʇʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʷ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʚ ʠ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʠʝ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʯʠʣʠ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʛʦ. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʣ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʝʥʠʝ ʦʪ ʩʦʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʚ ʪʠʰʠ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʢʘʙʠʥʝʪʘ ʙʝʟ ʧʦʤʝʭ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʦʟʜʘʚʘʪʴ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ. ʅʦ ʩʢʨʦʤʥʳʡ ʠ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʳʡ ʛʝʥʠʡ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʯʫʞʜ ʦʟʦʨʩʪʚʫ. ɺ ʩʦʯʝʪʘʥʠʠ ʩ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʩʪʨʘʥʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʵʪʦ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʧʨʦʷʚʣʷʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʠ ʦʙʱʝʥʠʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʧʦʜʜʨʘʟʥʠʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ: ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʷʷ ʠʤ ʧʠʩʴʤʘ ʩ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʢʘʤʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ, ʦʥ ʥʝʠʟʤʝʥʥʦ ʫʤʘʣʯʠʚʘʣ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʭ. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʨʦʩʘʣ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʠʢʘʤ ʚʳʟʦʚ, ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʷ ʠʭ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʶʱʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ.

ʊʦ, ʯʪʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ, ʚʳʟʳʚʘʣʦ ʫ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦ ʛʦʨʴʢʦʛʦ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʷ. ʈʝʥʝ ɼʝʢʘʨʪ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʣ ʌʝʨʤʘ çʭʚʘʩʪʫʥʦʤè, ʘ ʘʥʛʣʠʯʘʥʠʥ ɼʞʦʥ ɺʘʣʣʠʩ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʣ ʝʛʦ çʧʨʦʢʣʷʪʳʤ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʦʤè. ʂ ʥʝʩʯʘʩʪʴʶ ʜʣʷ ʘʥʛʣʠʯʘʥ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʦ ʦʩʦʙʦʝ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʝ ʨʘʟʳʛʨʳʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ ʧʦ ʪʫ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʫ ʃʘ-ʄʘʥʰʘ.

ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʜʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʜʜʨʘʟʥʠʚʘʥʠʝ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ, ʝʛʦ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʠʝ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʠ ʩʢʨʳʚʘʪʴ ʝʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʠʤʝʣʦ ʧʦʜ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʤʦʪʠʚʘʮʠʶ. ʇʨʝʞʜʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʦʥʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʣ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦ ʠʟʣʘʛʘʪʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ; ʦʥ ʪʦʨʦʧʠʣʩʷ ʧʝʨʝʡʪʠ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʪʘʢʘʷ ʪʘʢʪʠʢʘ ʠʟʙʘʚʣʷʣʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʪ ʤʝʣʢʠʭ ʧʨʠʜʠʨʦʢ ʩʦ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ

ʨʝʚʥʠʚʳʭ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ. ɹʫʜʫʯʠ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʳʤ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʳʤ ʜʣʷ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʢʨʠʪʠʢʠ ʩʦ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ ʚʩʝʭ ʠ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ, ʢʪʦ ʭʦʪʷ ʙʳ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʦ ʩʤʳʩʣʠʪ ʚ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʝ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ɹʣʝʟ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʴ ʩʪʘʣ ʥʘʩʪʘʠʚʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʠ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʠʟ ʨʘʙʦʪ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʪʫʣʫʟʩʢʠʡ ʦʪʰʝʣʴʥʠʢ ʚʦʟʨʘʟʠʣ: çʂʘʢʘʷ ʙʳ ʠʟ ʤʦʠʭ ʨʘʙʦʪ ʥʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʘʩʴ ʜʦʩʪʦʡʥʦʡ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʠʷ, ʷ ʚʦʚʩʝ ʥʝ ʞʝʣʘʶ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʤʦʝ ʠʤʷ ʧʦʷʚʣʷʣʦʩʴ ʚ ʧʝʯʘʪʠè. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʳʤ ʛʝʥʠʝʤ, ʧʦʞʝʨʪʚʦʚʘʚʰʠʤ ʩʣʘʚʦʡ ʨʘʜʠ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʢʨʠʪʠʢʠ ʥʝ ʜʦʩʘʞʜʘʣʠ ʝʤʫ ʤʝʣʦʯʥʳʤʠ ʧʨʠʜʠʨʢʘʤʠ.

ɺ ʧʝʨʝʧʠʩʢʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʝʤ (ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʣ ʠʜʝʠ ʩ ʢʝʤ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥʘ) ʨʝʯʴ ʰʣʘ ʦ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʠ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ � ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ. ʇʘʩʢʘʣʴ ʚʚʝʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʦʪʰʝʣʴʥʠʢʘ ʚ ʢʨʫʛ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʜʠʩʮʠʧʣʠʥʳ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʝʤʫ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʠʩʪʨʘʩʪʠʝ ʢ ʫʝʜʠʥʝʥʠʶ, ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʪʴ ʜʠʘʣʦʛ. ʉʦʚʤʝʩʪʥʳʤʠ ʫʩʠʣʠʷʤʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʠ ʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣʠ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʥʝʟʳʙʣʝʤʳʝ ʠʩʪʠʥʳ, ʭʦʪʷ ʥʝʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ � ʩʫʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʘ ʵʪʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ. ʀʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʷ ʢ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʧʨʦʙʫʜʠʣ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʠʛʨʦʢ ʠʟ ʇʘʨʠʞʘ ɸʥʪʫʘʥ ɻʦʤʙʦ, ʰʝʚʘʣʴʝ ʜʝ ʄʝʨʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʝʤ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ, ʠʤʝʚʰʫʶ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʡ ʘʟʘʨʪʥʦʡ ʠʛʨʝ. ʀʛʨʦʢʠ ʧʦ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʠ ʙʨʦʩʘʶʪ ʠʛʨʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʢʦʩʪʴ ʠ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʶʪ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʯʢʦʚ ʚʳʧʘʜʘʝʪ ʧʨʠ ʙʨʦʩʢʝ. ɺʳʠʛʨʳʚʘʝʪ (ʠ ʟʘʙʠʨʘʝʪ ʩʪʦʷʱʠʝ ʥʘ ʢʦʥʫ ʜʝʥʴʛʠ) ʪʦʪ ʠʟ ʠʛʨʦʢʦʚ, ʢʪʦ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ ʥʘʙʝʨʝʪ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʦʯʢʦʚ.

ɻʦʤʙʦ ʠʛʨʘʣ ʚ ʵʪʫ ʠʛʨʫ ʩ ʧʘʨʪʥʝʨʦʤ, ʥʦ ʦʙʘ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʠʛʨʫ ʧʦʜ ʜʘʚʣʝʥʠʝʤ ʥʝʧʨʝʜʚʠʜʝʥʥʳʭ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ. ɺʦʟʥʠʢʣʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ: ʢʘʢ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʪʴ ʜʝʥʴʛʠ, ʩʪʦʷʚʰʠʝ ʥʘ ʢʦʥʫ? ʇʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʙʳ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʩʶ ʩʫʤʤʫ, ʩʪʦʷʚʰʫʶ ʥʘ ʢʦʥʫ, ʟʘʙʨʘʣ ʪʦʪ ʠʟ ʧʘʨʪʥʝʨʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʫʩʧʝʣ ʥʘʙʨʘʪʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʦʯʢʦʚ, ʥʦ ɻʦʤʙʦ ʩʧʨʘʰʠʚʘʣ ʫ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʷ, ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʣʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʧʨʘʚʝʜʣʠʚʦʛʦ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʘ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʪʴ ʜʝʥʴʛʠ. ʇʘʩʢʘʣʶ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʴ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʧʘʨʪʥʝʨʦʚ ʥʘ ʚʳʠʛʨʳʰ ʚ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʝʥʠʷ ʠʛʨʳ ʚ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʧʘʨʪʥʝʨ ʥʘʙʠʨʘʣ ʙʳ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʦʯʢʠ ʩ ʦʜʠʥʘʢʦʚʦʡ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴʶ. ɼʝʥʴʛʠ, ʩʪʦʷʚʰʠʝ ʥʘ ʢʦʥʫ, ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʜʝʣʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʧʦʨʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʷʤ.

ɼʦ XVI ʚʝʢʘ ʟʘʢʦʥʳ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʠ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʷʣʠʩʴ ʠʩʭʦʜʷ ʠʟ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʠ ʠ ʦʧʳʪʘ ʠʛʨʦʢʦʚ, ʥʦ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʴ ʟʘʪʝʷʣ ʧʝʨʝʧʠʩʢʫ ʩ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩ ʮʝʣʴʶ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʯʥʦ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʶʪ ʟʘʢʦʥʳ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ. ʊʨʠ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ɹʝʨʪʨʘʥ ʈʘʩʩʝʣ ʪʘʢ ʧʨʦʢʦʤʤʝʥʪʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʵʪʦʪ ʷʚʥʳʡ ʦʢʩʠʤʦʨʦʥ: çʂʘʢ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʳ ʦʩʤʝʣʠʚʘʝʤʩʷ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʦ ʟʘʢʦʥʘʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ? ʈʘʟʚʝ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ � ʥʝ ʘʥʪʠʪʝʟʘ ʚʩʷʢʦʤʫ ʟʘʢʦʥʫ?è

ʌʨʘʥʮʫʟʳ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʠ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ ɻʦʤʙʦ ʠ ʚʩʢʦʨʝ ʧʦʥʷʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʘ ʠ ʝʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʪʨʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ, ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʚ ʚʩʝ ʧʦʪʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʠʩʭʦʜʳ ʠʛʨʳ ʠ ʧʨʠʧʠʩʘʚ ʢʘʞʜʦʤʫ ʠʩʭʦʜʫ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʫʶ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ. ʀ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʴ, ʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʫʤʝʣʠ ʥʝʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʦ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ ɻʦʤʙʦ, ʥʦ ʠʭ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʫʩʢʦʨʠʣʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʦ ʠʤ ʛʣʫʙʞʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʴ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ, ʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʥʢʠʝ ʠ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʝ, ʚʦʧʨʦʩʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ.

ɿʘʜʘʯʠ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʢʘʞʫʪʩʷ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ, ʧʦʪʦʤʫ ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ (ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʳʡ ʦʪʚʝʪ) ʥʝʨʝʜʢʦ ʥʝ ʩʦʛʣʘʩʫʝʪʩʷ ʩ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʝʡ. ʊʘʢʠʝ ʧʨʦʚʘʣʳ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʠ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤʠ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ çʚʳʞʠʚʘʥʠʝ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʠʩʧʦʩʦʙʣʝʥʥʦʛʦè ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʠʣʴʥʦʝ ʵʚʦʣʶʮʠʦʥʥʦʝ ʜʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʝ ʤʦʟʛʘ, ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʛʦ ʦʪ

ʧʨʠʨʦʜʳ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ. ʄʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʥʘʰʠʭ ʧʨʝʜʢʦʚ, ʧʦʜʢʨʘʜʳʚʘʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʢ ʦʣʝʥʝʥʢʫ ʠ ʨʝʰʘʶʱʠʭ, ʩʪʦʠʪ ʠʣʠ ʥʝ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʠʤ ʥʘʧʘʜʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ. ɺʝʣʠʢ ʣʠ ʨʠʩʢ, ʯʪʦ ʦʣʝʥʴ ʙʨʦʩʠʪʩʷ ʟʘʱʠʱʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʝ ʯʘʜʦ ʠ ʥʘʧʘʜʝʪ ʥʘ ʦʙʠʜʯʠʢʘ? ʉ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ, ʢʘʢʦʚʘ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʩʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʫʜʦʙʥʳʡ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ ʜʦʙʳʪʴ ʩʚʝʞʝʝ ʤʷʩʦ ʥʘ ʦʙʝʜ, ʝʩʣʠ ʥʘʧʘʜʝʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʦʣʝʥʝʥʢʘ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʠʟʣʠʰʥʝ ʨʠʩʢʦʚʘʥʥʳʤ? ʊʘʣʘʥʪ ʢ ʦʮʝʥʢʝ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʪʴ ʥʝʦʪʲʝʤʣʝʤʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʴʶ ʥʘʰʝʡ ʛʝʥʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʳ, ʠ ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʥʘʰʘ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʷ ʥʝʨʝʜʢʦ ʟʘʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʥʘʩ ʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʳʝ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʷ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʚ ʩʠʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʤ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʠ ʩ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʝʡ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʟʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʥʝʡ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ. ʇʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʴʪʝ ʩʝʙʝ ʬʫʪʙʦʣʴʥʦʝ ʧʦʣʝ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʥʘʭʦʜʷʪʩʷ 23 ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ: ʠʛʨʦʢʠ ʜʚʫʭ ʢʦʤʘʥʜ (22 ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ) ʠ ʩʫʜʴʷ. ʂʘʢʦʚʘ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʫ ʜʚʫʭ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʜʥʠ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʘʶʪ?

ʇʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʨʝʯʴ ʠʜʝʪ ʦ 23 ʣʶʜʷʭ, ʘ ʚʳʙʠʨʘʪʴ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʠʟ 365 ʜʥʝʡ, ʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʤʘʣʦʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʳʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫ ʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʠʟ ʪʝʭ, ʢʪʦ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʬʫʪʙʦʣʴʥʦʤ ʧʦʣʝ, ʜʥʠ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʩʦʚʧʘʣʠ. ɽʩʣʠ ʧʦʧʨʦʩʠʪʴ ʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʦʮʝʥʠʪʴ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ, ʪʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʦʮʝʥʷʪ ʵʪʫ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʝ ʚʳʰʝ 10%. ɺ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʞʝ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʳʡ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʛʣʘʩʠʪ: ʯʫʪʴ ʚʳʰʝ 50%. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʝʩʣʠ ʚʟʚʝʰʠʚʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʚʝʩʘʭ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ, ʪʦ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʥʝʡ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʚʩʝ-ʪʘʢʠ ʯʫʪʴ-ʯʫʪʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ, ʯʝʤ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʝ ʜʚʘ ʜʥʷ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʥʝ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʘʶʪ.

ʇʨʠʯʠʥʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʡ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʚʫʭ ʜʥʝʡ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʨʘʟʙʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʧʘʨʳ, ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʩʘʤʠʭ ʣʶʜʝʡ. ɽʩʣʠ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʘʶʱʠʝ ʜʥʠ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʪʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʟʥʘʪʴ ʥʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʣʶʜʝʡ, ʘ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʘʨ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʭ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʨʘʟʙʠʪʴ. ʊʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʥʘ ʬʫʪʙʦʣʴʥʦʤ ʧʦʣʝ ʨʘʚʥʦ 23, ʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʘʨ ʨʘʚʥʦ 253. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʥʘʭʦʜʷʱʠʭʩʷ ʥʘ ʬʫʪʙʦʣʴʥʦʤ ʧʦʣʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʚʢʣʶʯʘʪʴ ʚ ʦʜʥʫ ʧʘʨʫ ʩ ʣʶʙʳʤ ʠʟ 22 ʜʨʫʛʠʭ, ʯʪʦ ʜʘʝʪ ʜʣʷ ʥʘʯʘʣʘ 22 ʧʘʨʳ. ɺʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʜʦʙʨʘʪʴ ʚ ʧʘʨʫ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʠʟ 21 ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʝ (ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʤʳ ʫʞʝ ʩʦʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʚʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʨʘʟ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʦʜʩʯʠʪʳʚʘʣʠ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʘʨ ʩ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝʤ ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ, ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʘʨ ʩʦ ʚʪʦʨʳʤ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʫʤʝʥʴʰʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʫ), ʠ ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ ʝʱʝ 20 ʧʘʨ. ʇʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʷ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʘʪʴ ʪʘʢ ʞʝ, ʤʳ ʚ ʠʪʦʛʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʤ 253 ʧʘʨʳ.

ʊʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʥʝʡ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʛʨʫʧʧʝ ʠʟ 23 ʣʶʜʝʡ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ 50%, ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʪ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʠ. ʊʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʩ ʪʦʯʢʠ ʟʨʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʳʡ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʥʘ ʪʘʢʠʝ çʩʪʨʘʥʥʳʝè, ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʘʱʠʝ ʠʥʪʫʠʪʠʚʥʳʤ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʦʧʠʨʘʶʪʩʷ ʙʫʢʤʝʢʝʨʳ ʠ ʠʛʨʦʢʠ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʦʧʨʦʤʝʪʯʠʚʦʩʪʴ ʘʟʘʨʪʥʳʭ ʣʶʜʝʡ. ɺ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʨʘʟ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʚʘʤ ʩʣʫʯʠʪʩʷ ʙʳʪʴ ʥʘ ʟʘʩʝʜʘʥʠʠ ʠʣʠ ʟʚʘʥʦʤ ʦʙʝʜʝ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ 23 ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʘ, ʤʦʞʝʪʝ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʴ ʧʘʨʠ, ʯʪʦ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʭ ʥʘʡʜʫʪʩʷ ʜʚʘ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ, ʜʥʠ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʘʶʪ. ʉʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʫ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʛʨʫʧʧʝ ʠʟ 23 ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʚʫʭ ʜʥʝʡ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʣʠʰʴ ʩʣʝʛʢʘ ʧʨʝʚʳʰʘʝʪ 50%, ʥʦ ʩ ʫʚʝʣʠʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʙʳʩʪʨʦ ʫʚʝʣʠʯʠʚʘʝʪʩʷ.

ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʴ ʟʘʣʦʞʠʣʠ ʦʩʥʦʚʳ ʪʝʭ ʧʨʘʚʠʣ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʧʦʜʯʠʥʷʶʪʩʷ ʚʩʝ ʘʟʘʨʪʥʳʝ ʠʛʨʳ ʠ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʳ ʠʛʨʦʢʘʤʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʳʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʶ ʠʛʨʳ ʠ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʶ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʷ ʧʘʨʠ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʥʳʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʝʤ ʟʘʢʦʥʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ

ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʥʘʰʣʠ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʦʤ ʨʷʜʝ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ � ʦʪ ʩʧʝʢʫʣʷʪʠʚʥʦʡ ʠʛʨʳ ʥʘ ʬʦʥʜʦʚʦʡ ʙʠʨʞʝ ʜʦ ʦʮʝʥʠʚʘʥʠʷ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʠ ʷʜʝʨʥʦʡ ʢʘʪʘʩʪʨʦʬʳ.

ʇʘʩʢʘʣʴ ʙʳʣ ʜʘʞʝ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʜʣʷ ʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʚʝʨʳ ʚ ɹʦʛʘ. ʆʥ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣ, ʯʪʦ çʘʟʘʨʪ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʝʪ ʠʛʨʦʢ ʧʨʠ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʠ ʧʘʨʠ ʨʘʚʝʥ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʠʶ ʪʦʡ ʩʫʤʤʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʦʥ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʚʳʠʛʨʘʪʴ, ʠ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʠ ʚʳʠʛʨʳʰʘè. ɼʘʣʝʝ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʴ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʡ ʚʳʠʛʨʳʰ ʚʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʙʣʘʞʝʥʩʪʚʘ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʮʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ, ʘ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʦʧʘʩʪʴ ʚ ʮʘʨʩʪʚʦ ʥʝʙʝʩʥʦʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʚʝʩʪʠ ʜʦʙʨʦʜʝʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ, ʟʘʚʝʜʦʤʦ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʘ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʧʦ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʶ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʷ, ʨʝʣʠʛʠʷ � ʠʛʨʘ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʘʟʘʨʪʥʘʷ ʠ ʩʪʦʷʱʘʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚ ʥʝʝ ʠʛʨʘʣʠ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʛʦ ʧʦʪʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʚʳʠʛʨʳʰʘ ʥʘ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʫʶ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʚʝʣʠʢʦ.

ʈʘʟʜʝʣʷʷ ʩ ʇʘʩʢʘʣʝʤ ʯʝʩʪʴ ʙʳʪʴ ʦʪʮʦʤ-ʦʩʥʦʚʘʪʝʣʝʤ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦ ʧʨʘʚʫ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ � ʜʠʬʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ. ɼʠʬʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʠʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʷʪʴ ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴ ʠʟʤʝʥʝʥʠʷ, ʠʣʠ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʥʫʶ, ʦʜʥʦʡ ʚʝʣʠʯʠʥʳ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ (ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴ ʠʟʤʝʥʝʥʠʷ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʷ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʫʶ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʢʘʢ ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴ). ɼʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʚʝʣʠʯʠʥʳ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʦ, ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʳ ʠ ʥʝʦʩʷʟʘʝʤʳ, ʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠʤʝʣʠ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʝʤ ʧʦʜʣʠʥʥʳʡ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʨʦʪ ʚ ʬʠʟʠʢʝ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʘ ʬʠʟʠʢʘʤ ʣʫʯʰʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴ, ʠ ʢʘʢʦʚʘ ʝʝ ʩʚʷʟʴ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʚʝʣʠʯʠʥʘʤʠ, ʪʘʢʠʤʠ, ʢʘʢ ʫʩʢʦʨʝʥʠʝ � ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴ ʠʟʤʝʥʝʥʠʷ ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʠ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ.

ɼʠʬʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʠʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʝ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʩʠʣʴʥʦʝ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʵʢʦʥʦʤʠʢʫ. ʀʥʬʣʷʮʠʷ � ʵʪʦ ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴ ʠʟʤʝʥʝʥʠʷ ʮʝʥʳ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʘʷ ʢʘʢ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʥʘʷ ʮʝʥʳ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʵʢʦʥʦʤʠʩʪʦʚ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʫʝʪ ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴ ʠʟʤʝʥʝʥʠʷ ʠʥʬʣʷʮʠʠ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʘʷ ʢʘʢ ʚʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʥʘʷ ʮʝʥʳ. ʕʪʠ ʪʝʨʤʠʥʳ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʶʪʩʷ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʢʘʤʠ, ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʍʫʛʦ ʈʦʩʩʠ ʦʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ: çʆʩʝʥʴʶ 1972 ʛʦʜʘ ʧʨʝʟʠʜʝʥʪ ʅʠʢʩʦʥ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴ ʨʦʩʪʘ ʠʥʬʣʷʮʠʠ ʧʦʰʣʘ ʥʘ ʫʙʳʣʴ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʨʘʚʷʱʠʡ ʧʨʝʟʠʜʝʥʪ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣ ʪʨʝʪʴʶ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʥʫʶ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʚʝʣʠʯʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʡ ʰʘʥʩ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʝʠʟʙʨʘʥʠʝè.

ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʜʚʫʭ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʡ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʀʩʘʘʢ ʅʴʶʪʦʥ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʜʠʬʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʠʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʦ ʦʪ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʝ ʟʥʘʷ ʦ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʭ. ʅʦ ʚ 1934 ʛʦʜʫ ʃʫʠʩ ʊʨʝʥʰʘʨ ʄʫʨ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʘ ʚʥʝʩʪʠ ʚ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʦ ʧʨʠʦʨʠʪʝʪʝ ʧʦʣʥʫʶ ʷʩʥʦʩʪʴ ʠ ʚʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦ ʟʘʩʣʫʛʘʤ. ʅʴʶʪʦʥ ʧʠʩʘʣ, ʯʪʦ, ʨʘʟʨʘʙʘʪʳʚʘʷ ʜʠʬʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʠʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʝ, ʦʥ ʦʧʠʨʘʣʩʷ ʥʘ çʤʝʪʦʜ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʠʷ ʢʘʩʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʤʝʩʴʝ ʌʝʨʤʘè. ʉ XVIII ʚʝʢʘ ʜʠʬʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʠʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʣʷ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʷ ʟʘʢʦʥʘ ʚʩʝʤʠʨʥʦʛʦ ʪʷʛʦʪʝʥʠʷ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʟʘʢʦʥʦʚ ʤʝʭʘʥʠʢʠ, ʟʘʚʠʩʷʱʠʭ ʦʪ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʷ, ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʠ ʠ ʫʩʢʦʨʝʥʠʷ.

ʆʜʥʦʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʷ ʚ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʠ ʜʠʬʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʙʝʩʧʝʯʠʪʴ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʚ ʟʘʣʝ ʩʣʘʚʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʦ ʝʛʦ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʝʝ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʝ ʣʝʞʠʪ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ɼʠʬʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʠʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʠ ʧʦʩʳʣʢʝ ʢʦʩʤʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʦʨʘʙʣʝʡ ʥʘ ʃʫʥʫ, ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ � ʧʨʠ ʦʮʝʥʢʝ ʨʠʩʢʦʚ ʩʪʨʘʭʦʚʳʭ ʢʦʤʧʘʥʠʡ, ʥʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʠʪʘʣ ʛʣʫʙʦʯʘʡʰʫʶ ʣʶʙʦʚʴ ʢ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʥʝ ʦʙʝʱʘʣ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ � ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣ ʦʙʫʷʥ

ʩʪʨʘʩʪʴʶ � ʝʤʫ ʭʦʪʝʣʦʩʴ ʚʦ ʯʪʦ ʙʳ ʪʦ ʥʠ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʥʠʤʠ. ʊʝʦʨʠʷ ʯʠʩʝʣ � ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʠʩʪʘʷ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʡʰʘʷ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʨʘʟʚʠʚʘʪʴ ʵʪʦʪ ʨʘʟʜʝʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʜʦʩʪʘʚʰʠʡʩʷ ʝʤʫ ʚ ʥʘʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʦ ʦʪ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ.

ʕʚʦʣʶʮʠʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʙʳʩʪʨʦ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʤʫ ʮʠʚʠʣʠʟʦʚʘʥʥʦʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ. ɼʚʘ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʝʛʦ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʷ ʩʛʦʨʝʣʘ ʜʦ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ, ʮʝʥʪʨ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ ʧʝʨʝʤʝʩʪʠʣʩʷ ʠʟ ʂʨʦʪʦʥʘ ʚ ʛʦʨʦʜ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʶ. ɺ 332 ʛʦʜʫ ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ., ʧʦʢʦʨʠʚ ɻʨʝʮʠʶ, ʄʘʣʫʶ ɸʟʠʶ ʠ ɽʛʠʧʝʪ, ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨ ʄʘʢʝʜʦʥʩʢʠʡ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʩʪʦʣʠʮʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʚʝʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʛʦʨʦʜʦʤ ʤʠʨʘ. ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʷ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʝʡʰʠʤ ʛʦʨʦʜʦʤ ʠ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ ʞʝ, ʭʦʪʷ ʠ ʥʝ ʩʨʘʟʫ, ʥʘʫʯʥʳʤ ʮʝʥʪʨʦʤ. ʊʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʘ ʄʘʢʝʜʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʘ ʝʛʠʧʝʪʩʢʠʡ ʪʨʦʥ ʚʟʦʰʝʣ ʝʛʦ ʝʜʠʥʦʫʪʨʦʙʥʳʡ ʙʨʘʪ ʇʪʦʣʝʤʝʡ I, ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʷ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʪʝʤ ʤʝʩʪʦʤ, ʛʜʝ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʣʦ ʧʝʨʚʦʝ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ ʚʳʩʰʝʝ ʫʯʝʙʥʦʝ ʟʘʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ � ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʷ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʠʥʪʝʣʣʝʢʪʫʘʣʳ, ʧʨʠʚʣʝʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʨʝʧʫʪʘʮʠʝʡ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ, ʠ, ʝʱʝ ʚ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ, ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʦʡ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʠ, ʩʪʘʣʠ ʧʝʨʝʙʠʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʢʫʣʴʪʫʨʥʫʶ ʩʪʦʣʠʮʫ ʇʪʦʣʝʤʝʷ I.

ɿʘʤʳʩʝʣ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʷ ɹʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʠ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʣ ɼʝʤʝʪʨʠʶ ʌʘʣʘʨʝʶ, ʥʝʧʦʧʫʣʷʨʥʦʤʫ ʦʨʘʪʦʨʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʙʝʞʘʪʴ ʠʟ ɸʬʠʥ.

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʜʦʣʛʠʭ ʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʠʡ ʦʥ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʧʨʠʙʝʞʠʱʝ ʚ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʠ. ʌʘʣʘʨʝʶ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʚʥʫʰʠʪʴ ʇʪʦʣʝʤʝʶ I ʤʳʩʣʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʩʦʙʨʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʝ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʷ, ʘ ʚʩʣʝʜ ʟʘ ʢʥʠʛʘʤʠ ʚ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʶ ʧʦʪʷʥʫʪʩʷ ʠ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʝ ʫʤʳ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʚ ʭʨʘʥʠʣʠʱʘʭ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʦʡ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʩʦʙʨʘʥʳ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʷ ʠʟ ɽʛʠʧʪʘ ʠ ɻʨʝʮʠʠ, ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʘʛʝʥʪʳ ʨʘʟʲʝʭʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʧʦʠʩʢʘʭ ʩʦʢʨʦʚʠʱ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʧʦ ɽʚʨʦʧʝ ʠ ʄʘʣʦʡ ɸʟʠʠ. ʅʝʥʘʩʳʪʥʳʡ ʘʧʧʝʪʠʪ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʪʝʣʝʡ ɹʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʠ ʦʱʫʱʘʣʠ ʥʘ ʩʝʙʝ ʚʩʝ, ʢʪʦ ʧʦʩʝʱʘʣ ʚ ʪʫ ʧʦʨʫ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʶ: ʧʨʠ ʚʲʝʟʜʝ ʚ ʛʦʨʦʜ ʫ ʧʨʠʝʟʞʠʭ ʦʪʙʠʨʘʣʠ ʚʩʶ ʣʠʪʝʨʘʪʫʨʫ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʚʘʣʠ ʧʠʩʮʘʤ. ʉʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʡ ʪʝ ʩʥʠʤʘʣʠ ʢʦʧʠʠ, ʧʦʩʣʝ ʯʝʛʦ ʧʦʜʣʠʥʥʠʢʠ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʣʷʣʠʩʴ ʚ ɹʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʫ, ʘ ʢʦʧʠʠ ʩ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʝʞʥʠʤ ʚʣʘʜʝʣʴʮʘʤ ʢʥʠʛ. ʊʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʢʦʧʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʚʩʝʭ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʡ, ʦʢʘʟʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʚ ʙʘʛʘʞʝ ʧʨʠʙʳʚʘʶʱʠʭ ʚ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʶ ʧʫʪʝʰʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʠʢʦʚ, ʚʩʝʣʷʝʪ ʚ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʭ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʢʦʚ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʫ, ʯʪʦ ʛʜʝ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ ʥʘ ʯʝʨʜʘʢʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʘ ʢʦʧʠʷ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʷ, ʩʯʠʪʘʚʰʝʛʦʩʷ ʫʪʝʨʷʥʥʳʤ. ʊʘʢ, ʚ 1906 ʛʦʜʫ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʢ ʥʘʫʢʠ ɻʝʡʙʝʨʛ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʚ ʂʦʥʩʪʘʥʪʠʥʦʧʦʣʝ ʪʘʢʫʶ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ � çʄʝʪʦʜè, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʡ ɸʨʭʠʤʝʜʘ.

ʄʝʯʪʘ ʇʪʦʣʝʤʝʷ I ʦ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʡʢʝ ʩʦʢʨʦʚʠʱʥʠʮʳ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʧʝʨʝʞʠʣʘ ʝʛʦ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ, ʠ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʘ ʪʨʦʥʝ ʩʤʝʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʜʠʥʘʩʪʠʠ ʇʪʦʣʝʤʝʝʚ, ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʘʷ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘ ʫʞʝ ʥʘʩʯʠʪʳʚʘʣʘ ʙʦʣʝʝ 600 000 ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʡ. ʀʟʫʯʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʚ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʠ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʥʘʫʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʚʩʝʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ, ʘ ʫʯʠʣʠ ʠʭ ʚ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʳʝ ʫʯʝʥʳʝ ɼʨʝʚʥʝʛʦ ʄʠʨʘ. ʇʝʨʚʳʤ ʛʣʘʚʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ ʙʳʣ ʥʝ ʢʪʦ ʠʥʦʡ, ʢʘʢ ʩʘʤ ɽʚʢʣʠʜ.

ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʨʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʦʢʦʣʦ 330 ʛʦʜʘ ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ. ʇʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʫ, ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʠʩʢʘʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ

ʠʩʪʠʥʫ ʨʘʜʠ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʠʩʪʠʥʳ ʠ ʥʝ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʤ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʨʘʙʦʪ. ʃʝʛʝʥʜʘ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʫʯʝʥʠʢ ʩʧʨʦʩʠʣ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ, ʢʘʢʘʷ ʧʦʣʴʟʘ ʦʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʦʥ ʠʟʫʯʘʝʪ. ɿʘʢʦʥʯʠʚ ʫʨʦʢ, ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʩʷ ʢ ʨʘʙʫ ʠ, ʫʢʘʟʘʚ ʥʘ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʘ, ʩʢʘʟʘʣ: çɼʘʡ ʝʤʫ ʦʙʦʣ, ʠʙʦ ʦʥ ʞʝʣʘʝʪ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ʦʪ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʠʟʫʯʘʝʪè. ɺʩʢʦʨʝ ʵʪʦʪ ʫʯʝʥʠʢ ʙʳʣ ʠʟʛʥʘʥ.

ɿʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʧʨʦʚʝʣ ʟʘ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʠʝʤ çʅʘʯʘʣè � ʫʯʝʙʥʠʢʘ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ, ʠʤʝʚʰʝʛʦ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʴʰʠʡ ʫʩʧʝʭ ʟʘ ʚʩʶ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʪʚʘ. ɺʧʣʦʪʴ ʜʦ XX ʚʝʢʘ çʅʘʯʘʣʘè ʙʳʣʠ ʚʪʦʨʳʤ ʙʝʩʪʩʝʣʣʝʨʦʤ ʧʦʩʣʝ ɹʠʙʣʠʠ. çʅʘʯʘʣʘè ʩʦʩʪʦʷʪ ʠʟ ʪʨʠʥʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʢʥʠʛ, ʯʘʩʪʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʧʦʩʚʷʱʝʥʘ ʠʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʶ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʚ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ, ʘ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʢʦʤʧʠʣʷʮʠʶ ʚʩʝʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʟʥʘʥʠʡ ʝʛʦ ʚʝʢʘ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ ʯʣʝʥʦʚ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʘ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʶʪ ʜʚʝ ʢʥʠʛʠ. ɿʘ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷ, ʧʨʦʰʝʜʰʠʝ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʢʦʥʯʠʥʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʣʠ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʨʘʟʥʦʦʙʨʘʟʥʳʭ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʠʝʤʦʚ, ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʤʳʭ ʚ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʭ, ʠ ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʠʩʢʫʩʥʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣ ʚ çʅʘʯʘʣʘʭè ʚʩʝ ʵʪʠ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ. ɺ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʣ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʦʨʫʞʠʝ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʝ ʢʘʢ reductio ad absurdum, ʠʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ. ʕʪʦʪ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʚʨʘʱʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʭʠʪʨʦʫʤʥʦʡ ʠʜʝʠ: ʯʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʧʨʝʞʜʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʘ. ɼʘʣʝʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʠʟʫʯʘʝʪ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʘ. ɺ ʢʘʢʦʤ-ʪʦ ʧʫʥʢʪʝ ʚ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʮʝʧʦʯʢʝ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʝ (ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʚʳʷʩʥʷʝʪʩʷ, ʯʪʦ 2+2=5). ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʧʠʪʘʝʪ ʥʝʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʠʤʦʝ ʦʪʚʨʘʱʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʷʤ. ʆʪʩʶʜʘ ʜʝʣʘʝʪʩʷ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʘ, ʪ.ʝ. ʦʥʘ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʘ.

ɸʥʛʣʠʡʩʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ɻ. ɻ. ʍʘʨʜʠ ʢʨʘʪʢʦ ʚʳʨʘʟʠʣ ʜʫʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ çɸʧʦʣʦʛʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘè: çReductio ad absurdum, ʩʪʦʣʴ ʣʶʙʠʤʦʝ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʦʤ, � ʦʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʳʭ ʦʨʫʜʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ. ʕʪʦ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʥʢʠʡ ʛʘʤʙʠʪ, ʯʝʤ ʣʶʙʘʷ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʘʷ ʧʘʨʪʠʷ: ʰʘʭʤʘʪʠʩʪ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʞʝʨʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʝʰʢʦʡ ʠʣʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʬʠʛʫʨʦʡ, ʥʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʞʝʨʪʚʫʝʪ ʧʘʨʪʠʝʡè.

ʆʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ � ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʭ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʇʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʳ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʘʤʠ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤʠ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷʤʠ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ, ʥʦ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚʳʟʳʚʘʣʦ ʫ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʩʠʣʴʥʦʝ ʦʪʚʨʘʱʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʣ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ.

ʂʦʛʜʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʧʨʦʚʦʟʛʣʘʩʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ɺʩʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʫʧʨʘʚʣʷʶʪ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʦʥ ʠʤʝʣ ʚ ʚʠʜʫ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʠ ʠʭ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ, ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʝ ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ. ʀʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʞʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʥʝ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʥʠ ʮʝʣʳʤ, ʥʠ ʜʨʦʙʴʶ, ʠ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʵʪʦ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʫ ʦʪʚʨʘʪʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ. ɼʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʳ, ʯʪʦ ʠʭ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʭ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʳʭ ʜʨʦʙʝʡ ʠʣʠ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʭ ʧʝʨʠʦʜʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʜʨʦʙʝʡ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʪʘʢʘʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʘʷ ʧʝʨʠʦʜʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʥʝʧʨʝʨʳʚʥʘʷ ʜʨʦʙʴ, ʢʘʢ 0,111111..., � ʯʠʩʣʦ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʠ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʦʝ: ʦʥʦ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʜʨʦʙʠ 1/9. ʊʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʘ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʷʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʝʥʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʟ, ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ ʣʠʰʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʘʥʥʦʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʠ ʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʦʡ. ɺ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʴ ʪʘʢʘʷ ʩʪʨʦʛʘʷ ʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦʩʪʴ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʥʝʦʜʥʦʢʨʘʪʥʦʝ (ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ � ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʢʨʘʪʥʦʝ) ʧʦʚʪʦʨʝʥʠʝ, ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʜʘʥʥʫʶ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʫʶ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʫʶ ʜʨʦʙʴ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʠ. ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʚʳ

ʟʘʭʦʪʠʪʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʠ, ʪʦ ʫ ʚʘʩ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʩʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʘʷ ʜʨʦʙʴ, ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʠ ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʦʙʦʟʨʠʤʦʡ.

ɼʣʷ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʠʜʝʷ ʢʨʘʩʦʪʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʘ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ (ʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʠ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʳʝ ʜʨʦʙʠ) ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʪ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʝ. ʕʪʘ ʧʫʪʝʚʦʜʥʘʷ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʷ ʦʩʣʝʧʠʣʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʥʝ ʜʘʚʘʷ ʝʤʫ ʫʚʠʜʝʪʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʠ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʜʘʞʝ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʘ ʢ ʢʘʟʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʝʛʦ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʦʚ. ʃʝʛʝʥʜʘ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʦʚ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʧʦ ʠʤʝʥʠ ɻʠʧʧʘʩ ʥʘ ʜʦʩʫʛʝ ʟʘʙʘʚʣʷʣʩʷ ʩ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ ã2, ʧʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪʥʫʶ ʝʤʫ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʫʶ ʜʨʦʙʴ. ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʦʥ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʠ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ, ʪ.ʝ. ã2 � ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ. ʉʦʚʝʨʰʠʚ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʚʘʞʥʦʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ, ɻʠʧʧʘʩ, ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ, ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʚ ʥʝʦʧʠʩʫʝʤʳʡ ʚʦʩʪʦʨʛ, ʯʝʛʦ ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʦ ʝʛʦ ʫʯʠʪʝʣʝ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʷʣ ʚʩʝ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʷʱʝʝ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʠ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩʪʘʚʠʣʦ ʧʦʜ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʝ ʝʛʦ ʠʜʝʘʣ. ʆʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ ɻʠʧʧʘʩʘ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʚʣʝʯʴ ʟʘ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʧʝʨʠʦʜ ʩʧʦʨʦʚ ʠ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʡ, ʠ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʫ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʠʩʪʦʯʥʠʢ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʅʦ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʥʝ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʟʘʙʣʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʚ ʪʦ ʞʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʨʘʟʨʫʰʠʪʴ ʘʨʛʫʤʝʥʪʘʮʠʶ ɻʠʧʧʘʩʘ ʩʠʣʦʡ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ. ʂ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʚʝʯʥʦʤʫ ʧʦʟʦʨʫ, ʦʥ ʧʨʠʛʦʚʦʨʠʣ ɻʠʧʧʘʩʘ ʢ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʫʪʦʧʣʝʥʠʝ.

ʆʪʝʮ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʝʪʦʜʘ ʧʨʠʙʝʛ ʢ ʩʠʣʝ, ʥʦ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʧʨʘʚ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʝʛʦ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʧʦʟʦʨʥʳʤ ʜʝʷʥʠʝʤ ʠ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʝʡ ʪʨʘʛʝʜʠʝʡ ʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʀʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʦʙʨʝʣʠ çʧʨʘʚʘ ʛʨʘʞʜʘʥʩʪʚʘè ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ.

ɺʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ ʛʠʛʘʥʪʩʢʠʡ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʠ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʙʨʦʩʠʪʴ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʟʘ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʳ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʜʨʦʙʝʡ, ʦʛʣʷʜʝʪʴʩʷ ʠ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʪʴ ʠʣʠ, ʙʳʪʴ ʤʦʞʝʪ, ʠʟʦʙʨʝʪʘʪʴ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʇʦ ʩʣʦʚʘʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ XIX ʚʝʢʘ ʃʝʦʧʦʣʴʜʘ ʂʨʦʥʝʢʝʨʘ: çɹʦʛ ʩʦʟʜʘʣ ʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ; ʚʩʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʜʝʣʦ ʨʫʢ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʢʠʭè.

ʉʘʤʳʤ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ ʧʦ ʧʨʘʚʫ ʩʯʠʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʯʠʩʣʦ ˊ. ɺ ʰʢʦʣʝ ʝʛʦ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʟʘʤʝʥʷʶʪ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʞʝʥʥʳʤ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝʤ 31/7 ʠʣʠ 3,14. ʀʩʪʠʥʥʦʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ˊ ʙʣʠʞʝ ʢ 3,14159265358979323846, ʥʦ ʠ ʵʪʘ ʜʣʠʥʥʘʷ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʘʷ ʜʨʦʙʴ � ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʞʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʤʫ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʶ ʯʠʩʣʘ ˊ. ɺ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʞʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ˊ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʪʦʯʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʠ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʘʷ ʜʨʦʙʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʡ ʠ ʚ ʨʘʩʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʠ ʮʠʬʨ ʥʝʪ ʥʠʢʘʢʦʡ ʟʘʢʦʥʦʤʝʨʥʦʩʪʠ. ʆʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʩʣʫʯʘʡʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʮʠʬʨ ʚ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʦʡ ʟʘʧʠʩʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ ˊ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʴ ʝʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ:

ˊ = 4(1 � 13 + 15 �

17 +

19 �

111 +

113 �

115 + ... ) .

ɺʳʯʠʩʣʠʚ ʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʯʣʝʥʦʚ, ʚʳ ʤʦʞʝʪʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʛʨʫʙʦʝ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʞʝʥʠʝ ʢ ˊ, ʦʜʥʘʢʦ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʜʘʶʪ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʭʦʨʦʰʝʝ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʞʝʥʠʝ.

ɺʦʦʙʱʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʜʣʷ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʜʣʠʥʳ ʦʢʨʫʞʥʦʩʪʠ ɺʩʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʩ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʜʦ ʨʘʜʠʫʩʘ ʘʪʦʤʘ

ʚʦʜʦʨʦʜʘ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʟʥʘʥʠʝ 39 ʟʥʘʢʦʚ ʯʠʩʣʘ ˊ. ʊʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ, ʵʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʝʰʘʝʪ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʘʤ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʷʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦ ˊ ʥʘ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʝ ʩ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦʤ ʟʥʘʢʦʚ. ʊʝʢʫʱʠʡ ʨʝʢʦʨʜ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʗʩʫʤʘʩʝ ʂʘʥʘʜʝ ʠʟ ʊʦʢʠʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚ 1996 ʛʦʜʫ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʣ 6 ʤʠʣʣʠʘʨʜʦʚ ʟʥʘʢʦʚ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ ˊ. ʅʝʜʘʚʥʦ ʧʨʦʰʝʣ ʩʣʫʭ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʨʫʩʩʢʠʝ ʧʦ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʙʨʘʪʴʷ ʏʫʜʥʦʚʩʢʠʝ ʠʟ ʅʴʶ-ʁʦʨʢʘ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʣʠ 8 ʤʠʣʣʠʘʨʜʦʚ ʟʥʘʢʦʚ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ ˊ ʠ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʴ ʪʨʠʣʣʠʦʥ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʳʭ ʟʥʘʢʦʚ. ɽʩʣʠ ʂʘʥʘʜʘ ʠʣʠ ʙʨʘʪʴʷ ʏʫʜʥʦʚʩʢʠʝ ʚʦʟʥʘʤʝʨʠʣʠʩʴ ʙʳ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʠʭ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʳ ʥʝ ʠʩʯʝʨʧʘʶʪ ʚʩʶ ʵʥʝʨʛʠʶ ʚʦ ɺʩʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ, ʪʦ ʠ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʠʤ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ˊ. ʅʝʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ ʥʘʩʪʘʠʚʘʣ ʥʘ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʚʝʜʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ çʟʚʝʨʝʡè ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʝʤ ʣʠʰʴ ʫʟʢʦʛʦ ʢʨʫʛʘ ʧʦʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʳʭ.

ɿʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ˊ ʩ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ 1500 ʟʥʘʢʘʤʠ3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067982148086513282306647093844609550582231725359408128481117450284102701938521105559644622948954930381964428810975665933446128475648233786783165271201909145648566923460348610454326648213393607260249141273724587006606315588174881520920962829254091715364367892590360011330530548820466521384146951941511609433057270365759591953092186117381932611793105118548074462379962749567351885752724891227938183011949129833673362440656643086021394946395224737190702179860943702770539217176293176752384674818467669405132000568127145263560827785771342757789609173637178721468440901224953430146549585371050792279689258923542019956112129021960864034418159813629774771309960518707211349999998372978049951059731732816096318595024459455346908302642522308253344685035261931188171010003137838752886587533208381420617177669147303598253490428755468731159562863882353787593751957781857780532171226806613001927876611195909216420198938095257201065485863278865936153381827968230301952035301852968995773622599413891249721775283479131515574857242454150695950829533116861727855889075098381754637464939319255060400927701671139009848824012858361603563707660104710181942955596198946767837449448255379774726847104047534646208046684259069491293313677028989152104752162056966024058038150193511253382430035587640247496473263914199272604269922796782354781636009341721641219924586315030286182974555706749838505494588586926995690927210797509302955321165344987202755960236480665491198818347977535663698074265425278625518184175746728909777727938000816470200161452491921732172147723501414419735

ʂʦʛʜʘ ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʦʪʚʘʞʠʣʩʷ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʚ ʜʝʩʷʪʦʤ ʪʦʤʝ çʅʘʯʘʣè, ʝʛʦ ʮʝʣʴ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʘ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦʛʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ

ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʠ. ɺʤʝʩʪʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʘ ˊ, ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʣ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʡ ʢʦʨʝʥʴ ʠʟ ʜʚʫʭ, ã2, � ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʧʨʠ ʫʤʥʦʞʝʥʠʠ ʥʘ ʩʝʙʷ ʜʘʝʪ ʯʠʩʣʦ 2. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ã2 ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʠ, ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ ʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ã2 ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʠ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʦʥ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʜʨʦʙʴ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʫʧʨʦʩʪʠʪʴ. ʋʧʨʦʱʝʥʠʝ ʜʨʦʙʠ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴ ʠ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʘʪʝʣʴ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʜʝʣʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʦʜʥʦ ʠ ʪʦ ʞʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʜʨʦʙʴ 8/12 ʤʦʞʥʦ ʫʧʨʦʩʪʠʪʴ, ʩʦʢʨʘʪʠʚ ʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴ ʠ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʘʪʝʣʴ ʥʘ 2 ʠ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʚ ʝʝ ʚ ʜʨʦʙʴ 4/6. ɺ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʴ, ʜʨʦʙʴ 4/6 ʤʦʞʥʦ ʫʧʨʦʩʪʠʪʴ ʜʦ 2/3, ʘ ʚʦʪ ʜʨʦʙʴ 2/3 ʫʞʝ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʤʫ ʫʧʨʦʱʝʥʠʶ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʜʘʝʪʩʷ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʩʦʢʨʘʪʠʤʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʴʶ. ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʜʨʦʙʴ, ʧʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʱʘʷ ʯʠʩʣʦ ã2, ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʫʧʨʦʱʘʝʤʘ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʠ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʨʘʟ, ʥʦ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʢ ʥʝʩʦʢʨʘʪʠʤʦʤʫ ʚʠʜʫ. ʅʦ ʵʪʦ ʥʝʣʝʧʦ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʚʩʝ ʜʨʦʙʠ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʤʳ ʢ ʥʝʩʦʢʨʘʪʠʤʦʤʫ ʚʠʜʫ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʜʨʦʙʴ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ. ʕʪʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ã2 ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʜʨʦʙʠ ʠ, ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦ. ʍʦʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥ ʚ ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ 2.

ʀʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ, ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɼʦ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʚʩʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʣʶʜʠ ʠʤʝʣʠ ʜʝʣʦ, ʙʳʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʳ ʢʘʢ ʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʠʣʠ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʳʝ ʜʨʦʙʠ, ʥʦ ʝʚʢʣʠʜʦʚʳ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʠʛʥʦʨʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʦʥʥʦʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʅʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʠʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʘ ʦʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʨʘʚʥʦʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʦʤʫ ʢʦʨʥʶ ʠʟ 2, ʢʘʢ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʚ ʝʛʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ã2, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʝʛʦ ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʠ, ʘ ʣʶʙʘʷ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ã2 ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʠ ʥʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʞʝʥʠʷ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, 1,414213562373...

ʍʦʪʷ ɽʚʢʣʠʜ, ʥʝʩʦʤʥʝʥʥʦ, ʧʠʪʘʣ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʢ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʝʛʦ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʡ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʙʳʣ ʩʜʝʣʘʥ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ. ʀʩʪʠʥʥʦʡ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʴʶ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʷ, ʠ ʠʟ ʪʨʠʥʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʢʥʠʛ, ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʱʠʭ çʅʘʯʘʣʘè, ʢʥʠʛʠ I�VI ʧʦʩʚʷʱʝʥʳ ʧʣʘʥʠʤʝʪʨʠʠ (ʜʚʫʤʝʨʥʦʡ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ), ʘ ʢʥʠʛʠ XI�XIII � ʩʪʝʨʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ. ʕʪʦʪ ʩʚʦʜ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʟʥʘʥʠʡ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʣʥʳʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʥʠʝ çʅʘʯʘʣè ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʦ ʦʩʥʦʚʫ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤ ʧʦ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ ʚ ʰʢʦʣʘʭ ʠ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘʭ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʭ ʜʚʫʭ ʪʳʩʷʯ ʣʝʪ.

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʤ, ʩʦʩʪʘʚʠʚʰʠʤ ʧʦʜʦʙʥʳʡ ʩʚʦʜ ʟʥʘʥʠʡ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʩʪʘʣ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʠʡ, ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʡ ʟʘʱʠʪʥʠʢ ʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʠ. ʍʦʪʷ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʷ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʟʘʜʦʢʫʤʝʥʪʠʨʦʚʘʥʳ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʢʥʠʛʘʭ, ʧʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʤ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʥʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ. ʅʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʛʜʝ ʦʥ ʨʦʜʠʣʩʷ. ɺ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʶ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ ʤʦʛ ʧʨʠʙʳʪʴ ʚ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ çʦʢʥʘè, ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʚ ʧʷʪʴ ʚʝʢʦʚ! ɺ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʷʭ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ ʮʠʪʠʨʫʝʪ ɻʠʧʩʠʢʣʘ, ʠʟ ʯʝʛʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʚʳʚʦʜ, ʯʪʦ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ ʞʠʣ ʧʦʩʣʝ 150 ʛʦʜʘ ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.; ʩ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ, ʪʨʫʜʳ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʮʠʪʠʨʫʝʪ ʊʝʦʥ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʠʡ, ʠʟ ʯʝʛʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ ʞʠʣ ʜʦ 364 ʛʦʜʘ ʥ.ʵ. ʈʘʟʫʤʥʦʡ ʦʙʳʯʥʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʜʘʪʘ � ʦʢʦʣʦ 250 ʛʦʜʘ ʥ.ʵ. ɼʦʩʪʦʚʝʨʥʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʩʚʦʝʦʙʨʘʟʥʦʝ ʞʠʟʥʝʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʝ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ. ʇʦ ʧʨʝʜʘʥʠʶ, ʦʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʳʩʝʯʝʥʦ ʥʘ ʝʛʦ ʥʘʜʛʨʦʙʠʠ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ, ʩʣʦʚʥʦ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʥʘʟʥʘʯʝʥʥʦʡ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʷʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ:

çɹʦʛ ʥʠʩʧʦʩʣʘʣ ʝʤʫ ʙʳʪʴ ʤʘʣʴʯʠʢʦʤ ʰʝʩʪʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʞʠʟʥʠ; ʜʦʙʘʚʠʚ ʢ ʩʝʤʫ ʜʚʝʥʘʜʮʘʪʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ, ʆʥ ʧʦʢʨʳʣ ʝʛʦ ʱʝʢʠ ʧʫʰʢʦʤ; ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʝʜʴʤʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʆʥ ʟʘʞʝʛ ʝʤʫ ʩʚʝʪ ʩʫʧʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʯʝʨʝʟ

ʧʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʚʩʪʫʧʣʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʙʨʘʢ ʜʘʨʦʚʘʣ ʝʤʫ ʩʳʥʘ. ʋʚʳ! ʅʝʩʯʘʩʪʥʳʡ ʧʦʟʜʥʠʡ ʨʝʙʝʥʦʢ, ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʚ ʤʝʨʳ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʳ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʦʪʮʘ, ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʫʥʝʩʝʥ ʙʝʟʞʘʣʦʩʪʥʳʤ ʨʦʢʦʤ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʛʦʜʘ, ʫʪʝʰʘʷ ʧʦʩʪʠʛʰʝʝ ʝʛʦ ʛʦʨʝ ʥʘʫʢʦʡ ʦ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʦʥ [ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ] ʟʘʚʝʨʰʠʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʞʠʟʥʴè.

ʊʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʞʠʟʥʠ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ. ʈʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʵʪʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʦ ʚ ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ 3.

ʕʪʘ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʣʫʞʠʪʴ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʦʤ ʟʘʜʘʯ ʪʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʣʶʙʠʣ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ. ʆʥ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʟʠʨʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʟʘʜʘʯ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʅʳʥʝ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʜʠʦʬʘʥʪʦʚʳʭ. ɼʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʧʨʦʪʝʢʘʣʘ ʚ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʠ, ʦʥ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʣ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʝ ʠ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʳʚʘʣ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʘ ʧʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʦʙʲʝʜʠʥʠʣ ʠʭ ʚ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʤ ʪʨʫʜʝ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘè. ʀʟ ʪʨʠʥʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʢʥʠʛ, ʚʭʦʜʠʚʰʠʭ ʚ ʩʦʩʪʘʚ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè, ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʧʝʨʝʞʠʣʠ ʭʘʦʩ ʉʨʝʜʥʠʭ ʚʝʢʦʚ ʠ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʠʩʪʦʯʥʠʢʦʤ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʝʥʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʵʧʦʭʠ ɺʦʟʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʠ ʜʣʷ ʇʴʝʨʘ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʆʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʩʝʤʴ ʢʥʠʛ ʧʦʛʠʙʣʠ ʚ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʮʝʧʦʯʢʠ ʪʨʘʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʪʙʨʦʩʠʣʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʢ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʘʤ ʜʨʝʚʥʠʭ ʚʘʚʠʣʦʥʷʥ.

ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʡ, ʨʘʟʜʝʣʷʶʱʠʭ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʠ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ, ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʷ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʥʪʝʣʣʝʢʪʫʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʪʦʣʠʮʝʡ ʮʠʚʠʣʠʟʦʚʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ, ʥʦ ʚʝʩʴ ʵʪʦʪ ʧʝʨʠʦʜ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʡ ʛʦʨʦʜ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʧʦʜ ʫʛʨʦʟʦʡ ʥʘʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʠʥʦʩʪʨʘʥʥʳʭ ʘʨʤʠʡ. ʇʝʨʚʦʝ ʢʨʫʧʥʦʝ ʥʘʧʘʜʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʦ ʚ 47 ʛʦʜʫ ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ., ʢʦʛʜʘ ʖʣʠʡ ʎʝʟʘʨʴ ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʫ ʩʙʨʦʩʠʪʴ ʂʣʝʦʧʘʪʨʫ ʩ ʪʨʦʥʘ, ʧʨʝʜʘʚ ʩʦʞʞʝʥʠʶ ʘʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʠʡ ʬʣʦʪ. ɹʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘ, ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʥʝʧʦʜʘʣʝʢʫ ʦʪ ʛʘʚʘʥʠ, ʩʠʣʴʥʦ ʧʦʩʪʨʘʜʘʣʘ ʦʪ ʧʦʞʘʨʘ. ʉʦʪʥʠ ʪʳʩʷʯ ʢʥʠʛ ʧʦʛʠʙʣʠ. ʂ ʩʯʘʩʪʴʶ ʜʣʷ ʥʘʫʢʠ, ʂʣʝʦʧʘʪʨʘ ʧʦ ʜʦʩʪʦʠʥʩʪʚʫ ʮʝʥʠʣʘ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ɹʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʠ ʠ ʨʝʰʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʚʦʟʥʘʤʝʨʠʣʘʩʴ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʝʝ ʚ ʧʨʝʞʥʝʡ ʩʣʘʚʝ. ʄʘʨʢ ɸʥʪʦʥʠʡ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʫʪʴ ʢ ʩʝʨʜʮʫ ʧʨʦʩʚʝʱʝʥʥʦʡ ʮʘʨʠʮʳ ʣʝʞʠʪ ʯʝʨʝʟ ɹʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʫ, ʠ ʧʦʰʝʣ ʤʘʨʰʝʤ ʥʘ ʇʝʨʛʘʤ. ɺ ʵʪʦʤ ʛʦʨʦʜʝ ʫʞʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʟʘʣʦʞʝʥʘ ʩʚʦʷ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘ. ʇʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʠ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʠʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʝʤ ʦʥʘ ʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʙʦʛʘʪʳʤ ʢʥʠʛʦʭʨʘʥʠʣʠʱʝʤ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ, ʥʦ ʄʘʨʢ ɸʥʪʦʥʠʡ ʧʦʤʝʰʘʣ ʩʙʳʪʴʩʷ ʵʪʠʤ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʘʤ, ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʚ ʚʩʝ ʩʦʙʨʘʥʠʝ ʢʥʠʛ ʚ ɽʛʠʧʝʪ ʠ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʚ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʛʣʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʦ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʠ.

ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʭ ʚʝʢʦʚ ɹʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʘ ʧʦʧʦʣʥʷʪʴ ʩʚʦʶ ʢʦʣʣʝʢʮʠʶ � ʜʦ 389 ʛʦʜʘ ʥ.ʵ., ʢʦʛʜʘ ʝʡ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʥʝʩʝʥ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʠʟ ʜʚʫʭ ʨʦʢʦʚʳʭ ʫʜʘʨʦʚ. ʇʨʠʯʠʥʦʡ ʦʙʦʠʭ ʫʜʘʨʦʚ ʩʪʘʣ ʨʝʣʠʛʠʦʟʥʳʡ ʬʘʥʘʪʠʟʤ. ɺʠʟʘʥʪʠʡʩʢʠʡ ʠʤʧʝʨʘʪʦʨ ʌʝʦʜʦʩʠʡ ʧʨʠʢʘʟʘʣ ʝʧʠʩʢʦʧʫ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʦʤʫ ʊʝʦʬʠʣʫ ʨʘʟʨʫʰʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʷʟʳʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʤʦʥʫʤʝʥʪʳ. ʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʘʚʣʠʚʘʷ ʠ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʷʷ ɹʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʫ, ʂʣʝʦʧʘʪʨʘ ʨʝʰʠʣʘ ʦʪʚʝʩʪʠ ʧʦʜ ʥʝʝ ʭʨʘʤ ʉʝʨʘʧʠʩʘ. ʇʦ ʧʨʠʢʘʟʫ ʠʤʧʝʨʘʪʦʨʘ, ʵʪʦ ʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʨʘʟʨʫʰʝʥʦ, ʘ çʷʟʳʯʝʩʢʠʝè ʫʯʝʥʳʝ, ʧʳʪʘʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʩʧʘʩʪʠ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ, ʥʘʢʦʧʣʝʥʥʳʝ ʟʘ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʚʝʢʦʚ, ʨʘʩʪʝʨʟʘʥʳ ʪʦʣʧʦʡ ʬʘʥʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ʅʘʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʤʨʘʯʥʘʷ ʵʨʘ ʉʨʝʜʥʠʭ ʚʝʢʦʚ.

ʅʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʨʘʛʦʮʝʥʥʳʭ ʵʢʟʝʤʧʣʷʨʦʚ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʘʞʥʳʭ ʢʥʠʛ ʧʝʨʝʞʠʣʠ ʙʦʡʥʶ, ʫʯʠʥʝʥʥʫʶ ʭʨʠʩʪʠʘʥʘʤʠ, ʠ ʫʯʝʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʠ ʥʘʚʝʜʳʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʶ ʚ ʧʦʠʩʢʘʭ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ. ʅʦ ʚ 642 ʛʦʜʫ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ ʥʘʧʘʜʝʥʠʝ ʤʫʩʫʣʴʤʘʥ. ʅʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʨʘʟ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʭʨʠʩʪʠʘʥʝ. ʅʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʯʪʦ ʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʩ ɹʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʦʡ, ʦʜʝʨʞʘʚʰʠʡ ʧʦʙʝʜʫ ʭʘʣʠʬ ʆʤʘʨ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʢʥʠʛʠ, ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʘʱʠʝ ʂʦʨʘʥʫ, ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʫʥʠʯʪʦʞʝʥʳ ʢʘʢ ʚʨʝʜʦʥʦʩʥʳʝ, ʘ ʢʥʠʛʠ, ʩʦʛʣʘʩʫʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʩ ʂʦʨʘʥʦʤ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʫʥʠʯʪʦʞʝʥʳ ʢʘʢ ʠʟʣʠʰʥʠʝ. ʈʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʙʨʦʰʝʥʳ ʚ ʧʝʯʠ,

ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʦʪʘʧʣʠʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʫʙʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʙʘʥʠ, ʠ ʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʜʳʤ. ʅʝ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʘʷ ʯʘʩʪʴ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʫʥʠʯʪʦʞʝʥʥʦʡ. ʉʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʯʫʜʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʢʥʠʛ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ʩʤʦʛʣʠ ʫʮʝʣʝʪʴ, ʧʝʨʝʞʠʚ ʪʨʘʛʝʜʠʶ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʠ.

ʉʣʝʜʫʶʱʫʶ ʪʳʩʷʯʫ ʣʝʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʥʘ ɿʘʧʘʜʝ ʧʨʝʙʳʚʘʣʘ ʚ ʫʧʘʜʢʝ, ʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʫʯʝʥʳʭ ʀʥʜʠʠ ʠ ɸʨʘʚʠʠ ʥʝ ʜʘʣʠ ʝʡ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʫʛʘʩʥʫʪʴ. ʆʥʠ ʩʢʦʧʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʳ ʠʟ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʝʡ ʠ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʟʘʥʦʚʦ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʳʚʘʪʴ ʜʣʷ ʵʪʠʭ ʬʦʨʤʫʣ ʫʪʨʘʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʦʥʠ ʧʦʧʦʣʥʠʣʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʥʦʚʳʤʠ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʤʠ ʠ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʧʨʦʯʝʛʦ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʣʠ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʥʫʣʴ.

ɺ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʥʫʣʴ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʝʪ ʜʚʝ ʬʫʥʢʮʠʠ. ɺʦ-ʧʝʨʚʳʭ, ʥʫʣʴ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʥʘʤ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʘʪʴ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʢʘʢ 52 ʠ 502. ɺ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʝ ʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʮʠʬʨʳ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʷʝʪ ʝʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ, ʩʠʤʚʦʣ 0 ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤ ʜʣʷ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ ʧʫʩʪʦʡ ʧʦʟʠʮʠʠ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, 52 ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ 5 ʨʘʟ ʧʦ ʜʝʩʷʪʴ ʧʣʶʩ 2 ʨʘʟʘ ʧʦ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʝ, ʚ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʢʘʢ 502 ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ 5 ʨʘʟ ʧʦ ʩʪʦ, 0 ʨʘʟ ʧʦ ʜʝʩʷʪʴ ʠ 2 ʨʘʟʘ ʧʦ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʝ. ʅʫʣʴ ʠʛʨʘʝʪ ʨʝʰʘʶʱʫʶ ʨʦʣʴ ʧʨʠ ʫʩʪʨʘʥʝʥʠʠ ʥʝʦʜʥʦʟʥʘʯʥʦʩʪʠ. ɼʘʞʝ ʚʘʚʠʣʦʥʷʥʝ, ʞʠʚʰʠʝ ʟʘ ʪʨʠ ʪʳʩʷʯʠ ʣʝʪ ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ., ʦʮʝʥʠʣʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʥʫʣʷ ʚʦ ʠʟʙʝʞʘʥʠʝ ʧʫʪʘʥʠʮʳ, ʠ ʛʨʝʢʠ ʚʦʩʧʨʠʥʷʣʠ ʠʜʝʠ ʚʘʚʠʣʦʥʷʥ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʢʨʫʞʦʢ, ʧʦʭʦʞʠʡ ʥʘ ʪʦʪ ʩʠʤʚʦʣ ʥʫʣʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʳ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʤ ʩʝʛʦʜʥʷ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ ʥʫʣʴ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʝʪ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʥʫ, ʙʦʣʝʝ ʜʝʣʠʢʘʪʥʫʶ ʠ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ, ʬʫʥʢʮʠʶ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʦʮʝʥʠʣʠ ʣʠʰʴ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʡ ʠʥʜʠʡʩʢʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʆʥʠ ʦʩʦʟʥʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʥʫʣʴ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʟʥʘʯʘʱʠʤʠ ʮʠʬʨʘʤʠ, ʥʦ ʠ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʩʘʤ ʧʦ ʩʝʙʝ, ʥʝʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʦ ʦʪ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʊʘʢ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʦʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ çʥʠʯʝʛʦè ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʦʙʨʝʣʦ ʩʚʦʡ ʦʩʷʟʘʝʤʳʡ ʩʠʤʚʦʣ.

ʉʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʶ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʪʝʥʠʝ ʥʫʣʷ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʪʨʠʚʠʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʰʘʛʦʤ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʟʘʙʳʚʘʪʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʚʪʦʨʘʷ, ʙʦʣʝʝ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʘʷ ʬʫʥʢʮʠʷ ʥʫʣʷ ʫʩʢʦʣʴʟʥʫʣʘ ʦʪ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʦʚ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ɸʨʠʩʪʦʪʝʣʷ. ʇʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ ɸʨʠʩʪʦʪʝʣʷ ʥʫʣʴ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʙʳʪʴ ʦʙʲʷʚʣʝʥ ʚʥʝ ʟʘʢʦʥʘ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʦʥ ʥʘʨʫʰʘʣ ʝʜʠʥʦʦʙʨʘʟʠʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ: ʜʝʣʝʥʠʝ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʘ ʥʫʣʴ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʣʦ ʢ ʥʝʧʦʩʪʠʞʠʤʦʤʫ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʫ. ʂ VI ʚʝʢʫ ʠʥʜʠʡʩʢʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʫʞʝ ʥʝ ʟʘʤʝʪʘʣʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʥʫʣʷ ʧʦʜ ʢʦʚʝʨ, ʘ ʠʥʜʠʡʩʢʠʡ ʫʯʝʥʳʡ VII ʚʝʢʘ ɹʨʘʭʤʘʛʫʧʪʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʫʞʝ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʠʩʢʫʰʝʥʥʳʤ, ʯʪʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʥʫʣʴ ʜʣʷ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ.

ɺ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʢʘʢ ɽʚʨʦʧʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʣʘ ʙʣʘʛʦʨʦʜʥʳʡ ʧʦʠʩʢ ʠʩʪʠʥʳ, ʀʥʜʠʷ ʠ ɸʨʘʚʠʷ ʫʢʨʝʧʣʷʣʠ ʟʥʘʥʠʝ, ʪʘʡʥʦ ʧʦʭʠʱʝʥʥʦʝ ʥʘ ʧʝʧʝʣʠʱʝ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʠ, ʠ ʠʟʣʘʛʘʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʥʘ ʥʦʚʦʤ, ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʳʨʘʟʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʷʟʳʢʝ. ʀʥʜʠʡʩʢʠʝ ʠ ʘʨʘʙʩʢʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʧʦʣʥʠʣʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʩʣʦʚʘʨʴ ʥʫʣʝʤ, ʥʦ ʠ ʟʘʤʝʥʠʣʠ ʧʨʠʤʠʪʠʚʥʳʝ ʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʩʠʤʚʦʣʳ ʠ ʥʝʫʢʣʶʞʠʝ ʨʠʤʩʢʠʝ ʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʦʙʱʝʧʨʠʥʷʪʦʡ ʠ ʥʳʥʝ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʦʡ ʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ. ʇʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʝ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʝ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʚʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʥʫʣʷ, ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʠʯʪʦʞʥʦ ʤʘʣʳʤ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʞʝʥʠʝʤ, ʥʦ ʧʦʧʨʦʙʫʡʪʝ ʫʤʥʦʞʠʪʴ CLV ʥʘ DCI, ʠ ʚʳ ʦʮʝʥʠʪʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʨʳʚʘ: ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪʥʘʷ ʟʘʜʘʯʘ ʫʤʥʦʞʝʥʠʷ 155 ʥʘ 601 ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʧʨʦʱʝ. ʈʘʟʚʠʪʠʝ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʥʘʫʯʥʦʡ ʜʠʩʮʠʧʣʠʥʳ ʟʘʚʠʩʠʪ ʦʪ ʝʝ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʩʪʠ ʨʘʟʚʠʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʜʝʠ ʠ ʦʙʤʝʥʠʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʤʠ, ʘ ʵʪʦ ʚ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʴ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʥʘʫʯʥʳʤ ʷʟʳʢʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʳʤ ʠ ʛʠʙʢʠʤ. ʀʜʝʠ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʠ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʣʠʩʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʠʟʷʱʝʩʪʚʦʤ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʛʨʫʙʦʝ ʠ ʥʝʫʢʣʶʞʝʝ ʦʬʦʨʤʣʝʥʠʝ, ʥʦ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʘ ʚ ʘʨʘʙʩʢʫʶ ʩʠʤʚʦʣʠʢʫ ʦʥʠ ʨʘʩʮʚʝʣʠ ʠ ʧʨʠʥʝʩʣʠ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʧʣʦʜʦʚ, ʧʦʨʦʜʠʚ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʠ ʙʦʛʘʪʳʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ.

ɺ X ʚʝʢʝ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʠʡ ʫʯʝʥʳʡ ɻʝʨʙʝʨʪ ɸʚʨʠʣʘʢʩʢʠʡ ʧʝʨʝʥʷʣ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʫ ʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʫ ʠʩʧʘʥʩʢʠʭ ʤʘʚʨʦʚ ʠ, ʟʘʥʠʤʘʷʩʴ ʧʨʝʧʦʜʘʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʚ ʮʝʨʢʚʘʭ ʠ ʰʢʦʣʘʭ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʡ ɽʚʨʦʧʝ, ʚʥʝʜʨʠʣ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʫ ʥʘ ɿʘʧʘʜʝ. ɺ 999 ʛʦʜʫ ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʠʟʙʨʘʥ ʧʘʧʦʡ ʉʠʣʴʚʝʩʪʨʦʤ II, ʠ ʵʪʦ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʦ ʝʤʫ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʤʫ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʝʥʠʶ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʠʥʜʦ-ʘʨʘʙʩʢʠʭ ʮʠʬʨ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʘʷ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʳ ʩʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʣʘ ʧʦʜʣʠʥʥʳʡ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʨʦʪ ʚ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʠ ʚʩʝʭ ʩʯʝʪʥʳʭ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʡ ʠ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳʩʪʨʦ ʚʦʩʧʨʠʥʷʪʘ ʢʫʧʮʘʤʠ, ʦʥʘ ʩʣʘʙʦ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʘ ʦʞʠʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʝʚʨʦʧʝʡʩʢʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ɾʠʟʥʝʥʥʦ ʚʘʞʥʳʤ, ʧʦʚʦʨʦʪʥʳʤ ʧʫʥʢʪʦʤ ʚ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʠ ʟʘʧʘʜʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʪʘʣ 1453 ʛʦʜ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʪʫʨʢʠ ʨʘʟʛʨʘʙʠʣʠ ʂʦʥʩʪʘʥʪʠʥʦʧʦʣʴ. ɿʘ ʧʨʝʞʥʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ, ʩʧʘʩʝʥʥʳʝ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʫʥʠʯʪʦʞʝʥʠʷ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʠ, ʥʘʰʣʠ ʫʙʝʞʠʱʝ ʚ ʂʦʥʩʪʘʥʪʠʥʦʧʦʣʝ, ʠ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦʜ ʫʛʨʦʟʦʡ ʫʥʠʯʪʦʞʝʥʠʷ. ɺʠʟʘʥʪʠʡʩʢʠʝ ʫʯʝʥʳʝ ʙʝʞʘʣʠ ʥʘ ʟʘʧʘʜ, ʧʨʠʭʚʘʪʠʚ ʩ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʪʝ ʪʝʢʩʪʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʫʥʝʩʪʠ. ʇʝʨʝʞʠʚ ʥʘʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʎʝʟʘʨʷ, ʝʧʠʩʢʦʧʘ ʊʝʦʬʠʣʘ, ʭʘʣʠʬʘ ʆʤʘʨʘ, ʘ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʝʱʝ ʠ ʪʫʨʦʢ, ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʨʘʛʦʮʝʥʥʳʭ ʢʥʠʛ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʧʨʦʜʝʣʘʣʠ ʦʙʨʘʪʥʳʡ ʧʫʪʴ ʚ ɽʚʨʦʧʫ. ʉʫʜʴʙʘ ʨʘʩʧʦʨʷʜʠʣʘʩʴ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʝ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘ ʧʠʩʴʤʝʥʥʦʤ ʩʪʦʣʝ ʇʴʝʨʘ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʈʦʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ

ʉʫʜʝʙʥʳʝ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʛʣʦʱʘʣʠ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʘ ʪʝ ʩʢʫʜʥʳʝ ʯʘʩʳ ʜʦʩʫʛʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʠʩʴ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʮʝʣʠʢʦʤ ʧʦʩʚʷʱʘʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʆʪʯʘʩʪʠ ʵʪʦ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʣʦʩʴ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚʦ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ XVII ʚʝʢʘ ʥʝ ʧʦʦʱʨʷʣʠʩʴ ʩʚʝʪʩʢʠʝ ʩʚʷʟʠ ʩʫʜʝʡ.

ʉʯʠʪʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʨʫʟʴʷ ʠ ʩʚʝʪʩʢʠʝ ʟʥʘʢʦʤʳʝ ʩʫʜʝʡ ʩʘʤʠ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʦʜ ʩʫʜʦʤ, ʠ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʩʚʷʟʠ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʧʦʤʝʰʘʪʴ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʘʚʦʩʫʜʠʷ. ʀʟʦʣʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʳʡ ʦʪ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʚʳʩʰʝʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʊʫʣʫʟʳ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʦʛ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʣʶʙʠʤʦʤ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʠ.

ʌʨʦʥʪʠʩʧʠʩ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʘ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʂʣʦʜʦʤ ɻʘʩʧʘʨʦʤ ɹʘʰʝ ʠ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʚ 1621 ʛʦʜʫ. ʕʪʘ ʢʥʠʛʘ ʚʦ ʤʥʦʛʦʤ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʠʣʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʘ ʝʛʦ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ

ʅʝ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʜʦʢʫʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣ ʫʯʠʪʝʣʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʦʦʱʨʷʣ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʛʦ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʘ. ʅʘʩʪʘʚʥʠʢʦʤ ʠ ʫʯʠʪʝʣʝʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ. ɺ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝè ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦ ʚʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʘ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ, ʠʟʣʘʛʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʨʷʜʘ ʟʘʜʘʯ ʠ ʠʭ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ. ɺ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ ʨʘʟʚʝʨʥʫʣ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʢʘʨʪʠʥʫ ʮʝʣʦʛʦ ʪʳʩʷʯʝʣʝʪʠʷ, ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʚʘʶʱʝʛʦ ʦʩʤʳʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʩʦ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ. ɺ ʦʜʥʦʡ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝè ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʦʛ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ ʦ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʪʨʫʜʘʤ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʠ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ. ʊʝʦʨʠʷ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʟʘʤʝʨʣʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʚʘʨʚʘʨʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʞʞʝʥʠʷ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʠ, ʥʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʝʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʩʷ ʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʠ ʚʦʟʨʦʜʠʪʴ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʚʩʝʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʜʠʩʮʠʧʣʠʥ.

ʂʥʠʛʘ, ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʠʚʰʘʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʙʳʣʘ ʣʘʪʠʥʩʢʠʤ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʦʤ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè, ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʳʤ ʂʣʦʜʦʤ ɻʘʩʧʘʨʦʤ ɹʘʰʝ ʜʝ ʄʝʟʠʨʠʘʢʦʤ, ʩʯʠʪʘʚʰʠʤʩʷ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʫʯʝʥʳʤ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʦʤ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʡ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ. ɹʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʡ ʣʠʥʛʚʠʩʪ, ʧʦʵʪ ʠ ʟʥʘʪʦʢ ʢʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʷʟʳʢʦʚ ʠ ʣʠʪʝʨʘʪʫʨʳ, ɹʘʰʝ ʧʠʪʘʣ ʣʶʙʦʚʴ ʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʟʘʜʘʯʘʤ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘʤ. ɽʛʦ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʝʡ ʙʳʣ ʩʙʦʨʥʠʢ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ çProblemes plaisans et delectables qui se font par les nombresè 1. ɺ ʩʙʦʨʥʠʢʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʦ ʧʝʨʝʧʨʘʚʘʭ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʨʝʢʫ, ʧʝʨʝʣʠʚʘʥʠʠ ʞʠʜʢʦʩʪʝʡ ʠ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʬʦʢʫʩʦʚ ʩ ʦʪʛʘʜʳʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʟʘʜʫʤʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʆʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʟʘʜʘʯ ʩʪʘʚʠʣʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʦ ʧʦʜʙʦʨʝ ʛʠʨʴ: çʂʘʢʦʚ ʥʘʠʤʝʥʴʰʠʡ ʥʘʙʦʨ ʛʠʨʴ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʪ ʚʟʚʝʩʠʪʴ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʛʨʫʟ ʚʝʩʦʤ ʦʪ 1 ʜʦ 40 ʢʛ?è

ɹʘʰʝ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʦʩʪʨʦʫʤʥʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʱʝʝ, ʯʪʦ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʝʝ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʥʠʷʤ ʤʦʞʥʦ, ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʷ ʥʘʙʦʨʦʤ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʠʟ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʛʠʨʴ. ʈʝʰʝʥʠʝ ɹʘʰʝ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʚ ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ 4.

ʍʦʪʷ ɹʘʰʝ ʙʳʣ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʜʠʣʝʪʘʥʪʦʤ, ʝʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʢ ʟʘʜʘʯʘʤ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘʤ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʝʣʠʢ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣ ʝʤʫ ʦʩʦʟʥʘʪʴ: ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʳʝ ʚ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ, � ʥʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ ʠ ʪʨʝʙʫʶʪ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʛʦ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʷ. ɹʘʰʝ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ ʧʝʨʝʚʝʩʪʠ ʪʨʫʜ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʠ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʩ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʜʦʭʥʫʪʴ ʚ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ. ʉʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʫ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʜʘʚʣʷʶʱʝʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʡ ʜʨʝʚʥʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʟʘʙʳʪʦ. ɺʳʩʰʫʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʥʝ ʠʟʫʯʘʣʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʚ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʢʨʫʧʥʳʭ ʝʚʨʦʧʝʡʩʢʠʭ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘʭ, ʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʪʘʢʠʤ ʫʯʝʥʳʤ, ʢʘʢ ɹʘʰʝ, ʦʥʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʙʳʩʪʨʦ ʚʦʟʨʦʞʜʘʪʴʩʷ. ʇʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʷ ʚ 1621 ʛʦʜʫ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʦʛʦ ɹʘʰʝ ʣʘʪʠʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʘ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʝʛʦ ʚʢʣʘʜʦʤ ʚ ʥʘʯʘʣʦ ʚʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʟʦʣʦʪʦʛʦ ʚʝʢʘ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ɺ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝè ʩʦʙʨʘʥʳ ʩʦʪʥʠ ʟʘʜʘʯ, ʠ ʢʘʞʜʫʶ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ ʩʥʘʙʜʠʣ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʳʤ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʧʝʨʝʥʷʣ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʚʳʩʦʢʠʡ ʫʨʦʚʝʥʴ ʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʦʩʪʠ. ɽʛʦ ʩʦʚʩʝʤ ʥʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʣʦ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʫʯʝʙʥʠʢʘ ʜʣʷ ʙʫʜʫʱʠʭ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʡ. ʆʥ ʞʘʞʜʘʣ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ � ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʝʥʠʝ ʦʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʥʦʡ ʠʤ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ. ʀʟʫʯʘʷ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʯʝʨʧʘʣ ʚ ʥʠʭ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʩʪʘʣ ʧʦʤʳʰʣʷʪʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʘʤʦʤʫ ʟʘʥʷʪʴʩʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʳʭ ʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʥʢʠʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʧʠʩʳʚʘʣ ʜʣʷ ʩʝʙʷ ʣʠʰʴ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʝ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʥʝ ʟʘʙʦʪʠʣʩʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʏʘʱʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʩʜʝʣʘʥʥʳʝ ʠʤ ʪʦʨʦʧʣʠʚʳʝ ʟʘʧʠʩʠ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʣʷʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʷʤʠʢʦʤ ʚ ʤʫʩʦʨʥʫʶ ʢʦʨʟʠʥʫ, ʧʦʩʣʝ ʯʝʛʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʧʦʢʦʡʥʦ ʧʝʨʝʭʦʜʠʣ ʢ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʝ. ʂ ʩʯʘʩʪʴʶ ʜʣʷ ʥʘʩ, ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʳʡ ɹʘʰʝ ʣʘʪʠʥʩʢʠʡ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ʠʤʝʣ ʰʠʨʦʢʠʝ ʧʦʣʷ, ʠ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʪʦʨʦʧʣʠʚʦ ʟʘʧʠʩʳʚʘʣ ʥʘ ʥʠʭ ʭʦʜ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ ʠ ʩʚʦʠ ʢʦʤʤʝʥʪʘʨʠʠ. ʕʪʠ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʠ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʙʝʩʮʝʥʥʳʤʠ, ʭʦʪʷ ʠ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʪʨʳʚʦʯʥʳʤʠ, ʜʦʢʫʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʤʠ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʭ ʚʳʢʣʘʜʦʢ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʆʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʢʘʩʘʝʪʩʷ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʭ ʜʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʪʝʩʥʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʭ ʩ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, ʪʘʢ ʚʦʩʭʠʪʠʚʰʠʤʠ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʜʚʫʤʷ ʪʳʩʷʯʘʤʠ ʣʝʪ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ. ɼʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʜʚʘ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʩʫʤʤʝ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʜʨʫʛʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʮʳ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʣʠ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ, ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʚ, ʯʪʦ 220 ʠ 284 � ʜʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ɼʝʣʠʪʝʣʷʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ 220 ʩʣʫʞʘʪ ʯʠʩʣʘ 1, 2, 4,5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, 110, ʘ ʠʭ ʩʫʤʤʘ ʨʘʚʥʘ 284. ʉ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ, ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʷʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ 284 ʩʣʫʞʘʪ ʯʠʩʣʘ 1, 2, 4, 71, 142; ʠʭ ʩʫʤʤʘ ʨʘʚʥʘ 220.

ʇʘʨʫ ʯʠʩʝʣ 220 ʠ 284 ʩʪʘʣʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʩʠʤʚʦʣʦʤ ʜʨʫʞʙʳ. ʄʘʨʪʠʥ ɻʘʨʜʥʝʨ ʚ ʢʥʠʛʝ çʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʥʦʚʝʣʣʳè 2 ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʉʨʝʜʥʠʝ ʚʝʢʘ ʠʤʝʣʠ ʭʦʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʪʘʣʠʩʤʘʥʳ ʩ ʚʳʛʨʘʚʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʳʤʠ ʥʘ ʥʠʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ 220 ʠ 284, ʷʢʦʙʳ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʤʠ ʫʢʨʝʧʣʝʥʠʶ ʣʶʙʚʠ. ʅʝʢʠʡ ʘʨʘʙʩʢʠʡ ʥʫʤʝʨʦʣʦʛ ʩʦʦʙʱʘʝʪ ʦʙ ʦʙʳʯʘʝ ʚʳʨʝʟʘʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʘ 220 ʠ 284 ʥʘ ʧʣʦʜʘʭ, ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʚʣʶʙʣʝʥʥʳʡ ʩʲʝʜʘʣ ʩʘʤ, ʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʜʘʚʘʣ ʩʲʝʩʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʫ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʠ, ʢʘʢ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʦ ʫʩʠʣʝʥʠʷ ʣʶʙʦʚʥʦʛʦ ʚʣʝʯʝʥʠʷ. ʇʝʨʚʳʝ ʪʝʦʣʦʛʠ ʦʪʤʝʯʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʂʥʠʛʝ ɹʳʪʠʷ ʀʘʢʦʚ ʦʪʜʘʝʪ ʚ ʧʦʜʘʨʦʢ ʙʨʘʪʫ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʀʩʘʚʫ 220 ʞʠʚʦʪʥʳʭ � çʜʚʝʩʪʠ ʢʦʟ, ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʢʦʟʣʦʚè. ʇʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ ʪʝʦʣʦʛʦʚ, ʯʠʩʣʦ ʞʠʚʦʪʥʳʭ, ʨʘʚʥʦʝ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʠʟ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʱʠʭ ʜʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʫʶ ʧʘʨʫ, ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʦ ʣʶʙʚʠ ʀʘʢʦʚʘ ʢ ʀʩʘʚʫ.

ʇʦʤʠʤʦ 220 ʠ 284 ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʜʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ ʚʧʣʦʪʴ ʜʦ 1636 ʛʦʜʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʧʘʨʫ 17 296 ʠ 18 416. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʵʪʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʥʘʟʚʘʪʴ ʚʘʞʥʳʤ, ʦʥʦ

ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ ʟʥʘʣ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʠ ʣʶʙʠʣ çʠʛʨʘʪʴè ʩ ʥʠʤʠ. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʣ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʟʘʢʦʥʦʜʘʪʝʣʝʤ ʤʦʜʳ ʥʘ ʥʘʭʦʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʜʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɼʝʢʘʨʪ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʪʨʝʪʴʶ ʧʘʨʫ (9 363 584 ʠ 9 437 056), ʘ ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʣ ʩʧʠʩʦʢ ʜʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʜʦ 62-ʡ ʧʘʨʳ. ʀʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʦ ʦʪʤʝʪʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ɼʝʢʘʨʪ ʠ ʕʡʣʝʨ çʧʨʦʛʣʷʜʝʣʠè ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʤʝʥʴʰʫʶ ʧʘʨʫ ʜʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɺ 1866 ʛʦʜʫ ʰʝʩʪʥʘʜʮʘʪʠʣʝʪʥʠʡ ʠʪʘʣʴʷʥʝʮ, ʪʝʟʢʘ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʛʦ ʩʢʨʠʧʘʯʘ, ʅʠʢʢʦʣʦ ʇʘʛʘʥʠʥʠ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʧʘʨʫ 1184 ʠ 1210.

ɺ XX ʚʝʢʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʙʦʙʱʠʣʠ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ ʜʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʟʘʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʤ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʭ çʦʙʱʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭè ʯʠʩʝʣ � ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʳʭ ʮʠʢʣʦʚ ʠʟ ʪʨʝʭ ʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʚ ʪʨʦʡʢʝ ʯʠʩʝʣ

(1 945 330 728 960; 2 324 196 638 720; 2 615 631 953 920)

ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʠ ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚ ʩʫʤʤʝ ʜʘʶʪ ʚʪʦʨʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʠ ʚʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʚ ʩʫʤʤʝ ʜʘʶʪ ʪʨʝʪʴʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʘ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʠ ʪʨʝʪʴʝʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚ ʩʫʤʤʝ ʜʘʶʪ ʧʝʨʚʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ. ʉʘʤʳʡ ʜʣʠʥʥʳʡ ʠʟ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʮʠʢʣʦʚ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʠʟ 28 ʦʙʱʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʧʝʨʚʦʝ ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʨʘʚʥʦ 14 316.

ʍʦʪʷ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʧʘʨʳ ʜʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩʜʝʣʘʣʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʩʪʴʶ, ʝʛʦ ʨʝʧʫʪʘʮʠʷ ʚʳʨʦʩʣʘ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʩʝʨʠʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʠʤ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ 26 çʩʪʠʩʥʫʪʦè ʤʝʞʜʫ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ 25 ʠ 27, ʦʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ (25 = 52 = 5Ā5), ʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʝ � ʢʫʙ (27 = 33 == 3Ā3Ā3). ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʥʷʣʩʷ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʤ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʟʘʞʘʪʳʭ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʤ ʠ ʢʫʙʦʤ, ʥʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ. ʈʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ 26 ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʤʥʦʛʦʜʥʝʚʥʳʭ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʥʳʭ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʚ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʚʳʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʩʣʦʞʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʚʰʝʝ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ 26 � ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʤ ʠ ʢʫʙʦʤ. ʇʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʠʤ ʮʝʧʦʯʢʘ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʜʦʚʦʜʦʚ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʘ, ʯʪʦ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʥʝ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʵʪʠʤ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦʤ.

ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ ʦʙ ʫʥʠʢʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ 26 ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤʫ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʫ ʠ ʙʨʦʩʠʣ ʚʳʟʦʚ, ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʵʪʦ. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʦ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʠʤ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘ. ɺʦʧʨʦʩ ʙʳʣ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʭʚʘʪʠʪ ʣʠ ʫ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʩʦʦʙʨʘʟʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʝʡ? ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʪʫ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʢʠ, ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ (ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ) ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʯʨʝʟʚʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʤ � ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʥʝʜʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʧʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʶ ʢ ʪʝʤ, ʢʪʦ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʝʛʦ, ʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʦ ʦʩʦʙʦʝ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʝ ʧʦʜʪʨʫʥʠʚʘʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʘʥʛʣʠʡʩʢʠʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ ɺʘʣʣʠʩʦʤ ʠ ɼʠʛʙʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʙʳʣʠ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥʳ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʝ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ.

ʉʦʙʳʪʠʷ ʨʘʟʚʠʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʝʡ çʟʘʷʚʢʦʡè ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʘ ʥʝʧʨʝʭʦʜʷʱʫʶ ʩʣʘʚʫ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʚʳʟʦʚ, ʙʨʦʰʝʥʥʳʡ ʠʤ ʚʩʝʤʫ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ. ʅʦ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʣʫʯʘʡʥʘʷ ʟʘʜʘʯʘ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘ, ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʥʘʟʥʘʯʘʚʰʘʷʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʧʫʙʣʠʯʥʦʛʦ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ.

ɿʘʤʝʪʢʘ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ

ʇʨʠ ʯʪʝʥʠʠ II-ʡ ʢʥʠʛʠ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʘʪʢʥʫʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʮʝʣʫʶ ʩʝʨʠʶ ʥʘʙʣʶʜʝʥʠʡ, ʟʘʜʘʯ ʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʭ ʩ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʠ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʤʠ ʪʨʦʡʢʘʤʠ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʣ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʦʩʦʙʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ, ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʱʠʭ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʝ çʭʨʦʤʳʝ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʠè, ʫ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʜʚʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʢʦʨʦʪʢʠʝ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ x ʠ y ʦʪʣʠʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʧʦ ʜʣʠʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʫ (ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, x = 20, y = 21, z = 29 ʠ 202 + 212 = 292).

ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥ ʨʘʟʥʦʦʙʨʘʟʠʝʤ ʠ ʦʙʠʣʠʝʤ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʠʭ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʦʚ. ʆʥ ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʟʘ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʚʝʢʦʚ ʜʦ ʥʝʛʦ ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ (ʦʙʱʠʡ ʭʦʜ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʛʦ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʩʤ. ʚ ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ 5), ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʚʝʣʠʢʦ. ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʦʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʣ ʚ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʥʦʡ ʨʘʟ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʝ ʠʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ ʫ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʠ ʧʨʠʢʠʜʳʚʘʣ, ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʣʠ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʯʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʧʦ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ. ɿʘʧʠʩʳʚʘʷ ʪʦ ʪʘʢ, ʪʦ ʵʜʘʢ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʩʝ ʩʪʘʨʘʣʩʷ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʪʴ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ, ʯʪʦ ʫʩʢʦʣʴʟʥʫʣʦ ʦʪ ʜʨʝʚʥʠʭ ʛʨʝʢʦʚ. ɺʥʝʟʘʧʥʦ ʝʤʫ ʧʨʠʰʣʘ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʛʝʥʠʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʤʳʩʣʴ, ʦʙʝʩʩʤʝʨʪʠʚʰʘʷ ʠʤʷ çʢʥʷʟʷ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʝʡè: ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʣ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ, ʦʯʝʥʴ ʧʦʭʦʞʝʝ ʥʘ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʚʰʝʝ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ! ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʤ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʠ ʠ ʫʟʥʘʣ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʥʠʡ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʟʘʛʣʷʥʫʚ ʚ ʢʥʠʛʫ ɹʝʣʣʘ, ʚʟʷʪʫʶ ʚ ʧʫʙʣʠʯʥʦʡ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʝ ʥʘ ʄʠʣʪʦʥ-ʨʦʫʜ.

ɺʤʝʩʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ x2 + y2 = z2 ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʥʷʣʩʷ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʠʝʤ ʝʛʦ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʘ x3 + y3 = z3. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʣ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʴ ʥʘ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʫ, ʥʦ ʝʛʦ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ, ʥʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʫʜʠʪʴ, ʚʦʦʙʱʝ ʥʝ ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʣʦ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. çʄʝʪʦʜʦʤ ʧʨʦʙ ʠ ʦʰʠʙʦʢè ʥʝʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʚʘ ʢʫʙʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʙʳ ʚ ʩʫʤʤʝ ʜʘʚʘʣʠ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʢʫʙ, ʥʝ ʪʘʢ-ʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ. ʅʝʫʞʝʣʠ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʥʦʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʠʟʤʝʥʝʥʠʝ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʱʘʝʪ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ, ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʶʱʝʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʚ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ, ʥʝ ʠʤʝʶʱʝʝ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ?

ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʤʫ ʠʟʤʝʥʝʥʠʶ, ʧʦʧʨʦʙʦʚʘʚ ʟʘʤʝʥʠʪʴ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʴ 2 ʥʘ ʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʙ·ʣʴʰʠʝ 3, ʠ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʞʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ. ʀ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʨʝʰʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚʦʦʙʱʝ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʪʨʝʭ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ x, y, z, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʣʠ ʙʳ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʶ

xn + yn = zn, ʛʜʝ n = 3, 4, 5, ... .

ʅʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ, ʨʷʜʦʤ ʩ ʟʘʜʘʯʝʡ 8, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʥʠʝ: çCubet autem in duos cubos, aut quadratoquadratum in duos quadratoquadratos, et generaliter nullam in infinitum ultra quadratum potestatem in duos eiusdem nominis fas est dividereè 3.

ʌʨʦʥʪʠʩʧʠʩ ʠʟʜʘʥʠʷ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʂʣʝʤʘʥʦʤ-ʉʘʤʶʵʣʝʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ 1670 ʛʦʜʫ. ɺ ʵʪʦʤ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʥʘʧʝʯʘʪʘʥʳ ʠ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʠ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ, ʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʝ ʦʪʮʦʤ ʠʟʜʘʪʝʣʷ � ʇʴʝʨʦʤ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ

ʈʠʩ. 6. ʉʪʨʘʥʠʮʘ ʠʟʜʘʥʠʷ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ (1670 ʛ.), ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʘʷ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʝ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʥʠʝ ʇʴʝʨʘ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ

ʅʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʨʠʯʠʥ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʚʩʝʭ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʪʨʦʡʢʠ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʶʱʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʝʪ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʡ çʪʨʦʡʢʠ ʌʝʨʤʘè. ʋʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʳʤ, ʥʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʠ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ, ʥʘʤʝʪʠʚʰʝʡ ʦʙʱʠʝ ʢʦʥʪʫʨʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ, ʛʝʥʠʡ, ʣʶʙʷʱʠʡ ʧʦʟʘʙʘʚʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘʜ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤʠ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ, ʥʘʯʝʨʪʘʣ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʢʦʤʤʝʥʪʘʨʠʡ, ʥʘʜ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʚʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʠ ʣʦʤʘʣʦ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʥʝ ʦʜʥʦ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ:

çCuius rei demonstrationem mirabilem sane setex hanc marginis exiguitas non caparetè 4. ɺ ʵʪʦʤ � ʚʝʩʴ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʚʩʝ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʨʘʟʜʨʘʞʘʣʦ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʭ ʝʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ʀʟ ʝʛʦ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʩʣʦʚ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʜʦʚʦʣʝʥ ʩʚʦʠʤ çʧʦʠʩʪʠʥʝ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤè ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʥʦ ʝʤʫ ʠ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʪ ʜʘʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʪʨʫʜ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʫʞ ʪʝʤ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ. ʆʥ ʪʘʢ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʠ ʥʝ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ, ʥʦ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨʥʫʶ ʜʣʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʶ ʣʝʥʠ ʠ ʩʢʨʦʤʥʦʩʪʠ, ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʢʘʢ ʝʝ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʟʜʥʝʝ, ʦʙʨʝʣʘ ʥʝʩʣʳʭʘʥʥʫʶ ʩʣʘʚʫ ʚ ʛʨʷʜʫʱʠʭ ʚʝʢʘʭ.

ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʘ

ʉʚʦʝ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʣ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʳ � ʦʢʦʣʦ 1637 ʛʦʜʘ. ʇʨʠʤʝʨʥʦ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ, ʠʩʧʦʣʥʷʷ ʩʚʦʠ ʩʫʜʝʙʥʳʝ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʚ ʛʦʨʦʜʝ ʂʘʩʪʨʝ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʪʷʞʝʣʦ ʟʘʙʦʣʝʣ. 9 ʷʥʚʘʨʷ 1665 ʛʦʜʘ ʦʥ ʧʦʜʧʠʩʘʣ ʩʚʦʡ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʡ ʧʨʠʛʦʚʦʨ ʠ ʪʨʝʤʷ ʜʥʷʤʠ ʧʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʫʤʝʨ. ʆʪʢʨʳʪʠʷʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʚʰʝʛʦʩʷ ʚ ʠʟʦʣʷʮʠʠ ʦʪ ʧʘʨʠʞʩʢʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʰʢʦʣʳ ʠ ʦʪʥʶʜʴ ʥʝ ʜʦʙʨʳʤ ʩʣʦʚʦʤ ʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʤʦʛʦ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʥʳʤʠ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤʠ, ʛʨʦʟʠʣʦ ʧʦʣʥʦʝ ʟʘʙʚʝʥʠʝ. ʂ ʩʯʘʩʪʴʶ, ʩʪʘʨʰʠʡ ʩʳʥ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʂʣʝʤʘʥ-ʉʘʤʶʵʣʴ, ʩʦʟʥʘʚʘʚʰʠʡ ʚʩʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʣʶʙʠʤʦʛʦ ʫʚʣʝʯʝʥʠʷ ʦʪʮʘ, ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ ʥʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʦʪʝʨʷʥʳ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ. ɺʩʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʳ ʟʥʘʝʤ ʦ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷʭ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʤʳ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʳ ʝʛʦ ʩʳʥʫ, ʠ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʥʝ ʂʣʝʤʘʥ-ʉʘʤʶʵʣʴ, ʟʘʛʘʜʢʘ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʘʷ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʫʤʝʨʣʘ ʙʳ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʚʦ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʝʣʝʤ.

ʇʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʂʣʝʤʘʥ-ʉʘʤʶʵʣʴ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʣ ʦʪʮʦʚʩʢʠʝ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʠ ʠ ʧʠʩʴʤʘ, ʠʟʫʯʘʣ ʥʝʨʘʟʙʦʨʯʠʚʳʝ ʥʘʜʧʠʩʠ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè. ɿʘʤʝʪʢʘ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ ʩ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʢʦʡ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʤʳʩʣʝʡ, ʥʘʯʝʨʪʘʥʥʳʭ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ ʵʪʦʡ ʢʥʠʛʠ. ʂʣʝʤʘʥ-ʉʘʤʶʵʣʴ ʚʟʷʣ ʥʘ ʩʝʙʷ ʪʷʞʢʠʡ ʪʨʫʜ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʵʪʠ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʠ ʚ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʠʟʜʘʥʠʠ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè. ɺ 1670 ʛʦʜʫ ʦʥ ʠʟʜʘʣ ʚ ʊʫʣʫʟʝ ʢʥʠʛʫ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ çɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʦʚʘ ɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʘʷ ʧʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʷ ʇ. ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘè. ɺ ʥʝʝ ʥʘʨʷʜʫ ʩ ʦʨʠʛʠʥʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʪʝʢʩʪʦʤ ʥʘ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʷʟʳʢʝ ʠ ʣʘʪʠʥʩʢʦʤ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʦʤ ɹʘʰʝ ʚʦʰʣʠ 48 ʧʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʡ, ʩʜʝʣʘʥʥʳʭ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʇʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʝ, ʚʦʩʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʥʦʝ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 6, ʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʪʝʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʚʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʠ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʂʦʛʜʘ çʇʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʷè ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʰʠʨʦʢʦʤʫ ʥʘʫʯʥʦʤʫ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʫ, ʚʩʝ ʧʦʥʷʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʧʠʩʴʤʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʥ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʣʷʣ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤ, ʙʳʣʠ ʣʘʢʦʤʳʤʠ ʢʫʩʦʯʢʘʤʠ ʠʟ ʩʢʘʟʦʯʥʦʛʦ ʩʦʢʨʦʚʠʱʘ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ. ʇʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʷ, ʩʜʝʣʘʥʥʳʝ ʨʫʢʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʪ ʮʝʣʫʶ ʩʝʨʠʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ. ʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʦʥʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʣʠʙʦ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʣʠʰʝʥʳ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʝʥʠʡ, ʣʠʙʦ ʩʦʧʨʦʚʦʞʜʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʥʘʙʨʦʩʢʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʏʘʩʪʦ ʚ ʵʪʠʭ ʦʙʨʳʚʢʘʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʠʟʷʱʥʳʭ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʭʦʜʦʚ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʤʠ. ʏʪʦ ʞʝ ʢʘʩʘʣʦʩʴ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʜʝʪʘʣʝʡ, ʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʳʟʦʚʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʪʴ.

ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ ʕʡʣʝʨ, ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ XVIII ʚʝʢʘ, ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʫ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʦʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʠʟʷʱʥʳʭ ʧʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ � ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʇʨʦʩʪʳʤ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ � ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʜʝʣʠʣʠ ʙʳ ʝʛʦ ʙʝʟ ʦʩʪʘʪʢʘ, � ʢʨʦʤʝ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʳ ʠ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, 13 � ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʘ 14 � ʥʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ. ʅʠ ʦʜʥʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʥʝ ʜʝʣʠʪ 13 ʙʝʟ ʦʩʪʘʪʢʘ, ʘ 2 ʠ 7 ʜʝʣʷʪ 14. ɺʩʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʧʦʜʨʘʟʜʝʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʳʝ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ 4n+1, ʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʳʝ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ 4n�1, ʛʜʝ n � ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ. ʊʘʢ, ʯʠʩʣʦ 13 ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʢ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʛʨʫʧʧʝ (13 = 4Ā3 + 1), ʘ ʯʠʩʣʦ 19 � ʢʦ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʛʨʫʧʧʝ (19 = 4Ā5 � 1). ʊʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʳ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʩʫʤʤʳ ʜʚʫʭ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʚ (13 = 22 + 32), ʚ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʢʘʢ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʩʫʤʤʳ ʜʚʫʭ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʚ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʳ (19 = ?2 + ?2). ʕʪʦ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʫʝʪʩʷ ʠʟʷʱʥʦ ʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʥʘʪʘʣʢʠʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʠ. ɼʣʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʵʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ, ʭʨʘʥʠʤʳʭ ʠʤ çʧʨʠʚʘʪʥʦè, ʜʣʷ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ

ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʜʝʣʦʤ ʯʝʩʪʠ. ɺ 1749 ʛʦʜʫ, ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʝʤʠ ʣʝʪ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʠ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʩʪʦ ʣʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʕʡʣʝʨʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ.

ɺ ʩʦʢʨʦʚʠʱʥʠʮʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʭ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʚ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ � ʦʪ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʜʦ ʯʠʩʪʦ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʫʜʷʪ ʦ ʚʘʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʧʦ ʪʦʤʫ, ʢʘʢʦʝ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʦʥʘ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʥʘ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ. ɺʦ-ʧʝʨʚʳʭ, ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʩʯʠʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʘʞʥʦʡ, ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʥʝʢʫʶ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʠʩʪʠʥʫ, ʪʦ ʝʩʪʴ ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʡ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɺ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʘ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɺʦ-ʚʪʦʨʳʭ, ʚʘʞʥʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʚʘʪʴ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦ ʣʝʞʘʱʫʶ ʠʩʪʠʥʫ ʦʙ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷʭ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ. ʊʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʪʨʘʤʧʣʠʥʦʤ ʜʣʷ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʷ ʮʝʣʦʛʦ ʩʦʥʤʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ ʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʩʪʠʤʫʣʦʤ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʷ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʩʯʠʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʘʞʥʦʡ, ʝʩʣʠ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʦʜ ʫʛʨʦʟʦʡ ʠʟ-ʟʘ ʦʪʩʫʪʩʪʚʠʷ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ-ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʟʚʝʥʘ. ʄʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʩʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʙʝʩʩʠʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʩʣʝʟʘʤʠ ʧʨʠ ʤʳʩʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʚʘʞʥʳʡ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʦʜʥʦ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʶʱʝʝ ʟʚʝʥʦ ʚ ʮʝʧʦʯʢʝ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ.

ʇʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʶʪ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʢʘʢ ʩʪʫʧʝʥʠ, ʚʝʜʫʱʠʝ ʢ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʘʤ, ʙʳʣʦ ʯʨʝʟʚʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʚʘʞʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʢʘʞʜʫʶ ʠʟ ʘʥʦʥʩʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʳʭ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ. ʀʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ, ʧʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʦʥ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʣ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ʇʨʝʞʜʝ ʯʝʤ ʧʫʩʪʠʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʚ ʜʝʣʦ, ʝʝ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʡ ʩʪʨʦʛʦʩʪʴʶ, ʠʥʘʯʝ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʷ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʘʤʳʤʠ ʫʞʘʩʥʳʤʠ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʴʪʝ ʩʝʙʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʠ ʦʜʥʫ ʠʟ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʘ ʚʝʨʫ. ʕʪʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʚʢʣʶʯʝʥʘ ʠʤʠ ʢʘʢ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪ ʚ ʮʝʣʫʶ ʩʝʨʠʶ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ, ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʙʰʠʨʥʳʭ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ. ʉʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʝʤ ʵʪʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʙʰʠʨʥʳʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʙʳʣʠ ʙʳ ʚʢʣʶʯʝʥʳ ʚ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʙʰʠʨʥʳʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ɺ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʠʩʴ ʙʳ ʩʦʪʥʠ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʙʳ ʦʧʠʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʪʦʡ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʥʝʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʡ, ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦʡ ʥʘ ʚʝʨʫ, ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ. ʅʦ ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʰʠʙʩʷ, ʠ ʥʝʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʣʦʞʥʘ? ɺʩʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʭ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʘ ʣʦʞʥʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʙʳ ʦʰʠʙʦʯʥʳʤʠ, ʠ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʳʝ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʨʫʭʥʫʣʠ ʙʳ. ʊʝʦʨʝʤʳ � ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ: ʝʩʣʠ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʘ, ʪʦ, ʦʧʠʨʘʷʩʴ ʥʘ ʥʠʭ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʚʦʟʚʦʜʠʪʴ, ʧʨʝʙʳʚʘʷ ʧʨʠ ʵʪʦʤ ʚ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʙʝʟʦʧʘʩʥʦʩʪʠ, ʥʦʚʳʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ. ʅʝʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʥʳʝ (ʥʝʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʳʝ) ʠʜʝʠ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʝʥʴʰʫʶ ʮʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘʤʠ. ʃʶʙʘʷ ʣʦʛʠʢʘ, ʦʧʠʨʘʶʱʘʷʩʷ ʥʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ, ʩʘʤʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʥʘ.

ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʧʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʡ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʛʦ ʚʩʝ ʦʥʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘʤʠ. ʅʦ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʮʝʣʦʤ ʥʝ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪ ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʚʩʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʠʝʩʷ ʚ ʧʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʷʭ, ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʣʠʰʴ ʢʘʢ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ. ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ 350 ʣʝʪ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʝʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ɿʘ ʧʨʦʰʝʜʰʠʝ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷ ʦʜʥʦ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʙʳʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʳ ʚʩʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʚ ʧʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʷʭ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ, ʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʧʦʨʥʦ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʜʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʫʩʠʣʠʷʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ɽʝ ʜʘʞʝ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ çʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘè, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʦʥʘ ʦʩʪʘʣʘʩʴ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʤ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʝʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ

ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ. ʊʨʠʩʪʘ ʣʝʪ ʚʩʝ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʜʥʘ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʬʝʨʤʘ ʦʙʨʝʣʘ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʘʢ ʩʘʤʘʷ ʪʨʫʜʥʘʷ çʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘè ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʅʦ ʚʩʝʤʠ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʥʘʷ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʥʝ ʦʙʷʟʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʘʞʥʘ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʩʤʳʩʣʝ, ʚ ʢʘʢʦʤ ʵʪʦ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʳʰʝ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʚʧʣʦʪʴ ʜʦ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʥʝ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʣʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤ ʢʨʠʪʝʨʠʷʤ: ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʝʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʦ ʙʳ ʥʠ ʢ ʢʘʢʦʤʫ ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʟʘʤʝʪʥʦʤʫ ʧʨʦʛʨʝʩʩʫ ʚ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʠ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʥʝ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟ.

ʉʣʘʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʙʫʩʣʦʚʣʝʥʘ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʝʝ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ. ɽʩʪʴ ʠ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʩʪʠʤʫʣ: çʢʥʷʟʴ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʝʡè ʟʘʷʚʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʵʪʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʥʘʜ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʠʝʤ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʩ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ ʣʦʤʘʣʠ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ʅʝʙʨʝʞʥʳʝ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʥʠʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʚʰʝʛʦ ʝʤʫ ʵʢʟʝʤʧʣʷʨʘ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʯʠʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʢʘʢ ʚʳʟʦʚ ʚʩʝʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʩʚʦʶ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ, ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʣʠ ʢʘʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʧʨʝʚʟʦʡʪʠ ʠʣʠ ʩʨʘʚʥʷʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʥʠʤ ʧʦ ʙʣʝʩʢʫ ʫʤʘ?

ɻ. ɻ. ʍʘʨʜʠ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʣ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʩʚʦʝʦʙʨʘʟʥʳʤ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦʤ ʶʤʦʨʘ. ʂʘʢ-ʪʦ ʨʘʟ ʦʥ ʟʘʜʫʤʘʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʥʘʩʣʝʜʠʠ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʛʦ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦ ʪʱʝʪʥʦʩʪʠ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʦʧʳʪʦʢ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ʂ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʠʤ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʍʘʨʜʠ ʦʙʨʘʱʘʣʩʷ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʝʤʫ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʝʚʘʪʴ ʩʪʨʘʭ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʤʦʨʩʢʠʤʠ ʧʫʪʝʰʝʩʪʚʠʷʤʠ. ɼʣʷ ʥʝʛʦ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʩʪʨʘʭʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʦʪ ʥʝʩʯʘʩʪʥʦʛʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ. ɽʩʣʠ ʍʘʨʜʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʧʝʨʝʩʝʯʴ ɸʪʣʘʥʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʦʢʝʘʥ ʥʘ ʙʦʨʪʫ ʣʘʡʥʝʨʘ, ʦʥ ʧʨʝʜʚʘʨʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʦʩʳʣʘʣ ʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʠʟ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ ʪʝʣʝʛʨʘʤʤʫ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʥʠʷ:

ɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʈʠʤʘʥʘ � ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ çʙʦʣʴʥʘè ʩ XIX ʚʝʢʘ. ʃʦʛʠʢʘ ʍʘʨʜʠ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʘ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ɹʦʛ ʥʝ ʜʘʩʪ ʝʤʫ ʫʪʦʥʫʪʴ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʫʩʪʨʝʤʠʣʠʩʴ ʙʳ ʚ ʧʦʛʦʥʶ ʟʘ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʥʝʫʣʦʚʠʤʳʤ ʧʨʠʟʨʘʢʦʤ.

ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ � ʟʘʜʘʯʘ ʥʝʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʘʷ, ʠ ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʝʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʧʦʥʷʪʥʦʡ ʜʘʞʝ ʰʢʦʣʴʥʠʢʫ. ʅʠ ʚ ʬʠʟʠʢʝ, ʥʠ ʚ ʭʠʤʠʠ, ʥʠ ʚ ʙʠʦʣʦʛʠʠ ʥʝʪ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʙʳ ʪʘʢ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʠ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦ ʠ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʦʡ ʪʘʢ ʜʦʣʛʦ. ɺ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ çɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘè ʕ. ʊ. ɹʝʣʣ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʥʘʰʘ ʮʠʚʠʣʠʟʘʮʠʷ ʧʦʜʦʡʜʝʪ ʢ ʢʦʥʮʫ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ, ʯʝʤ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʮʝʥʥʳʤ ʧʨʠʟʦʤ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʠʩʢʠ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʠ ʢ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʳʚʘʶʱʠʤ ʵʧʠʟʦʜʘʤ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ɺ ʵʪʠ ʧʦʠʩʢʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʚʦʚʣʝʯʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʝ ʫʤʳ ʥʘ ʥʘʰʝʡ ʧʣʘʥʝʪʳ, ʟʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʥʘʟʥʘʯʘʣʠʩʴ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʳʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ. ʀʟ-ʟʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʣʶʜʠ ʜʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʜʫʵʣʠ, ʘ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ, ʦʪʯʘʷʚʰʠʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʜʘʞʝ ʢʦʥʯʘʣʠ ʩ ʩʦʙʦʡ.

ʉʪʘʪʫʩ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ ʚʳʰʝʣ ʟʘ ʨʘʤʢʠ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʦʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ɺ 1958 ʛʦʜʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʦʥʠʢʣʘ ʜʘʞʝ ʚ ʣʝʛʝʥʜʫ ʦ ʌʘʫʩʪʝ. ɺ ʩʙʦʨʥʠʢʝ çʂʘʢ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʜʝʣʦ ʩ ʜʴʷʚʦʣʦʤè ʙʳʣʘ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʘ ʥʦʚʝʣʣʘ ɸʨʪʫʨʘ ʇʦʨʜʞʝʩʘ çɼʴʷʚʦʣ ʠ ʉʘʡʤʦʥ ʌʣʵʛʛè. ɺ ʥʝʡ

ʜʴʷʚʦʣ ʦʙʨʘʱʘʝʪʩʷ ʢ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʉʘʡʤʦʥʫ ʌʣʵʛʛʫ ʩ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʟʘʜʘʪʴ ʝʤʫ, ʜʴʷʚʦʣʫ, ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ. ɽʩʣʠ ʜʴʷʚʦʣʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʟʘ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʯʘʩʘ, ʪʦ ʦʥ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʪ ʜʫʰʫ ʉʘʡʤʦʥʘ. ɺ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʠ ʜʴʷʚʦʣ ʦʙʷʟʫʝʪʩʷ ʫʧʣʘʪʠʪʴ ʉʘʡʤʦʥʫ 100000 ʜʦʣʣʘʨʦʚ. ʉʘʡʤʦʥ ʟʘʜʘʝʪ ʜʴʷʚʦʣʫ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ: çɺʝʨʥʘ ʣʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ?è ɼʴʷʚʦʣ ʠʩʯʝʟʘʝʪ ʠ ʥʦʩʠʪʩʷ ʧʦ ʩʚʝʪʫ, ʩʦʙʠʨʘʷ ʧʦ ʢʨʦʭʘʤ ʚʩʝ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʅʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʜʝʥʴ ʦʥ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʘʝʪʩʷ ʠ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʝʪ ʩʚʦʝ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ: çɺʳ ʚʳʠʛʨʘʣʠ, ʉʘʡʤʦʥ, � ʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʜʴʷʚʦʣ, ʧʦʯʪʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʛʣʷʜʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʘ. � ɼʘʞʝ ʤʥʝ ʥʝ ʧʦʜ ʩʠʣʫ ʚʳʫʯʠʪʴ ʚʩʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʘ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʟʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʢʦʨʦʪʢʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ. ʏʝʤ ʛʣʫʙʞʝ ʷ ʧʦʛʨʫʞʘʶʩʴ ʚ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʪʝʤ ʪʨʫʜʥʝʝ ʦʥʘ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ. ʅʝʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ, ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ... ɼʘ ʯʪʦ ʟʨʷ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ! ɿʥʘʝʪʝ, � ʧʨʠʟʥʘʣʩʷ ʜʴʷʚʦʣ, � ʜʘʞʝ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʣʫʯʰʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʧʣʘʥʝʪʘʭ, ʘ ʦʥʠ, ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʚʘʤ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʥʘʤʥʦʛʦ ʦʧʝʨʝʜʠʣʠ ʚʘʰʠʭ, ʥʝ ʨʝʰʠʣʠ ʝʝ. ɺʟʷʪʴ ʭʦʪʷ ʙʳ ʪʦʛʦ ʧʘʨʥʷ ʥʘ ʉʘʪʫʨʥʝ, ʯʪʦ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʧʦʭʦʞ ʥʘ ʛʨʠʙ ʥʘ ʭʦʜʫʣʷʭ. ʆʥ ʚ ʫʤʝ ʨʝʰʘʝʪ ʜʠʬʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʯʘʩʪʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʥʳʭ. ʊʘʢ ʜʘʞʝ ʦʥ ʥʝ ʩʧʨʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʩ ʵʪʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʝʡè.

ʇʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʷ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʯʠʢʘ1. ɿʘʜʘʯʠ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʠ ʧʨʠʷʪʥʳʝ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʝ ʩ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ. (ʬʨ.) ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ2. ɻʘʨʜʥʝʨ ʄ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʥʦʚʝʣʣʳ. � ʄ.: ʄʠʨ, 1974; ʛʣ. 28 çʂʨʘʪʢʠʡ ʪʨʘʢʪʘʪ ʦ ʙʝʩʧʦʣʝʟʥʦʡ ʢʨʘʩʦʪʝ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣè. ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

3. ʅʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʢʫʙʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʥʥʳʤ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʩʫʤʤʳ ʜʚʫʭ ʢʫʙʦʚ, ʠʣʠ ʜʣʷ ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʙʳʪʴ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʥʥʦʡ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʩʫʤʤʳ ʜʚʫʭ ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʳʭ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʝʡ, ʠʣʠ, ʚ ʦʙʱʝʤ, ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʝʩʪʴ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʜʚʫʭ, ʙʳʪʴ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʥʥʦʡ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʩʫʤʤʳ ʜʚʫʭ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʞʝ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʝʡ. (ʣʘʪ.) ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

4. ʗ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʧʦʠʩʪʠʥʝ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ, ʥʦ ʧʦʣʷ ʟʜʝʩʴ ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʫʟʢʠ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʤʝʩʪʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ. (ʣʘʪ.) ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

ɻʣʘʚʘ 3ʇʦʟʦʨ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ � ʥʝ ʮʝʨʝʤʦʥʠʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʤʘʨʰ ʧʦ ʛʣʘʜʢʦʡ ʜʦʨʦʛʝ, ʘ ʧʫʪʝʰʝʩʪʚʠʝ ʧʦ ʥʝʟʥʘʢʦʤʦʡ ʤʝʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ʛʜʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʠ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʨʠʩʢʫʶʪ ʟʘʙʣʫʜʠʪʴʩʷ. ʉʪʨʦʛʦʩʪʴ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʫʢʘʟʘʥʠʝʤ ʜʣʷ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʢʘ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʜʘʥʥʘʷ ʤʝʩʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʘʥʝʩʝʥʘ ʥʘ ʢʘʨʪʫ, ʘ ʥʘʩʪʦʷʱʠʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʠ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣʠʩʴ ʜʘʣʴʰʝ.

ʋ. ʉ. ʕʥʛʣʠʥ

çʉ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʢʘʢ ʷ ʝʱʝ ʤʘʣʴʯʠʢʦʤ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʩʪʦʣʢʥʫʣʩʷ ʩ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʦʥʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʤʦʠʤ ʫʚʣʝʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʥʘ ʚʩʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ, � ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʠ ʝʛʦ ʜʨʦʛʥʫʚʰʠʡ ʛʦʣʦʩ ʚʳʜʘʝʪ ʪʦʪ ʪʨʝʧʝʪ, ʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʦʥ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʩʷ ʢ ʵʪʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʝ. � ʗ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʦʡ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʪʨʝʭ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʡ. ʅʝ ʜʫʤʘʶ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʠʟ ʤʦʠʭ ʰʢʦʣʴʥʳʭ ʜʨʫʟʝʡ ʧʦʜʭʚʘʪʠʣʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʣʠʭʦʨʘʜʢʫ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʷ ʥʝ ʩʪʘʣ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩ ʤʦʠʤʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦʜʢʘʤʠ. ʅʦ ʤʦʡ ʫʯʠʪʝʣʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʘʤ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʤʠ, ʠ ʦʥ ʜʘʣ ʤʥʝ ʢʥʠʛʫ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʷ ʧʦʯʝʨʧʥʫʣ ʢʦʝ-ʢʘʢʠʝ ʫʢʘʟʘʥʠʷ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʠʪʴ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʇʨʝʞʜʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʷ ʨʝʰʠʣ (ʠ ʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʵʪʦ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ), ʯʪʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʟʥʘʪʴ ʥʘʤʥʦʛʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʯʝʤ ʷ. ʀ ʷ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʝʛʦ ʫʪʝʨʷʥʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʪʝ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʛ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʦʥ ʩʘʤè.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʠʚʥʳʤ ʨʝʙʝʥʢʦʤ, ʧʨʝʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʳʤ ʯʝʩʪʦʣʶʙʠʚʳʭ ʟʘʤʳʩʣʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʝʯʪʘʣ ʜʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʫʩʧʝʭʘ ʪʘʤ, ʛʜʝ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʫ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ʂʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʜʨʫʛʦʤʫ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʥʠʝ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʛʣʫʧʦʡ ʤʝʯʪʦʡ, ʥʦ ʶʥʳʡ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʙʳʣ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʘʚ, ʧʦʣʘʛʘʷ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ, ʜʚʝʥʘʜʮʘʪʠʣʝʪʥʠʡ ʰʢʦʣʴʥʠʢ, ʞʠʚʫʱʠʡ ʚ XX ʚʝʢʝ, ʟʥʘʝʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʚ ʥʠʯʫʪʴ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʴʰʝʤ ʦʙʲʝʤʝ, ʯʝʤ ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ � ʛʝʥʠʡ, ʞʠʚʰʠʡ ʚ XVII ʚʝʢʝ. ɺ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʥʘʠʚʥʦʩʪʠ ʦʥ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʤʦʛ ʥʘʪʢʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʧʨʦʧʫʩʪʠʣʠ ɼʨʫʛʠʝ, ʙʦʣʝʝ ʠʩʢʫʰʝʥʥʳʝ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ʅʦ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʚʝʩʴ ʵʥʪʫʟʠʘʟʤ ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʚʩʝ ʝʛʦ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝʠʟʤʝʥʥʦ ʦʢʘʥʯʠʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʝʡ.

ʀʟʨʷʜʥʦ ʧʦʣʦʤʘʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʠ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʝʡʰʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʠʟʫʯʠʚ ʰʢʦʣʴʥʳʝ ʫʯʝʙʥʠʢʠ, ʦʥ ʥʝ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʜʦʙʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʛʦʜʘ ʙʝʩʧʣʦʜʥʳʭ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʚ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʪʴ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʶ ʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʟʚʣʝʯʴ ʯʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʧʦʣʝʟʥʦʝ ʜʣʷ ʩʝʙʷ ʠʟ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʨʦʤʘʥʪʠʯʥʦʡ. ʄʥʦʛʦ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʣʠ ʥʘʜ ʥʝʡ, ʠ ʥʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʚ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʤ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʝʝ ʠ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʫ, ʦʪʯʝʛʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʚʳʟʦʚʦʤ ʠ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʡ ʪʘʡʥʦʡ. çʄʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ XVIII ʠ XIX ʚʝʢʦʚ. ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʩʘʤʳʤʠ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʤʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʘʤʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʠ ʷ, ʤʘʣʴʯʠʰʢʘ, ʨʝʰʠʣ ʠʟʫʯʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʵʪʠ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʠ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʝʣʘʣʠ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʛʦè.

ʖʥʳʡ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʩʷ ʠʟʫʯʘʪʴ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʚʩʝʭ, ʢʪʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʣʠʙʦ ʜʝʣʘʣ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʫʶ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʫ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʀ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʦʥ ʩ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʷ ʪʨʫʜʦʚ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʣʦʜʦʚʠʪʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʪʴ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ ʚ ʙʠʪʚʝ ʩ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ-ʮʠʢʣʦʧ

ʉʦʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ � ʟʘʥʷʪʠʝ ʤʫʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʠ ʪʘʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ. ʆʙʲʝʢʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʙʳʚʘʝʪ ʷʩʝʥ, ʥʦ ʧʫʪʴ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʪʝʨʷʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʫʤʘʥʝ, ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʙʨʝʜʝʪ ʥʘʦʱʫʧʴ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʷ ʚʳʢʣʘʜʢʠ ʠ ʦʧʘʩʘʷʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʫʚʣʝʯʴ ʭʦʜ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʦʤ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʠ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʚʦʦʙʱʝ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ. ʈʝʰʠʚ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʛʦʜʘʤʠ ʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ, ʭʦʪʷ ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʵʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʣʦʞʥʦ. ʇʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʚ ʵʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʧʳʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʝ.

ɿʘ ʚʩʶ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʣʠʰʴ ʛʦʨʩʪʢʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʠʟʙʝʞʘʪʴ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʩʪʨʘʰʠʣʠ ʠʭ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ. ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʤ ʠʟ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʥʝ ʚʝʜʘʶʱʠʭ ʩʪʨʘʭʘ ʠ ʫʧʨʝʢʘ, ʙʳʣ ʞʠʚʰʠʡ ʚ XVIII ʚʝʢʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʛʝʥʠʡ ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ ʕʡʣʝʨ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʢʨʫʧʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʕʡʣʝʨ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʣ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʥʝʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʡ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʝʡ ʠ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʦʙʰʠʨʥʦʡ ʧʘʤʷʪʴʶ, ʯʪʦ, ʧʦ ʧʨʝʜʘʥʠʶ, ʤʦʛ ʜʝʨʞʘʪʴ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʝ ʚʝʩʴ ʦʙʲʝʤ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʤʳʭ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ, ʥʝ ʧʨʠʢʘʩʘʷʩʴ ʧʝʨʦʤ ʢ ʙʫʤʘʛʝ. ɺʩʷ ɽʚʨʦʧʘ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʣʘ ʝʛʦ çʧʨʠʨʦʞʜʝʥʥʳʤ ʘʥʘʣʠʪʠʢʦʤè, ʘ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʠʡ ʘʢʘʜʝʤʠʢ ʌʨʘʥʩʫʘ ɸʨʘʛʦ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʦ ʥʝʤ: çʕʡʣʝʨ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʷʣ ʙʝʟ ʚʠʜʠʤʳʭ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ, ʢʘʢ ʣʶʜʠ ʜʳʰʘʪ ʠʣʠ ʢʘʢ ʦʨʣʳ ʧʘʨʷʪ ʚ ʧʦʜʥʝʙʝʩʴʝè.

ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʨʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʚ ɹʘʟʝʣʝ ʚ 1705 ʛʦʜʫ ʚ ʩʝʤʴʝ ʢʘʣʴʚʠʥʠʩʪʩʢʦʛʦ ʧʘʩʪʦʨʘ ʇʘʫʣʷ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ. ʍʦʪʷ ʶʥʳʡ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʨʦʷʚʠʣ ʥʝʜʶʞʠʥʥʳʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʪʘʣʘʥʪ, ʝʛʦ ʦʪʝʮ ʨʝʰʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʳʥ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʠʟʫʯʘʪʴ ʪʝʦʣʦʛʠʶ, ʠ ʛʦʪʦʚʠʣ ʝʤʫ ʮʝʨʢʦʚʥʫʶ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʫ. ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ ʧʦʚʠʥʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʦʪʮʦʚʩʢʦʡ ʚʦʣʝ ʠ ʩʪʘʣ ʠʟʫʯʘʪʴ ʪʝʦʣʦʛʠʶ ʠ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʝʚʨʝʡʩʢʠʡ ʷʟʳʢ ʚ ɹʘʟʝʣʴʩʢʦʤ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʝ.

ʂ ʩʯʘʩʪʴʶ ʜʣʷ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ, ɹʘʟʝʣʴ ʙʳʣ ʨʦʜʠʥʦʡ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʛʦ ʢʣʘʥʘ ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ. ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳ ʩ ʧʦʣʥʳʤ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʧʨʝʪʝʥʜʦʚʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʟʚʘʥʠʝ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ: ʚʦʩʝʤʴ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʩʝʤʴʠ ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʣʠ ʢ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʫʤʦʚ ɽʚʨʦʧʳ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʪʨʝʭ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʡ. ɻʦʚʦʨʠʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʩʝʤʴʷ ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʜʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʪʝʤ ʞʝ, ʯʝʤ ʩʝʤʴʷ ɹʘʭʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʜʣʷ ʤʫʟʳʢʠ. ʉʣʘʚʘ ʨʦʜʘ ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʣʘʩʴ ʟʘ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ, ʠ ʦʜʥʘ ʣʝʛʝʥʜʘ ʷʨʢʦ ʨʠʩʫʝʪ çʧʨʦʬʠʣʴè ʩʝʤʝʡʩʪʚʘ. ʆʜʥʘʞʜʳ ɼʘʥʠʠʣ ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ ʧʫʪʝʰʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʧʦ ɽʚʨʦʧʝ ʠ ʚʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʚ ʙʝʩʝʜʫ ʩ ʥʝʟʥʘʢʦʤʮʝʤ. ʉʧʫʩʪʷ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʦʥ ʩʢʨʦʤʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʩʦʙʝʩʝʜʥʠʢʫ: çʗ � ɼʘʥʠʠʣ ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠè. çɸ ʷ, � ʩʘʨʢʘʩʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣ ʪʦʪ, � ʀʩʘʘʢ ʅʴʶʪʦʥè. ɼʘʥʠʠʣ ʦʭʦʪʥʦ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʣ ʵʪʦʪ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʘʟ, ʩʯʠʪʘʷ ʝʛʦ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʠʩʢʨʝʥʥʠʤ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʠʝʤ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʟʘʩʣʫʛ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʝʤʫ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʣʠʙʦ ʜʦʚʝʣʦʩʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʪʴ.

ɼʘʥʠʠʣ ʠ ʅʠʢʦʣʘʡ ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʙʣʠʟʢʠʤʠ ʜʨʫʟʴʷʤʠ ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ, ʠ ʦʥʠ ʧʝʨʚʳʤʠ ʧʦʥʷʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘ ʠʭ ʛʣʘʟʘʭ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʱʝʥʠʝ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʝʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʟʘʫʨʷʜʥʦʛʦ ʪʝʦʣʦʛʘ. ʆʥʠ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʠʩʴ ʢ ʇʘʫʣʶ ʕʡʣʝʨʫ ʠ ʫʧʨʦʩʠʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜʫ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʪʝʦʣʦʛʠʶ ʨʘʜʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʕʡʣʝʨ-ʩʪʘʨʰʠʡ ʩʘʤ ʚ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʤ ʠʟʫʯʘʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʫ ʩʪʘʨʰʝʛʦ ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ, ʗʢʦʙʘ, ʠ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʣ ʢ ʩʝʤʴʝ ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ ʛʣʫʙʦʯʘʡʰʝʝ ʧʦʯʪʝʥʠʝ. ʉ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʥʝʦʭʦʪʦʡ ʇʘʫʣʴ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʩʳʥ ʨʦʞʜʝʥ ʥʝ ʜʣʷ ʤʦʣʠʪʚ, ʘ ʜʣʷ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ.

ɺʩʢʦʨʝ ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʦʢʠʥʫʣ ʐʚʝʡʮʘʨʠʶ, ʩʤʝʥʠʚ ʨʦʜʥʦʡ ɹʘʟʝʣʴ ʥʘ ʜʚʦʨʮʳ ɹʝʨʣʠʥʘ ʠ ʉʘʥʢʪ-

ʇʝʪʝʨʙʫʨʛʘ, ʛʜʝ ʦʥ ʠ ʧʨʦʚʝʣ ʙ·ʣʴʰʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʪʚʦʨʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ. ɺ ʵʧʦʭʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʷʤʠ ʞʦʥʛʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, ʥʦ ʢ ʥʘʯʘʣʫ XVIII ʚʝʢʘ ʠʭ ʫʞʝ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʣʠ ʢʘʢ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ çʨʝʰʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʟʘʜʘʯè. ʂʫʣʴʪʫʨʘ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʨʝʟʢʦ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʣʘʩʴ, ʠ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʦ ʵʪʦ ʦʪʯʘʩʪʠ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʩʵʨʫ ʀʩʘʘʢʫ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʫ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʥʘʫʯʥʳʤ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʘʤ.

ʅʴʶʪʦʥ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʣʠʰʴ ʚʧʫʩʪʫʶ ʪʨʘʪʷʪ ʚʨʝʤʷ, ʧʦʜʜʨʘʟʥʠʚʘʷ ʜʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʘ ʧʫʩʪʳʤʠ ʠ ʥʠʢʯʝʤʥʳʤʠ ʟʘʜʘʯʘʤʠ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘʤʠ. ɺʤʝʩʪʦ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʦʥ ʚʦʟʥʘʤʝʨʠʣʩʷ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʷʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʢ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʦʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ ʠ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʷʪʴ ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ, � ʦʪ ʦʨʙʠʪ ʧʣʘʥʝʪ ʜʦ ʪʨʘʝʢʪʦʨʠʡ ʧʫʰʝʯʥʳʭ ʷʜʝʨ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʅʴʶʪʦʥ ʫʤʝʨ (ʵʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʦ ʚ 1727 ʛʦʜʫ), ʚ ɽʚʨʦʧʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʘ ʥʘʫʯʥʘʷ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʷ. ɺ ʪʦʪ ʞʝ ʛʦʜ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʧʝʨʚʫʶ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʦʥʘ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʣʘ ʠʟʷʱʥʳʝ ʠ ʩʚʝʞʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠʜʝʠ, ʝʝ ʛʣʘʚʥʘʷ ʮʝʣʴ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʘ ʚ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʪʝʭʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʦʡ ʩ ʧʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʦʡ ʤʘʯʪ ʥʘ ʧʘʨʫʩʥʳʭ ʢʦʨʘʙʣʷʭ.

ɽʚʨʦʧʝʡʩʢʠʝ ʜʝʨʞʘʚʳ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʟʘʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʥʳ ʚ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʜʣʷ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʷ ʵʟʦʪʝʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʠ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʳʭ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʡ; ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʠʤ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʘ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʠ ʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʩʦʩʪʷʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʯʝʥʠʠ ʢ ʩʝʙʝ ʥʘ ʩʣʫʞʙʫ ʣʫʯʰʠʭ ʫʤʦʚ. ʕʡʣʝʨ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʫ ʚ ʈʦʩʩʠʠ, ʟʘʪʝʤ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʩʠʣ ʚ ɹʝʨʣʠʥʩʢʫʶ ʘʢʘʜʝʤʠʶ ʢʦʨʦʣʴ ʇʨʫʩʩʠʠ ʌʨʠʜʨʠʭ ɺʝʣʠʢʠʡ. ɺ ʮʘʨʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ɽʢʘʪʝʨʠʥʳ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʚʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ ʚ ʈʦʩʩʠʶ, ʛʜʝ ʦʥ ʠ ʧʨʦʚʝʣ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʞʠʟʥʠ. ɿʘ ʛʦʜʳ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʟʘʜʘʯ ʠʟ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ � ʦʪ ʥʘʚʠʛʘʮʠʠ ʜʦ ʬʠʥʘʥʩʦʚ, ʦʪ ʘʢʫʩʪʠʢʠ ʜʦ ʠʨʨʠʛʘʮʠʠ. ʇʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʤʠʨ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʥʘʩʫʱʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʪʫʧʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʩʪʠ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ. ʅʘʦʙʦʨʦʪ, ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʪʘʣ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʦʩʪʨʦʫʤʥʳʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ. ʉʪʦʣʴ çʦʜʥʦʩʪʦʨʦʥʥʷʷè ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʫʤʘ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʣʘ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʠʥʦʡ ʜʝʥʴ ʕʡʣʝʨʫ ʩʣʫʯʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʧʦ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʘʙʦʪ. ʈʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ, ʯʪʦ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ ʠ ʚʪʦʨʳʤ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʢ ʦʙʝʜʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʩʪʦʣʫ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʢʘʢ-ʪʦ ʨʘʟ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ, ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʚʘʶʱʠʝ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʠ. ʕʡʣʝʨ ʥʝ ʪʝʨʷʣ ʥʠ ʤʠʥʫʪʳ. ʋʢʘʯʠʚʘʷ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʨʫʢʦʡ ʤʣʘʜʝʥʮʘ ʚ ʢʦʣʳʙʝʣʠ, ʦʥ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʨʫʢʦʡ ʥʘʙʨʘʩʳʚʘʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ.

ʆʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʡ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʢʘ ʘʣʛʦʨʠʪʤʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʷ. ʆʪʣʠʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʵʡʣʝʨʦʚʩʢʠʭ ʘʣʛʦʨʠʪʤʦʚ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʘ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʧʨʝʜʥʘʟʥʘʯʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʢʘʟʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʤʠ. ʆʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʢʘʟʘʥʠʝ ʬʘʟ ʃʫʥʳ � ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʷ ʦ ʬʘʟʘʭ ʃʫʥʳ ʠʤʝʣʘ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦ ʚʘʞʥʦʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʜʣʷ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʪʘʙʣʠʮ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳʭ ʜʣʷ ʤʦʨʝʧʣʘʚʘʥʠʷ. ɽʱʝ ʅʴʶʪʦʥ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʦʨʙʠʪʫ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʪʝʣʘ, ʦʙʨʘʱʘʶʱʝʛʦʩʷ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʦʛʦ, ʥʦ ʚ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʃʫʥʳ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʷ ʥʝ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʘ.

ʃʫʥʘ ʦʙʨʘʱʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ɿʝʤʣʠ, ʥʦ ʪʨʝʪʴʝ ʪʝʣʦ � ʉʦʣʥʮʝ � ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ ʫʩʣʦʞʥʷʝʪ ʢʘʨʪʠʥʫ. ɿʝʤʣʷ ʠ ʃʫʥʘ ʧʨʠʪʷʛʠʚʘʶʪ ʜʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʘ, ʘ ʉʦʣʥʮʝ ʚʦʟʤʫʱʘʝʪ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ɿʝʤʣʠ ʠ ʩʪʘʣʢʠʚʘʝʪ ʃʫʥʫ ʩ ʝʝ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʦʨʙʠʪʳ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ɿʝʤʣʠ. ʋʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʣʠ ʦʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʧʦʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ɿʝʤʣʠ ʠ ʃʫʥʳ, ʥʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ XVIII ʚʝʢʘ ʥʝ ʫʤʝʣʠ ʫʯʠʪʳʚʘʪʴ ʚ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷʭ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʪʨʝʪʴʝʛʦ ʪʝʣʘ. ɼʘʞʝ ʩʝʛʦʜʥʷ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʚʝʩʪʠ ʩʝʙʷ ʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʵʪʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ (ʢʣʘʩʩ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ çʟʘʜʘʯʝʡ ʪʨʝʭ ʪʝʣè). ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʨʝʧʣʘʚʘʪʝʣʷʤ ʥʝʪ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʩʪʠ ʟʥʘʪʴ ʬʘʟʫ ʃʫʥʳ ʩ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦʡ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʴʶ � ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʪʴ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʩʫʜʥʘ ʩ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʜʦ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʤʦʨʩʢʠʭ ʤʠʣʴ. ʀ ʦʥ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʨʝʮʝʧʪ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʡ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʪʴ ʥʝ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʦʝ, ʘ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ. ʊʘʢʦʡ ʨʝʮʝʧʪ, ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʡ ʘʣʛʦʨʠʪʤʦʤ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʩʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʞʝʥʥʦʝ, ʛʨʫʙʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʵʪʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʚʚʝʩʪʠ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʳʭ ʜʘʥʥʳʭ ʚ ʪʦʪ ʞʝ ʘʣʛʦʨʠʪʤ ʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʫʞʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ. ɺ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʴ, ʫʪʦʯʥʝʥʥʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʚʚʝʩʪʠ ʚ ʘʣʛʦʨʠʪʤ, ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʝʪ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ, ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʩʪʘ ʠʣʠ ʦʢʦʣʦ ʪʦʛʦ ʠʪʝʨʘʮʠʡ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʪʴ

ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʃʫʥʳ ʩ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʴʶ, ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦʡ ʜʣʷ ʥʫʞʜ ʤʦʨʝʧʣʘʚʘʥʠʷ. ʉʚʦʡ ʘʣʛʦʨʠʪʤ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʙʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʦʤʫ ɸʜʤʠʨʘʣʪʝʡʩʪʚʫ ʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʥʘʛʨʘʜʫ ʚ ʪʨʠʩʪʘ ʬʫʥʪʦʚ ʩʪʝʨʣʠʥʛʦʚ.

ʕʡʣʝʨ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʣ ʨʝʧʫʪʘʮʠʶ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ, ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʣʶʙʫʶ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʫʶ ʝʤʫ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ, ʧʨʠʯʝʤ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ. ɺ ʙʳʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʚʦʶ ʧʨʠ ʜʚʦʨʝ ɽʢʘʪʝʨʠʥʳ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʦʥ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʣ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʛʦ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʘ ɼʝʥʠ ɼʠʜʨʦ. ʊʦʪ ʙʳʣ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʥʳʤ ʘʪʝʠʩʪʦʤ ʠ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʚ ʘʪʝʠʟʤ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʨʫʩʩʢʦʡ ʟʥʘʪʠ. ʈʘʟʛʥʝʚʘʥʥʘʷ ʵʪʠʤ ɽʢʘʪʝʨʠʥʘ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʘʩʴ ʢ ʕʡʣʝʨʫ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʴʙʦʡ ʧʨʝʩʝʯʴ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʛʦ ʙʝʟʙʦʞʥʠʢʘ.

ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʦʨʘʟʤʳʩʣʠʣ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʩʴʙʦʡ ʠʤʧʝʨʘʪʨʠʮʳ ʠ ʦʙʲʷʚʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ ɹʦʛʘ. ɽʢʘʪʝʨʠʥʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʩʠʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʠ ɼʠʜʨʦ ʚʦ ʜʚʦʨʝʮ ʠ ʩʦʙʨʘʣʘ ʥʘ ʪʝʦʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʩʧʦʨ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʨʠʜʚʦʨʥʳʭ. ʕʡʣʝʨ ʚʩʪʘʣ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʝʡ ʠ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ:

çʉʠʨ! (a + bn)/n = x, ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ɹʦʛ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ. ʏʪʦ ɺʳ ʠʤʝʝʪʝ ʚʦʟʨʘʟʠʪʴ?è

ɼʠʜʨʦ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʩʠʣʝʥ ʚ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʝ ʠ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʚʦʟʨʘʟʠʪʴ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʝʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ɽʚʨʦʧʳ. ɽʤʫ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʙʝʟʤʦʣʚʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ. ʇʦʪʝʨʧʝʚ ʫʥʠʟʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ, ʦʥ ʧʦʢʠʥʫʣ ʉʘʥʢʪ-ʇʝʪʝʨʙʫʨʛ ʠ ʚʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞ. ʕʡʣʝʨ ʞʝ ʥʘ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʚʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ ʢ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʷʤ ʪʝʦʣʦʛʠʝʡ ʠ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʝʱʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʰʫʪʣʠʚʳʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʳ ɻʦʩʧʦʜʘ ɹʦʛʘ ʠ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʫʭʘ.

ɹʦʣʝʝ çʟʝʤʥʘʷè ʟʘʜʘʯʘ, ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʰʘʷ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ, ʙʦʣʴʰʦʛʦ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʷ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʘ ʩ ʧʨʫʩʩʢʠʤ ʛʦʨʦʜʦʤ ʂʸʥʠʛʩʙʝʨʛʦʤ (ʥʳʥʝ � ʨʦʩʩʠʡʩʢʠʡ ʛʦʨʦʜ ʂʘʣʠʥʠʥʛʨʘʜ). ɻʦʨʦʜ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʥʘ ʙʝʨʝʛʘʭ ʨʝʢʠ ʇʨʝʛʠʣʠ ʠ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʠʟ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʯʘʩʪʝʡ, ʩʦʝʜʠʥʝʥʥʳʭ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʩʝʤʴʶ ʤʦʩʪʘʤʠ. ʇʣʘʥ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ ʩʭʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʠʟʦʙʨʘʞʝʥ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 7. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʣʶʙʦʧʳʪʥʳʭ ʞʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʂʝʥʠʛʩʙʝʨʛʘ ʟʘʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʣʠ ʦʙʦʡʪʠ ʚʩʝ ʩʝʤʴ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ, ʥʝ ʧʝʨʝʭʦʜʷ ʥʠ ʧʦ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʜʚʘʞʜʳ. ʂʦʝ-ʢʪʦ ʠʟ ʦʙʠʪʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʂʝʥʠʛʩʙʝʨʛʘ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʧʨʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʤʘʨʰʨʫʪʳ, ʥʦ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʭʦʨʦʰʝʛʦ ʠʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʥʝ ʚʳʰʣʦ. ʕʡʣʝʨʫ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʙʦʡʪʠ ʚʩʝ ʩʝʤʴ ʢʸʥʠʛʩʙʝʨʛʩʢʠʭ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ, ʧʦʙʳʚʘʚ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʤ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʨʘʟ, ʥʦ ʟʘʪʦ ʦʥ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʪʴ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʵʪʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ.

ʈʠʩ. 7. ʈʝʢʘ ʇʨʝʛʠʣʴ ʜʝʣʠʪ ʂʸʥʠʛʩʙʝʨʛ ʥʘ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʥʝʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʝ ʯʘʩʪʠ A, B, C ʠ D. ʈʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ ʩʦʝʜʠʥʝʥʳ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʩʝʤʴʶ ʤʦʩʪʘʤʠ. ʄʦʞʥʦ ʣʠ ʦʙʦʡʪʠ ʚʩʝ ʩʝʤʴ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ ʧʦʙʳʚʘʚ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʤ ʦʜʠʥ ʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʨʘʟ?

ʈʠʩ. 8. ʋʧʨʦʱʝʥʥʘʷ ʩʭʝʤʘ ʩʝʤʠ ʢʸʥʠʛʩʙʝʨʛʩʢʠʭ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ

ʕʡʣʝʨ ʚʟʷʣ ʧʣʘʥ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ ʠ ʟʘʤʝʥʠʣ ʝʛʦ ʫʧʨʦʱʝʥʥʦʡ ʩʭʝʤʦʡ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ ʠʟʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʳ ʪʦʯʢʘʤʠ (ʫʟʣʘʤʠ), ʘ ʤʦʩʪʳ � ʣʠʥʠʷʤʠ (ʨʝʙʨʘʤʠ), ʢʘʢ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 8. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʩʪʘʣ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʘʪʴ ʪʘʢ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʤʘʨʰʨʫʪ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʡ ʦʙʦʡʪʠ ʨʦʚʥʦ ʧʦ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʨʘʟʫ ʚʩʝ ʤʦʩʪʳ, ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʪʦʯʢʘ ʥʘ ʩʭʝʤʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʪʴ ʯʝʪʥʦʤʫ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʣʠʥʠʡ. ʕʪʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʦ ʩ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʩʝʨʝʜʠʥʝ ʦʙʭʦʜʘ ʧʫʪʝʰʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʠʢ, ʧʨʦʭʦʜʷ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʪʦ ʠʟ ʯʘʩʪʝʡ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ, ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʚʦʡʪʠ ʚ ʥʝʝ ʧʦ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʤʦʩʪʫ, ʘ ʚʳʡʪʠ � ʧʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʤʫ. ʀʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʣʠʰʴ ʜʚʘ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʷ: ʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʫʪʝʰʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʠʢ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʝʪ ʠʣʠ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʘʝʪ ʦʙʭʦʜ. ɺ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ ʦʙʭʦʜʘ ʧʫʪʝʰʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʠʢ ʧʦʢʠʜʘʝʪ ʥʝʢʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ, ʠ ʜʣʷ ʚʳʭʦʜʘ ʠʟ ʥʝʝ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʠʥ-ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʤʦʩʪ. ɽʩʣʠ ʦʙʭʦʜ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʝʪʩʷ ʠ ʟʘʢʘʥʯʠʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʯʘʩʪʷʭ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ, ʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ, ʚʝʜʫʱʠʭ ʢ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʥʝʯʝʪʥʦ. ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʦʙʭʦʜ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʝʪʩʷ ʠ ʟʘʢʘʥʯʠʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠ ʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ, ʪʦ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʘʷ ʝʡ ʪʦʯʢʘ ʥʘ ʩʭʝʤʝ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʚʩʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʪʦʯʢʠ, ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʪʴ ʯʝʪʥʦʤʫ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʣʠʥʠʡ (ʪ.ʝ. ʵʪʘ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʦʝʜʠʥʝʥʘ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʯʘʩʪʷʤʠ ʯʝʪʥʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ).

ʊʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʣ ʕʡʣʝʨ, ʢʘʢʦʡ ʙʳ ʥʠ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʝʪʴ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ, ʦʙʦʡʪʠ ʚʩʝ ʤʦʩʪʳ, ʧʦʙʳʚʘʚ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʤ ʧʦ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʨʘʟʫ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʚʩʝ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ ʩʦʝʜʠʥʝʥʳ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʯʝʪʥʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ ʠʣʠ ʝʩʣʠ ʨʦʚʥʦ ʜʚʝ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ ʩʦʝʜʠʥʝʥʳ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʯʘʩʪʷʤʠ ʥʝʯʝʪʥʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ. ɺ ʂʝʥʠʛʩʙʝʨʛʝ ʛʦʨʦʜ ʧʦʜʨʘʟʜʝʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʥʘ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʯʘʩʪʠ, � ʠ ʚʩʝ ʦʥʠ ʩʦʝʜʠʥʝʥʳ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʯʘʩʪʷʤʠ ʥʝʯʝʪʥʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ. ʅʘ ʩʭʝʤʝ ʂʝʥʠʛʩʙʝʨʛʘ ʪʨʠ ʪʦʯʢʠ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʪ ʪʨʝʤ ʣʠʥʠʷʤ, ʘ ʦʜʥʘ � ʧʷʪʠ ʣʠʥʠʷʤ. ʊʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʪʴ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʚʩʝ ʩʝʤʴ ʢʸʥʠʛʩʙʝʨʛʩʢʠʭ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʦʙʦʡʪʠ, ʧʦʙʳʚʘʚ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʤ ʦʜʠʥ ʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʨʘʟ, ʥʦ ʠ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʣ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʦ, ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʤʦʝ ʢ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʩʝʪʠ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ ʚ ʣʶʙʦʤ ʛʦʨʦʜʝ ʤʠʨʘ. ʈʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʢʨʘʩʦʪʦʡ. ʇʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʨʪʘ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʠ ʣʶʙʠʣ ʨʝʰʘʪʴ ʟʘ ʦʙʝʜʦʤ.

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʩʝʤʠ ʢʸʥʠʛʩʙʝʨʛʩʢʠʭ ʤʦʩʪʘʭ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʢ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʭ ʟʘʜʘʯʘʭ ʦ ʛʨʘʬʘʭ ʚ ʧʨʠʢʣʘʜʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʦʥʘ ʧʦʙʫʜʠʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʢ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʠʶ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʳʭ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ. ɺ ʭʦʜʝ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʠʩʪʠʥʫ, ʦʪʥʦʩʷʱʫʶʩʷ ʢʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʛʨʘʬʘʤ, � ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʫʶ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʫ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʜʣʷ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʟʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʰʘʛʦʚ. ʌʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʜʣʷ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ ʚʳʨʘʞʘʝʪ ʥʝʟʳʙʣʝʤʦʝ ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʪʨʝʤʷ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʤʠ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʛʨʘʬʘ:

V � R + L = 1,

ʛʜʝ

V � ʯʠʩʣʦ ʚʝʨʰʠʥ (ʫʟʣʦʚ, ʠʣʠ ʧʝʨʝʩʝʯʝʥʠʡ) ʚ ʛʨʘʬʝ,

R � ʯʠʩʣʦ ʣʠʥʠʡ (ʨʝʙʝʨ) ʚ ʛʨʘʬʝ,

L � ʯʠʩʣʦ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʳʭ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ ʚ ʛʨʘʬʝ.

ʊʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ʧʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ, ʝʩʣʠ ʢ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʚʝʨʰʠʥ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʛʨʘʬʘ ʧʨʠʙʘʚʠʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦ

ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʳʭ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ ʠ ʚʳʯʝʩʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʝʛʦ ʨʝʙʝʨ � ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʨʘʚʝʥ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʝ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʚʩʝ ʛʨʘʬʳ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 9 ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʶʪ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʝ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ.

a)

ʙ)

ʚ)

ɺʝʨʰʠʥʳ ʆʙʣʘʩʪʠʃʠʥʠʠ

= 4= 3= 6

ɺʝʨʰʠʥʳ ʆʙʣʘʩʪʠʃʠʥʠʠ

= 6= 1= 6

ɺʝʨʰʠʥʳ ʆʙʣʘʩʪʠʃʠʥʠʠ

= 6= 5= 10

ʈʠʩ. 10. ʕʡʣʝʨ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʫ ʜʣʷ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ, ʧʨʦʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʚ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʛʨʘʬʘ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʚ, ʯʪʦ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʝʨʥʦʡ ʧʨʠ ʣʶʙʳʭ çʜʦʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷʭè ʢ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʝ

ʈʠʩ. 9. ʈʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʛʨʘʬʳ, ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʶʱʠʝ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʝ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ

ʄʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʫ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʥʘ ʮʝʣʦʡ ʩʝʨʠʠ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ, ʠ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ ʦʥʘ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʝʨʥʦʡ; ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʝʪ ʠʩʢʫʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ, ʜʣʷ ʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʝʝ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ. ɽʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʠʣʝ ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʤʳʩʣʠʤʦʛʦ ʛʨʘʬʘ, � ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʙʝʟʫʧʨʝʯʥʦʝ ʩ ʪʦʯʢʠ ʟʨʝʥʠʷ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʕʡʣʝʨ.

ʉʚʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʪʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʠʟ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ � ʩ ʛʨʘʬʘ, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʱʝʛʦ ʠʟ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʳ (ʨʠʩ. 10ʘ). ʗʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʛʨʘʬʘ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ: ʠʤʝʝʪʩʷ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʦʜʥʘ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʘ, ʣʠʥʠʡ ʠ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ ʥʝʪ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ

V + R � L = 1 + 0 � 0 = 1.

ɿʘʪʝʤ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʣ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʡʜʝʪ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥ ʯʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʜʦʙʘʚʠʪ ʢ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʨʦʩʪʝʡʰʝʤʫ ʛʨʘʬʫ. ʃʶʙʦʝ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʥʝʤʫ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʣʠʥʠʠ. ʃʶʙʘʷ ʣʠʥʠʷ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʦʝʜʠʥʷʪʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʱʫʶ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʫ ʣʠʙʦ ʩ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʩʦʙʦʡ, ʣʠʙʦ ʩ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʦʡ.

ɺʦ-ʧʝʨʚʳʭ, ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʠʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ ʣʠʥʠʷ ʩʦʝʜʠʥʷʝʪ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʱʫʶ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʫ ʩ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʩʦʙʦʡ. ʂʘʢ ʚʠʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʨʠʩ. 10ʙ, ʧʨʠ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʝʥʠʠ ʣʠʥʠʠ ʚ ʵʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʥʦʚʘʷ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʜʣʷ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʠʣʝ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ (+) ʢʦʤʧʝʥʩʠʨʫʝʪʩʷ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʝʥʠʝʤ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʣʠʥʠʠ (�). ʇʨʠ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʝʥʠʠ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʣʠʥʠʡ ʪʦʛʦ ʞʝ ʪʠʧʘ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʜʣʷ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʠʣʝ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʥʦʚʘʷ ʣʠʥʠʷ ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʝʪ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴ.

ɺʦ-ʚʪʦʨʳʭ, ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʡʜʝʪ, ʝʩʣʠ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ ʣʠʥʠʷ ʩʦʝʜʠʥʠʪ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʱʫʶ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʫ ʩ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʦʡ, ʢʘʢ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 10ʚ. ʀ ʚ ʵʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʠʣʝ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʥʦʚʘʷ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʘ (+) ʢʦʤʧʝʥʩʠʨʫʝʪ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʣʠʥʠʶ (�). ʇʨʠ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʝʥʠʠ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʣʠʥʠʡ ʪʦʛʦ ʞʝ ʪʠʧʘ

ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʠʣʝ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ ʣʠʥʠʷ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʝʤʦʛʦ ʪʠʧʘ ʟʘʢʘʥʯʠʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʝ.

ɺʦʪ ʠ ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʕʡʣʝʨʫ ʜʣʷ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʆʥ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʘʣ ʪʘʢ. ʌʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʜʣʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʠʟ ʚʩʝʭ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ � ʦʜʥʦʡ-ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʳ. ɺʩʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʛʨʘʬʳ, ʩʢʦʣʴ ʙʳ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʤʠ ʦʥʠ ʥʠ ʙʳʣʠ, ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʳ ʠʟ ʧʨʦʩʪʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʧʫʪʝʤ ʧʨʠʙʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʣʠʥʠʡ � ʧʦ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʣʠʥʠʠ ʟʘ ʦʜʠʥ ʨʘʟ. ɺʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ ʧʨʠ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʝʥʠʠ ʢ ʛʨʘʬʫ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʣʠʥʠʠ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʝʨʥʦʡ, ʧʦʪʦʤʫ ʯʪʦ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩ ʣʠʥʠʝʡ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʣʠʙʦ ʥʦʚʘʷ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʘ, ʣʠʙʦ ʥʦʚʘʷ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴ, ʠ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʢʦʤʧʝʥʩʠʨʫʝʪʩʷ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʣʠʥʠʠ. ʕʡʣʝʨ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʧʨʦʩʪʫʶ, ʥʦ ʤʦʱʥʫʶ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʶ. ʆʥ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʜʣʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʛʨʘʬʘ, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʱʝʛʦ ʠʟ ʦʜʥʦʡ-ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʚʝʨʰʠʥʳ, ʠ ʯʪʦ ʣʶʙʘʷ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʷ, ʧʨʠʚʦʜʷʱʘʷ ʢ ʫʩʣʦʞʥʝʥʠʶ ʛʨʘʬʘ, ʥʝ ʥʘʨʫʰʘʝʪ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʫ ʜʣʷ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʜʣʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʚʩʝʭ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ.

ɺʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʩʪʦʣʢʥʫʚʰʠʩʴ ʩ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʕʡʣʝʨ, ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ, ʧʦʥʘʜʝʷʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʨʠʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦʡ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʠ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʜʣʷ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ ʫʭʦʜʷʪ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʢʦʨʥʷʤʠ ʚ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʦ ʦʜʥʘ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʫ ʥʠʭ ʙʳʣʘ ʦʙʱʝʡ: ʦʥʠ ʦʙʝ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣʠ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʦʚ. ʌʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʥʘ ʩʚʝʪʝ, ʯʠʩʣʦ ʚʝʨʰʠʥ ʧʣʶʩ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ ʤʠʥʫʩ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʣʠʥʠʡ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʝ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʥʝ ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʶʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʅʘʧʦʤʥʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ: ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ

xn + yn = zn, ʛʜʝ n � ʣʶʙʦʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʝ 2,

ʥʝ ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ.

ʕʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʫʶ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʫ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ

x3 + y3 = z3,x4 + y4 = z4,x5 + y5 = z5,x6 + y6 = z6,x7 + y7 = z7,. . . . . . . . . . .

ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʚʳʷʩʥʠʪʴ, ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʥʝ ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʵʢʩʪʨʘʧʦʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʡ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ ʥʘ ʚʩʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ (ʪʦʯʥʦ ʪʘʢ ʞʝ, ʢʘʢ ʦʥ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʫ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ).

ʇʝʨʚʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʢ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʟʘʜʫʤʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʣ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʢʣʶʯ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʚ ʢʨʘʪʢʠʭ ʟʘʧʠʩʷʭ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ. ʍʦʪʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʨʘʟʚʝʨʥʫʪʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʦʥ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ ʤʝʩʪʝ ʪʦʛʦ ʞʝ ʵʢʟʝʤʧʣʷʨʘ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʚ ʟʘʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʤ ʚʠʜʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʣʷ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ n=4, ʚʢʣʶʯʠʚ ʝʛʦ ʚ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʳʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʣʠʙʦ ʜʦʚʝʨʠʣ ʙʫʤʘʛʝ, ʥʦ ʚʩʸ ʞʝ ʜʝʪʘʣʠ ʚʩʸ ʝʱʸ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʙʨʳʚʦʯʥʳ ʠ ʨʘʩʧʣʳʚʯʘʪʳ, ʘ ʚ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʩʳʣʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʢ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʠ ʤʝʩʪʘ ʥʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʪ ʝʤʫ ʜʘʪʴ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʦʣʥʦʝ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʝʥʠʝ. ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʦʪʩʫʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʚʘʞʥʳʭ ʜʝʪʘʣʝʡ ʚ ʙʝʛʣʳʭ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʘʭ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʚ ʥʠʭ ʦʪʯʝʪʣʠʚʦ ʧʨʦʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʣʩʷ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʦʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʤʝʪʦʜʘ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʫʩʢʘ.

ʏʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ x4 + y4 = z4 ʥʝ ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʩ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ

x = X1, y = Y1, z = Z1.

ʇʨʠ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʠ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚ ʯʠʩʝʣ (X1, Y1, Z1) ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʦ, ʪʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʤʝʥʴʰʝʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ (X2, Y2, Z2). ʈʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʷ ʵʪʦ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʤʦʛ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʦʥʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʦ, ʪʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʝʱʝ ʤʝʥʴʰʝʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ (X3, Y3, Z3) ʠ ʪ.ʜ.

ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʥʠʩʭʦʜʷʱʫʶ ʣʝʩʪʥʠʮʫ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʙʳ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʝʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʝʥʥʦ, ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʷ ʚʩʝ ʤʝʥʴʰʠʝ ʠ ʤʝʥʴʰʠʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ. ʅʦ x, y ʠ z ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʮʝʣʳʤʠ ʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤʠ (ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʤʠ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ) ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʥʝʩʢʦʥʯʘʝʤʘʷ ʥʠʩʭʦʜʷʱʘʷ ʣʝʩʪʥʠʮʘ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʘ, ʧʦʪʦʤʫ ʯʪʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʥʘʠʤʝʥʴʰʝʝ ʮʝʣʦʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ. ʇʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ (X1, Y1, Z1) ʙʳʣʦ ʣʦʞʥʳʤ. ʀʪʘʢ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʫʩʢʘ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʠ n=4 ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ xn + yn = zn ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʮʝʣʦʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ.

ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʤ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʫʩʢʘ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʧʫʥʢʪʘ ʧʨʠ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʠʠ ʦʙʱʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʝʡ ʚ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʆʥ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ n ʚʧʣʦʪʴ ʜʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ, ʥʦ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʦʥ ʭʦʪʝʣ çʦʧʫʩʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʦʜʥʫ ʩʪʫʧʝʥʴè ʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʠ n=3. ɺ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ʢ ʧʨʫʩʩʢʦʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʍʨʠʩʪʠʘʥʫ ɻʦʣʴʜʙʘʭʫ ʚ ʘʚʛʫʩʪʝ 1753 ʛʦʜʘ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʠʩʧʦʩʦʙʠʪʴ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʫʩʢʘ ʠ ʫʩʧʝʰʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʣʷ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ n=3. ʊʘʢ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʩʪʦ ʣʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʥʘ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ.

ʏʪʦʙʳ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʩʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ n=4 ʥʘ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ n=3, ʕʡʣʝʨʫ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʚʚʝʩʪʠ ʚ ʠʛʨʫ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʦʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʛʦ ʤʥʠʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ � ʚʝʣʠʯʠʥʳ, ʦʪʢʨʳʪʦʡ ʝʚʨʦʧʝʡʩʢʠʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ ʚ XVI ʚʝʢʝ. ɻʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʦ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʙʳʣʠ çʦʪʢʨʳʪʳè ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʩʪʨʘʥʥʦ, ʥʦ ʦʱʫʱʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʝʪ ʛʣʘʚʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʤʳ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʠʚʳʢʘʝʤ ʢ ʧʦʩʪʦʷʥʥʦ ʠ ʰʠʨʦʢʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʤʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʘʤ, ʯʪʦ ʟʘʙʳʚʘʝʤ ʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʘʭ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳ. ʀ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ, ʠ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ � ʚʩʝ ʵʪʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚ ʩʚʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʪʴ, ʠ ʤʦʪʠʚʘʮʠʷ ʚ ʢʘʞʜʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʩʚʦʜʠʣʘʩʴ ʢ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʩʪʠ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ, ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʫʶ ʚ ʫʞʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ.

ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʝʪʩʷ ʩ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʤʳʭ ʜʣʷ ʩʯʝʪʘ � 1, 2, 3, ..., � ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʕʪʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʦ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʷʪ ʜʣʷ ʩʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʚʝʣʠʯʠʥ, ʪʘʢʠʭ, ʢʘʢ ʦʚʮʳ ʠʣʠ ʟʦʣʦʪʳʝ ʤʦʥʝʪʳ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʟʥʘʪʴ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʚʝʣʠʯʠʥ � ʠʭ ʦʙʱʝʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʝʩʪʴ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ. ʅʘʨʷʜʫ ʩʦ ʩʣʦʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʥʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʘʷ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʷ, ʫʤʥʦʞʝʥʠʝ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʤʘʷ ʥʘʜ ʮʝʣʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʝʪ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʅʦ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʷ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʥʝʧʨʠʷʪʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ. ʇʨʠ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ 8 ʥʘ 2 ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ 4, ʥʦ ʧʨʠ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ 2 ʥʘ 8 ʦʪʚʝʪ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʨʘʚʥʳʤ 1/4. ʈʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʤ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʥʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʘ ʜʨʦʙʴ.

ɼʝʣʝʥʠʝ � ʧʨʦʩʪʘʷ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʷ, ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʝʤʘʷ ʥʘʜ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ � ʚʳʥʫʞʜʘʝʪ ʥʘʩ ʚʳʡʪʠ ʟʘ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʳ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɼʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ, ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ, ʪʝʦʨʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ, ʥʝʤʳʩʣʠʤʘ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʷ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʥʝʪ ʦʪʚʝʪʘ ʥʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʯʝʤʫ ʨʘʚʝʥ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʠ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʤʦʡ ʥʘʜ ʮʝʣʳʤʠ

ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ. ʅʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʩʪʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʦʪʚʝʪʘ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʦʣʥʦʪʦʡ. ʅʝ ʙʫʜʴ ʜʨʦʙʝʡ, ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʳ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʦʩʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʙʳ ʙʝʟ ʦʪʚʝʪʘ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʳʨʘʞʘʶʪ ʵʪʦ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʯʪʦ ʜʨʦʙʠ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳ ʜʣʷ ʧʦʣʥʦʪʳ.

ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʩʪʴ ʧʦʣʥʦʪʳ ʚʳʥʫʜʠʣʘ ʠʥʜʠʡʩʢʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʴ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʀʥʜʠʡʩʢʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ 3 ʚʳʯʝʩʪʴ ʠʟ 5, ʪʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʩʷ 2, ʘ 5 ʚʳʯʝʩʪʴ ʠʟ 3 ʥʝ ʪʘʢ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ. ʆʪʚʝʪ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥ ʚ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʠ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ, ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʚʚʝʩʪʠ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʠ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʦʛʦ ʦʙʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʠ ʦʪʟʳʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʦʙ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʢʘʢ çʥʝʣʝʧʳʭè ʠ çʬʠʢʪʠʚʥʳʭè. ʇʝʨʝʩʯʠʪʳʚʘʷ ʟʦʣʦʪʳʝ ʤʦʥʝʪʳ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʜʝʨʞʘʪʴ ʚ ʨʫʢʝ ʦʜʥʫ ʤʦʥʝʪʫ ʠʣʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʧʦʣʤʦʥʝʪʳ, ʥʦ ʚʟʷʪʴ ʚ ʨʫʢʫ çʤʠʥʫʩ ʦʜʥʫè ʤʦʥʝʪʫ ʨʝʰʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ.

ɼʨʝʚʥʠʝ ʛʨʝʢʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʙʫʷʥʳ ʩʪʨʝʤʣʝʥʠʝʤ ʢ ʧʦʣʥʦʪʝ, ʠ ʵʪʘ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʴ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʘ ʠʭ ʢ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʶ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɺ ʛʣʘʚʝ 2 ʤʳ ʫʞʝ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʣʠ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʡ ʢʦʨʝʥʴ ʠʟ 2. ɻʨʝʢʠ ʟʥʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʞʝʥʥʦ ʨʘʚʥʦ 7/5, ʥʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʪʦʯʥʫʶ ʜʨʦʙʴ, ʨʘʚʥʫʶ ã2, ʪʦ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʴ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ. ʇʝʨʝʜ ʥʠʤʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦʝ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʜʨʦʙʠ, ʥʦ ʵʪʦʪ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʪʠʧ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ: çʏʝʤʫ ʨʘʚʝʥ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʡ ʢʦʨʝʥʴ ʠʟ ʜʚʫʭ?è ʊʨʝʙʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʧʦʣʥʦʪʳ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʢ ʠʤʧʝʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʧʨʠʩʦʝʜʠʥʠʪʴ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʥʫ ʢʦʣʦʥʠʶ.

ʂ ʥʘʩʪʫʧʣʝʥʠʶ ʵʧʦʭʠ ɺʦʟʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʜʫʤʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʣʠ ʚʩʝ ʤʳʩʣʠʤʳʝ çʩʦʨʪʘè ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʘ ʩʚʝʪʝ. ɺʩʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʥʘ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʦʩʠ ʚ ʦʙʝ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʩ ʥʫʣʝʤ ʚ ʮʝʥʪʨʝ, ʢʘʢ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 11. ʎʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʦʩʠ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʨʘʚʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʤʝʞʫʪʢʠ, ʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʠʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʦ ʧʣʶʩ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʧʨʘʚʘ ʦʪ ʥʫʣʷ, ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ � ʜʦ ʤʠʥʫʩ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʣʝʚʘ ʦʪ ʥʫʣʷ. ɼʨʦʙʠ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʧʨʦʤʝʞʫʪʢʘʭ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʮʝʣʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, ʘ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʷʣʠ ʧʨʦʙʝʣʳ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʜʨʦʙʷʤʠ.

ʈʠʩ. 11. ɺʩʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʦʩʠ, ʧʨʦʩʪʠʨʘʶʱʝʡʩʷ ʜʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʚ ʦʙʝ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ

ʏʠʩʣʦʚʘʷ ʦʩʴ ʥʘʚʦʜʠʣʘ ʥʘ ʤʳʩʣʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʣʥʦʪʘ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʘ. ɺʩʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʤʝʩʪʘʭ, ʛʦʪʦʚʳʝ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʚʩʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʳ, � ʚʦ ʚʩʷʢʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʥʘ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʦʩʠ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʳʭ ʤʝʩʪ ʥʠ ʜʣʷ ʢʘʢʠʭ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʅʦ ʚ XVII ʚʝʢʝ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʥʘʯʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʝʧʨʠʷʪʥʦʩʪʠ. ʀʪʘʣʴʷʥʩʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʈʘʬʘʵʣʣʦ ɹʦʤʙʝʣʣʠ, ʟʘʥʠʤʘʷʩʴ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʭ ʢʦʨʥʝʡ ʠʟ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʩʪʦʣʢʥʫʣʩʷ ʩ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʤ, ʥʝ ʠʤʝʚʰʠʤ ʛʦʪʦʚʦʛʦ ʦʪʚʝʪʘ.

ɺʩʝ ʥʘʯʘʣʦʩʴ ʩ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʘ: çʏʝʤʫ ʨʘʚʝʥ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʡ ʢʦʨʝʥʴ ʠʟ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʳ, ʪ.ʝ. ʯʠʩʣʦ ã1?è ʆʯʝʚʠʜʥʳʡ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʛʣʘʩʠʪ: ʝʜʠʥʠʮʝ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ 1Ā1=1. ʄʝʥʝʝ ʦʯʝʚʠʜʝʥ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʦʪʚʝʪ: ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʡ ʢʦʨʝʥʴ ʠʟ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʳ ʨʘʚʝʥ ʤʠʥʫʩ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʝ, ʪ.ʝ. ʯʠʩʣʫ �1. ʆʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʨʠ ʫʤʥʦʞʝʥʠʠ ʥʘ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʜʘʝʪ ʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ, ʚ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, (�1)Ā(�1)=1. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʡ ʢʦʨʝʥʴ ʠʟ +1 ʠʤʝʝʪ ʜʚʘ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ: +1 ʠ �1. ʊʘʢʦʝ ʦʙʠʣʠʝ ʦʪʚʝʪʦʚ ʩʘʤʦ ʧʦ ʩʝʙʝ ʧʨʝʚʦʩʭʦʜʥʦ, ʥʦ ʩʨʘʟʫ ʞʝ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʝʪ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ: çʏʝʤʫ ʨʘʚʝʥ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʡ ʢʦʨʝʥʴ ʠʟ ʤʠʥʫʩ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʳ, ʪ.ʝ. ã�1?è [ɺʩʧʦʤʥʠʣʘʩʴ ʪʫʪ ʬʨʘʟʘ ʊʠʪʯʤʘʨʰʘ: çʗ ʥʝʜʘʚʥʦ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʣ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʤʥʝ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʚʝʨʠʪ ʜʘʞʝ ʚ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʤʠʥʫʩ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʳ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʠʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʦʛʦ ʢʦʨʥʷ ʠʟ ʥʝʸè. :) � E.G.A.] ʂʘʞʝʪʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦʪ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʦʪʚʝʪʘ. ʅʠ +1, ʥʠ �1 ʥʝ ʛʦʜʷʪʩʷ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʦʪʚʝʪʘ � ʦʙʘ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚ

ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʝ ʜʘʶʪ +1. ʅʦ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ çʢʘʥʜʠʜʘʪʦʚè ʥʝ ʚʠʜʥʦ. ʄʝʞʜʫ ʪʝʤ ʧʦʣʥʦʪʘ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʤʳ ʫʤʝʣʠ ʦʪʚʝʯʘʪʴ ʠ ʥʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʝʤʫ ʨʘʚʝʥ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʡ ʢʦʨʝʥʴ ʠʟ �1.

ʏʪʦʙʳ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ɹʦʤʙʝʣʣʠ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʚʚʝʩʪʠ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ i, ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʚ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʢʘʢ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ: çʏʝʤʫ ʨʘʚʝʥ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʡ ʢʦʨʝʥʴ ʠʟ ʤʠʥʫʩ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʳ?è. ʅʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʚʚʦʜ i � ʤʘʣʦʜʫʰʥʘʷ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘ ʦʙʦʡʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʪʳʡ ɹʦʤʙʝʣʣʠ ʭʦʜ ʥʠʯʝʤ ʥʝ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʪ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳʣʠ ʚʚʝʜʝʥʳ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʉʪʦʣʢʥʫʚʰʠʩʴ ʩ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʡ ʧʨʠ ʠʥʦʤ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʝʡ, ʠʥʜʠʡʩʢʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʣʠ ʯʠʩʣʦ �1 ʢʘʢ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ: çʏʪʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʩʷ, ʝʩʣʠ ʦʪ ʥʫʣʷ ʦʪʥʷʪʴ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʫ?è. ʏʠʩʣʦ �1 ʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʠʝʤʣʝʤʳʤ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʠʟ ʧʦʚʩʝʜʥʝʚʥʦʛʦ ʦʧʳʪʘ ʥʘʤ ʟʥʘʢʦʤʦ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ çʜʦʣʛʘè, ʚ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʢʘʢ ʚ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ ʥʝʪ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʜʢʨʝʧʣʷʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ ʤʥʠʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʅʝʤʝʮʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ XVII ʚʝʢʘ ɻʦʪʪʬʨʠʜ ʃʝʡʙʥʠʮ ʜʘʣ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʠʟʷʱʥʦʝ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʝ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦʡ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʳ ʤʥʠʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ: çʄʥʠʤʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ � ʵʪʦ ʙʝʩʪʝʣʝʩʥʦʝ ʠ ʧʨʝʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʧʨʠʙʝʞʠʱʝ ɹʦʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʜʫʭʘ, ʧʦʯʪʠ ʘʤʬʠʙʠʷ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʙʳʪʠʝʤ ʠ ʥʝʙʳʪʠʝʤè.

ʂʦʣʴ ʩʢʦʨʦ ʤʳ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʣʠ ʯʠʩʣʦ i ʢʘʢ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʡ ʢʦʨʝʥʴ ʠʟ �1, ʪʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦ 2i, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʦʥʦ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʩʫʤʤʝ i ʧʣʶʩ i (ʘ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʦʤʫ ʢʦʨʥʶ ʠʟ �4). ɸʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦ, ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʠ ʯʠʩʣʦ i/2, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʦʥʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʠ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʠ i ʥʘ 2. ɺʳʧʦʣʥʷʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʠ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʤʥʠʤʳʡ ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʛʦ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʉʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʜʨʦʙʠ ʠ ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʝʪ, ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʫ ʚʩʝʭ ʵʪʠʭ ʤʥʠʤʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʝʪ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʤʝʩʪʘ ʥʘ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʦʩʠ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʣʠ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʰʠʡ ʢʨʠʟʠʩ, ʚʚʝʜʷ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʥʫ � ʤʥʠʤʫʶ � ʦʩʴ, ʧʝʨʧʝʥʜʠʢʫʣʷʨʥʫʶ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʦʩʠ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʩʝʢʘʶʱʫʶ ʝʝ ʚ ʥʫʣʝ, ʢʘʢ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 12. ʏʠʩʣʘ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʘʣʠ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴ ʦʜʥʦʤʝʨʥʫʶ ʧʨʷʤʫʶ, ʘ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʠʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʜʚʫʤʝʨʥʦʡ ʧʣʦʩʢʦʩʪʠ. ʏʠʩʪʦ ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʠʣʠ ʯʠʩʪʦ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʷʶʪ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʝ ʦʩʠ � ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʠ ʤʥʠʤʫʶ, ʘ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʠ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠ ʤʥʠʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʝʣ (ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, 1+2i) ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʢʦʤʧʣʝʢʩʥʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ ʠ ʦʙʠʪʘʶʪ ʥʘ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʡ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʧʣʦʩʢʦʩʪʠ.

ʈʠʩ. 12. ɺʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʦʩʠ ʜʣʷ ʤʥʠʤʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʱʘʝʪ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʫʶ ʦʩʴ ʚ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʫʶ ʧʣʦʩʢʦʩʪʴ. ʂʘʞʜʦʡ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʠ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠ ʤʥʠʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʘʷ ʪʦʯʢʘ ʥʘ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʧʣʦʩʢʦʩʪʠ

ʆʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʢʦʤʧʣʝʢʩʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʨʝʰʘʝʪʩʷ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʴ ã3+4i, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʥʝ ʥʫʞʥʦ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʪʘʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ ʪʠʧʘ: ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʨʘʚʝʥ 2+i, ʪ.ʝ. ʜʨʫʛʦʤʫ ʢʦʤʧʣʝʢʩʥʦʤʫ ʯʠʩʣʫ. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʩʦʟʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ � ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʡ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳʡ ʜʣʷ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ʍʦʪʷ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʝ ʢʦʨʥʠ ʠʟ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʠ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝ ʤʥʠʤʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʶʪ ʯʠʩʣʦ i ʥʠʯʫʪʴ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʳʤ, ʯʝʤ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʠʣʠ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʜʘʶʪ ʣʫʯʰʠʡ ʷʟʳʢ ʜʣʷ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʷ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʷʚʣʝʥʠʡ, ʧʨʦʪʝʢʘʶʱʠʭ ʚ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ. ʉ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʥʝʭʠʪʨʳʭ ʤʘʥʠʧʫʣʷʮʠʡ ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʦʤ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʘ ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʢʦʣʝʙʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʜʚʠʞʝʥʠʷ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʦʚ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʤʘʷʪʥʠʢʘ. ʊʘʢʦʝ ʢʦʣʝʙʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʜʚʠʞʝʥʠʝ, ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʝ ʥʘ ʪʝʭʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʷʟʳʢʝ ʩʠʥʫʩʦʠʜʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʢʦʣʝʙʘʥʠʝʤ, ʰʠʨʦʢʦ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʝʥʦ ʚ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʝ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʥʝʦʪʲʝʤʣʝʤʦʡ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʴʶ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʨʘʩʯʝʪʦʚ. ɺ ʥʘʰʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʠʥʞʝʥʝʨʳ-ʵʣʝʢʪʨʠʢʠ ʧʨʠʩʧʦʩʦʙʠʣʠ i ʢ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʫ ʧʝʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʭ ʪʦʢʦʚ, ʘ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ-ʪʝʦʨʝʪʠʢʠ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʷʶʪ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʢʚʘʥʪʦʚʦʤʝʭʘʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʳ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʦʩʮʠʣʣʠʨʫʶʱʠʭ ʚʦʣʥʦʚʳʭ ʬʫʥʢʮʠʡ, ʩʫʤʤʠʨʫʷ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʤʥʠʤʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ.

ɺ ʯʠʩʪʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʶʪ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʟʘʜʘʯ, ʨʘʥʝʝ ʢʘʟʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ

ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʤʠ. ʄʥʠʤʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʙʫʢʚʘʣʴʥʦ ʜʦʙʘʚʠʣʠ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʠʟʤʝʨʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʠ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʴ ʩʚʦʙʦʜʳ ʚ ʧʦʠʩʢʘʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʀ ʜʦ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʫʞʝ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʠʩʧʦʩʦʙʠʪʴ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʫʩʢʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʧʨʠ n, ʦʪʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʦʪ 4, ʥʦ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʪʴ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʣʘ ʢ ʢʘʢʠʤ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘʤ ʚ ʣʦʛʠʢʝ. ʀ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʯʠʩʣʦ i, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʟʘʪʢʥʫʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʜʳʨʳ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʠ ʟʘʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʫʩʢʘ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʧʨʠ n=3.

ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʛʨʘʥʜʠʦʟʥʦʝ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʝ, ʥʦ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʠʪʴ ʫʩʧʝʭ ʧʨʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʭ n ʕʡʣʝʨʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ. ʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʚʩʝ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʪʴ ʪʝ ʞʝ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʢ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʤ ʚʧʣʦʪʴ ʜʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʠʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʦʚʘʣʦʤ. ʀ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ, ʨʝʰʠʚʰʠʡ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʟʘʜʘʯ, ʯʝʤ ʢʪʦ-ʣʠʙʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʟʘ ʚʩʶ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ, ʙʳʣ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ � ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʥʦʡ. ɽʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʫʪʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʜʣʷ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʣ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ ʚ çʢʨʫʛʦʚʦʡ ʦʙʦʨʦʥʝè ʪʨʫʜʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ.

ʅʝ ʦʙʝʩʢʫʨʘʞʝʥʥʳʡ ʧʦʩʪʠʛʰʝʡ ʝʛʦ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʝʡ, ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʩʦʟʜʘʚʘʪʴ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʜʦ ʢʦʥʮʘ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʜʥʝʡ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʤʨʘʯʝʥʳ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʩʣʝʧʦʪʦʡ. ʕʡʣʝʨ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʩʣʝʧʥʫʪʴ ʚ 1735 ʛʦʜʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʷ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞʝ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʣʘ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ ʟʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʘʩʪʨʦʥʦʤʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʕʪʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʪʨʫʜʥʘ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʦʩʴ ʢ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʴʙʦʡ ʜʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ, ʥʦ ʕʡʣʝʨʫ ʦʪʩʨʦʯʢʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʫʞʥʘ. ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʣʘ ʝʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ, ʨʘʙʦʪʘʷ ʜʥʠ ʠ ʥʦʯʠ ʥʘʧʨʦʣʝʪ, ʨʝʰʠʣ ʝʝ ʟʘ ʪʨʦʝ ʩʫʪʦʢ ʠ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʝʥʥʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ. ʅʦ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʥʝʡʰʘʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʚ ʧʣʦʭʠʭ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʷʭ ʩʪʦʠʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʝʜʚʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ, ʧʦʪʝʨʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʛʣʘʟʘ. ʕʪʦʪ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʢ ʦʪʯʝʪʣʠʚʦ ʚʠʜʝʥ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʧʦʨʪʨʝʪʘʭ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʠ ʥʘ ʪʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʦʤʝʱʝʥ ʚ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ ʵʪʦʡ ʛʣʘʚʳ.

ʇʦ ʩʦʚʝʪʫ ɾʘʥʘ ʃʝʨʦʥʘ ʜ'ɸʣʘʤʙʝʨʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʧʨʠ ʜʚʦʨʝ ʌʨʠʜʨʠʭʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʛʦ ʩʤʝʥʠʣ ɾʦʟʝʬ ʃʫʠ ʃʘʛʨʘʥʞ, ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʯʝʛʦ ʧʨʫʩʩʢʠʡ ʢʦʨʦʣʴ ʧʦʟʞʝ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ: çɺʘʰʠʤ ʟʘʙʦʪʘʤ ʠ ʨʝʢʦʤʝʥʜʘʮʠʷʤ ʷ ʦʙʷʟʘʥ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʟʘʤʝʥʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ, ʩʣʝʧʦʛʦ ʥʘ ʦʜʠʥ ʛʣʘʟ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʤ, ʟʨʷʯʠʤ ʥʘ ʦʙʘ ʛʣʘʟʘ, ʯʪʦ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʠʜʝʪʩʷ ʧʦ ʚʢʫʩʫ ʯʣʝʥʘʤ ʤʦʝʡ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʧʦ ʨʘʟʨʷʜʫ ʘʥʘʪʦʤʠʠè. ʇʦ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʝʥʠʠ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʚ ʈʦʩʩʠʶ ɽʢʘʪʝʨʠʥʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʧʨʠʚʝʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʘ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ çʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʮʠʢʣʦʧʘè.

ʇʦʪʝʨʷ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʛʣʘʟʘ ʠʤʝʣʘ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ çʧʣʶʩè: ʢʘʢ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ ʕʡʣʝʨ, çʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʤʝʥʴʰʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʦʪʚʣʝʢʘʪʴʩʷè. ʉʦʨʦʢ ʣʝʪ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʫ ʙʳʣʦ ʫʞʝ ʰʝʩʪʴʜʝʩʷʪ, ʝʛʦ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʫʭʫʜʰʠʣʦʩʴ: ʢʘʪʘʨʘʢʪʘ ʥʘ ʟʜʦʨʦʚʦʤ ʛʣʘʟʝ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʘ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʦʙʨʝʯʝʥ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʥʫʶ ʩʣʝʧʦʪʫ. ʕʡʣʝʨ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʜʘʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʙʦʣʝʟʥʠ ʠ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʪʨʝʥʠʨʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ � ʟʘʞʤʫʨʠʚ ʛʣʘʟ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚʠʜʝʣ ʚʩʝ ʭʫʞʝ ʠ ʭʫʞʝ, ʩʪʘʣ ʫʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʚʩʣʝʧʫʶ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʚʣʘʜʝʪʴ ʵʪʠʤ ʠʩʢʫʩʩʪʚʦʤ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ, ʯʝʤ ʩʚʝʪ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʧʦʤʝʨʢʥʝʪ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʛʦ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʦʩʣʝʧ. ʊʨʝʥʠʨʦʚʢʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʢʩʪʘʪʠ, ʥʦ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʧʦʯʝʨʢ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʩʪʘʣ ʥʝʨʘʟʙʦʨʯʠʚʳʤ, ʠ ʝʛʦ ʩʳʥ ɸʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʚʟʷʣ ʥʘ ʩʝʙʷ ʨʦʣʴ ʣʠʯʥʦʛʦ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʘʨʷ ʦʪʮʘ.

ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʭ ʩʝʤʥʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʣʝʪ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʘʢʪʠʚʥʦ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ. ɹʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʝʛʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʚʦʟʨʦʩʣʘ, ʢʘʢ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ. ʆʛʨʦʤʥʳʡ ʠʥʪʝʣʣʝʢʪ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʣ ʝʤʫ ʤʘʥʠʧʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷʤʠ, ʥʝ ʬʠʢʩʠʨʫʷ ʠʭ ʥʘ ʙʫʤʘʛʝ, ʘ ʬʝʥʦʤʝʥʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʧʘʤʷʪʴ ʩʣʫʞʠʣʘ ʧʦʣʥʦʮʝʥʥʦʡ ʟʘʤʝʥʦʡ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʠ. ʂʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʩʪʫʧʣʝʥʠʝ ʩʣʝʧʦʪʳ ʨʘʩʰʠʨʠʣʦ ʛʦʨʠʟʦʥʪʳ ʝʛʦ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʠʷ. ʉʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ ʃʫʥʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʳ ʕʡʣʝʨʦʤ ʫʞʝ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʥʘʩʪʫʧʣʝʥʠʷ ʩʣʝʧʦʪʳ. ɼʣʷ ʝʚʨʦʧʝʡʩʢʠʭ ʤʦʥʘʨʭʦʚ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʝ

ʕʡʣʝʨʦʤ ʪʘʙʣʠʮʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʮʝʥʥʳʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʝʤ, ʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʥʘʜ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʪʨʫʜʠʣʠʩʴ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ɽʚʨʦʧʳ, ʚʢʣʶʯʘʷ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ.

ɺ 1776 ʛʦʜʫ ʕʡʣʝʨʫ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʜʝʣʘʥʘ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʷ ʧʦ ʫʜʘʣʝʥʠʶ ʢʘʪʘʨʘʢʪʳ, ʠ ʥʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʥʝʡ ʟʨʝʥʠʝ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʦʩʴ. ʅʦ ʚ ʙʦʣʴʥʦʡ ʛʣʘʟ ʙʳʣʘ ʟʘʥʝʩʝʥʘ ʠʥʬʝʢʮʠʷ, ʠ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʧʦʛʨʫʟʠʣʩʷ ʚʦ ʪʴʤʫ. ʅʝ ʪʝʨʷʷ ʙʦʜʨʦʩʪʠ ʜʫʭʘ, ʦʥ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʜʦ 18 ʩʝʥʪʷʙʨʷ 1783 ʛʦʜʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʝʣ ʨʦʢʦʚʦʡ ʘʧʦʧʣʝʢʩʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʫʜʘʨ. ʇʦ ʩʣʦʚʘʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʠ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʘ ʤʘʨʢʠʟʘ ʜʝ ʂʦʥʜʦʨʩʵ, çʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʘʣ ʞʠʪʴ ʠ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʷʪʴè.

ʄʝʜʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʰʘʛʦʤ

ʀ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʩʪʦ ʣʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʢʦʥʯʠʥʳ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʜʚʫʭ ʯʘʩʪʥʳʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷʭ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʉʘʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʘʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʬʦʨʫ, ʦʩʪʘʚʠʚ ʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ

x4 + y4 = z4

ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʕʡʣʝʨ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʫʩʢʘ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ

x3 + y3 = z3

ʪʘʢʞʝ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʡ ʥʘʙʦʨ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ

x5 + y5 = z5,x6 + y6 = z6,x7 + y7 = z7,x8 + y8 = z8,x9 + y9 = z9,. . . . . . . . . . .

ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʛʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦʨʘʟʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ, ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʷ ʩʢʣʘʜʳʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʜʘʣʝʢʦ ʥʝ ʪʘʢ ʧʣʦʭʦ, ʢʘʢ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ. ʆʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʣʷ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ n=4 ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʠʣʝ ʧʨʠ n=8, 12, 16, 20, ... . ɼʝʣʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦʝ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ 8-ʡ (ʘ ʪʘʢʞʝ 12-ʡ, 16-ʡ, 20-ʡ, ...) ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦ ʠ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ 4-ʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʪʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʛʦ ʮʝʣʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʯʠʩʣʦ 256 ʨʘʚʥʦ 28, ʥʦ ʦʥʦ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʠ 44. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʣʶʙʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ çʨʘʙʦʪʘʝʪè ʜʣʷ 4-ʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ, ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʠʣʝ ʜʣʷ 8-ʡ ʠ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ, ʢʨʘʪʥʦʡ 4. ʅʘ ʦʩʥʦʚʝ ʪʦʛʦ ʞʝ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʡʣʝʨʦʚʩʢʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʣʷ n=3 ʘʚʪʦʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʧʝʨʝʥʦʩʠʪʩʷ ʥʘ n=6, 9, 12, 15, ... . ʊʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʪʨʘʪʠʣʘ ʩʚʦʡ ʥʝʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʥʳʡ ʚʠʜ ʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʚʝʨʥʦʡ ʩʨʘʟʫ ʜʣʷ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ n.

ʆʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʮʝʥʥʳʤ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʠ n=3, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʯʠʩʣʦ 3 � ʧʨʠʤʝʨ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʂʘʢ ʤʳ ʫʞʝ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʣʠ, ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʪʝʤ ʦʪʣʠʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʥʝ ʢʨʘʪʥʦ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʮʝʣʦʤʫ ʯʠʩʣʫ, ʢʨʦʤʝ 1 ʠ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʩʝʙʷ. ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʫʞʝ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ 3 ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤʠ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 5, 7, 11, 13, ... . ɺʩʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʢʨʘʪʥʳ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤ ʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ. ʊʝ, ʢʪʦ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʝʪʩʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʝʡ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʩʯʠʪʘʶʪ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʘʞʥʳʤʠ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʢʘʢ ʙʳ ʘʪʦʤʳ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʇʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ � çʢʠʨʧʠʯʠʢʠè, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʳ ʚʩʝ

ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʪʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʢʘʢ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʠʷ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʡ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʂʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ, ʵʪʦ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʝʪ ʧʫʪʴ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʠ ʚʩʝʭ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʭ n, ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʝʝ ʜʣʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʡ n. ɺʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷʭ ʯʠʩʣʘ n ʢʨʘʪʥʳ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʘʤ, ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʠʟ ʫʞʝ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʥʳʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʚ.

ʀʥʪʫʠʪʠʚʥʦ ʵʪʦ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʫʧʨʦʱʘʝʪ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʜʘʝʪ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʠʪʴ ʠʟ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʠʷ ʚʩʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ n, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʝ ʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ. ʈʝʟʢʦ ʩʦʢʨʘʱʘʝʪʩʷ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʧʨʠ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʭ n ʜʦ 20 ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʧʨʦʚʝʩʪʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʣʷ ʰʝʩʪʠ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ:

x5 + y5 = z5,x7 + y7 = z7,

x11 + y11 = z11,x13 + y13 = z13,x17 + y17 = z17,x19 + y19 = z19.

ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʣʷ ʦʜʥʠʭ ʣʠʰʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʡ n, ʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʡ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʡ n. ʎʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ, ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʞʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʪ ʣʠʰʴ ʠʭ ʥʝʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʜʦʣʶ. ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʥʘʤʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʱʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʝʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʣʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ?

ʀʥʪʫʠʮʠʷ ʧʦʜʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʚʳ ʥʘʯʥʝʪʝ ʩ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʡ ʚʝʣʠʯʠʥʳ ʠ ʠʟʳʤʠʪʝ ʠʟ ʥʝʝ ʙ·ʣʴʰʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ, ʪʦ ʫ ʚʘʩ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ. ʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʣʫʞʠʪʴ ʘʨʙʠʪʨʦʤ ʠʩʪʠʥʳ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʈʦʣʴ ʘʨʙʠʪʨʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʷʝʪ ʣʦʛʠʢʘ. ʆʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʧʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʝʥ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʳ ʤʦʞʝʤ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʠʪʴ ʠʟ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʠʷ ʧʦʜʘʚʣʷʶʱʝʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʧʨʠ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʳʭ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʭ n, ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤʠ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʤʠ n ʧʦ-ʧʨʝʞʥʝʤʫ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʤ.

ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ, ʚʦʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʢ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʫ ʠ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʢ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʢʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʝʪ ʩ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʢʦʥʝʯʝʥ, ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʵʪʦʪ ʧʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ ʧʨʠʜʝʪʩʷ ʚʥʦʩʠʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʡ. ɺ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʜʝʣʝ, ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʡ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʳʡ ʧʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʚʥʝʩʝʥʦ N ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʳ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʠʤ P1, P2, P3, ..., PN . ʀʟ ʥʠʭ ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʦʙʨʘʟʫʝʪ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ QA , ʪʘʢʦʝ, ʯʪʦ

QA = (P1ĀP2ĀP3Ā...ĀPN ) + 1.

ʂʘʢʦʝ ʦʥʦ, ʥʦʚʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ QA , � ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʠʣʠ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʦʝ? ɽʩʣʠ ʦʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ, ʪʦ ʥʘʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʙʦʣʴʰʝʝ, ʯʝʤ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʫʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʝ ʚ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʤ ʧʝʨʝʯʥʝ. ʕʪʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʳʡ ʧʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ ʥʝ ʧʦʣʦʥ. ʉ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ, ʝʩʣʠ ʯʠʩʣʦ QA ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʦʝ, ʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʝʟ ʦʩʪʘʪʢʘ ʜʝʣʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʠʟ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʕʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ-ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʴ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʚʢʣʶʯʝʥʥʳʭ ʚ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʳʡ ʧʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʧʨʠ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʠ ʥʘ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʠʟ ʫʞʝ ʧʝʨʝʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ QA ʜʘʝʪ ʦʩʪʘʪʦʢ, ʨʘʚʥʳʡ 1. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʤ ʯʠʩʣʘ QA ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʤʳ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʠʤ PN+1.

ʀʪʘʢ, ʤʳ ʧʨʠʰʣʠ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʣʠʙʦ QA ʩʘʤʦ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ, ʣʠʙʦ ʜʝʣʠʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ PN+1. ʀ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʠ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʳʡ ʩʧʠʩʦʢ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ. ɺʢʣʶʯʠʚ ʥʘʰʝ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ (QA ʠʣʠ PN+1) ʚ ʧʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ, ʤʳ ʤʦʞʝʤ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʠʪʴ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ QB . ʕʪʦ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʣʠʙʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʥʦʚʳʤ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ, ʣʠʙʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʜʝʣʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ PN+2, ʝʱʝ ʥʝ ʚʢʣʶʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʚ ʥʘʰ ʧʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʀʪʦʛʦʤ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʩʣʫʞʠʪ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝ, ʩʦʛʣʘʩʥʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʩʢʦʣʴ ʙʳ ʜʣʠʥʥʳʤ ʥʠ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʰ ʧʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʝʛʦ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʥʦʚʳʤ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʥʘʰ ʧʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʢʦʥʯʠʪʩʷ � ʦʥ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʝʥ.

ʅʦ ʢʘʢ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʥʝʯʪʦ, ʷʚʥʦ ʤʝʥʴʰʝʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʡ ʚʝʣʠʯʠʥʳ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʙʳʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʤ? ʅʝʤʝʮʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ɼʘʚʠʜ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʦʜʥʘʞʜʳ: çɹʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴ! ʅʠ ʦʜʠʥ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʥʝ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʣ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʛʦ ʚʦʟʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʷ ʥʘ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʜʫʭ, ʥʠ ʦʜʥʘ ʠʜʝʷ ʥʝ ʩʪʠʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʣʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʧʣʦʜʦʪʚʦʨʥʦ ʠʥʪʝʣʣʝʢʪ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ, ʠ ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ ʥʝ ʥʫʞʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʧʨʦʷʩʥʝʥʠʠ ʪʘʢ ʩʠʣʴʥʦ, ʢʘʢ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠè. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʪʴ ʧʦʜ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴʶ. ɻʝʦʨʛ ʂʘʥʪʦʨ, ʨʘʙʦʪʘʚʰʠʡ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʥʘʨʷʜʫ ʩ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʦʤ, ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʣ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʘʢ ʜʣʠʥʫ ʥʝʩʢʦʥʯʘʝʤʦʛʦ ʧʝʨʝʯʥʷ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ (1, 2, 3, 4, ...). ʇʦ ʂʘʥʪʦʨʫ, ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦ ʚʝʣʠʯʠʥʝ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʤʦ ʩ ʜʣʠʥʦʡ ʧʝʨʝʯʥʷ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ.

ʉʣʝʜʫʷ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʶ, ʥʘʤ ʧʨʠʜʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʯʝʪʥʳʭ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʠʥʪʫʠʪʠʚʥʦ ʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʤʝʥʴʰʝ, ʯʝʤ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ. ʅʝʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʞʝ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʯʝʪʥʳʭ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʢʘʞʜʦʤʫ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʜʦʙʨʘʪʴ ʧʘʨʫ � ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʝʝ ʯʝʪʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ:

1Ź2

2Ź4

3Ź6

4Ź8

5Ź10

6Ź12

7Ź14

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ʂʦʣʴ ʩʢʦʨʦ ʢʘʞʜʦʤʫ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʫ ʧʝʨʝʯʥʷ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪ ʧʝʨʝʯʥʷ ʯʝʪʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʪʦ ʦʙʘ ʧʝʨʝʯʥʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʦʜʠʥʘʢʦʚʦʡ ʜʣʠʥʳ. ʊʘʢʦʡ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʩʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʷʤ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ ʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʂʘʥʪʦʨ ʙʳʣ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ, ʢʪʦ ʟʘʥʷʣʩʷ ʬʦʨʤʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʦʤ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ, ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʣʦ ʝʛʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚ ʨʝʟʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʪʠʢʝ ʟʘ ʨʘʜʠʢʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ, ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʝ ʠʤ. ʂ ʢʦʥʮʫ ʪʚʦʨʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʧʝʨʠʦʜʘ ʂʘʥʪʦʨʘ ʥʘʧʘʜʢʠ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʣʠʯʥʳʡ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨ ʠ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʠ ʢ ʪʷʞʝʣʦʡ ʜʫʰʝʚʥʦʡ ʙʦʣʝʟʥʠ ʠ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʡ ʜʝʧʨʝʩʩʠʠ ʂʘʥʪʦʨʘ. ɽʛʦ ʠʜʝʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʠ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʠʝ ʫʞʝ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʥʯʠʥʳ ʢʘʢ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʠ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʦʝ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ. ɺʦʟʜʘʚʘʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʦʝ ʟʘʩʣʫʛʘʤ ʂʘʥʪʦʨʘ, ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ: çʅʠʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʠʟʛʥʘʪʴ ʥʘʩ ʠʟ ʨʘʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʂʘʥʪʦʨ ʩʦʟʜʘʣ ʜʣʷ ʥʘʩè.

ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʫ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʧʨʠʤʝʨ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ çʦʪʝʣʴ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘè ʠ ʥʘʛʣʷʜʥʦ ʠʣʣʶʩʪʨʠʨʫʶʱʠʡ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʳʝ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ. ʕʪʦʪ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʦʪʝʣʴ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʦʪʣʠʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʢʦʤ: ʯʠʩʣʦ ʥʦʤʝʨʦʚ ʚ ʵʪʦʤ ʦʪʝʣʝ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ. ʆʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʚ ʦʪʝʣʴ ʧʨʠʙʳʚʘʝʪ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʛʦʩʪʴ ʠ ʢ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʶ ʫʟʥʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʥʦʤʝʨʦʚ, ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʳʭ ʤʝʩʪ ʥʝʪ. ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ, ʚʳʩʪʫʧʘʶʱʠʡ ʚ ʨʦʣʠ ʧʦʨʪʴʝ, ʧʦʨʘʟʤʳʩʣʠʚ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʦ, ʫʚʝʨʷʝʪ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ ʛʦʩʪʷ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʡʜʝʪ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʛʦ ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʳʡ ʥʦʤʝʨ. ʆʥ ʧʨʦʩʠʪ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʧʦʩʪʦʷʣʴʮʘ ʧʝʨʝʩʝʣʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʩʦʩʝʜʥʠʡ ʥʦʤʝʨ: ʧʦʩʪʦʷʣʴʮʘ ʠʟ ʥʦʤʝʨʘ 1 ʧʝʨʝʩʝʣʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʥʦʤʝʨ 2, ʧʦʩʪʦʷʣʴʮʘ ʠʟ ʥʦʤʝʨʘ 2 � ʧʝʨʝʩʝʣʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʥʦʤʝʨ 3, ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ʂʘʞʜʳʡ ʠʟ ʧʦʩʪʦʷʣʴʮʝʚ, ʞʠʚʰʠʭ ʚ ʦʪʝʣʝ, ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʪ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʥʦʤʝʨ, ʘ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʛʦʩʪʴ ʧʦʩʝʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʦʩʚʦʙʦʜʠʚʰʠʡʩʷ ʥʦʤʝʨ 1. ʕʪʦ ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʣʶʩ ʦʜʠʥ ʨʘʚʥʘ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ. [ʇʨʠʚʝʜʫ ʠʣʣʶʩʪʨʘʮʠʶ ʩ ʚʩʝʣʝʥʠʝʤ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ ʢʣʠʝʥʪʘ ʚ ʦʪʝʣʴ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ. ʆʥʘ ʧʦʟʘʠʤʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʘ ʠʟ ʢʥʠʛʠ çProofs from THE BOOKè, ʚʳʧʫʱʝʥʥʦʡ ʠʟʜʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ Springer ʚ 1998 ʛʦʜʫ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʠʟʜʘʥʥʦʡ ʚ 2001 ʛʦʜʫ. ɸʚʪʦʨʳ: Martin Aigner ʠ G¿nter M. Ziegler. ʄʝʣʢʘʷ ʮʠʪʘʪʘ ʠʟ ʧʨʝʜʠʩʣʦʚʠʷ ʘʚʪʦʨʦʚ ʢ ʵʪʦʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ: "Paul Erdºs liked to talk about The Book, in which God maintains the perfect proofs for mathematical theorems, following the dictum of G. H. Hardy that there is no permanent place for ugly mathematics. Erdºs also said that you need not believe in God but, as mathematician, you should believe in The Book. We have no definition or characterization of what constitutes a proof from The Book: all we offer here is the examples that we have selected, hoping that our readers will share our enthusiasm about brilliant ideas, clever insights and wonderful observations. We also hope that our readers will enjoy this despite the imperfections of our exposition. The selection is to a great extent influenced by Paul Erdºs himself." ɺʦʪ ʛʣʘʚʫ "ʄʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ, ʬʫʥʢʮʠʠ ʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʢʦʥʪʠʥʫʫʤʘ" ʵʪʘ ʠʣʣʶʩʪʨʘʮʠʷ ʠ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʝʪ. � E.G.A.]

ʅʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʚʝʯʝʨ ʧʦʨʪʴʝ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʩʪʦʣʢʥʫʣʩʷ ʩ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ. ʂʘʢ ʠ ʥʘʢʘʥʫʥʝ, ʦʪʝʣʴ ʙʳʣ ʧʝʨʝʧʦʣʥʝʥ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʨʠʙʳʣ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʜʣʠʥʥʳʡ ʣʠʤʫʟʠʥ, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʚʳʩʘʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʛʦʩʪʝʡ. ʅʦ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ ʵʪʦ ʥʠʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝ ʩʤʫʪʠʣʦ, ʠ ʦʥ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʘʜʦʩʪʥʦ ʧʦʪʠʨʘʣ ʨʫʢʠ ʧʨʠ ʤʳʩʣʠ ʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʩʯʝʪʘʭ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʧʣʘʪʷʪ ʚʥʦʚʴ ʧʨʠʙʳʚʰʠʝ. ɺʩʝʭ, ʢʪʦ ʫʞʝ ʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʦʪʝʣʝ, ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʧʦʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʧʝʨʝʩʝʣʠʪʴʩʷ, ʩʦʙʣʶʜʘʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʦ: ʦʙʠʪʘʪʝʣʷ ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ ʥʦʤʝʨʘ � ʚʦ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʥʦʤʝʨ, ʦʙʠʪʘʪʝʣʷ ʚʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʥʦʤʝʨʘ�ʚ ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʳʡ ʥʦʤʝʨ, ʠ ʪ.ʜ., ʪʦ ʝʩʪʴ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʧʦʩʪʦʷʣʴʮʘ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʧʦʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʧʝʨʝʡʪʠ ʚ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʥʦʤʝʨ ʩ ʚʜʚʦʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ çʘʜʨʝʩʦʤè. ɺʩʝ, ʢʪʦ ʞʠʣ ʚ ʦʪʝʣʝ ʜʦ ʧʨʠʙʳʪʠʷ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʛʦʩʪʝʡ, ʦʩʪʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʦʪʝʣʝ, ʥʦ ʧʨʠ ʵʪʦʤ ʦʩʚʦʙʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʥʦʤʝʨʦʚ (ʚʩʝ ʪʝ, çʘʜʨʝʩʘè ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʝʯʝʪʥʳ), ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʘʭʦʜʯʠʚʳʡ ʧʦʨʪʴʝ ʨʘʩʩʝʣʠʣ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʛʦʩʪʝʡ. ʕʪʦʪ ʧʨʠʤʝʨ ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʫʜʚʦʝʥʥʘʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʨʘʚʥʘ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ.

ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʦʪʝʣʴ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ ʥʘʚʝʜʝʪ ʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʥʘ ʤʳʩʣʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʦʜʠʥʘʢʦʚʦ ʚʝʣʠʢʠ, ʨʘʚʥʳ ʜʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʫ, ʠ ʯʪʦ ʣʶʙʳʝ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʚʪʠʩʥʫʪʴ ʚ ʥʦʤʝʨʘ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠ ʪʦʛʦ ʞʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʦʪʝʣʷ, ʢʘʢ ʵʪʦ ʜʝʣʘʣ ʥʘʭʦʜʯʠʚʳʡ ʧʦʨʪʴʝ. ʅʦ ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʦʜʥʠ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʣʶʙʘʷ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʚ ʧʘʨʫ ʢʘʞʜʦʤʫ ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʝʟ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʡ

ʧʘʨʳ, ʥʝʧʨʝʤʝʥʥʦ ʟʘʢʘʥʯʠʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʝʡ. ʀ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʮʝʣʫʶ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʫ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʡ ʠ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʡ ʩ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʡ ʰʢʘʣʦʡ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʝʡ, ʠ ʤʘʥʠʧʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʩ ʵʪʠʤʠ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷʤʠ � ʦʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʩʪʨʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʥʘʰʝʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ.

ʍʦʪʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʨʘʟʨʫʰʠʣʘ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʳ ʥʘ ʩʢʦʨʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʪʘʢʦʡ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʟʘʧʘʩ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʨʠʛʦʜʠʣʩʷ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʚ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʷʭ ʢʘʢ ʰʧʠʦʥʘʞ ʠʣʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʥʘʩʝʢʦʤʳʭ. ʇʨʝʞʜʝ ʯʝʤ ʤʳ ʚʝʨʥʝʤʩʷ ʢ ʧʦʚʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʶ ʦ ʧʦʠʩʢʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʫʤʝʩʪʥʦ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʦ ʦʪʚʣʝʯʴʩʷ ʠ ʧʦʟʥʘʢʦʤʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʪʝʤ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦ ʠ ʥʝʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʶʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ.

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ʊʝʦʨʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ � ʦʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ ʯʠʩʪʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʘʰʣʠ ʥʝʧʦʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ, ʘ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʚ ʢʨʠʧʪʦʛʨʘʬʠʠ. ʂʨʠʧʪʦʛʨʘʬʠʷ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʝʪʩʷ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʥʳʭ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʡ ʩ ʪʘʢʠʤ ʨʘʩʯʝʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʠʭ ʤʦʛ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʪʝʣʴ, ʘ ʧʝʨʝʭʚʘʪʯʠʢ ʨʘʩʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʙʳ ʠʭ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ. ʇʨʦʮʝʩʩ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʢʣʶʯʘ ʢ ʰʠʬʨʫ, ʠ ʧʦ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʠ ʜʣʷ ʜʝʰʠʬʨʦʚʢʠ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʩʥʘʙʜʠʪʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʪʝʣʷ ʵʪʠʤ ʢʣʶʯʦʤ. ʇʨʠ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʮʝʜʫʨʝ ʢʣʶʯ � ʩʘʤʦʝ ʩʣʘʙʦʝ ʟʚʝʥʦ ʚ ʮʝʧʠ ʦʙʝʩʧʝʯʝʥʠʷ ʙʝʟʦʧʘʩʥʦʩʪʠ. ɺʦ-ʧʝʨʚʳʭ, ʧʦʣʫʯʘʪʝʣʴ ʠ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʪʴʩʷ ʦ ʜʝʪʘʣʷʭ ʢʣʶʯʘ, ʠ ʦʙʤʝʥ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʝʡ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʤ ʵʪʘʧʝ ʩʦʧʨʷʞʝʥ ʩ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʨʠʩʢʦʤ. ɽʩʣʠ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʠʢʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʧʝʨʝʭʚʘʪʠʪʴ ʢʣʶʯ ʧʨʠ ʦʙʤʝʥʝ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʝʡ, ʪʦ ʦʥ ʩʤʦʞʝʪ ʜʝʰʠʬʨʦʚʳʚʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʷ. ɺʦ-ʚʪʦʨʳʭ, ʜʣʷ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʘʥʠʷ ʙʝʟʦʧʘʩʥʦʩʪʠ ʢʣʶʯʠ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦ ʤʝʥʷʪʴ, ʠ ʧʨʠ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʟʘʤʝʥʝ ʢʣʶʯʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʨʠʩʢ ʧʝʨʝʭʚʘʪʘ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ ʢʣʶʯʘ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʠʢʦʤ.

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʢʣʶʯʘ ʚʨʘʱʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ʪʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʪʘ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʝʥʠʝ ʢʣʶʯʘ ʚ ʦʜʥʫ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʫ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʰʠʬʨʦʚʢʝ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʷ, ʘ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʝʥʠʝ ʪʦʛʦ ʞʝ ʢʣʶʯʘ ʚ ʦʙʨʘʪʥʫʶ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʫ ʜʝʰʠʬʨʫʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʝ � ʜʝʰʠʬʨʦʚʢʘ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʞʝ ʣʝʛʢʦ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʰʠʬʨʦʚʢʘ. ʅʦ ʠʟ ʦʧʳʪʘ ʥʘʤ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʳʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʜʝʰʠʬʨʦʚʢʘ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʩʣʦʞʥʝʝ, ʯʝʤ ʰʠʬʨʦʚʢʘ: ʧʨʠʛʦʪʦʚʠʪʴ ʷʠʯʥʠʮʫ-ʙʦʣʪʫʥʴʶ ʥʝʩʨʘʚʥʝʥʥʦ ʣʝʛʯʝ, ʯʝʤ ʚʝʨʥʫʪʴ ʷʠʯʥʠʮʫ-ʙʦʣʪʫʥʴʶ ʚ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʝ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ, ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʚ ʙʝʣʢʠ ʠ ʞʝʣʪʢʠ.

ɺ 70-ʝ ʛʦʜʳ XX ʚʝʢʘ ʋʠʪʬʠʣʜ ɼʠʬʬʠ ʠ ʄʘʨʪʠʥ ʍʝʣʣʤʘʥ ʟʘʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʚ ʦʜʥʫ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʫ, ʥʦ ʥʝʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ � ʚ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʧʦʣʦʞʥʫʶ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʫ. ʊʘʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩ ʜʘʣ ʙʳ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʢʣʶʯ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʤʦʡ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʢʣʶʯ ʠʟ ʜʚʫʭ ʯʘʩʪʝʡ, ʠ ʝʛʦ ʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʷ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʚ ʦʙʱʝʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʦʤ ʤʝʩʪʝ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʞʝʣʘʶʱʠʡ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʧʦʩʳʣʘʪʴ ʤʥʝ ʟʘʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʥʥʳʝ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʷ, ʥʦ ʜʝʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʢʣʶʯʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʘ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʥʝ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʢʣʶʯʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʘ ʚʩʝʤ, ʢ ʜʝʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʦʥʘ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʣʘ ʙʳ ʥʠʢʘʢʦʛʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ.

ɺ 1977 ʛʦʜʫ ʈʦʥʘʣʴʜ ʈʠʚʝʩʪ, ɸʜʠ ʐʘʤʠʨ ʠ ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ ɸʜʣʝʤʘʥ � ʛʨʫʧʧʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʠ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘʤ ʠʟ ʄʘʩʩʘʯʫʩʝʪʪʩʢʦʛʦ ʪʝʭʥʦʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʠʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʘ � ʚʳʷʩʥʠʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʙʘʟʠʩʦʤ ʜʣʷ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩʘ ʣʝʛʢʦʡ ʰʠʬʨʦʚʢʠ ʠ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʡ ʜʝʰʠʬʨʦʚʢʠ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʠʟʛʦʪʦʚʠʪʴ ʤʦʡ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʧʝʨʩʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʢʣʶʯ, ʷ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʚʟʷʪʴ ʜʚʘ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʠʪ ʜʦ 80 ʟʥʘʢʦʚ, ʠ, ʫʤʥʦʞʠʚ ʦʜʥʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʝ, ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʝ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ. ɺʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʡ, � ʵʪʦ ʟʥʘʪʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʝ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʪʦʛʜʘ ʢʘʢ ʜʣʷ ʜʝʰʠʬʨʦʚʢʠ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʷ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʟʥʘʪʴ ʜʚʘ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʳ ʧʝʨʝʤʥʦʞʠʣʠ, ʪ.ʝ. ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʗ ʤʦʛʫ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ

ʙʦʣʴʰʦʝ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ � ʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʫ ʢʣʶʯʘ, ʠ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʪʴ ʚ ʪʘʡʥʝ ʜʚʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʷ � ʜʝʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʫ ʢʣʶʯʘ. ʆʯʝʥʴ ʚʘʞʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʭʦʪʷ ʣʶʙʦʤʫ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʝ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʨʘʟʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʥʘ ʜʚʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʷ ʯʨʝʟʚʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ.

ʈʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʠʤ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʧʨʠʤʝʨ. ʇʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʚʳʙʨʘʣ ʠ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ ʚʩʝʤ ʞʝʣʘʶʱʠʤ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ 589, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʝʝ ʢʘʞʜʦʤʫ ʧʦʩʳʣʘʪʴ ʤʥʝ ʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʥʥʳʝ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʷ. ɼʚʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 589 ʷ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʣ ʙʳ ʚ ʪʘʡʥʝ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʨʘʩʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʷ ʥʠʢʪʦ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʤʝʥʷ, ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ. ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʚʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 589, ʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʩʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʜʝʰʠʬʨʦʚʳʚʘʪʴ ʘʜʨʝʩʦʚʘʥʥʳʝ ʤʥʝ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʷ. ʅʦ ʩʢʦʣʴ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ 589, ʥʘʡʪʠ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʥʝ ʪʘʢ-ʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ. ɺ ʜʘʥʥʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʥʘ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʥʦʤ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʝ ʚ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʠʥʫʪ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ 589 ʨʘʚʥʳ 31 ʠ 19 (31 Ā 19 = 589), ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʤʦʡ ʢʣʶʯ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʛʘʨʘʥʪʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʙʝʟʦʧʘʩʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʝʨʝʧʠʩʢʠ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʜʦʣʛʦ.

ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʷ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʣʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʦʪʥʠ ʟʥʘʢʦʚ, ʵʪʦ ʜʝʣʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʠʩʢ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʝʡ. ɼʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦʛʦ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ (ʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʢʣʶʯʘ) ʥʘ ʜʚʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʷ (ʜʝʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʢʣʶʯʘ) ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʤʦʱʥʳʝ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ, ʪʦ ʠ ʪʦʛʜʘ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʵʪʠ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ, ʧʦʥʘʜʦʙʠʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʣʝʪ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʦʨʚʘʪʴ ʢʦʚʘʨʥʳʝ ʧʣʘʥʳ ʠʥʦʩʪʨʘʥʥʳʭ ʰʧʠʦʥʦʚ, ʤʥʝ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʝʞʝʛʦʜʥʦ ʤʝʥʷʪʴ ʢʣʶʯ. ʈʘʟ ʚ ʛʦʜ ʷ ʜʦʚʦʞʫ ʜʦ ʚʩʝʦʙʱʝʛʦ ʩʚʝʜʝʥʠʷ ʩʚʦʝ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʛʠʛʘʥʪʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʠ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ, ʢʪʦ ʧʦʞʝʣʘʝʪ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʪʴ ʩʯʘʩʪʴʷ ʠ ʨʘʩʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʤʦʠ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʷ, ʙʫʜʝʪ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʘʪʴ ʟʘʥʦʚʦ ʢ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʶ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʘ ʜʚʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʷ.

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ʇʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʠ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ ʞʠʚʦʡ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʳ. ʋ ʧʝʨʠʦʜʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʮʠʢʘʜ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʢʘʢ Magicicada septendecim, ʩʘʤʳʡ ʜʣʠʥʥʳʡ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʳʡ ʮʠʢʣ ʠʟ ʚʩʝʭ ʥʘʩʝʢʦʤʳʭ. ʀʭ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʦʜ ʟʝʤʣʝʡ, ʛʜʝ ʣʠʯʠʥʢʠ ʪʝʨʧʝʣʠʚʦ ʩʦʩʫʪ ʩʦʢʠ ʠʟ ʢʦʨʥʝʡ ʜʝʨʝʚʴʝʚ. ʀ ʣʠʰʴ ʯʝʨʝʟ 17 ʣʝʪ ʦʞʠʜʘʥʠʷ ʚʟʨʦʩʣʳʝ ʮʠʢʘʜʳ ʧʦʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʠʟ-ʧʦʜ ʟʝʤʣʠ, ʩʦʙʠʨʘʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʳʝ ʨʦʠ ʠ ʥʘ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʟʘʧʦʣʦʥʷʶʪ ʚʩʝ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ. ɿʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʦʥʠ ʩʧʘʨʠʚʘʶʪʩʷ, ʦʪʢʣʘʜʳʚʘʶʪ ʷʡʮʘ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʫʤʠʨʘʶʪ.

ɺʦʧʨʦʩ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʥʝ ʜʘʚʘʣ ʙʠʦʣʦʛʘʤ ʧʦʢʦʷ, � ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʳʡ ʮʠʢʣ ʫ ʮʠʢʘʜ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʜʣʠʥʥʳʡ? ʀʤʝʝʪ ʣʠ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʜʣʷ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʮʠʢʣʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʚʳʨʘʞʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ ʣʝʪ? ɼʨʫʛʦʡ ʚʠʜ � Magicicada tredecim � ʨʦʠʪʩʷ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʢʘʞʜʳʝ 13 ʣʝʪ. ʕʪʦ ʥʘʚʦʜʠʪ ʥʘ ʤʳʩʣʴ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʮʠʢʣʘ, ʚʳʨʘʞʘʶʱʘʷʩʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ ʣʝʪ, ʜʘʝʪ ʚʠʜʫ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʝ ʵʚʦʣʶʮʠʦʥʥʳʝ ʧʨʝʠʤʫʱʝʩʪʚʘ.

ʉʦʛʣʘʩʥʦ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ, ʫ ʮʠʢʘʜʳ ʠʤʝʝʪʩʷ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʱʠʡ ʜʣʠʥʥʳʤ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʳʤ ʮʠʢʣʦʤ. ʎʠʢʘʜʘ, ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ, ʩʪʨʝʤʠʪʩʷ ʠʟʙʘʚʠʪʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪʘ. ɽʩʣʠ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʳʤ ʮʠʢʣʦʤ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴʶ, ʩʢʘʞʝʤ 2 ʛʦʜʘ, ʪʦ ʮʠʢʘʜʘ ʩʪʨʝʤʠʪʩʷ ʠʟʙʝʞʘʪʴ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʮʠʢʣʘ, ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʚ ʛʦʜʘʭ ʜʝʣʠʪʩʷ ʥʘ 2, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʚ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʮʠʢʘʜʘ, ʧʦʷʚʣʷʷʩʴ ʠʟ-ʧʦʜ ʟʝʤʣʠ, ʠ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪ ʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʣʠʩʴ ʙʳ. ɸʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʣ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʳʤ ʮʠʢʣʦʤ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴʶ 3 ʛʦʜʘ, ʪʦ ʮʠʢʘʜʘ ʩʪʨʝʤʠʣʘʩʴ ʙʳ ʠʟʙʝʛʘʪʴ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʳʭ ʮʠʢʣʦʚ, ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʚ ʛʦʜʘʭ ʚʳʨʘʞʘʣʘʩʴ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ, ʢʨʘʪʥʳʤ 3. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʠʟʙʝʞʘʪʴ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʝʥʠʡ ʩ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪʦʤ, ʣʫʯʰʝʡ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʝʡ ʜʣʷ ʮʠʢʘʜʳ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʳʡ ʮʠʢʣ, ʜʣʷʱʠʡʩʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʣʝʪ. ʊʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ (ʢʨʦʤʝ 1 ʠ 17) ʥʝ ʜʝʣʠʪ ʯʠʩʣʦ 17, Magicicada septendecim ʦʯʝʥʴ ʨʝʜʢʦ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʩʦ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪʦʤ. ɽʩʣʠ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʮʠʢʣʘ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪʘ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ 2 ʛʦʜʘ, ʪʦ ʮʠʢʘʜʘ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʩ ʥʠʤ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʘʟ ʚ 34 ʛʦʜʘ, ʘ ʝʩʣʠ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʮʠʢʣʘ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪʘ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ 16 ʣʝʪ, ʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘ ʩ

ʮʠʢʘʜʦʡ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʣʠʰʴ ʨʘʟ ʚ 272 (= 16 Ā 17) ʛʦʜʘ.

çʈʝʚʘʥʰè ʜʣʷ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪʘ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʝʥ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʜʚʫʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷʭ: ʧʨʠ ʝʛʦ ʛʦʜʠʯʥʦʤ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦʤ ʮʠʢʣʝ ʠ ʧʨʠ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦʤ ʮʠʢʣʝ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴʶ 17 ʣʝʪ. ʄʘʣʦʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦ, ʦʜʥʘʢʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪ ʚʳʞʠʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ 17 ʩʚʦʠʭ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʡ ʧʦʜʨʷʜ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ 16 ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʷʤ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʥʝ ʥʘ ʢʦʤ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ. ʉ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʩʪʠʯʴ 17-ʣʝʪʥʝʡ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʮʠʢʣʘ, ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʷʤ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪʘ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʧʨʦʡʪʠ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʵʚʦʣʶʮʠʠ 16-ʣʝʪʥʠʡ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʳʡ ʮʠʢʣ. ʕʪʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘ ʢʘʢʦʤ-ʪʦ ʵʪʘʧʝ ʵʚʦʣʶʮʠʠ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪ ʠ ʮʠʢʘʜʘ ʥʝ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʣʠʩʴ ʙʳ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ 272 ʣʝʪ! ʀ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʠ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʳʡ ʮʠʢʣ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʚ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʣʝʪ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʚʳʞʠʚʘʥʠʶ ʮʠʢʘʜʳ.

ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʵʪʠʤ ʠ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʝʪʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʝʩʣʦʚʫʪʳʡ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪ ʪʘʢ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʡʜʝʥ! ɺ ʛʦʥʢʝ ʥʘ ʚʳʞʠʚʘʥʠʝ ʩ ʮʠʢʘʜʦʡ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʧʦʩʪʦʷʥʥʦ ʫʚʝʣʠʯʠʚʘʣ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʮʠʢʣʘ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʥʘʪʢʥʫʣʩʷ ʥʘ 16-ʣʝʪʥʠʡ ʙʘʨʴʝʨ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ 272 ʣʝʪ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʩʦ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʞʝʨʪʚʦʡ ʠ ʟʘ ʵʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʚʳʤʝʨ. ɺ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʮʠʢʘʜʘ ʩ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʳʤ ʮʠʢʣʦʤ ʜʣʠʥʦʡ 17 ʣʝʪ. ʅʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʩʪʴ ʚ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦʤ ʮʠʢʣʝ ʜʣʷ ʮʠʢʘʜʳ ʦʪʧʘʣʘ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʧʘʨʘʟʠʪ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ.

ʄʝʩʴʝ ʃʝʙʣʘʥ

ʂ ʥʘʯʘʣʫ XIX ʚʝʢʘ ʟʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʫʩʪʦʡʯʠʚʘʷ ʨʝʧʫʪʘʮʠʷ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʧʨʦʨʳʚʘ, ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʕʡʣʝʨʦʤ, ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʞʝʥʠʷ, ʧʦʢʘ ʩʝʥʩʘʮʠʦʥʥʦʝ ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʶʥʦʡ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʞʝʥʢʠ ʥʝ ʚʜʦʭʥʫʣʦ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʳ. ʇʦʠʩʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʦʟʦʙʥʦʚʠʣʠʩʴ ʩ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʩʠʣʦʡ. ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʚʳʧʘʣʦ ʞʠʪʴ ʚ ʵʧʦʭʫ ʰʦʚʠʥʠʟʤʘ ʠ ʧʨʝʜʨʘʩʩʫʜʢʦʚ, ʠ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ, ʝʡ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʧʩʝʚʜʦʥʠʤ, ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʚ ʫʞʘʩʥʳʭ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʷʭ ʠ ʪʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʚ ʠʥʪʝʣʣʝʢʪʫʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʠʟʦʣʷʮʠʠ.

ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʚʝʢʦʚ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʝʞʝʥʩʢʠʤ ʜʝʣʦʤ, ʥʦ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʜʠʩʢʨʠʤʠʥʘʮʠʶ, ʥʘʰʣʦʩʴ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʞʝʥʱʠʥ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʚʳʩʪʫʧʠʚʰʠʭ ʧʨʦʪʠʚ ʩʣʦʞʠʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʦʙʳʯʘʝʚ ʠ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʦʚ ʠ ʟʘʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʚʰʠʭ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʤʝʥʘ ʚ ʘʥʥʘʣʘʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʇʝʨʚʦʡ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʦʡ, ʦʩʪʘʚʠʚʰʝʡ ʩʣʝʜ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʙʳʣʘ ʊʝʘʥʦ (VI ʚʝʢ ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.), ʫʯʠʚʰʘʷʩʷ ʫ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ, ʩʪʘʚʰʘʷ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʝʛʦ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʙʣʠʟʢʠʭ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʠ ʚʳʰʝʜʰʘʷ ʟʘ ʥʝʛʦ ʟʘʤʫʞ. ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ çʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʦʤ-ʬʝʤʠʥʠʩʪʦʤè ʟʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʚʩʷʯʝʩʢʠ ʧʦʦʱʨʷʣ ʞʝʥʱʠʥ-ʫʯʝʥʳʭ. ʊʝʘʥʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʚʦʩʴʤʠ ʩʝʩʪʝʨ ʚ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʝʡʩʢʦʤ ʙʨʘʪʩʪʚʝ.

ɺ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʦʟʜʥʠʝ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʘ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʥʠʢʠ ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʠ ʉʦʢʨʘʪʘ ʠ ʇʣʘʪʦʥʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʠ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʰʘʪʴ ʞʝʥʱʠʥ ʚ ʩʚʦʠ ʰʢʦʣʳ, ʥʦ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ IV ʚʝʢʝ ʥ.ʵ. ʞʝʥʱʠʥʘ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʣʘ ʩʚʦʶ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʫʶ ʚʣʠʷʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʰʢʦʣʫ. ʀʧʘʪʠʷ, ʜʦʯʴ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʦʡ ʘʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ, ʧʨʦʩʣʘʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ ʚʝʩʴ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʤʠʨ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʜʠʩʧʫʪʘʤʠ ʠ ʫʤʝʥʠʝʤ ʨʝʰʘʪʴ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʜʦʣʛʠʭ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʣʦʤʘʚʰʠʝ ʛʦʣʦʚʳ ʥʘʜ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʦʙʨʘʱʘʣʠʩʴ ʢ ʀʧʘʪʠʠ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʴʙʦʡ ʦ ʧʦʤʦʱʠ, ʠ ʪʘ ʨʝʜʢʦ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʳʚʘʣʘ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʧʦʢʣʦʥʥʠʢʦʚ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʠ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʮʝʣʠʢʦʤ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʣʠ ʝʝ, ʠ ʥʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʦʥʘ ʥʝ ʚʳʭʦʜʠʪ ʟʘʤʫʞ, ʀʧʘʪʠʷ ʦʪʚʝʯʘʣʘ, ʯʪʦ ʦʙʨʫʯʝʥʘ ʩ ʀʩʪʠʥʦʡ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʙʝʟʛʨʘʥʠʯʥʘʷ ʚʝʨʘ ʀʧʘʪʠʠ ʚ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʨʘʟʫʤ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʦʡ ʝʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʂʠʨʠʣʣ, ʧʘʪʨʠʘʨʭ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʠʡ, ʥʘʯʘʣ ʧʨʝʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʴ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʦʚ, ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʦʠʩʧʳʪʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʦʥ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʣ ʝʨʝʪʠʢʘʤʠ. ʀʩʪʦʨʠʢ ʕʜʚʘʨʜ ɻʠʙʙʦʥ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʷʨʢʦʝ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʝ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ, ʧʨʦʠʩʰʝʜʰʠʭ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʂʠʨʠʣʣ ʦʨʛʘʥʠʟʦʚʘʣ ʟʘʛʦʚʦʨ ʧʨʦʪʠʚ ʀʧʘʪʠʠ ʠ ʥʘʪʨʘʚʠʣ ʥʘ ʥʝʝ ʪʦʣʧʫ.

çɺ ʪʦʪ ʨʦʢʦʚʦʡ ʜʝʥʴ, ʚ ʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʳʡ ʩʝʟʦʥ ʃʝʥʪʘ, ʀʧʘʪʠʶ ʚʳʪʘʱʠʣʠ ʠʟ ʢʦʣʝʩʥʠʮʳ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʥʘ ʝʭʘʣʘ, ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠ ʜʦʥʘʛʘ, ʧʦʚʦʣʦʢʣʠ ʢ ʮʝʨʢʚʠ ʠ ʙʝʩʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʥʦ ʨʘʟʨʫʙʠʣʠ ʝʝ ʥʘ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʨʫʢʘʤʠ ʇʝʪʨʘ ʏʪʝʮʘ ʠ ʪʦʣʧʳ ʜʠʢʠʭ ʠ ʙʝʟʞʘʣʦʩʪʥʳʭ ʬʘʥʘʪʠʢʦʚ; ʝʝ ʧʣʦʪʴ ʩʦʜʨʘʣʠ ʩ ʢʦʩʪʝʡ ʦʩʪʨʳʤʠ ʫʩʪʨʠʯʥʳʤʠ ʨʘʢʦʚʠʥʘʤʠ, ʘ ʝʝ ʪʨʝʧʝʱʫʱʠʝ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʦʞʞʝʥʳ ʥʘ ʢʦʩʪʨʝè.

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʀʧʘʪʠʠ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʥʘʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʧʝʨʠʦʜ ʟʘʩʪʦʷ. ɺʪʦʨʘʷ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʘ, ʟʘʩʪʘʚʠʚʰʘʷ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʦ ʩʝʙʝ ʢʘʢ ʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʧʦʷʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʩʣʝ ɺʦʟʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ. ʄʘʨʠʷ ɸʥʴʝʟʠ ʨʦʜʠʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʄʠʣʘʥʝ ʚ 1718 ʛʦʜʫ. ʂʘʢ ʠ ʀʧʘʪʠʷ, ʦʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʜʦʯʝʨʴʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ. ɸʥʴʝʟʠ ʙʳʣʘ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʘ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʣʫʯʰʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ɽʚʨʦʧʳ. ʆʩʦʙʫʶ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʝʡ ʧʨʠʥʝʩʣʠ ʪʨʫʜʳ, ʧʦʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʳʝ ʢʘʩʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʢ ʢʨʠʚʳʤ. ɺ ʀʪʘʣʠʠ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʣʠʩʴ çversieraè (ʦʪ ʣʘʪʠʥʩʢʦʛʦ çʧʦʚʦʨʘʯʠʚʘʪʴè), ʥʦ ʵʪʦ ʞʝ ʩʣʦʚʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʢʨʘʱʝʥʠʝʤ ʩʣʦʚʘ çavversieraè � çʞʝʥʘ ʜʴʷʚʦʣʘè. ʂʨʠʚʳʝ, ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʥʳʝ ɸʥʴʝʟʠ (versiera Agnesi) ʙʳʣʠ ʥʝʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦ ʧʝʨʝʚʝʜʝʥʳ ʥʘ ʘʥʛʣʠʡʩʢʠʡ ʷʟʳʢ ʢʘʢ çʚʝʜʴʤʘ ɸʥʴʝʟʠè, ʠ ʩʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʝʤ ʄʘʨʠʶ ɸʥʴʝʟʠ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʪʴ ʪʘʢ ʞʝ.

ʍʦʪʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʡ ɽʚʨʦʧʝ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʚʘʣʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʪʘʣʘʥʪ ɸʥʴʝʟʠ, ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʘʢʘʜʝʤʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʫʯʨʝʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʚ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ ʌʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʘʷ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʷ, ʦʪʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʝʡ ʧʦʩʪ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʡ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʤʠ. ʇʦʣʠʪʠʢʘ ʥʝʜʦʧʫʱʝʥʠʷ ʞʝʥʱʠʥ ʥʘ ʘʢʘʜʝʤʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʧʦʩʪʳ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʘʩʴ ʠ ʚ XX ʚʝʢʝ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʕʤʤʠ ʅʸʪʝʨ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʕʡʥʰʪʝʡʥ ʦʪʟʳʚʘʣʩʷ ʢʘʢ ʦ çʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʪʚʦʨʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʛʝʥʠʠ ʠʟ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʧʦʷʚʠʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʩ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʢʘʢ ʥʘʯʘʣʦʩʴ ʚʳʩʰʝʝ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʜʣʷ ʞʝʥʱʠʥè, ʦʪʢʘʟʘʣʠ ʚ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʠ ʧʨʘʚʘ ʯʪʝʥʠʷ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ ʚ ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥʩʢʦʤ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʝ. ɹʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʦʚ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʘʣʦ ʪʘʢ: çʂʘʢ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʜʦʧʫʩʪʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʧʨʠʚʘʪ-ʜʦʮʝʥʪʦʤ? ɺʝʜʴ ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʘ ʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʧʨʠʚʘʪ-ʜʦʮʝʥʪʦʤ, ʪʦ ʩʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʝʤ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʦʤ ʠ ʯʣʝʥʦʤ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʝʥʘʪʘ... ʏʪʦ ʧʦʜʫʤʘʶʪ ʥʘʰʠ ʩʦʣʜʘʪʳ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʚʝʨʥʫʪʩʷ ʚ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪ ʠ ʫʟʥʘʶʪ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʫʜʫʪ ʫʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʫ ʥʦʛ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʳ?è ɼʘʚʠʜ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ, ʜʨʫʛ ʠ ʥʘʩʪʘʚʥʠʢ ʕʤʤʠ ʅʸʪʝʨ, ʚʦʟʨʘʟʠʣ ʥʘ ʵʪʦ ʪʘʢ: çɻʦʩʧʦʜʘ! ʗ ʥʝ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʶ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʧʦʣ ʢʘʥʜʠʜʘʪʘ ʧʨʝʧʷʪʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʠʶ ʝʝ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʧʨʠʚʘʪ-ʜʦʮʝʥʪʘ. ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʩʢʠʡ ʩʝʥʘʪ � ʥʝ ʤʫʞʩʢʠʝ ʙʘʥʠè.

ʇʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʫ ʕʜʤʫʥʜʘ ʃʘʥʜʘʫ, ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʅʸʪʝʨ, ʩʧʨʦʩʠʣʠ, ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʣʠ ʅʸʪʝʨ ʚʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʘ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ, ʥʘ ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣ: çʗ ʤʦʛʫ ʧʦʢʣʷʩʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ, ʥʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʘ, ʷ ʧʦʢʣʷʩʪʴʩʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʫè.

ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʕʤʤʠ ʅʸʪʝʨ ʪʘʢ ʞʝ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʳ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʨʦʰʣʳʭ ʚʝʢʦʚ, ʩʪʨʘʜʘʣʘ ʦʪ ʜʠʩʢʨʠʤʠʥʘʮʠʠ, ʦʥʘ ʠʤʝʣʘ ʩ ʥʠʤʠ ʝʱʝ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʛʦ: ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʙʳʣʘ ʜʦʯʝʨʴʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ. ɺʦʦʙʱʝ, ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʠʟ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʝʤʝʡʩʪʚ, ʠ ʵʪʦ ʧʦʨʦʜʠʣʦ ʣʠʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʚʩʷʢʦʛʦ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʩʣʫʭʠ ʦʙ ʦʩʦʙʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʛʝʥʝ, ʥʦ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʞʝʥʱʠʥ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʧʨʦʮʝʥʪ ʚʳʭʦʜʮʝʚ ʠʟ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʝʤʝʡ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʚʝʣʠʢ. ʆʙʲʷʩʥʝʥʠʝ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʦʜʘʨʝʥʥʳʝ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʳ ʥʝ ʨʝʰʠʣʠʩʴ ʙʳ ʠʟʫʯʘʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʠʣʠ ʥʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʠ ʙʳ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʢʫ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʥʠʷʤ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʠʭ ʩʝʤʴʷ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʧʨʠʯʘʩʪʥʘ ʥʘʫʢʝ. ʇʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʀʧʘʪʠʠ, ɸʥʴʝʟʠ ʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʫ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʞʝʥʱʠʥ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʅʸʪʝʨ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʟʘʤʫʞʝʤ. ʉʪʦʣʴ ʤʘʩʩʦʚʦʝ ʙʝʟʙʨʘʯʠʝ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʞʝʥʱʠʥ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚʳʙʦʨ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʣ ʥʝʦʜʦʙʨʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʩʦ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ, ʠ ʣʠʰʴ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʫʞʯʠʥʳ ʦʩʤʝʣʠʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʨʫʢʫ ʠ ʩʝʨʜʮʝ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʘʤ ʩ ʪʘʢʦʡ çʩʦʤʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡè ʨʝʧʫʪʘʮʠʝʡ. ʀʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʠʟ ʦʙʱʝʛʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʚʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʘ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʠʟ ʈʦʩʩʠʠ ʉʦʬʴʷ ɺʘʩʠʣʴʝʚʥʘ ʂʦʚʘʣʝʚʩʢʘʷ. ʆʥʘ ʚʩʪʫʧʠʣʘ ʚ ʬʠʢʪʠʚʥʳʡ ʙʨʘʢ ʩ ʧʘʣʝʦʥʪʦʣʦʛʦʤ ɺʣʘʜʠʤʠʨʦʤ ʆʥʫʬʨʠʝʚʠʯʝʤ ʂʦʚʘʣʝʚʩʢʠʤ. ɼʣʷ ʦʙʦʠʭ ʙʨʘʢ ʙʳʣ ʩʧʘʩʝʥʠʝʤ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʚ ʠʤ ʚʳʨʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʟ-ʧʦʜ ʦʧʝʢʠ ʩʝʤʝʡ ʠ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʥʘʫʯʥʳʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʭ. ʏʪʦ ʞʝ ʢʘʩʘʝʪʩʷ ʂʦʚʘʣʝʚʩʢʦʡ, ʪʦ ʧʫʪʝʰʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʚ ʦʜʠʥʦʯʢʫ ʝʡ ʙʳʣʦ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʫʜʦʙʥʝʝ ʧʦʜ ʚʠʜʦʤ ʨʝʩʧʝʢʪʘʙʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʟʘʤʫʞʥʝʡ ʜʘʤʳ.

ʀʟ ʚʩʝʭ ʝʚʨʦʧʝʡʩʢʠʭ ʩʪʨʘʥ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʥʝʧʨʠʤʠʨʠʤʫʶ ʧʦʟʠʮʠʶ ʧʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʶ ʢ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʥʳʤ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʘʤ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʘ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʷ, ʧʨʦʚʦʟʛʣʘʩʠʚʰʘʷ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ � ʥʝʧʦʜʭʦʜʷʱʝʝ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʝ ʜʣʷ ʞʝʥʱʠʥ ʠ ʣʝʞʠʪ ʟʘ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʘʤʠ ʠʭ ʫʤʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʩʪʝʡ! ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʩʘʣʦʥʳ ʇʘʨʠʞʘ ʜʦʤʠʥʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ XVIII ʠ XIX ʚʝʢʦʚ, ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʚʳʨʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʟ ʧʫʪ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʜʠʪʴ ʟʘ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʨʝʧʫʪʘʮʠʶ ʢʨʫʧʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʘ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʦʥʠʟʠʨʦʚʘʣʘ ʧʦʠʩʢʠ ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʚʥʝʩʣʘ ʚʢʣʘʜ, ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʝʚʦʩʭʦʜʷʱʠʡ ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʩʜʝʣʘʣʠ ʝʝ ʧʨʝʜʰʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʠʢʠ-ʤʫʞʯʠʥʳ.

ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʨʦʜʠʣʘʩʴ 1 ʘʧʨʝʣʷ 1776 ʛʦʜʘ ʚ ʩʝʤʴʝ ʪʦʨʛʦʚʮʘ ɸʤʙʨʫʘʟʘ ʌʨʘʥʩʫʘ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ. ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʫʚʣʝʯʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ ʥʘ ʝʝ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʝ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠ ʙʫʨʠ ʠ ʥʝʚʟʛʦʜʳ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʡ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʠ. ɺ ʪʦʪ ʩʘʤʳʡ ʛʦʜ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥʘ ʦʪʢʨʳʣʘ ʜʣʷ ʩʝʙʷ ʩʚʦʶ ʣʶʙʦʚʴ ʢ ʯʠʩʣʘʤ, ʥʘʨʦʜ ʚʟʷʣ ʰʪʫʨʤʦʤ ɹʘʩʪʠʣʠʶ, ʘ ʥʘ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥʘ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʘʩʴ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʘ, ʧʘʣʘ ʪʝʥʴ ʮʘʨʩʪʚʘ ʪʝʨʨʦʨʘ. ʍʦʪʷ ʦʪʝʮ ʉʦʬʠ ʙʳʣ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʦʤ, ɾʝʨʤʝʥʳ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʣʠ ʢ ʘʨʠʩʪʦʢʨʘʪʠʠ.

ɼʝʚʫʰʝʢ, ʩʪʦʷʚʰʠʭ ʥʘ ʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʩʪʫʧʝʥʠ ʩʦʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʣʝʩʪʥʠʮʳ, ʯʪʦ ʠ ʉʦʬʠ, ʥʝ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʧʦʦʱʨʷʣʠ ʢ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʪʴ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʳʤ ʟʥʘʥʠʝʤ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʘ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʘʪʴ ʩʚʝʪʩʢʠʡ ʨʘʟʛʦʚʦʨ, ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥ

ʢʦʩʥʝʪʩʷ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʘ. ɼʣʷ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʘ ʩʝʨʠʷ ʫʯʝʙʥʠʢʦʚ, ʧʨʠʟʚʘʥʥʳʭ ʦʟʥʘʢʦʤʠʪʴ ʠʭ ʩ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʤʠ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʷʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʦʟʥʘʥʠʷ. ʊʘʢ, ʧʝʨʫ ʌʨʘʥʯʝʩʢʦ ɸʣʴʛʘʨʦʪʪʠ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʣ ʫʯʝʙʥʠʢ çʌʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʷ ʩʵʨʘ ʀʩʘʘʢʘ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ, ʦʙʲʷʩʥʝʥʥʘʷ ʜʣʷ ʧʦʣʴʟʳ ʜʘʤè. ʇʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ɸʣʴʛʘʨʦʪʪʠ ʙʳʣ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʜʘʤ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʪʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʦʤʘʥʳ, ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ ʦʥ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʜʠʘʣʦʛʘ ʤʘʨʢʠʟʳ, ʬʣʠʨʪʫʶʱʝʡ ʩ ʩʦʙʝʩʝʜʥʠʢʦʤ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʩʦʙʝʩʝʜʥʠʢ ʠʟʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʤʘʨʢʠʟʝ ʟʘʢʦʥ ʚʩʝʤʠʨʥʦʛʦ ʪʷʛʦʪʝʥʠʷ, ʚ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʯʪʦ ʤʘʨʢʠʟʘ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʫʶ ʠʥʪʝʨʧʨʝʪʘʮʠʶ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʟʘʢʦʥʘ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ: çʗ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʫ ʦʪʜʝʣʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʤʳʩʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ... ʪʦ ʞʝ ʩʦʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ, ʦʙʨʘʪʥʘʷ ʧʨʦʧʦʨʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʫ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʷ, ... ʥʘʙʣʶʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʠ ʚ ʣʶʙʚʠ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʝʩʣʠ ʚʣʶʙʣʝʥʥʳʝ ʥʝ ʚʠʜʷʪʩʷ ʚʦʩʝʤʴ ʜʥʝʡ, ʪʦ ʣʶʙʦʚʴ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʚ ʰʝʩʪʴʜʝʩʷʪ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʨʘʟʘ ʩʣʘʙʝʝ, ʯʝʤ ʚ ʜʝʥʴ ʨʘʟʣʫʢʠè.

ʅʝʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʢ ʥʘʫʢʝ ʚʦʟʥʠʢ ʥʝ ʧʦʜ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝʤ ʢʥʠʛ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʛʘʣʘʥʪʥʦʛʦ ʞʘʥʨʘ. ʉʦʙʳʪʠʝ, ʠʟʤʝʥʠʚʰʝʝ ʚʩʶ ʝʝ ʞʠʟʥʴ, ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʦ ʚ ʪʦʪ ʜʝʥʴ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥʘ, ʧʝʨʝʙʠʨʘʷ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʚ ʦʪʮʦʚʩʢʦʡ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʝ, ʩʣʫʯʘʡʥʦ ʥʘʪʢʥʫʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ çʀʩʪʦʨʠʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠè ɾʘʥʘ ʕʪʴʝʥʘ ʄʦʥʪʫʢʣʳ. ɽʝ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʣʘ ʛʣʘʚʘ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʄʦʥʪʫʢʣʘ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʦ ʞʠʟʥʠ ɸʨʭʠʤʝʜʘ. ʇʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ ɸʨʭʠʤʝʜʘ ʚ ʠʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ ʄʦʥʪʫʢʣʳ, ʥʝʩʦʤʥʝʥʥʦ, ʚʳʟʳʚʘʣ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ, ʥʦ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ ʉʦʬʠ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʣ ʵʧʠʟʦʜ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʨʝʯʴ ʰʣʘ ʦ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ɸʨʭʠʤʝʜʘ. ʇʦ ʧʨʝʜʘʥʠʶ, ɸʨʭʠʤʝʜ ʧʨʦʚʝʣ ʚʩʶ ʩʚʦʶ

ʞʠʟʥʴ ʚ ʉʠʨʘʢʫʟʘʭ, ʛʜʝ ʚ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʧʦʢʦʡʥʦʡ ʦʙʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʝ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ. ʅʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʝʤʫ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʘʣʝʢʦ ʟʘ ʩʝʤʴʜʝʩʷʪ, ʧʦʢʦʡ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʨʫʰʝʥ ʚʪʦʨʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʨʠʤʩʢʦʡ ʘʨʤʠʠ. ʉʦʛʣʘʩʥʦ ʣʝʛʝʥʜʝ, ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʚʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʚʪʦʨʞʝʥʠʷ ɸʨʭʠʤʝʜ, ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦ ʧʦʛʨʫʞʝʥʥʳʡ ʚ ʩʦʟʝʨʮʘʥʠʝ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʬʠʛʫʨʳ, ʥʘʯʝʨʪʘʥʥʦʡ ʥʘ ʧʝʩʢʝ, ʥʝ ʨʘʩʩʣʳʰʘʣ ʦʙʨʘʱʝʥʥʳʡ ʢ ʥʝʤʫ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʨʠʤʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʣʜʘʪʘ, ʠ, ʧʨʦʥʟʝʥʥʳʡ ʢʦʧʴʝʤ, ʧʦʛʠʙ. [ʍʤ... ʗ ʛʜʝ-ʪʦ ʯʠʪʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʧʦʧʣʘʪʠʣʩʷ ʞʠʟʥʴʶ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʢʨʠʢʥʫʣ: çʆʩʪʦʨʦʞʥʦ! ʅʝ ʥʘʩʪʫʧʠ ʥʘ ʤʦʠ ʯʝʨʪʝʞʠ!è, ʥʦ ʨʠʤʩʢʠʡ ʩʦʣʜʘʪ, ʢ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʙʳʣ ʦʙʨʘʱʝʥ ʵʪʦʪ ʚʦʟʛʣʘʩ, ʥʝ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ, ʯʪʦ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʥʠʤ ʙʝʟʦʨʫʞʥʳʡ ʩʪʘʨʠʢ. :( ɸ ʚ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫʪʦʡ ʤʥʦʶ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ ʢʥʠʛʝ çProofs from THE BOOKè ʛʣʘʚʫ "ʊʝʦʨʠʷ ʯʠʩʝʣ" ʧʨʝʜʚʘʨʷʝʪ ʨʠʩʫʥʦʢ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʥʠʢʘʢʦʛʦ ʢʦʧʴʷ ʥʝʪ. ɺʠʜʘʪʴ, ʭʫʜʦʞʥʠʢ ʪʦʞʝ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʣ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ɸʨʭʠʤʝʜʘ. � E.G.A.]

ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʨʘʩʩʫʜʠʣʘ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʟʘʜʘʯʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʪʴ ʢʦʛʦ-ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʦ ʢ ʝʛʦ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ, ʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʦʤ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ. ʉʦʬʠ ʥʝʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʘʩʴ ʟʘ ʩʘʤʦʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝ ʦʩʥʦʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʘ, ʠ ʚʩʢʦʨʝ ʟʘʩʠʞʠʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʜʦʧʦʟʜʥʘ, ʯʠʪʘʷ ʪʨʫʜʳ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʠ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ. ɺʥʝʟʘʧʥʳʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʢ ʩʪʦʣʴ çʥʝʞʝʥʩʢʦʤʫè ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʫ, ʢʘʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ, ʚʩʪʨʝʚʦʞʠʣ ʨʦʜʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʉʦʬʠ. ɼʨʫʛ ʩʝʤʴʠ ʛʨʘʬ ɻʫʣʴʝʣʴʤʦ ʃʠʙʨʠ-ʂʘʨʫʯʯʠ ʜʘʣʣʘ ʉʦʤʤʘʡʷ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʦʪʝʮ ʉʦʬʠ ʦʪʦʙʨʘʣ ʫ ʜʦʯʝʨʠ ʩʚʝʯʠ, ʦʜʝʞʜʫ ʠ ʫʥʝʩ ʞʘʨʦʚʥʶ, ʦʙʦʛʨʝʚʘʚʰʫʶ ʝʝ ʢʦʤʥʘʪʫ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʤʝʰʘʪʴ ʝʡ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ. ʅʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤʠ ʛʦʜʘʤʠ ʧʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʚ ɹʨʠʪʘʥʠʠ ʦʪʝʮ ʤʦʣʦʜʦʡ ʜʝʚʫʰʢʠ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʄʵʨʠ ʉʦʤʝʨʚʠʣʣ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʦʪʥʷʣ ʫ ʜʦʯʝʨʠ ʩʚʝʯʠ, ʟʘʷʚʠʚ: çʕʪʦʤʫ ʥʫʞʥʦ ʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʢʦʥʝʮ, ʝʩʣʠ ʤʳ ʥʝ ʭʦʪʠʤ ʫʚʠʜʝʪʴ ʄʵʨʠ ʚ ʩʤʠʨʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʨʫʙʘʰʢʝè.

ʅʦ ʚ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʟʘʚʝʣʘ ʪʘʡʥʦʝ ʭʨʘʥʠʣʠʱʝ ʜʣʷ ʩʚʝʯʝʡ ʠ ʩʧʘʩʘʣʘʩʴ ʦʪ ʭʦʣʦʜʘ, ʢʫʪʘʷʩʴ ʚ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʥʠ. ʇʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʶ ʃʠʙʨʠ-ʂʘʨʫʯʯʠ, ʥʦʯʠ ʟʠʤʦʡ ʙʳʚʘʣʠ ʪʘʢʠʤʠ ʭʦʣʦʜʥʳʤʠ, ʯʪʦ ʯʝʨʥʠʣʘ ʟʘʤʝʨʟʘʣʠ ʚ ʯʝʨʥʠʣʴʥʠʮʝ, ʥʦ ʉʦʬʠ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʘ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ, ʥʝʚʟʠʨʘʷ ʥʠ ʥʘ ʯʪʦ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʟʥʘʚʰʠʭ ʝʝ ʚ ʶʥʦʩʪʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʟʘʩʪʝʥʯʠʚʦʡ ʠ ʥʝʫʢʣʶʞʝʡ, ʥʦ ʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʠ ʝʡ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴ, ʠ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʨʦʜʠʪʝʣʠ ʫʩʪʫʧʠʣʠ ʠ ʜʘʣʠ ʉʦʬʠ ʙʣʘʛʦʩʣʦʚʝʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ. ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʟʘʤʫʞʝʤ, ʠ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʚʩʝʡ ʝʝ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʳ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʉʦʬʠ ʬʠʥʘʥʩʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʦʪʝʮ. ɼʦʣʛʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʣʘ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʚ ʧʦʣʥʦʤ ʦʜʠʥʦʯʝʩʪʚʝ, ʧʦʪʦʤʫ ʯʪʦ ʚ ʩʝʤʴʝ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳ ʧʦʟʥʘʢʦʤʠʪʴ ʝʝ ʩ ʥʦʚʝʡʰʠʤʠ ʠʜʝʷʤʠ, ʘ ʫʯʠʪʝʣʷ ʉʦʬʠ ʦʪʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ ʝʝ ʚʩʝʨʴʝʟ.

ɺ 1794 ʛʦʜʫ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʣʘʩʴ ʇʦʣʠʪʝʭʥʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʰʢʦʣʘ (£cole Polytechnique), ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʥʘʷ ʢʘʢ ʚʳʩʰʝʝ ʫʯʝʙʥʦʝ ʟʘʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʜʣʷ ʧʦʜʛʦʪʦʚʢʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʠ ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʦʠʩʧʳʪʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʜʣʷ ʥʫʞʜ ʥʘʮʠʠ. ʕʪʘ ʰʢʦʣʘ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʙʳ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʤʝʩʪʦʤ ʜʣʷ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ, ʛʜʝ ʦʥʘ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʙʳ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʜʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʥʝ ʦʜʥʦ ʥʝʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʠʤʦʝ ʧʨʝʧʷʪʩʪʚʠʝ: ʚ £cole Polytechnique ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʣʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʫʞʯʠʥ. ʇʨʠʨʦʜʥʘʷ ʟʘʩʪʝʥʯʠʚʦʩʪʴ ʥʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʣʘ ʉʦʬʠ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʦ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʪʠʚ ʰʢʦʣʴʥʳʭ ʚʣʘʩʪʝʡ, ʠ ʦʥʘ ʨʝʰʠʣʘ ʫʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʪʘʤ ʪʘʡʥʦ, ʧʦʜ ʚʠʜʦʤ ʙʳʚʰʝʛʦ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʘ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʫʯʝʙʥʦʛʦ ʟʘʚʝʜʝʥʠʷ ʤʝʩʴʝ ɸʥʪʫʘʥʘ ʆʛʶʩʪʘ ʃʝʙʣʘʥʘ. ʈʫʢʦʚʦʜʩʪʚʫ ʰʢʦʣʳ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʩʪʦʷʱʠʡ ʤʝʩʴʝ ʃʝʙʣʘʥ ʫʞʝ ʧʦʢʠʥʫʣ ʇʘʨʠʞ, ʠ ʦʥʦ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʦ ʧʝʯʘʪʘʪʴ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʛʦ ʢʦʥʩʧʝʢʪʳ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ ʠ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ. ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʩʪʘʣʘ

ʧʦʣʫʯʘʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʳ, ʧʨʝʜʥʘʟʥʘʯʘʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʃʝʙʣʘʥʘ, ʠ ʢʘʞʜʫʶ ʥʝʜʝʣʶ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʟʘʜʘʯ ʧʦʜ ʩʚʦʠ ʥʦʚʳʤ ʧʩʝʚʜʦʥʠʤʦʤ. ɺʩʝ ʰʣʦ ʧʦ ʧʣʘʥʫ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʩʤʦʪʨʠʪʝʣʴ ʢʫʨʩʘ ɾʦʟʝʬ ʃʫʠ ʃʘʛʨʘʥʞ ʥʝ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʩʪʘʣ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʪʴ ʤʝʩʴʝ ʃʝʙʣʘʥ. ʈʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʤʝʩʴʝ ʃʝʙʣʘʥʘ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʳʤ ʦʩʪʨʦʫʤʠʝʤ, ʥʦ ʠ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ ʦ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʡ ʧʝʨʝʤʝʥʝ, ʧʨʦʠʩʰʝʜʰʝʡ ʚ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʝ, ʨʘʥʝʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʤ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʩʣʘʙʳʤʠ ʧʦʟʥʘʥʠʷʤʠ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʃʘʛʨʘʥʞ, ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʚʰʠʡ ʢ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ɽʚʨʦʧʳ, ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʠ ʩ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʠʚʰʠʤʩʷ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʦʤ, ʠ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʙʳʣʘ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥʘ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʴ, ʢʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʜʝʣʝ. ʃʘʛʨʘʥʞ ʙʳʣ ʫʜʠʚʣʝʥ ʠ ʧʨʠʷʪʥʦ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥ, ʫʚʠʜʝʚ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʜʝʚʫʰʢʫ, ʠ ʩʪʘʣ ʝʝ ʥʘʩʪʘʚʥʠʢʦʤ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ. ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ-ʪʦ ʫ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʩʷ ʫʯʠʪʝʣʴ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʦʛ ʧʦʦʱʨʠʪʴ ʠ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʝʝ, ʢʦʤʫ ʦʥʘ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʦ ʧʨʦʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʠ ʩ ʢʝʤ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʧʦʜʝʣʠʪʴʩʷ ʟʘʤʳʩʣʘʤʠ.

ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʦʙʨʝʪʘʣʘ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʫʶ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʚ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʩʠʣʘʭ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʰʣʘ ʦʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʟʘʜʘʯ ʚ ʫʯʝʙʥʳʭ ʟʘʜʘʥʠʷʭ ʢ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʶ ʝʱʝ ʥʝʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʥʳʭ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʅʦ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʚʘʞʥʦʝ ʜʣʷ ʥʘʰʝʛʦ ʧʦʚʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʉʦʬʠ ʟʘʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʪʝʦʨʠʝʡ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ, ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ, ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʥʝ ʫʩʣʳʰʘʪʴ ʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʅʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʣʝʪ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʧʨʦʨʘʙʦʪʘʣʘ ʥʘʜ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʠ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʜʦʩʪʠʛʣʘ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʵʪʘʧʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʝʡ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʩʤʦʛʣʘ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʢ ʞʝʣʘʥʥʦʡ ʮʝʣʠ. ɺʦʟʥʠʢʣʘ ʥʘʩʫʱʥʘʷ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʩʪʴ ʦʙʩʫʜʠʪʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ ʩ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʦʡ, ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʤ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʨʝʰʠʣʘʩʴ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʢ ʩʘʤʦʤʫ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʤʫ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʫ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ � ʥʝʤʝʮʢʦʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʂʘʨʣʫ ʌʨʠʜʨʠʭʫ ɻʘʫʩʩʫ.

ʇʦ ʚʩʝʦʙʱʝʤʫ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʠʶ ɻʘʫʩʩ � ʩʘʤʳʡ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʡ ʠʟ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʣʠʙʦ ʞʠʚʰʠʭ ʥʘ ʩʚʝʪʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ʕ. ʊ. ɹʝʣʣ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʣ ʌʝʨʤʘ çʢʥʷʟʝʤ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʝʡè, ʘ ɻʘʫʩʩʘ � çʢʥʷʟʝʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚè. ɺʧʝʨʚʳʝ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʧʦ ʜʦʩʪʦʠʥʩʪʚʫ ʦʮʝʥʠʣʘ ʪʘʣʘʥʪ ɻʘʫʩʩʘ, ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʚ ʝʛʦ ʰʝʜʝʚʨ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷè � ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʘʞʥʳʡ ʠ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʰʠʨʦʢʠʡ ʧʦ ʦʭʚʘʪʫ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʪʨʘʢʪʘʪ ʠʟ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʥʳʭ ʩʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥ çʅʘʯʘʣè ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ. ʊʨʫʜʳ ɻʘʫʩʩʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʚʩʝ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʦ, ʢʘʢ ʥʠ ʩʪʨʘʥʥʦ, ʦʥ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɺ ʦʜʥʦʤ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ɻʘʫʩʩ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʜʘʞʝ ʧʨʝʥʝʙʨʝʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɼʨʫʛ ɻʘʫʩʩʘ, ʥʝʤʝʮʢʠʡ ʘʩʪʨʦʥʦʤ ɻʝʥʨʠʭ ʆʣʴʙʝʨʩ, ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʝʤʫ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ, ʥʘʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʦʚʝʪʫʷ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʝ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ʇʘʨʠʞʩʢʦʡ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʟʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ: çʄʥʝ ʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ, ʜʦʨʦʛʦʡ ɻʘʫʩʩ, ʯʪʦ ɺʘʤ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʦʟʘʙʦʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʵʪʠʤè. ɼʚʫʤʷ ʥʝʜʝʣʷʤʠ ʧʦʟʞʝ ɻʘʫʩʩ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣ: çɺʝʩʴʤʘ ʦʙʷʟʘʥ ʟʘ ʚʝʩʪʠ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʇʘʨʠʞʩʢʦʡ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ. ʅʦ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʶʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʢʘʢ ʥʝʢʦʝ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʜʣʷ ʤʝʥʷ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʤʘʣʳʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʷ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʥʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʥʠ ʦʧʨʦʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʴè. ɻʘʫʩʩ ʠʤʝʣ ʧʨʘʚʦ ʧʨʠʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʷ, ʦʜʥʘʢʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʷʩʥʦ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʦ, ʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʪʳʝ ʚʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʠ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʥʳʝ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʦʨʦʜʠʣʠ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʠ ʦʨʠʛʠʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ, ʪʘʢʠʝ, ʢʘʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʤ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʫʩʢʘ ʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʤʥʠʤʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ɻʘʫʩʩ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʠ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʫ, ʘ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʆʣʴʙʝʨʩʫ � ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ çʟʝʣʝʥ ʚʠʥʦʛʨʘʜè. ʊʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ, ʫʩʧʝʭ, ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʳʡ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ɻʘʫʩʩ ʫʟʥʘʣ ʠʟ ʝʝ ʧʠʩʝʤ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʣ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʩʠʣʴʥʦʝ ʚʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ɻʘʫʩʩ ʥʘ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʟʘʙʳʣ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʧʨʝʥʝʙʨʝʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʠ ʢ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʉʝʤʴʶʜʝʩʷʪʴʶ ʧʷʪʴʶ ʛʦʜʘʤʠ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʕʡʣʝʨ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʦʝ ʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʣʷ n=3, ʠ ʩ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ ʚʩʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʪʱʝʪʥʦ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʯʘʩʪʥʳʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷʭ. ʅʦ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʠʟʙʨʘʣʘ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʶ ʠ ʚ ʧʠʩʴʤʘʭ ʢ ɻʘʫʩʩʫ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʣʘ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʡ ʦʙʱʠʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ ʢ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʝʝ ʥʝʧʦʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʮʝʣʴʶ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ � ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʚʦʟʥʘʤʝʨʠʣʘʩʴ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʯʘʩʪʥʳʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷʭ ʩʨʘʟʫ. ɺ ʧʠʩʴʤʘʭ ʢ ɻʘʫʩʩʫ ʦʥʘ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʣʘ ʦʙʱʠʡ ʭʦʜ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ, ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʝʥʥʳʭ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ p ʯʘʩʪʥʦʛʦ ʪʠʧʘ: ʪʘʢʠʭ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ 2p+1 � ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ. ɺ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʡ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʧʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʚʭʦʜʠʪ ʯʠʩʣʦ

5, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ 11=2Ā5+1 � ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ, ʥʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ 13 ʚ ʥʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʚʭʦʜʠʪ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ 27 = 2Ā13 + 1 ʥʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ.

ɺ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʠʟʷʱʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣʘ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ xn + yn = zn ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ n, ʯʪʦ 2n+1 ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʪʦ ʣʠʙʦ x, y, ʣʠʙʦ z ʜʝʣʠʪʩʷ n.

ɺ 1825 ʛʦʜʫ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʫʩʧʝʰʥʦ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʝʥ ɻʫʩʪʘʚʦʤ ʃʝʞʝʥʦʤ ɼʠʨʠʭʣʝ ʠ ɸʜʨʠʝʥʦʤ ʄʘʨʠ ʃʝʞʘʥʜʨʦʤ. ʕʪʠʭ ʫʯʝʥʳʭ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʷʣʦ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʝ. ʃʝʞʘʥʜʨ ʙʳʣ ʩʝʤʠʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʥʠʤ ʩʪʘʨʮʝʤ, ʧʝʨʝʞʠʚʰʠʤ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʙʫʨʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʡ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʠ. ɿʘ ʦʪʢʘʟ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʘʪʴ ʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʢʘʥʜʠʜʘʪʘ ʚ ʅʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪ ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʣʠʰʝʥ ʧʝʥʩʠʠ, ʠ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʚʥʝʩ ʩʚʦʶ ʣʝʧʪʫ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʃʝʞʘʥʜʨ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʣ ʩʠʣʴʥʝʡʰʫʶ ʥʫʞʜʫ. ɼʠʨʠʭʣʝ ʞʝ ʙʳʣ ʤʦʣʦʜʳʤ ʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʳʤ ʯʝʩʪʦʣʶʙʠʚʳʭ ʟʘʤʳʩʣʦʚ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʤ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʝʜʚʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ. ʀ ʃʝʞʘʥʜʨʫ, ʠ ɼʠʨʠʭʣʝ ʥʝʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʦ ʜʨʫʛ ʦʪ ʜʨʫʛʘ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʠ n=5, ʧʨʠʯʝʤ ʦʙʘ ʦʩʥʦʚʳʚʘʣʠ ʩʚʦʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʥʘ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷʭ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʠ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʝʡ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʳ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʫʩʧʝʭʦʤ.

ɽʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʣ ʯʝʪʳʨʥʘʜʮʘʪʴʶ ʛʦʜʘʤʠ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟ ɻʘʙʨʠʝʣʴ ʃʘʤʝ. ʆʥ ʚʥʝʩ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʩʪʨʦʫʤʥʳʝ ʫʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʚ ʤʝʪʦʜ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʤ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʠ n=7. ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣʘ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʘʤ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʢʘʢ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʠʪʴ ʮʝʣʫʶ ʛʨʫʧʧʫ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʚ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤʠ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʤʠ n, ʠ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʦʙʲʝʜʠʥʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʫʩʠʣʠʷʤʠ ʝʝ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʜʣʷ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʛʦ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ n ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ. ʈʘʙʦʪʘ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʥʘʜ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʝʝ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʤ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʭʦʪʷ ʠ ʥʝ ʩʨʘʟʫ ʦʮʝʥʝʥʥʳʤ ʧʦ ʜʦʩʪʦʠʥʩʪʚʫ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣʘ ɻʘʫʩʩʫ, ʝʡ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʝʱʝ ʠ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʠ ʣʝʪ, ʠ ʭʦʪʷ ʝʝ ʠʤʷ ʧʨʠʦʙʨʝʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞʝ, ʦʥʘ ʦʧʘʩʘʣʘʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʥʝ ʚʦʩʧʨʠʤʝʪ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ ʦʪ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʳ ʚʩʝʨʴʝʟ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʟʘʱʠʪʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʷ, ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʫʢʨʳʣʘʩʴ ʟʘ ʧʩʝʚʜʦʥʠʤʦʤ, ʧʦʜʧʠʩʘʚ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ ʠʤʝʥʝʤ ʤʝʩʴʝ ʃʝʙʣʘʥʘ.

ʉʦʬʠ ʥʝ ʩʢʨʳʚʘʣʘ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʙʣʘʛʦʛʦʚʝʥʠʷ ʧʝʨʝʜ ɻʘʫʩʩʦʤ. ɺʦʪ ʬʨʘʟʘ ʠʟ ʝʝ ʧʠʩʴʤʘ: çʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʛʣʫʙʠʥʘ ʤʦʝʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʣʣʝʢʪʘ ʫʩʪʫʧʘʝʪ ʥʝʥʘʩʳʪʥʦʩʪʠ ʤʦʝʛʦ ʘʧʧʝʪʠʪʘ, ʠ ʷ ʩʦʟʥʘʶ ʚʩʝ ʙʝʟʨʘʩʩʫʜʩʪʚʦ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʢʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʙʝʨʫ ʥʘ ʩʝʙʷ ʩʤʝʣʦʩʪʴ ʧʦʙʝʩʧʦʢʦʠʪʴ ʛʝʥʠʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ, ʥʝ ʠʤʝʷ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʧʨʘʚʘ ʥʘ ʝʛʦ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʚʦʩʭʠʱʝʥʠʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʥʝʠʟʙʝʞʥʦ ʦʭʚʘʪʳʚʘʝʪ ʚʩʝʭ ʝʛʦ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʝʡè. ɻʘʫʩʩ, ʥʝ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʚʘʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʪʦ ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʨʨʝʩʧʦʥʜʝʥʪ, ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʫʩʧʦʢʦʠʪʴ çʤʝʩʴʝ ʃʝʙʣʘʥʘè. ɺ ʦʪʚʝʪʥʦʤ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ɻʘʫʩʩʘ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʦʩʴ: çʗ ʚʦʩʭʠʱʝʥ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘ ʥʘʰʣʘ ʚ ɺʘʩ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʛʦ ʜʨʫʛʘè.

ʈʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ, ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʝ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ, ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʦʩʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʰʠʙʦʯʥʦ ʧʨʠʧʠʩʘʥʥʳʤʠ ʤʝʩʴʝ ʃʝʙʣʘʥʫ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʥʝ ʠʤʧʝʨʘʪʦʨ ʅʘʧʦʣʝʦʥ. ɺ 1806 ʛʦʜʫ ʅʘʧʦʣʝʦʥ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʣ ʇʨʫʩʩʠʶ, ʠ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʘʷ ʘʨʤʠʷ ʰʪʫʨʤʦʚʘʣʘ ʦʜʥʫ ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʫʶ ʩʪʦʣʠʮʫ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ. ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʦʧʘʩʘʪʴʩʷ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳ ʩʫʜʴʙʫ ɸʨʭʠʤʝʜʘ ʥʝ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʣ ʝʝ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʡ ʛʝʨʦʡ � ɻʘʫʩʩ. ʉʦʬʠ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣʘ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʜʨʫʛʫ � ʛʝʥʝʨʘʣʫ ɾʦʟʝʬʫ ʄʘʨʠ ʇʝʨʥʝʪʠ, ʢʦʤʘʥʜʦʚʘʚʰʝʤʫ ʥʘʩʪʫʧʘʚʰʠʤʠ ʚʦʡʩʢʘʤʠ. ɺ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ʦʥʘ ʧʨʦʩʠʣʘ ʛʝʥʝʨʘʣʘ ʦʙʝʩʧʝʯʠʪʴ ɻʘʫʩʩʫ ʙʝʟʦʧʘʩʥʦʩʪʴ. ɻʝʥʝʨʘʣ ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʝ ʤʝʨʳ, ʧʦʟʘʙʦʪʠʣʩʷ ʦ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʠ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʣ ʝʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʪʦʪ ʦʙʷʟʘʥ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʞʠʟʥʴʶ ʤʘʜʝʤʫʘʟʝʣʴ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ. ɻʘʫʩʩ ʚʳʨʘʟʠʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ, ʥʦ ʙʳʣ ʫʜʠʚʣʝʥ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʩʣʳʰʘʣ ʦ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ.

ʀʛʨʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʧʨʦʠʛʨʘʥʘ. ɺ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʤ ʞʝ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ɻʘʫʩʩʫ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʥʝʦʭʦʪʥʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʣʘ ʩʚʦʝ ʧʦʜʣʠʥʥʦʝ ʠʤʷ. ʅʠʯʫʪʴ ʥʝ ʨʘʩʩʝʨʜʠʚʰʠʩʴ ʟʘ ʦʙʤʘʥ, ɻʘʫʩʩ ʩ ʚʦʩʪʦʨʛʦʤ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣ ʝʡ: çʂʘʢ ʦʧʠʩʘʪʴ ɺʘʤ ʪʦʪ ʚʦʩʪʦʨʛ ʠ ʪʦ ʠʟʫʤʣʝʥʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʭʚʘʪʠʣʠ ʤʝʥʷ ʧʨʠ ʚʠʜʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʤʦʡ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʯʪʠʤʳʡ ʢʦʨʨʝʩʧʦʥʜʝʥʪ ʤʝʩʴʝ ʃʝʙʣʘʥ ʧʨʝʪʝʨʧʝʣ ʤʝʪʘʤʦʨʬʦʟʫ, ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʚʰʠʩʴ ʚ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʦʩʦʙʫ, ʧʦʜʘʶʱʫʶ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʡ ʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʚ ʵʪʦ ʧʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ. ɺʢʫʩ ʢ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʳʤ ʥʘʫʢʘʤ ʚʦʦʙʱʝ, ʠ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʢʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʪʘʠʥʩʪʚʘʤ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʢʨʘʡʥʝ ʨʝʜʢʦ, ʠ ʵʪʦ ʥʝ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ: ʧʨʝʣʴʩʪʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʘʨʳ ʵʪʦʡ ʪʦʥʢʦʡ

ʥʘʫʢʠ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʪʝʤ, ʢʪʦ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʩʤʝʣʦʩʪʴ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦ ʧʨʦʥʠʢʥʫʪʴ ʚ ʥʝʝ. ʅʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʠʮʘ ʪʦʛʦ ʧʦʣʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʠ ʩ ʥʘʰʠʤʠ ʦʙʳʯʘʷʤʠ ʠ ʧʨʝʜʨʘʩʩʫʜʢʘʤʠ, ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤʠ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʷʤʠ, ʯʝʤ ʤʫʞʯʠʥʳ, ʧʨʠ ʦʟʥʘʢʦʤʣʝʥʠʠ ʩ ʪʝʨʥʠʩʪʳʤʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʤʠ, ʫʤʫʜʨʷʝʪʩʷ ʫʩʧʝʰʥʦ ʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʝʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʵʪʠ ʧʨʝʧʷʪʩʪʚʠʷ ʠ ʧʨʦʥʠʢʥʫʪʴ ʚ ʠʭ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʪʝʤʥʳʝ ʯʘʩʪʠ, ʪʦ, ʥʝʩʦʤʥʝʥʥʦ, ʦʥʘ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʙʣʘʛʦʨʦʜʥʳʤ ʤʫʞʝʩʪʚʦʤ, ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʥʝʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʪʘʣʘʥʪʘʤʠ ʠ ʚʳʩʰʝʡ ʦʜʘʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ. ʅʠʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴ ʤʝʥʷ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʣʝʩʪʥʳʤ ʠ ʥʝʩʦʤʥʝʥʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ ʵʪʦʡ ʥʘʫʢʠ, ʦʙʦʛʘʪʠʚʰʝʡ ʤʦʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʪʘʢʠʤ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦʤ ʨʘʜʦʩʪʝʡ, ʥʝ ʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʧʣʦʜʦʤ ʬʘʥʪʘʟʠʠ, ʢʘʢ ʪʘ ʧʨʝʜʘʥʥʦʩʪʴ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ɺʳ ʧʦʯʪʠʣʠ ʝʝè.

ʇʝʨʝʧʠʩʢʘ ʩ ʂʘʨʣʦʤ ɻʘʫʩʩʦʤ, ʩʪʘʚʰʘʷ ʜʣʷ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʠʩʪʦʯʥʠʢʦʤ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ, ʚʥʝʟʘʧʥʦ ʦʙʦʨʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ 1808 ʛʦʜʫ. ɻʘʫʩʩ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʟʥʘʯʝʥ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʦʤ ʘʩʪʨʦʥʦʤʠʠ ʚ ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥʩʢʦʤ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʝ, ʝʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʳ ʧʝʨʝʤʝʩʪʠʣʠʩʴ ʦʪ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʢ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʠʢʣʘʜʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʠ ʦʥ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʘʣ ʦʪʚʝʯʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʧʠʩʴʤʘ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ. ʃʠʰʠʚʰʠʩʴ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʢʠ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʥʘʩʪʘʚʥʠʢʘ, ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʧʦʪʝʨʷʣʘ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʚ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʩʠʣʘʭ ʠ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʛʦʜ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʣʘ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʷ ʯʠʩʪʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ. ʍʦʪʷ ʝʡ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʜʘʣʴʰʝ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʦʥʘ ʟʘʥʷʣʘʩʴ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʧʣʦʜʦʪʚʦʨʥʦʡ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʚ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ � ʥʘʫʯʥʦʡ ʜʠʩʮʠʧʣʠʥʳ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʥʘ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʙʳ ʟʘʥʷʪʴ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʝʝʩʷ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʨʘʩʩʫʜʢʠ ʠʩʪʝʙʣʠʰʤʝʥʪʘ. ʅʘʠʚʳʩʰʠʤ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʚ ʬʠʟʠʢʝ ʩʪʘʣ çʄʝʤʫʘʨ ʦ ʢʦʣʝʙʘʥʠʷʭ ʫʧʨʫʛʠʭ ʧʣʘʩʪʠʥè � ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʘʷ, ʧʦʣʥʘʷ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʠʜʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ, ʟʘʣʦʞʠʚʰʘʷ ʦʩʥʦʚʳ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʫʧʨʫʛʦʩʪʠ. ɿʘ ʵʪʫ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʧʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʫʜʦʩʪʦʝʥʘ ʤʝʜʘʣʠ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʘ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ ʠ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʦʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʦʩʝʱʘʣʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ ʚ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʅʘʫʢ, ʥʝ ʙʫʜʫʯʠ ʞʝʥʦʡ ʯʣʝʥʘ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ. ʂ ʢʦʥʮʫ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʘ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ ʩ ʂʘʨʣʦʤ ɻʘʫʩʩʦʤ, ʫʙʝʜʠʚʰʠʤ ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥʩʢʠʡ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪ ʧʨʠʩʫʜʠʪʴ ʝʡ ʧʦʯʝʪʥʫʶ ʫʯʝʥʫʶ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʴ. ʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʫʤʝʨʣʘ ʦʪ ʨʘʢʘ ʛʨʫʜʠ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ, ʯʝʤ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪ ʩʤʦʛ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʝʡ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʝʥʥʫʶ ʧʦʯʝʩʪʴ.

çʋʯʠʪʳʚʘʷ ʚʩʝ ʩʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʝ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʦʙʣʘʜʘʣʘ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʠʤ ʫʤʦʤ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʞʝʥʱʠʥ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʣʠʙʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʣʘ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʷ. ʄʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʩʪʨʘʥʥʳʤ, ʥʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʯʠʥʦʚʥʠʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʳʜʘʪʴ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʵʪʦʡ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʡ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʠ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʮʳ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʳʭ ʯʣʝʥʦʚ ʌʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʡ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʅʘʫʢ, ʚ ʛʨʘʬʝ çʨʦʜ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʡè ʦʥ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʠʣ ʝʝ ʢʘʢ çʦʜʠʥʦʢʘʷ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʘ ʙʝʟ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʠè, ʘ ʥʝ çʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢè. ʅʦ ʵʪʦ ʝʱʝ ʥʝ ʚʩʝ. ʇʨʠ ʩʪʨʦʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʕʡʬʝʣʝʚʦʡ ʙʘʰʥʠ ʠʥʞʝʥʝʨʳ ʫʜʝʣʷʣʠ ʦʩʦʙʦʝ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʫʧʨʫʛʦʩʪʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʤʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʦʚ, ʠ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʤ ʛʠʛʘʥʪʩʢʦʤ ʩʦʦʨʫʞʝʥʠʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʥʘʯʝʨʪʘʥʳ ʠʤʝʥʘ ʩʝʤʠʜʝʩʷʪʠ ʜʚʫʭ ʫʯʝʥʳʭ, ʚʥʝʩʰʠʭ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʚ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʝ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʫʧʨʫʛʦʩʪʠ. ʅʦ ʪʱʝʪʥʦ ʤʳ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʙʳ ʠʩʢʘʪʴ ʚ ʵʪʦʤ ʩʧʠʩʢʝ ʠʤʷ ʛʝʥʠʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʜʦʯʝʨʠ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ, ʯʴʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʚʦ ʤʥʦʛʦʤ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʫʧʨʫʛʦʩʪʠ ʤʝʪʘʣʣʦʚ � ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ. ɹʳʣʘ ʣʠ ʦʥʘ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʘ ʠʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩʧʠʩʢʘ ʧʦ ʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʝ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʄʘʨʠʷ ɸʥʴʝʟʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʫʜʦʩʪʦʝʥʘ ʯʣʝʥʩʪʚʘ ʚ ʌʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʡ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ, � ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʦʡ? ʇʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʜʝʣʦ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʪʘʢ. ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʵʪʦ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʘʢ, ʪʦ ʪʝʤ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʡ ʧʦʟʦʨ ʜʣʷ ʪʝʭ, ʢʪʦ ʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʝʥ ʟʘ ʪʘʢʫʶ ʚʦʧʠʶʱʫʶ ʥʝʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʶ ʢ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʫ, ʠʤʝʚʰʝʤʫ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʝ ʟʘʩʣʫʛʠ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʥʘʫʢʦʡ, � ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʫ, ʦʙʝʩʧʝʯʠʚʰʝʤʫ ʩʝʙʝ ʜʦʩʪʦʡʥʦʝ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʚ ʟʘʣʝ ʩʣʘʚʳè. (ɸ. ɾ. ʄʦʟʘʥʩ, 1913.)

ɿʘʧʝʯʘʪʘʥʥʳʝ ʢʦʥʚʝʨʪʳ

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʧʨʦʛʨʝʩʩʘ, ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʦʛʦ ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʤ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ, ʌʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʘʷ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʷ ʅʘʫʢ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʘ ʩʝʨʠʶ ʧʨʝʤʠʡ, ʚʢʣʶʯʘʷ ʟʦʣʦʪʫʶ ʤʝʜʘʣʴ ʠ 3000 ʬʨʘʥʢʦʚ, ʪʦʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʩʫʤʝʝʪ ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ ʨʘʟʛʘʜʘʪʴ ʪʘʡʥʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʊʦʛʦ, ʢʪʦ ʩʫʤʝʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ, ʞʜʘʣʘ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʩʣʘʚʘ, ʥʦ ʠ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʚʦʟʥʘʛʨʘʞʜʝʥʠʝ. ʉʘʣʦʥʳ ʇʘʨʠʞʘ ʧʦʣʥʠʣʠʩʴ ʩʣʫʭʘʤʠ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢʫʶ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʶ ʠʟʙʨʘʣ ʪʦʪ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʦʡ ʧʨʝʪʝʥʜʝʥʪ ʠ ʢʘʢ ʩʢʦʨʦ

ʦʙʲʷʚʷʪ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʘ. ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ 1 ʤʘʨʪʘ 1847 ʛʦʜʘ, ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʷ ʩʦʙʨʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʜʨʘʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʠʟ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʟʘʩʝʜʘʥʠʡ.

ɺ ʧʨʦʪʦʢʦʣʘʭ ʟʘʩʝʜʘʥʠʷ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ, ʢʘʢ ɻʘʙʨʠʝʣʴ ʃʘʤʝ, ʩʝʤʴʶ ʛʦʜʘʤʠ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʚʰʠʡ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʣʷ n=7, ʚʟʦʰʝʣ ʥʘ ʪʨʠʙʫʥʫ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʩʘʤʳʤʠ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʳʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ XIX ʚʝʢʘ ʠ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʦʨʦʛʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʣʷ ʦʙʱʝʛʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ. ʃʘʤʝ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʝʱʝ ʥʝ ʧʦʣʥʦ, ʥʦ ʦʥ ʦʙʨʠʩʦʚʘʣ ʚ ʦʙʱʠʭ ʯʝʨʪʘʭ ʩʚʦʡ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʠ ʥʝ ʙʝʟ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʷ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʫʝʪ ʧʦʣʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʝ, ʠʟʜʘʚʘʝʤʦʤ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʝʡ.

ɸʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʷ ʟʘʤʝʨʣʘ ʦʪ ʚʦʩʪʦʨʛʘ, ʥʦ ʝʜʚʘ ʃʘʤʝ ʧʦʢʠʥʫʣ ʪʨʠʙʫʥʫ ʢʘʢ ʩʣʦʚʘ ʧʦʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʣʫʯʰʠʭ ʧʘʨʠʞʩʢʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʆʛʶʩʪʝʥ ʃʫʠ ʂʦʰʠ. ʆʙʨʘʱʘʷʩʴ ʢ ʯʣʝʥʘʤ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ, ʂʦʰʠ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʫʞʝ ʜʘʚʥʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʝʪ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʠʩʭʦʜʷ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʥʦ ʠʟ ʪʝʭ ʞʝ ʠʜʝʡ, ʯʪʦ ʠ ʃʘʤʝ, ʠ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʚʩʢʦʨʝ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʣʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ.

ʀ ʂʦʰʠ, ʠ ʃʘʤʝ ʩʦʟʥʘʚʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʨʝʰʘʶʱʝʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʚʨʝʤʷ. ʊʦʤʫ, ʢʪʦ ʩʫʤʝʝʪ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʧʦʣʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʜʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʩʘʤʘʷ ʧʨʝʩʪʠʞʥʘʷ ʠ ʮʝʥʥʘʷ ʥʘʛʨʘʜʘ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʍʦʪʷ ʥʠ ʃʘʤʝ, ʥʠ ʂʦʰʠ ʥʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʠ ʧʦʣʥʳʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʦʙʘ ʩʦʧʝʨʥʠʢʘ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʥʦ ʞʝʣʘʣʠ ʧʦʜʢʨʝʧʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʪʨʠ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʦʙʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʣʠ ʚ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʶ ʟʘʧʝʯʘʪʘʥʥʳʝ ʢʦʥʚʝʨʪʳ. ɺ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʪʘʢ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦ. ʕʪʦ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʣʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʦʪʩʪʘʠʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʧʨʠʦʨʠʪʝʪ, ʥʝ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʚʘʷ ʜʝʪʘʣʠ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ. ɽʩʣʠ ʚʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʠ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʣ ʩʧʦʨ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʦʨʠʛʠʥʘʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʠʜʝʡ, ʪʦ ʚ ʟʘʧʝʯʘʪʘʥʥʦʤ ʢʦʥʚʝʨʪʝ ʭʨʘʥʠʣʠʩʴ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʧʦʜʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳʝ ʜʣʷ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʠʦʨʠʪʝʪʘ.

ɺ ʘʧʨʝʣʝ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʂʦʰʠ ʠ ʃʘʤʝ ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣʠ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʜʝʪʘʣʠ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ ʚ ʊʨʫʜʘʭ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ, ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʠʝ ʫʩʠʣʠʣʦʩʴ. ɺʩʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʦʪʯʘʷʥʥʦ ʞʘʞʜʘʣʦ ʦʟʥʘʢʦʤʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʧʦʣʥʳʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʧʨʠʯʝʤ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʪʘʡʥʝ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʠʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʩʪʷʟʘʥʠʝ ʚʳʠʛʨʘʝʪ ʃʘʤʝ, ʘ ʥʝ ʂʦʰʠ. ʉʫʜʷ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʦʪʟʳʚʘʤ, ʂʦʰʠ ʙʳʣ ʩʘʤʦʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʳʤ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʤ ʠ ʨʝʣʠʛʠʦʟʥʳʤ ʬʘʥʘʪʠʢʦʤ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʞʝ ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʥʝʧʦʧʫʣʷʨʝʥ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ. ɺ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʝʛʦ ʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʟʘ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʡ ʫʤ.

ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ, 24 ʤʘʷ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʜʝʣʘʥʦ ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʧʦʣʦʞʠʣʦ ʢʦʥʝʮ ʚʩʝʤ ʜʦʤʳʩʣʘʤ. ʂ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʩʷ ʥʝ ʂʦʰʠ ʠ ʥʝ ʃʘʤʝ, ʘ ɾʦʟʝʬ ʃʠʫʚʠʣʣʴ. ʆʥ ʧʦʚʝʨʛ ʜʦʩʪʦʧʦʯʪʝʥʥʫʶ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʶ ʚ ʰʦʢ, ʟʘʯʠʪʘʚ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ ʦʪ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʕʨʥʩʪʘ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ. ʂʫʤʤʝʨ ʙʳʣ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʥʳʤ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʤ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʥʦ ʛʦʨʷʯʠʡ ʧʘʪʨʠʦʪʠʟʤ, ʧʠʪʘʝʤʳʡ ʠʩʢʨʝʥʥʝʡ ʥʝʥʘʚʠʩʪʴʶ ʢ ʅʘʧʦʣʝʦʥʫ, ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʣʝʪ ʥʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʣ ʝʤʫ ʦʪʜʘʪʴʩʷ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʤʫ ʧʨʠʟʚʘʥʠʶ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʂʫʤʤʝʨ ʙʳʣ ʝʱʝ ʨʝʙʝʥʢʦʤ, ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʘʷ ʘʨʤʠʷ ʚʪʦʨʛʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʥʦʡ ʛʦʨʦʜ ʉʦʨʘʫ, ʧʨʠʥʝʩʷ ʩ ʩʦʙʦʡ

ʵʧʠʜʝʤʠʶ ʪʠʬʘ. ʆʪʝʮ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ ʙʳʣ ʛʦʨʦʜʩʢʠʤ ʚʨʘʯʦʤ ʠ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʙʦʣʝʟʥʴ ʫʥʝʩʣʘ ʝʛʦ. ʇʦʪʨʷʩʝʥʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʠʩʰʝʜʰʠʤ, ʂʫʤʤʝʨ ʧʦʢʣʷʣʩʷ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʩʠʣʘʭ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʠʟʙʘʚʠʪʴ ʨʦʜʠʥʫ ʦʪ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ ʚʨʘʞʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʚʪʦʨʞʝʥʠʷ, � ʠ ʧʦ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʥʠʠ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʠʣ ʩʚʦʡ ʠʥʪʝʣʣʝʢʪ ʥʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʠʷ ʪʨʘʝʢʪʦʨʠʡ ʧʫʰʝʯʥʳʭ ʷʜʝʨ. ʇʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʦʥ ʧʨʝʧʦʜʘʚʘʣ ʚ ɹʝʨʣʠʥʩʢʦʤ ʚʦʝʥʥʦʤ ʫʯʠʣʠʱʝ ʟʘʢʦʥʳ ʙʘʣʣʠʩʪʠʢʠ.

ʇʘʨʘʣʣʝʣʴʥʦ ʩ ʚʦʝʥʥʦʡ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʦʡ ʂʫʤʤʝʨ ʘʢʪʠʚʥʦ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʤʠ ʚ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʯʠʩʪʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʙʳʣ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʦʩʚʝʜʦʤʣʝʥ ʦ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʷʱʝʤ ʚ ʌʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʡ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ. ʂʫʤʤʝʨ ʚʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʦʯʠʪʘʣ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʠ ʚ ʊʨʫʜʘʭ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʠ ʧʨʦʘʥʘʣʠʟʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʪʝ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʜʝʪʘʣʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʨʠʩʢʥʫʣʠ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪʴ ʂʦʰʠ ʠ ʃʘʤʝ. ɽʤʫ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʙʘ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʘ ʜʚʠʞʫʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʫ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠ ʪʦʛʦ ʞʝ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʪʫʧʠʢʘ, � ʠ ʩʚʦʠ ʩʦʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʠʷ ʦʥ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʣ ʚ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ʢ ʃʠʫʚʠʣʣʶ.

ʇʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ, ʦʩʥʦʚʥʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʂʦʰʠ ʠ ʃʘʤʝ ʦʧʠʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʛʦ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ. ʕʪʦ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʥʘ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʘʷ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʜʘʝʪ ʜʘʥʥʦʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʘʷ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʜʘʝʪ ʯʠʩʣʦ 18, ʠʤʝʝʪ ʚʠʜ

18 = 2Ā3Ā3.

ɸʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦ, ʯʠʩʣʘ 35, 180 ʠ 106260 ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʳ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʠ ʠʭ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʚʠʜ

35 = 5Ā7, 180 = 2Ā2Ā3Ā3Ā5, 106260 = 2Ā2Ā3Ā5Ā7Ā11Ā23.

ɽʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʬʘʢʪʦʨʠʟʘʮʠʠ ʙʳʣʘ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʘ ʚ IV ʚʝʢʝ ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ. ɽʚʢʣʠʜʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚ ʢʥʠʛʝ IX ʩʚʦʠʭ çʅʘʯʘʣè ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɽʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ � ʞʠʟʥʝʥʥʦ ʚʘʞʥʳʡ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ ʠ ʥʳʥʝ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠ.

ʅʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʥʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʧʨʠʯʠʥ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʂʦʰʠ ʠ ʃʘʤʝ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʚ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷʭ, ʢʘʢ ʵʪʦ ʜʝʣʘʣʠ ʩʦʪʥʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʜʦ ʥʠʭ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ, ʦʙʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʭ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠ ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʂʫʤʤʝʨ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʃʠʫʚʠʣʣʷ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ, ʭʦʪʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʦ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʦʥʘ ʥʝ ʦʙʷʟʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʪʴʩʷ, ʝʩʣʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʶʪʩʷ ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʇʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ, ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʨʦʢʦʚʘʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʝʩʣʠ ʤʳ ʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʠʤʩʷ ʮʝʣʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, ʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ 12 ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʝʪ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ 2Ā2Ā3. ʅʦ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʥʘʤ ʜʦʧʫʩʪʠʪʴ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʤʥʠʤʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʢʘʢ ʯʠʩʣʦ 12 ʤʦʞʥʦ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʠ ʪʘʢ:

12 = (1 + ã�11)Ā(1 + ã�11).

ɿʜʝʩʴ 1 + ã�11 � ʢʦʤʧʣʝʢʩʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʱʝʝ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʶ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠ ʤʥʠʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʍʦʪʷ ʫʤʥʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʢʦʤʧʣʝʢʩʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʧʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʤ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʘʤ, ʯʝʤ ʫʤʥʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʢʦʤʧʣʝʢʩʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʝʪ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʳ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 12 ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ. ʇʨʠʚʝʜʝʤ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 12:

12 = (2 + ã�8)Ā(2 + ã�8).

ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʧʨʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʤʥʠʤʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʨʝʯʴ ʠʜʝʪ ʥʝ ʦ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ, ʘ ʦ ʚʳʙʦʨʝ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ.

ʊʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ʫʪʨʘʪʘ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʥʘʥʝʩʣʘ ʪʷʞʝʣʳʡ ʫʨʦʥ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʤ ʂʦʰʠ ʠ ʃʘʤʝ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʫʥʠʯʪʦʞʠʣʘ ʠʭ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ. ʇʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʧʨʦʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʥʝʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʫ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ xn + yn = zn, ʛʜʝ n � ʣʶʙʦʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʙ·ʣʴʰʝʝ 2. ʂʘʢ ʤʳ ʫʞʝ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʣʠ ʚ ʵʪʦʡ ʛʣʘʚʝ, ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʣʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʡ n. ʂʫʤʤʝʨ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʫʭʠʱʨʝʥʠʷ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ ʧʨʠ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʭ n. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʦʙʦʡʪʠ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʥʝ ʧʨʝʚʳʰʘʶʱʠʭ n = 31 (ʚʢʣʶʯʘʷ ʩʘʤʦ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ n = 31). ʅʦ ʧʨʠ n = 37 ʠʟʙʘʚʠʪʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʥʝ ʪʘʢ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ. ʉʨʝʜʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ, ʧʨʦʯʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʤʝʥʴʰʠʭ 100, ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʠ n = 59 ʠ n = 67. ʕʪʦ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʝ ʥʝʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʨʘʟʙʨʦʩʘʥʥʳʝ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʩʪʘʣʠ ʢʘʤʥʝʤ ʧʨʝʪʢʥʦʚʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʧʦʣʥʦʤʫ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ.

ʂʫʤʤʝʨ ʦʪʤʝʪʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʠ ʙʳ ʝʜʠʥʳʤ ʤʘʭʦʤ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʥʝʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʅʦ ʦʥ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʣ, ʯʪʦ, ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʦʜʛʦʥʷʷ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʢ ʢʘʞʜʦʤʫ ʥʝʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦʤʫ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʤʫ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʚ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ, ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʥʠʤʠ çʧʦ ʦʜʠʥʦʯʢʝè. ʈʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʢʘ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʳʭ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʠʚʠʜʫʘʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʟʘʢʘʟʫ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʜʝʣʦʤ ʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʠ ʯʨʝʟʚʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʤ, ʠ, ʯʪʦ ʝʱʝ ʭʫʞʝ, ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʥʝʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʤ. ʈʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʦ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʩʠʣʘʤʠ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʦʚʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʨʘʩʪʷʥʫʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʜʦ ʢʦʥʮʘ ʚʝʢʦʚ.

ʇʠʩʴʤʦ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʣʦ ʥʘ ʃʘʤʝ ʦʰʝʣʦʤʣʷʶʱʝʝ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʝ. ʋʧʫʩʪʠʪʴ ʠʟ ʚʠʜʫ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʬʘʢʪʦʨʠʟʘʮʠʠ! ɺ ʣʫʯʰʝʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʥʘʟʚʘʪʴ ʯʨʝʟʤʝʨʥʳʤ ʦʧʪʠʤʠʟʤʦʤ, ʚ ʭʫʜʰʝʤ � ʥʝʧʨʦʩʪʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʛʣʫʧʦʩʪʴʶ. ʃʘʤʝ ʩʦʟʥʘʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʦʥ ʥʝ ʩʪʨʝʤʠʣʩʷ ʜʝʨʞʘʪʴ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʚ ʪʘʡʥʝ, ʪʦ ʩʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ. ɺ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ʢ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʝ ɼʠʨʠʭʣʝ ʚ ɹʝʨʣʠʥ ʦʥ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʚʘʣʩʷ: çɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ɺʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞʝ, ʠʣʠ ʷ ʙʳʣ ʚ ɹʝʨʣʠʥʝ, ʚʩʝ ʵʪʦ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʙʳ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʦè. ɽʩʣʠ ʃʘʤʝ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʣ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦ ʫʥʠʞʝʥʠʷ, ʪʦ ʂʦʰʠ ʦʪʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʩʷ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ. ʇʦ ʝʛʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ, ʧʦ ʩʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʶ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʃʘʤʝ, ʝʛʦ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʤʝʥʴʰʝʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʦʧʠʨʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʨʘʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʠ, ʠ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʧʨʦʚʝʜʝʥʥʳʡ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʦʤ ʘʥʘʣʠʟ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʝʥ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʛʜʝ-ʪʦ ʚʢʨʘʣʘʩʴ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ. ɺ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʂʦʰʠ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʪʘʪʴʶ ʟʘ ʩʪʘʪʴʝʡ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʢ ʠʩʭʦʜʫ ʣʝʪʘ ʟʘʤʦʣʯʘʣ ʠ ʦʥ.

ʂʫʤʤʝʨ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʣʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʣʝʞʘʣʦ ʟʘ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʘʤʠ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʚʰʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʦʚ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʡ ʦʙʨʘʟʝʮ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ ʠ ʚ ʪʦ ʞʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʯʫʜʦʚʠʱʥʳʡ ʫʜʘʨ ʧʦ ʮʝʣʦʤʫ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʧʠʪʘʚʰʠʭ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʫ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʠʤ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʩʘʤʫʶ ʪʨʫʜʥʫʶ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ.

ʈʝʟʶʤʝ ʧʦʜʚʝʣ ʂʦʰʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚ 1857 ʛʦʜʫ ʧʠʩʘʣ ʚ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʦʪʯʝʪʝ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʤ

ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ, ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ, ʥʘʟʥʘʯʝʥʥʦʡ ʟʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ: çʆʪʯʝʪ ʦ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʝ ʥʘ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ ʧʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʥʘʫʢʘʤ. ʂʦʥʢʫʨʩ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʟʥʘʯʝʥ ʥʘ 1853 ʛʦʜ ʠ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʧʨʦʜʣʝʥ ʜʦ 1856 ʛʦʜʘ. ʉʝʢʨʝʪʘʨʶ ʙʳʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʳ ʦʜʠʥʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʦʚ. ʅʠ ʚ ʦʜʥʦʤ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʡ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʨʝʰʝʥ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ. ʊʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʛʦʢʨʘʪʥʫʶ ʧʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʫ, ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʪʘʤ, ʛʜʝ ʝʛʦ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʛ-ʥ ʂʫʤʤʝʨ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʥʘʫʢʠ ʚʦʟʥʘʛʨʘʞʜʝʥʳ ʪʨʫʜʘʤʠ, ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʪʳʤʠ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʘʤʠ ʚ ʠʭ ʩʪʨʝʤʣʝʥʠʠ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʛ-ʥʘ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ, ʠ ʯʣʝʥʳ ʂʦʤʠʩʩʠʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʶʪ, ʯʪʦ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʷ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʘ ʙʳ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʠ ʧʦʣʝʟʥʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ, ʠʟʲʷʚ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʠʟ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʘ, ʧʨʠʩʫʜʠʣʘ ʙʳ ʤʝʜʘʣʴ ʛ-ʥʫ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʫ ʟʘ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʳʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʧʦ ʢʦʤʧʣʝʢʩʥʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʘʤ, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʱʠʤ ʠʟ ʢʦʨʥʝʡ ʠʟ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʳ ʠ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣè.

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ɹʦʣʝʝ ʜʚʫʭ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʡ ʣʶʙʘʷ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʴ ʟʘʥʦʚʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʢʘʥʯʠʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʝʡ. ɺ ʶʥʦʰʝʩʢʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠʟʫʯʠʣ ʪʨʫʜʳ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ, ɾʝʨʤʝʥ, ʂʦʰʠ, ʃʘʤʝ ʠ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʠʟʚʣʝʯʴ ʫʨʦʢʠ ʠʟ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ, ʜʦʧʫʱʝʥʥʳʭ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʤʠ ʧʨʝʜʰʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʠʢʘʤʠ, ʥʦ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʩʪʘʣ ʩʪʘʨʰʝʢʫʨʩʥʠʢʦʤ ʆʢʩʬʦʨʜʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ʥʘ ʝʛʦ ʧʫʪʠ ʚʩʪʘʣʘ ʪʘ ʞʝ ʢʘʤʝʥʥʘʷ ʩʪʝʥʘ, ʧʝʨʝʜ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʩʷ ʂʫʤʤʝʨ.

ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʠʢʦʚ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʘʯʘʣʠ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʚʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʡ. ʅʝ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʙʣʫʞʜʘʣʩʷ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʘ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʚʦʦʙʱʝ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʦ. ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʣʷʣʦ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʤ, ʧʦʩʣʝ ʫʧʦʨʥʳʭ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʡ, ʜʣʷ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʡ n ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʦ. ʀ ʚ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʚ ʫʜʘʯʥʳʝ ʠʜʝʠ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʚʰʠʝ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʥʝ ʦʧʠʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ; ʥʘʦʙʦʨʦʪ, ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʘʚʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʳ.

ʆʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʦʚ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʫʧʦʨʥʦ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʜʘʚʘʚʰʝʡʩʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʡ, ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʣʫʞʠʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʦ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ. ɺ ʥʝʡ ʨʝʯʴ ʠʜʝʪ ʦ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ, ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʩʦʝʜʠʥʝʥʘ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʪʦʯʢʘʤʠ ʧʨʷʤʳʤʠ, ʢʘʢ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 13. ɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʥʘʨʠʩʦʚʘʪʴ ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʫ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʣʝʞʘʣʠ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʪʨʠ ʪʦʯʢʠ (ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʫ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʚʩʝ ʪʦʯʢʠ ʣʝʞʘʪ ʥʘ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠ ʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ, ʤʳ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʘʝʤ ʠʟ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʠʷ). ʕʢʩʧʝʨʠʤʝʥʪʠʨʫʷ ʩ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤʠ ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʘʤʠ, ʤʳ ʤʦʞʝʤ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʦ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʚʝʨʥʘ. ʅʘ ʨʠʩ. 13ʘ ʧʷʪʴ ʪʦʯʝʢ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʳ ʰʝʩʪʴʶ ʧʨʷʤʳʤʠ. ʅʘ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʣʠʥʠʡ ʥʝ ʥʘʙʝʨʝʪʩʷ ʧʦ ʪʨʠ ʪʦʯʢʠ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʪʦʯʝʢ ʥʝ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʝʪ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʥʠʶ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʩʦʛʣʘʩʥʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʧʦ ʪʨʠ ʪʦʯʢʠ.

ʘ) ʙ)

ʈʠʩ. 13. ʅʘ ʵʪʠʭ ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʘʭ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʪʦʯʢʘ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʘ ʩ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʠʟ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʪʦʯʝʢ ʧʨʷʤʳʤʠ. ʄʦʞʥʦ ʣʠ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʪʘʢʫʶ ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʫ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʧʨʷʤʘʷ ʧʨʦʭʦʜʠʪ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʪʨʠ ʪʦʯʢʠ?

ɼʦʙʘʚʠʚ ʦʜʥʫ ʪʦʯʢʫ ʠ ʦʜʥʫ ʧʨʦʭʦʜʷʱʫʶ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʝ ʧʨʷʤʫʶ, ʤʳ ʩʥʠʟʠʣʠ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʨʷʤʳʭ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʝ ʣʝʞʘʪ ʧʦ ʪʨʠ ʪʦʯʢʠ, ʜʦ ʪʨʝʭ. ʅʦ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʝ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʢ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʷʤ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ (ʪʘʢʘʷ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʨʦʡʢʘ ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʳ, ʚ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʧʦ ʪʨʠ ʪʦʯʢʠ), ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʘ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʵʪʦ ʥʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ.

ʇʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ, ʥʝʭʠʪʨʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʦ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ � ʠ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʫ. ʕʪʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʚʳʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʝ ʨʘʟʜʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʦ, ʚʳʷʩʥʠʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʛʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳ ʣʠʰʴ ʤʠʥʠʤʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʧʦʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʠ ʦʜʠʥ ʥʝʦʨʜʠʥʘʨʥʳʡ ʧʦʚʦʨʦʪ ʚ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷʭ. ʍʦʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʥʘʤʝʯʝʥ ʚ ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ 6.

ɺʧʦʣʥʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳʝ ʜʣʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʫʞʝ ʠʤʝʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʨʘʩʧʦʨʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʠ ʯʪʦ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʶʱʠʤ ʠʥʛʨʝʜʠʝʥʪʦʤ ʙʳʣ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʦʩʪʨʦʫʤʥʳʡ ʭʦʜ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʝ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʣʩʷ ʩʜʘʚʘʪʴʩʷ: ʜʝʪʩʢʘʷ ʤʝʯʪʘ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʝ ʠ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʦʝ ʫʚʣʝʯʝʥʠʝ. ʆʟʥʘʢʦʤʠʚʰʠʩʴ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʫʟʥʘʪʴ ʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ XIX ʚʝʢʘ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʚʟʷʪʴ ʥʘ ʚʦʦʨʫʞʝʥʠʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ XX ʚʝʢʘ.

ɻʣʘʚʘ 4ʋʭʦʜ ʚ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʮʠʶ

ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ � ʵʪʦ ʠʜʦʣ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʨʠʥʦʩʷʪ ʩʝʙʷ ʚ ʞʝʨʪʚʫ.

ʉʵʨ ɸʨʪʫʨ ʕʜʜʠʥʛʪʦʥ

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʨʘʙʦʪ ʕʨʥʩʪʘ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʩʣʘʙʣʠ, ʢʘʢ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʥʘʯʘʣʠ ʨʘʟʚʠʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ. ɺʦʟʥʠʢ ʨʠʩʢ, ʯʪʦ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʥʝʚʝʜʝʥʠʠ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʂ ʥʘʯʘʣʫ XX ʚʝʢʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʘ ʦʩʦʙʦʝ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʚ ʩʝʨʜʮʘʭ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʥʦ ʦʥʠ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʣʠʩʴ ʢ ʥʝʡ ʪʘʢ ʞʝ, ʢʘʢ ʭʠʤʠʢʠ ʦʪʥʦʩʷʪʩʷ ʢ ʘʣʭʠʤʠʠ. ʀ ʘʣʭʠʤʠʷ, ʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ ʛʣʘʟʘʭ ʥʘʰʠʭ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʠʢʦʚ ʚʳʛʣʷʜʷʪ ʨʦʤʘʥʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʤʝʯʪʘʤʠ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʛʦ.

ɺ 1908 ʛʦʜʫ ʇʘʫʣʴ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ, ʥʝʤʝʮʢʠʡ ʧʨʦʤʳʰʣʝʥʥʠʢ ʠʟ ɼʘʨʤʰʪʘʜʪʘ, ʚʜʦʭʥʫʣ ʚ ʩʪʘʨʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ. ʉʝʤʴʷ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʝʡ ʩʣʘʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʙʦʛʘʪʩʪʚʦʤ ʠ ʧʦʢʨʦʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʠʩʢʫʩʩʪʚʘʤ ʠ ʥʘʫʢʘʤ, ʠ ʇʘʫʣʴ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝʤ. ɺ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʝ ʦʥ ʠʟʫʯʘʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʠ ʭʦʪʷ ʩʚʦʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʇʘʫʣʴ ʧʦʩʚʷʪʠʣ ʩʪʨʦʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʠʤʧʝʨʠʠ ʩʝʤʝʡʥʦʛʦ ʙʠʟʥʝʩʘ, ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʦʥ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʣ ʢʦʥʪʘʢʪ ʩ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ ʠ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʥʘ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʴʩʢʦʤ ʫʨʦʚʥʝ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʝʡ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɺ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʥʝ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʦʪ ʤʳʩʣʠ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʦʪʥʶʜʴ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʦʜʘʨʝʥʥʳʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʤ, ʠ ʝʤʫ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʫʞʜʝʥʦ ʚʥʝʩʪʠ ʟʘʤʝʪʥʳʡ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʚ ʧʦʠʩʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʅʦ ʮʝʧʦʯʢʘ ʥʝʦʨʜʠʥʘʨʥʳʭ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʘ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʠʤʷ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʤ ʩ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ

ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʠʣʦ ʪʳʩʷʯʠ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʟʘʥʷʪʴʩʷ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʤ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ.

ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʝʪʩʷ ʩ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʫʚʣʝʢʩʷ ʢʨʘʩʠʚʦʡ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʦʡ, ʣʠʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʪʘʢ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʘ. ʂ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʤʫ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ ʜʣʷ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ, ʟʘʛʘʜʦʯʥʘʷ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʘ ʦʪʚʝʨʛʣʘ ʝʛʦ. ʆʥ ʚʧʘʣ ʚ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʝ ʦʪʯʘʷʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʦ. ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʙʳʣ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʦʤ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʥʳʤ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʠʤʧʫʣʴʩʠʚʥʳʤ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʩʷ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʷʭ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʘʪʳʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʶ ʩʤʝʨʪʴ. ʆʥ ʥʘʟʥʘʯʠʣ ʜʘʪʫ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʩ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ ʫʜʘʨʦʤ ʯʘʩʦʚ ʨʦʚʥʦ ʚ ʧʦʣʥʦʯʴ. ɿʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʜʥʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʚ ʧʦʨʷʜʦʢ ʩʚʦʠ ʜʝʣʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʰʣʠ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʣʝʧʥʦ, ʘ ʚ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʡ ʜʝʥʴ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʟʘʚʝʱʘʥʠʝ ʠ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʧʠʩʴʤʘ ʙʣʠʟʢʠʤ ʜʨʫʟʴʷʤ ʠ ʨʦʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʠʢʘʤ.

ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʪʨʫʜʠʣʩʷ ʩ ʪʘʢʠʤ ʫʩʝʨʜʠʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʠʣ ʚʩʝ ʩʚʦʠ ʜʝʣʘ ʜʦ ʧʦʣʫʥʦʯʠ ʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʢʘʢ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʦʩʪʘʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʯʘʩʳ, ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʫ, ʛʜʝ ʩʪʘʣ ʧʨʦʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʳ. ɺʩʢʦʨʝ ʝʤʫ ʥʘ ʛʣʘʟʘ ʧʦʧʘʣʘʩʴ ʢʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʩʪʘʪʴʷ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʪʦʪ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʣ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʫ ʂʦʰʠ ʠ ʃʘʤʝ. ʈʘʙʦʪʘ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʣʘ ʢ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʡ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʚʝʢʘ ʠ ʢʘʢ ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʣʫʯʰʝ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʠʣʘ ʜʣʷ ʯʪʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ, ʟʘʜʫʤʘʚʰʝʤʫ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʦ. ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʚʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʩʪʨʦʢʘ ʟʘ ʩʪʨʦʢʦʡ, ʧʨʦʩʣʝʜʠʣ ʟʘ ʚʳʢʣʘʜʢʘʤʠ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ. ʅʝʦʞʠʜʘʥʥʦ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʶ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ: ʘʚʪʦʨ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʥʝʢʦʝ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʥʝ ʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʣ ʵʪʦʪ ʰʘʛ ʚ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷʭ. ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʟʘʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʣʩʷ, ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʣʠ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ, ʠʣʠ ʩʜʝʣʘʥʥʦʝ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʦʤ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʥʳʤ. ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳʣ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ, ʪʦ ʠʤʝʣʩʷ ʰʘʥʩ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʧʨʦʱʝ, ʯʝʤ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʠ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ.

ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʩʝʣ ʟʘ ʩʪʦʣ, ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʦʘʥʘʣʠʟʠʨʦʚʘʣ çʫʱʝʨʙʥʫʶè ʯʘʩʪʴ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ ʠ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʩʷ ʥʘʙʨʘʩʳʚʘʪʴ ʤʠʥʠʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʣʠʙʦ ʧʦʜʢʨʝʧʠʪʴ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ, ʣʠʙʦ ʧʨʦʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʦʰʠʙʦʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦʛʦ ʠʤ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʠ, ʢʘʢ ʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʝ, ʦʧʨʦʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʚʦʜʳ. ʂ ʨʘʩʩʚʝʪʫ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʠʣ ʩʚʦʠ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ. ʇʣʦʭʠʝ (ʩ ʪʦʯʢʠ ʟʨʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ) ʥʦʚʦʩʪʠ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʠ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʠʩʮʝʣʠʪʴ, ʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦ-ʧʨʝʞʥʝʤʫ ʦʩʪʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʦʡ. ʅʦ ʙʳʣʠ ʠ ʭʦʨʦʰʠʝ ʥʦʚʦʩʪʠ: ʚʨʝʤʷ, ʥʘʟʥʘʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʜʣʷ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʘ, ʤʠʥʦʚʘʣʦ, ʘ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʙʳʣ ʪʘʢ ʛʦʨʜ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ ʠ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ ʚ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʛʦ ʕʨʥʝʩʪʘ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʯʘʷʥʠʝ ʠ ʧʝʯʘʣʴ ʨʘʟʚʝʷʣʠʩʴ ʩʘʤʠ ʩʦʙʦʡ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʚʝʨʥʫʣʘ ʝʤʫ ʞʘʞʜʫ ʞʠʟʥʠ.

ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʨʘʟʦʨʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʠ ʧʨʦʱʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʧʠʩʴʤʘ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʧʠʩʘʣ ʩʚʦʝ ʟʘʚʝʱʘʥʠʝ ʚ ʩʚʝʪʝ ʩʣʫʯʠʚʰʝʛʦʩʷ ʚ ʪʫ ʥʦʯʴ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʝʛʦ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ, ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʚʰʝʡ ʚ 1908 ʛʦʜʫ, ʟʘʚʝʱʘʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʛʣʘʰʝʥʦ ʠ ʧʦʚʝʨʛʣʦ ʩʝʤʴʶ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʚ ʰʦʢ: ʚʳʷʩʥʠʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʇʘʫʣʴ ʟʘʚʝʱʘʣ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʷ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ʪʦʤʫ, ʢʪʦ ʩʫʤʝʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʇʨʝʤʠʷ ʚ 100000 ʤʘʨʦʢ (ʙʦʣʝʝ 1 000 000 ʬʫʥʪʦʚ ʩʪʝʨʣʠʥʛʦʚ ʚ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʭ ʤʘʩʰʪʘʙʘʭ) ʙʳʣʘ ʪʦʡ ʩʫʤʤʦʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʩʯʝʣ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʜʦʣʛʦʤ ʫʧʣʘʪʠʪʴ ʚ ʥʘʛʨʘʜʫ ʟʘ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʥʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʩʧʘʩʰʫʶ ʝʤʫ ʞʠʟʥʴ. ɼʝʥʴʛʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʳ ʥʘ ʩʯʝʪ ʂʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʦʛʦ ʥʘʫʯʥʦʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʞʝ ʛʦʜʫ ʦʬʠʮʠʘʣʴʥʦ ʦʙʲʷʚʠʣʦ ʦ ʧʨʦʚʝʜʝʥʠʠ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʘ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ:

çɺʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʝ ʚʦʣʠ ʜ-ʨʘ ʇʘʫʣʷ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ, ʩʢʦʥʯʘʚʰʝʛʦʩʷ ʚ ɼʘʨʤʰʪʘʜʪʝ, ʤʳ ʦʙʲʷʚʣʷʝʤ ʦ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʠ ʬʦʥʜʘ ʚ ʩʪʦ ʪʳʩʷʯ ʤʘʨʦʢ, ʢʘʢʦʚʘʷ ʩʫʤʤʘ ʠ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʚʨʫʯʝʥʘ ʪʦʤʫ, ʢʪʦ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ ʜʦʢʘʞʝʪ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ɹʫʜʫʪ ʩʦʙʣʶʜʘʪʴʩʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʘ.

1. ʂʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʦʝ ʥʘʫʯʥʦʝ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʚ ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥʝ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʩʚʦʙʦʜʦʡ ʚʦʣʠ ʚ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʠʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ, ʢʦʤʫ ʥʘʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʧʨʠʩʫʜʠʪʴ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ. ʈʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʝ ʩ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʮʝʣʴʶ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʝ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ, ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʫʪ. ʂ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʠʶ ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʶʪʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʳ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʝ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʩʪʘʪʝʡ ʚ ʧʝʨʠʦʜʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʠʟʜʘʥʠʷʭ ʠʣʠ ʠʤʝʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʚ ʢʥʠʞʥʳʭ ʣʘʚʢʘʭ. ʆʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʦʙʨʘʱʘʝʪʩʷ ʢ ʘʚʪʦʨʘʤ ʧʦʜʦʙʥʳʭ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʦʚ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʴʙʦʡ ʧʨʠʩʳʣʘʪʴ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʧʷʪʴ

ʧʝʯʘʪʥʳʭ ʵʢʟʝʤʧʣʷʨʦʚ. 2. ʈʘʙʦʪʳ, ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʳʝ ʥʘ ʷʟʳʢʘʭ, ʥʝʧʦʥʷʪʥʳʭ ʫʯʝʥʳʤ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʘʤ, ʚʳʙʨʘʥʥʳʤ ʜʣʷ

ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʚ ʞʶʨʠ, ʥʝ ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʶʪʩʷ ʢ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʶ ʚ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʝ. ɸʚʪʦʨʘʤ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʨʘʙʦʪ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʘʝʪʩʷ ʟʘʤʝʥʠʪʴ ʠʭ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʘʤʠ, ʫʜʦʩʪʦʚʝʨʠʚʰʠʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ.

3. ʆʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʥʝ ʙʝʨʝʪ ʥʘ ʩʝʙʷ ʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʟʘ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʠʝ ʨʘʙʦʪ, ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʥʘ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩ, ʘ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʟʘ ʦʰʠʙʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʡʪʠ ʠʟ-ʟʘ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʘʚʪʦʨ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʠʣʠ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʥʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳ ʆʙʱʝʩʪʚʫ.

4. ʆʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʷʝʪ ʟʘ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʧʨʘʚʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʠʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʣʠʮ ʠʣʠ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʤ ʩʦʚʤʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʫʯʝʥʳʭ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʠ ʧʦ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʘʤ ʨʘʩʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ.

5. ʇʨʝʤʠʷ ʧʨʠʩʫʞʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʆʙʱʝʩʪʚʦʤ ʥʝ ʨʘʥʝʝ, ʯʝʤ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʜʚʘ ʛʦʜʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʘ, ʫʜʦʩʪʦʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʝʤʠʝʡ. ɼʚʫʭʣʝʪʥʠʡ ʧʨʦʤʝʞʫʪʦʢ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʠʝ ʠ ʠʥʦʩʪʨʘʥʥʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʤʝʣʠ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʝ ʤʥʝʥʠʝ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ.

6. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪʩʷ ʧʨʠʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ʆʙʱʝʩʪʚʦʤ, ʩʝʢʨʝʪʘʨʴ ʦʪ ʠʤʝʥʠ ʆʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʫʚʝʜʦʤʣʷʝʪ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʤ ʣʘʫʨʝʘʪʘ. ʈʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʫʝʪʩʷ ʚʩʶʜʫ, ʛʜʝ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʙʲʷʚʣʝʥʦ ʦ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʝ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ. ʇʨʠʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ʆʙʱʝʩʪʚʦʤ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʣʝʞʠʪ.

7. ɺʳʧʣʘʪʘ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ʣʘʫʨʝʘʪʫ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʪʨʝʭ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʧʨʠʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʂʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʠʤ ʢʘʟʥʘʯʝʝʤ ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʠʣʠ, ʥʘ ʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʪʝʣʷ, ʚ ʣʶʙʦʤ ʫʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʤ ʠʤ ʤʝʩʪʝ.

8. ʂʘʧʠʪʘʣ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʳʧʣʘʯʝʥ ʧʦ ʞʝʣʘʥʠʶ ʆʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʧʦʜ ʨʘʩʧʠʩʢʫ ʣʠʙʦ ʥʘʣʠʯʥʳʤʠ, ʣʠʙʦ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʦʤ ʬʠʥʘʥʩʦʚʳʭ ʮʝʥʥʦʩʪʝʡ. ɺʳʧʣʘʪʘ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʥʦʡ ʧʨʠ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʝ ʵʪʠʭ ʬʠʥʘʥʩʦʚʳʭ ʮʝʥʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʜʘʞʝ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʢ ʢʦʥʮʫ ʜʥʷ ʩʫʤʤʘ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ʥʝ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʝʪ 100000 ʤʘʨʦʢ.

9. ɽʩʣʠ ʧʨʝʤʠʷ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʨʠʩʫʞʜʝʥʘ ʜʦ 13 ʩʝʥʪʷʙʨʷ 2007 ʛʦʜʘ, ʪʦ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʠʝ ʟʘʷʚʢʠ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʶʪʩʷ.

ʂʦʥʢʫʨʩ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʩʯʠʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʳʤ ʩ ʩʝʛʦ ʜʥʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʳʭ ʚʳʰʝ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʷʭ.

ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥ, 27 ʠʶʥʷ 1908 ʛ.,ʂʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʦʝ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʥʘʫʢè

ʉʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʂʦʤʠʩʩʠʷ ʚʳʧʣʘʪʠʣʘ ʙʳ 100000 ʤʘʨʦʢ ʧʝʨʚʦʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ, ʥʦ ʪʦʪ, ʢʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʚʝʨʥʘ, ʥʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʙʳ ʠ ʧʬʝʥʥʠʛʘ.

ʆ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʙʲʷʚʣʝʥʦ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘʭ, ʠ ʚʝʩʪʴ ʦ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʝ ʙʳʩʪʨʦ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʣʘʩʴ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʡ ɽʚʨʦʧʝ. ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʰʠʨʦʢʫʶ ʨʝʢʣʘʤʥʫʶ ʢʘʤʧʘʥʠʶ ʠ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʧʦʙʫʜʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʩʪʠʤʫʣ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦʡ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ, ʂʦʤʠʩʩʠʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʚʳʟʚʘʪʴ ʦʩʦʙʳʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʫ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ɹʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʧʦʠʩʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʝʟʥʘʜʝʞʥʳʤ ʜʝʣʦʤ ʠ ʨʝʰʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʦʪʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʪʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʝ ʜʨʘʛʦʮʝʥʥʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʥʘ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʙʝʩʧʦʣʝʟʥʦʝ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʝ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʚʥʝʜʨʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ ʩʦʟʥʘʥʠʝ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʥʦʚʦʡ

ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ � ʥʝʚʠʜʠʤʦʡ ʘʨʤʠʠ ʞʘʞʜʫʱʠʭ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʤʦʣʦʜʳʭ ʫʤʦʚ, ʞʘʞʜʫʱʠʭ ʠʩʧʳʪʘʪʴ ʩʝʙʷ ʥʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʥʝʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʥʦʡ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ ʠ ʥʝ ʚʠʜʷʱʠʭ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʟʘʟʦʨʥʦʛʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʘʶʪ ʢ ʧʦʠʩʢʫ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʩ ʷʚʥʦ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʳʤ ʙʘʛʘʞʦʤ.

ʕʨʘ ʟʘʛʘʜʦʢ ʠ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ

ʉ ʘʥʪʠʯʥʳʭ ʚʨʝʤʝʥ ʠ ʧʦʥʳʥʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʠʜʘʪʴ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʫʯʝʙʥʠʢʘʤ, ʠʟʣʘʛʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʚ ʬʦʨʤʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʳʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ. ɺʦ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʝ XIX ʚʝʢʘ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʠʛʨʦʚʦʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ ʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʧʨʦʥʠʢ ʥʘ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʳ ʦʙʱʝʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʦʡ ʧʨʝʩʩʳ, ʠ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʳʝ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʧʦʷʚʣʷʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʛʘʟʝʪʘʭ ʠ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘʭ ʥʘʨʷʜʫ ʩ ʢʨʦʩʩʚʦʨʜʘʤʠ ʠ ʘʥʘʛʨʘʤʤʘʤʠ. ʈʘʩʪʫʱʘʷ ʜʝʥʴ ʦʪʦ ʜʥʷ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʷ ʞʘʞʜʘʣʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ, ʢ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʝʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʳ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʣʠ ʚʩʝ � ʦʪ ʪʨʠʚʠʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʠʭ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ ʜʦ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʚʢʣʶʯʘʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʩʘʤʳʤ ʧʣʦʜʦʚʠʪʳʤ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʝʣʝʤ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ ʙʳʣ ɻʝʥʨʠ ɼʴʶʜʝʥʠ, ʧʝʯʘʪʘʚʰʠʡʩʷ ʚ ʜʝʩʷʪʢʘʭ ʛʘʟʝʪ ʠ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʦʚ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʪʘʢʠʭ, ʢʘʢ çStrandè, çCassel'sè, çThe Queenè, çTit-Bitsè, çThe Weekly Dispatchè ʠ çBlightlyè. ɼʦʩʪʦʧʦʯʪʝʥʥʳʡ ʏʘʨʣʴʟ ɼʦʜʞʩʦʥ, ʣʝʢʪʦʨ ʧʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʢʦʣʣʝʜʞʘ ʂʨʘʡʩʪ ʏʝʨʯ ʆʢʩʬʦʨʜʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ʙʦʣʝʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʧʦʜ ʣʠʪʝʨʘʪʫʨʥʳʤ ʧʩʝʚʜʦʥʠʤʦʤ ʃʴʶʠʩ ʂʵʨʨʦʣʣ, ʙʳʣ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʤʩʷ ʘʚʪʦʨʦʤ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ ʚʠʢʪʦʨʠʘʥʩʢʦʡ ʵʧʦʭʠ. ʅʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʣʝʪ ɼʦʜʞʩʦʥ ʧʦʪʨʘʪʠʣ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʦʙʨʘʪʴ ʦʙʰʠʨʥʫʶ ʢʦʣʣʝʢʮʠʶ ʚʩʷʢʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʫʨʴʝʟʦʚ ʠ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ ʧʦʜ ʦʙʱʠʤ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ çCuriosa Mathematicaè. ɽʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʡ ʟʘʤʳʩʝʣ ʜʦ ʢʦʥʮʘ, ʥʦ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʢʥʠʛ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʳʧʫʱʝʥʦ, ʚ ʠʭ ʯʠʩʣʝ çʇʦʣʫʥʦʯʥʳʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʥʥʳʝ ʚ ʯʘʩʳ ʙʝʩʩʦʥʥʠʮʳè.

ʅʦ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʤ ʤʘʩʪʝʨʦʤ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ ʙʳʣ ʘʤʝʨʠʢʘʥʩʢʠʡ ʛʝʥʠʡ-ʩʘʤʦʨʦʜʦʢ ʉʵʤ ʃʦʡʜ (1841�1911 ʛʛ.), ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʝʱʝ ʤʘʣʴʯʠʰʢʦʡ ʠʤʝʣ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʧʨʠʣʠʯʥʳʡ ʟʘʨʘʙʦʪʦʢ, ʧʨʠʜʫʤʳʚʘʷ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ ʠ ʫʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʫʷ ʩʪʘʨʳʝ. ɺ ʢʥʠʛʝ çʉʵʤ ʃʦʡʜ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ: ʘʚʪʦʙʠʦʛʨʘʬʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʦʙʟʦʨè ʦʥ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʝʛʦ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʳ ʧʦ ʟʘʢʘʟʫ ʚʣʘʜʝʣʴʮʘ ʮʠʨʢʘ ʠ ʬʦʢʫʩʥʠʢʘ ʇ. ʊ. ɹʘʨʥʫʤʘ:

çʄʥʦʛʦ ʣʝʪ ʥʘʟʘʜ, ʢʦʛʜʘ "ʎʠʨʢ ɹʘʨʥʫʤʘ" ʙʳʣ ʧʦʠʩʪʠʥʝ "ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʝʤ ʟʨʝʣʠʱʝʤ ʥʘ ɿʝʤʣʝ", ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʳʡ ʰʦʫʤʝʥ ʟʘʢʘʟʘʣ ʤʥʝ ʩʝʨʠʶ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ, ʧʨʝʜʥʘʟʥʘʯʝʥʥʳʭ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʨʠʟʘʤʠ ʚ ʨʝʢʣʘʤʥʦʡ ʢʘʤʧʘʥʠʠ. ʇʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ "ɺʦʧʨʦʩʳ ʩʬʠʥʢʩʘ" ʦʥʠ ʧʨʠʦʙʨʝʣʠ ʰʠʨʦʢʫʶ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʠʟ-ʟʘ ʢʨʫʧʥʳʭ ʧʨʠʟʦʚ, ʧʨʝʜʣʘʛʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʪʝʤ, ʢʪʦ ʩʫʤʝʝʪ ʥʘ ʥʠʭ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʪʴè.

ʀʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʘ çʘʚʪʦʙʠʦʛʨʘʬʠʷè ʙʳʣʘ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʘ ʚ 1928 ʛʦʜʫ, ʯʝʨʝʟ 17 ʣʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʃʦʡʜʘ. ʉʚʦʝ ʧʨʠʩʪʨʘʩʪʠʝ ʢ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘʤ ʃʦʡʜ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʣ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʩʳʥʫ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʉʵʤʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʠ ʙʳʣ ʧʦʜʣʠʥʥʳʤ ʘʚʪʦʨʦʤ ʢʥʠʛʠ çʉʵʤ ʃʦʡʜ ʠ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠè ʠ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʦ ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ, ʢʪʦ ʝʝ ʢʫʧʠʪ, ʙʫʜʝʪ ʦʰʠʙʦʯʥʦ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʝ ʘʚʪʦʨ � ʙʦʣʝʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʉʵʤ ʃʦʡʜ-ʩʪʘʨʰʠʡ.

ʉʘʤʦʡ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʡ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʦʡ ʉʵʤʘ ʃʦʡʜʘ ʩʪʘʣ ʚʠʢʪʦʨʠʘʥʩʢʠʡ ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪ ʢʫʙʠʢʘ ʈʫʙʠʢʘ � ʠʛʨʘ ʚ 15, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʠ ʧʦʥʳʥʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴ ʚ ʠʛʨʫʰʝʯʥʳʭ ʣʘʚʢʘʭ. ʇʷʪʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʭ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʩ ʥʦʤʝʨʘʤʠ ʦʪ 1 ʜʦ 15 ʥʘʭʦʜʷʪʩʷ ʚ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʦʡ ʢʦʨʦʙʦʯʢʝ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʦʤ 4Ĭ4. ʎʝʣʴ ʠʛʨʳ

ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ, ʧʝʨʝʜʚʠʛʘʷ ʰʘʰʢʠ ʚ ʢʦʨʦʙʦʯʢʝ (ʥʦ ʥʝ ʚʳʪʘʩʢʠʚʘʷ ʠʭ), ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʰʘʰʢʠ ʧʦ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʫ ʥʦʤʝʨʦʚ. ɺ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʝ ʃʦʡʜʘ ç15�14è ʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʚ ʢʦʨʦʙʦʯʢʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʪʘʢʠʤ, ʢʘʢ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 14. ʉʵʤ ʃʦʡʜ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʣ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʚʦʟʥʘʛʨʘʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʪʦʤʫ, ʢʪʦ ʩʫʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʫ, ʧʝʨʝʜʚʠʥʫʚ ʰʘʰʢʠ (ʧʨʦʜʝʣʘʚ ʩʝʨʠʶ ʭʦʜʦʚ) ç14è ʠ ç15è ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʥʠ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʠʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʤ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝ. ʉʳʥ ʃʦʡʜʘ ʦʧʠʩʘʣ ʪʦʪ ʘʞʠʦʪʘʞ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚʳʟʚʘʣʘ ʵʪʘ çʤʝʭʘʥʠʯʝʩʢʘʷè, ʘ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʜʝʣʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘ:

çʇʨʝʤʠʷ ʚ 1000 ʜʦʣʣʘʨʦʚ ʪʦʤʫ, ʢʪʦ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦ ʨʝʰʠʪ ʵʪʫ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʫ, ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʠʢʝʤ ʚʦʩʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʥʘ, ʭʦʪʷ ʪʳʩʷʯʠ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣʠ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʠʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʙʠʪʴʩʷ ʞʝʣʘʝʤʦʛʦ. ʃʶʜʠ ʪʝʨʷʣʠ ʠʟ-ʟʘ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ ç15�14è ʧʦʢʦʡ ʠ ʩʦʥ. ʈʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʠ ʦ ʚʣʘʜʝʣʴʮʘʭ ʣʘʚʦʢ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʟʘʙʳʚʘʣʠ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʟʘʚʝʜʝʥʠʷ, ʦ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʤ ʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʠʢʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʷʣ ʚʩʶ ʟʠʤʥʶʶ ʥʦʯʴ ʧʦʜ ʫʣʠʯʥʳʤ ʬʦʥʘʨʝʤ, ʧʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʧʨʠʧʦʤʥʠʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ. ʉʘʤʦʝ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʵʪʠʭ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷʭ ʦ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʝ ç15�14è ʙʳʣʦ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʠʢʪʦ ʠʟ "ʨʝʰʠʚʰʠʭ" ʝʝ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʚʩʧʦʤʥʠʪʴ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʭʦʜʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʘ ʢ ʧʦʙʝʜʝ. ʈʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʠ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʣʦʮʤʘʥʳ ʩʘʞʘʣʠ ʩʫʜʘ ʥʘ ʤʝʣʠ, ʘ ʤʘʰʠʥʠʩʪʳ ʧʨʦʩʢʘʢʠʚʘʣʠ ʙʝʟ ʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʠ ʞʝʣʝʟʥʦʜʦʨʦʞʥʳʝ ʩʪʘʥʮʠʠ. ʀʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʙʘʣʪʠʤʦʨʩʢʠʡ ʠʟʜʘʪʝʣʴ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣ, ʢʘʢ ʦʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʦʥ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʣʝʥʯ ʠ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʢʠ ʨʝʜʘʢʮʠʠ ʠ ʪʠʧʦʛʨʘʬʠʠ ʩʘʤʦʟʘʙʚʝʥʥʦ ʠʛʨʘʶʪ ʚ ʧʷʪʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʩ ʧʦʣʫʥʦʯʠ, ʛʦʥʷʷ ʧʦ ʪʘʨʝʣʢʝ ʢʫʩʦʯʢʠ ʧʠʨʦʛʘè.

ʈʠʩ. 14. ʂʘʨʠʢʘʪʫʨʘ ʩ ʠʟʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʤʘʥʠʠ, ʧʦʨʦʞʜʝʥʥʦʡ çʀʛʨʦʡ ʚ 15è ʉʵʤʘ ʃʦʡʜʘ (ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʚʩʝ ʰʘʰʢʠ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʜʚʫʭ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ, ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʳ ʧʦ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʫ)

ʃʦʡʜ ʙʳʣ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦ ʫʚʝʨʝʥ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʜʝʪʩʷ ʚʳʧʣʘʪʠʪʴ ʦʙʲʷʚʣʝʥʥʫʶ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ ʚ 1000 ʜʦʣʣʘʨʦʚ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʜʦʩʪʦʚʝʨʥʦ ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʰʘʰʢʠ ʩ ʥʦʤʝʨʘʤʠ ç14è ʠ ç15è, ʥʝ ʥʘʨʫʰʠʚ ʧʨʠ ʵʪʦʤ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʢʘʢʠʭ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʰʘʰʝʢ. ʊʘʢ ʞʝ, ʢʘʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʴ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ, ʃʦʡʜ ʤʦʛ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʠʤ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ.

ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʃʦʡʜʘ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʣʦʩʴ ʩ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʚʝʣʠʯʠʥʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʩʣʫʞʠʣʘ ʤʝʨʦʡ

ʙʝʩʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ ʚ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ ʰʘʰʝʢ � ʧʘʨʘʤʝʪʨʘ ʙʝʩʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ Dp. ʇʘʨʘʤʝʪʨ ʙʝʩʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ ʜʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʨʘʚʝʥ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʧʘʨ ʰʘʰʝʢ, ʫ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʡ ʥʦʤʝʨ ʧʨʝʜʰʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʤʝʥʴʰʝʤʫ, ʪ.ʝ. ʥʦʤʝʨʘ ʠʜʫʪ ʚ ʥʝʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʤ, ʦʙʨʘʪʥʦʤ, ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝ. ɼʣʷ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʰʘʰʝʢ, ʢʘʢ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 15a, Dp = 0.

ʘ) Dp = 0 ʙ) Dp = 6 ʚ) Dp = 12ʈʠʩ. 15. ʇʝʨʝʜʚʠʛʘʷ ʰʘʰʢʠ ʚʥʫʪʨʠ ʢʦʨʦʙʦʯʢʠ (ʥʦ ʥʝ ʠʟʚʣʝʢʘʷ ʠʭ ʠʟ ʥʝʝ), ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʦʟʜʘʚʘʪʴ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʥʝʫʧʦʨʷʜʦʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɼʣʷ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ ʠʟʤʝʨʠʪʴ ʙʝʩʧʦʨʷʜʦʢ, ʚʚʦʜʷ ʧʘʨʘʤʝʪʨ ʙʝʩʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ Dp

ʅʘʯʘʚ ʩ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʜʚʠʛʘʷ ʠʭ ʚ ʢʦʨʦʙʦʯʢʝ (ʥʦ ʥʝ ʚʳʥʠʤʘʷ ʠʟ ʥʝʝ), ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʝ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 15ʙ. ɺ ʥʝʤ ʰʘʰʢʠ ʠʜʫʪ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʤ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʤʳ ʥʝ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʝʤ ʰʘʰʝʢ 12 ʠ 11. ʗʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʰʘʰʢʘ ʩ ʥʦʤʝʨʦʤ 11 ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʧʨʝʜʰʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʰʘʰʢʝ 12, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʰʘʰʢʠ ʚ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʘʨʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʳ ʚ ʦʙʨʘʪʥʦʤ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝ. ʇʦʣʥʳʡ ʩʧʠʩʦʢ ʪʝʭ ʧʘʨ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʰʘʰʢʠ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʳ ʚ ʦʙʨʘʪʥʦʤ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝ ʪʘʢʦʚ: (12,11), (15,13), (15,14), (15,11), (13,11) ʠ (14,11). ʊʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ʧʨʠ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ ʰʘʰʝʢ, ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʤ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 15ʙ, ʠʤʝʝʪʩʷ 6 ʧʘʨ ʩ ʦʙʨʘʪʥʳʤ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʰʘʰʝʢ, ʠ Dp = 6. (ɿʘʤʝʪʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʰʘʰʢʘ 10 ʩʦʩʝʜʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʩ ʰʘʰʢʦʡ 12. ʕʪʦ ʷʚʥʦ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʦ, ʥʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʥʦʤʝʨʦʚ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʥʝ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʦʙʨʘʪʥʳʤ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʵʪʘ ʧʘʨʘ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʥʝ ʚʥʦʩʠʪ ʚʢʣʘʜʘ ʚ ʧʘʨʘʤʝʪʨ ʙʝʩʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ.) ɽʱʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʭʦʜʦʚ, ʠ ʤʳ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʤ ʢ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʶ ʰʘʰʝʢ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 15ʚ. ʉʦʩʪʘʚʠʚ ʧʦʣʥʳʡ ʩʧʠʩʦʢ ʧʘʨ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʩ ʥʦʤʝʨʘʤʠ, ʠʜʫʱʠʤʠ ʚ ʦʙʨʘʪʥʦʤ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝ, ʤʳ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʤ, ʯʪʦ Dp = 12. ɺʘʞʥʦ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʪʨʝʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷʭ ʘ, ʙ ʠ ʚ, ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ ʧʘʨʘʤʝʪʨʘ ʙʝʩʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ ʯʝʪʥʳ (0, 6 ʠ 12). ɼʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʝʩʣʠ ʚʳ ʥʘʯʥʝʪʝ ʩ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʠ ʙʫʜʝʪʝ ʧʝʨʝʜʚʠʛʘʪʴ ʠʭ, ʥʝ ʚʳʥʠʤʘʷ ʠʟ ʢʦʨʦʙʦʯʢʠ, ʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʯʝʪʥʦʩʪʠ ʧʘʨʘʤʝʪʨʘ ʙʝʩʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʠʣʝ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʭʦʜʦʚ, ʧʨʠ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʩ ʧʫʩʪʦʡ ʢʣʝʪʢʦʡ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʦʤ ʥʠʞʥʝʤ ʫʛʣʫ, ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ Dp ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʯʝʪʥʳʤ.

ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʯʝʪʥʦʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʧʘʨʘʤʝʪʨʘ ʙʝʩʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ � ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ, ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤʳʭ ʠʟ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ. ɺ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʦ ʦʪ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢʠʝ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʷ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʷʪʩʷ ʥʘʜ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʦʤ, ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʠʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʤ.

ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʚʳ ʧʨʦʘʥʘʣʠʟʠʨʫʝʪʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʝ ʃʦʡʜʘ ç15�14è, ʪʦ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʝ, ʯʪʦ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʧʘʨʘʤʝʪʨʘ ʙʝʩʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʝ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʝ: Dp = 1, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʫ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʧʘʨʳ ʩ ʥʦʤʝʨʘʤʠ 13 ʠ 15 ʥʦʤʝʨʘ ʠʜʫʪ ʚ ʦʙʨʘʪʥʦʤ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝ. ɺ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʝ ʃʦʡʜʘ ʧʘʨʘʤʝʪʨ ʙʝʩʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʥʝʯʝʪʥʦʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ! ʅʦ ʤʳ ʟʥʘʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʫ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ,

ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ, ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʧʘʨʘʤʝʪʨʘ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ ʯʝʪʥʦ. ʆʪʩʶʜʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝ: ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʝ ʃʦʡʜʘ ç15�14è ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʦ ʠʟ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʥʘʦʙʦʨʦʪ, ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʝ ʃʦʡʜʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʚʝʜʝʥʦ ʢ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʶ. ɿʘ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ ʚ 1000 ʜʦʣʣʘʨʦʚ ʃʦʡʜ ʤʦʛ ʙʳʪʴ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦ ʩʧʦʢʦʝʥ!

ɻʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘ ʃʦʡʜʘ ʠ ʧʘʨʘʤʝʪʨ ʙʝʩʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʫʶʪ ʩʠʣʫ ʠʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʘ. ʀʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʳ ʜʘʶʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʚʘʞʥʫʶ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʶ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʦʙʲʝʢʪ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʚ ʥʘʩʪʦʷʱʝʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʚʳʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝ ʫʟʣʦʚ, ʠ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʫʟʣʦʚ, ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ, ʧʳʪʘʶʪʩʷ ʚʳʷʩʥʠʪʴ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʠʣʠ ʥʝʪ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʦʜʠʥ ʫʟʝʣ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ, ʠʟʛʠʙʘʷ ʠ ʦʙʨʘʟʫʷ ʧʝʪʣʠ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʨʘʟʨʝʟʘʷ ʝʛʦ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʦʥʠ ʧʳʪʘʶʪʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʫʟʣʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʷʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʧʨʠ ʣʶʙʦʤ ʠʟʛʠʙʘʥʠʠ ʠ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʧʝʪʝʣʴ, ʪ.ʝ. ʠʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʫʟʣʘ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʦʥʠ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʷʶʪ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʞʝ ʠʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʜʣʷ ʚʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʫʟʣʘ. ɽʩʣʠ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ ʠʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʤʠ, ʪʦ ʠʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʩʪʴʶ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʚʳʚʦʜ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʫʟʝʣ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʚʦ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ.

ɼʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʰʘʛʠ ʚ ʵʪʦʤ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʜʝʣʘʥʳ ʂʫʨʪʦʤ ʈʝʡʜʝʤʝʡʩʪʝʨʦʤ ʚ 20-ʭ ʛʦʜʘʭ XX ʚʝʢʘ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʫʟʝʣ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ, ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʜʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ ʠʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʫʟʣʦʚ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʫʟʝʣ çʙʘʥʪʠʢʦʤè ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʚ ʨʠʬʦʚʳʡ ʫʟʝʣ, ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʫʟʝʣ ʠʣʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʫʶ ʧʝʪʣʶ ʙʝʟ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ ʙʳ ʪʦ ʥʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʫʟʣʘ ʚʦʦʙʱʝ.

ʇʦʥʷʪʠʝ ʠʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʥʦʛʦ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʝʪ ʮʝʥʪʨʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʚʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʭ, ʠ, ʢʘʢ ʤʳ ʫʚʠʜʠʤ ʚ ʛʣ. 5, ʦʥʦ ʩʳʛʨʘʣʦ ʨʝʰʘʶʱʫʶ ʨʦʣʴ ʚ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʝʥʠʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ ʛʣʘʚʥʦʝ ʨʫʩʣʦ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʷ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʤʳʩʣʠ.

ʅʘ ʩʪʳʢʝ XIX ʠ XX ʚʝʢʦʚ, ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʧʦʢʣʦʥʥʠʢʘʤ ʉʵʤʘ ʃʦʡʜʘ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ ç15�14è, ʤʠʣʣʠʦʥʳ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʨʝʰʘʪʴ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ ʚ ɽʚʨʦʧʝ ʠ ɸʤʝʨʠʢʝ ʞʘʞʜʘʣʠ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʚʝʩʪʴ ʦ ʥʘʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʝ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʜʦʰʣʘ ʜʦ ʵʪʠʭ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʶʱʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʚʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʣʦʞʥʦʡ, ʯʝʤ ʩʘʤʘʷ ʪʨʫʜʥʘʷ ʠʟ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ ʃʦʡʜʘ, ʥʦ ʠ ʧʨʠʟ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʩʨʘʚʥʝʥʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ.

ʃʶʙʠʪʝʣʠ ʤʝʯʪʘʣʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʪʨʶʢ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʫʩʢʦʣʴʟʥʫʣ ʦʪ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʛʦ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʨʝʯʴ ʟʘʭʦʜʠʣʘ ʦ ʟʥʘʥʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʠʝʤʦʚ ʠ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ, ʧʨʝʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʳʡ ʨʚʝʥʠʝʤ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʴ, ʞʠʚʫʱʠʡ ʚ XX ʚʝʢʝ, ʚʦ ʤʥʦʛʦʤ ʥʝ ʫʩʪʫʧʘʣ ʇʴʝʨʫ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʊʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʴ ʙʳʣʘ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ � ʚ ʦʪʩʫʪʩʪʚʠʠ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʪʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ, ʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʤʠ ʝʤʫ ʧʨʠʝʤʘʤʠ ʠ ʤʝʪʦʜʘʤʠ.

ʏʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʦʙʲʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʘ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʥʘ ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥʩʢʠʡ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪ ʦʙʨʫʰʠʣʘʩʴ ʣʘʚʠʥʘ çʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚè. ʅʝ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʦʥʠ ʜʦ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʦʰʠʙʦʯʥʳʤʠ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʠʟ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʦʚ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʘ ʙʳʣ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʧʝʨʝʞʠʚʰʫʶ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷ, ʥʦ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʨʠʩʣʘʥʥʳʭ

ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʭ ʥʝʠʟʙʝʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʢʘʢʘʷ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʪʦʥʢʘʷ, ʘ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʠ ʥʝ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʪʦʥʢʘʷ � ʦʰʠʙʢʘ. ʀʩʢʫʩʩʪʚʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʩʦʡʪʠ ʩ ʚʝʨʥʦʛʦ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʧʫʪʠ ʠ ʥʝʟʘʤʝʪʥʦ ʟʘʙʣʫʜʠʪʴʩʷ, ʜʘʞʝ ʚʧʘʩʪʴ ʚ ʘʙʩʫʨʜ. ɺ ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ 7 ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʢʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʨʪʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʜʦʧʫʩʪʠʪʴ ʵʥʪʫʟʠʘʩʪ-ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʴ.

ʅʝʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʦ ʦʪ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʝʤ ʪʦʛʦ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʩʢʨʫʧʫʣʝʟʥʦ ʠʟʫʯʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘ ʪʦʪ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ, ʝʩʣʠ ʥʝʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʤʫ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʶ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʜʘʚʥʦ ʨʘʟʳʩʢʠʚʘʝʤʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ɼʝʢʘʥʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʩ 1909 ʧʦ 1934 ʛʦʜʳ ʙʳʣ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʕʜʤʫʥʜ ʃʘʥʜʘʫ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ ʣʝʛʣʘ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʨʘʟʙʠʨʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʧʨʠʩʣʘʥʥʳʝ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ.

ʃʘʥʜʘʫ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʪʦ ʠ ʜʝʣʦ ʧʨʝʨʳʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʝʤʫ ʥʫʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʨʘʟʙʠʨʘʪʴ ʜʝʩʷʪʢʠ ʦʰʠʙʦʯʥʳʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ, ʧʦʩʪʫʧʘʚʰʠʭ ʢ ʥʝʤʫ ʥʘ ʩʪʦʣ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʤʝʩʷʮ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʝʡ, ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʃʘʥʜʘʫ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʣ ʠʟʷʱʥʳʡ ʤʝʪʦʜ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʚʰʠʡ ʠʟʙʘʚʠʪʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʜʦʢʫʯʣʠʚʦʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ. ʇʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʧʦʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʥʘʧʝʯʘʪʘʪʴ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʦʪʝʥ ʢʘʨʪʦʯʝʢ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʟʥʘʯʠʣʦʩʴ:

ʋʚʘʞʘʝʤʳʡ(ʘʷ) . . . . . . . .

ɹʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʶ ɺʘʩ ʟʘ ʧʨʠʩʣʘʥʥʫʶ ɺʘʤʠ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʇʝʨʚʘʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʩʪʨ. ... ʚ ʩʪʨʦʢʝ ... . ʀʟ-ʟʘ ʥʝʝ ʚʩʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʫʪʨʘʯʠʚʘʝʪ ʩʠʣʫ.

ʇʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʕ. ʄ. ʃʘʥʜʘʫ

ʂʘʞʜʦʝ ʠʟ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩ ʦʪʧʝʯʘʪʘʥʥʦʡ ʢʘʨʪʦʯʢʦʡ ʃʘʥʜʘʫ ʚʨʫʯʘʣ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʠʟ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʦʚ ʠ ʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʝʛʦ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʝʣʳ.

ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʠ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʘʪʴ ʥʝʧʨʝʨʳʚʥʳʤ ʧʦʪʦʢʦʤ ʚ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʣʝʪ ʜʘʞʝ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʝʤʠʷ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʢʘʪʘʩʪʨʦʬʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʦʙʝʩʮʝʥʠʣʘʩʴ ʠʟ-ʟʘ ʛʠʧʝʨʠʥʬʣʷʮʠʠ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʤʠʨʦʚʦʡ ʚʦʡʥʳ. ɻʦʚʦʨʷʪ, ʯʪʦ ʪʦʪ, ʢʪʦ ʚʳʠʛʨʘʣ ʙʳ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩ ʩʝʛʦʜʥʷ, ʚʨʷʜ ʣʠ ʩʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʢʫʧʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ ʯʘʰʢʫ ʢʦʬʝ, � ʥʦ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʝʫʚʝʣʠʯʝʥʳ. ʂʘʢ ʧʦʷʩʥʠʣ ʜ-ʨ ʌ. ʐʣʠʭʪʠʥʛ, ʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʟʘ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʠʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ ʚ 70-ʭ ʛʦʜʘʭ, ʧʨʝʤʠʷ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʥʳʥʝ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʙʦʣʝʝ 10000 ʤʘʨʦʢ. ʋʥʠʢʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʂʦʤʠʩʩʠʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʜʘʝʪ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ ʜ-ʨʘ ʌ. ʐʣʠʭʪʠʥʛʘ ʇʘʫʣʶ ʈʠʙʝʥʙʦʡʤʫ, ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʦʝ ʚ ʢʥʠʛʝ ʌ. ʐʣʠʭʪʠʥʛʘ çʊʨʠʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ ʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘè.

çʋʚʘʞʘʝʤʳʡ ʩʵʨ!ʆʙʱʝʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʢ ʥʘʩʪʦʷʱʝʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ çʨʝʰʝʥʠʡè ʥʝʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ. ɺ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʛʦʜ (1907�1908 ʛʛ.) ʚ ʘʥʥʘʣʘʭ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʟʘʨʝʛʠʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʦ 621 ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ. ɺ ʥʘʩʪʦʷʱʝʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʚ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʭʨʘʥʷʪʩʷ ʩʪʦʧʢʘ ʙʫʤʘʛ, ʪʦʣʱʠʥʦʡ ʦʢʦʣʦ ʪʨʝʭ ʤʝʪʨʦʚ, ʩ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʘʤʠ ʧʝʨʝʧʠʩʢʠ ʧʦ

ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɺ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʩ ʧʠʩʴʤʘʤʠ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʣʘʩʴ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ. ʉʝʢʨʝʪʘʨʴ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʜʝʣʠʣ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʘʶʱʠʝ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʧʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʤ ʢʘʪʝʛʦʨʠʷʤ: 1) ʧʦʣʥʘʷ ʯʝʧʫʭʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʥʝʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ ʦʪʩʳʣʘʣʘʩʴ ʦʙʨʘʪʥʦ; 2) ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʚʥʝʰʥʝ ʧʦʭʦʜʠʣ ʥʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ.

ɺʪʦʨʘʷ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʢʦʨʨʝʩʧʦʥʜʝʥʮʠʠ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤʫ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʫ, ʛʜʝ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʧʦ ʧʨʦʯʪʝʥʠʶ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʝʡ, ʥʘʭʦʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ ʠ ʦʪʚʝʪʫ ʘʚʪʦʨʘʤ ʧʦʨʫʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʠʟ ʘʩʩʠʩʪʝʥʪʦʚ (ʚ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʠʭ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘʭ ʵʪʦ ʣʶʜʠ, ʦʢʦʥʯʠʚʰʠʝ ʧʦʣʥʳʡ ʢʫʨʩ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʶʱʠʝ ʥʘʜ ʜʠʩʩʝʨʪʘʮʠʝʡ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʫʯʝʥʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ çʜʦʢʪʦʨʘ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʠè � Ph. D.). ʉʝʡʯʘʩ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʥʘʷ ʞʝʨʪʚʘ � ʵʪʦ ʷ. ʂʘʞʜʳʡ ʤʝʩʷʮ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʘʶʪ 3-4 ʧʠʩʴʤʘ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʷ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʦʪʚʝʯʘʪʴ. ɺ ʵʪʠʭ ʧʠʩʴʤʘʭ ʤʘʩʩʘ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʦʛʦ ʠ ʣʶʙʦʧʳʪʥʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʘ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʢʦʨʨʝʩʧʦʥʜʝʥʪʦʚ ʧʨʠʩʣʘʣ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʫ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʧʦʦʙʝʱʘʣ ʧʨʠʩʣʘʪʴ ʚʪʦʨʫʶ, ʝʩʣʠ ʤʳ ʚʳʧʣʘʪʠʤ 1000 ʤʘʨʦʢ ʘʚʘʥʩʦʤ. ɼʨʫʛʦʡ ʢʦʨʨʝʩʧʦʥʜʝʥʪ ʧʦʦʙʝʱʘʣ ʤʥʝ 1% ʦʪ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʜʦʭʦʜʦʚ ʦʪ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʡ, ʠʥʪʝʨʚʴʶ ʥʘ ʨʘʜʠʦ ʠ ʪʝʣʝʚʠʜʝʥʠʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʳʤ, ʝʩʣʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʷ ʦʢʘʞʫ ʝʤʫ ʩʝʡʯʘʩ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʢʫ. ɺ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʦʥ ʫʛʨʦʞʘʣ ʧʦʩʣʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʘʜʨʝʩ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʨʦʩʩʠʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʠ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʣʠʰʠʪʴ ʥʘʩ ʩʣʘʚʳ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʪʝʣʝʡ. ɺʨʝʤʷ ʦʪ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʢʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʠʟ ʘʚʪʦʨʦʚ çʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚè ʥʘʚʝʜʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥ ʠ ʥʘʩʪʘʠʚʘʝʪ ʥʘ ʣʠʯʥʦʡ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʝ ʠ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʠ.

ʇʦʯʪʠ ʚʩʝ çʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘè ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʳ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʨʥʦʤ ʫʨʦʚʥʝ (ʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʶʪ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ, ʟʘʠʤʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʥʳʝ ʠʟ ʚʳʩʰʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ, ʙʳʪʴ ʤʦʞʝʪ, ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʧʣʦʭʦ ʫʩʚʦʝʥʥʳʭ ʨʘʙʦʪ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ). ʊʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʠʭ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ. ɺ ʩʦʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʧʣʘʥʝ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʠ ʥʝʨʝʜʢʦ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʣʶʜʴʤʠ ʩ ʪʝʭʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ, ʥʦ ʩ ʥʝʩʣʦʞʠʚʰʝʡʩʷ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʦʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʳʪʘʶʪʩʷ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʜʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʫʩʧʝʭʘ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʷ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʣ ʧʩʠʭʠʘʪʨʘʤ, ʠ ʪʝ ʜʠʘʛʥʦʩʪʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ ʪʷʞʝʣʫʶ ʰʠʟʦʬʨʝʥʠʶ.

ʆʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʡ ʚ ʟʘʚʝʱʘʥʠʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʷ ʙʳʣʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʝʞʝʛʦʜʥʦ ʧʝʯʘʪʘʪʴ ʠʟʚʝʱʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʝ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ʚ ʛʣʘʚʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘʭ. ʅʦ ʫʞʝ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʣʝʪ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʳ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʝʯʘʪʘʪʴ ʫʚʝʜʦʤʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʝ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʨʝʜʘʢʮʠʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʟʘʚʘʣʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʧʠʩʴʤʘʤʠ ʠ ʩʫʤʘʩʰʝʜʰʠʤʠ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʷʤʠ. ʅʘʜʝʶʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʘ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʷ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪ ʜʣʷ ɺʘʩ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ.

ʀʩʢʨʝʥʥʝ ɺʘʰ ʌ. ʐʣʠʭʪʠʥʛè

ʂʘʢ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʜ-ʨ ʐʣʠʭʪʠʥʛ, ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʠ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʘ ʥʝ ʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʠʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʠʩʳʣʘʣʠ ʩʚʦʠ çʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘè ʚ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʶ. ɺʨʷʜ ʣʠ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʤʠʨʝ ʥʘʡʜʝʪʩʷ ʭʦʪʷ ʙʳ ʦʜʠʥ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪ, ʛʜʝ ʙʳ ʥʠ ʩʪʦʷʣ ʰʢʘʬ, ʥʘʙʠʪʳʡ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʚʰʠʤʠ ʦʪ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʝʡ çʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʤʠè. ɹʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʦʚ ʧʦʧʨʦʩʪʫ ʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʴʩʢʠʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʙʝʟ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ ʠ ʦʪʚʝʪʘ, ʥʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʳ ʧʨʠʙʝʛʘʣʠ ʢ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʪʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʘʤ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʚʰʠʤ ʦʪʜʝʣʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʥʘʟʦʡʣʠʚʳʭ ʢʦʨʨʝʩʧʦʥʜʝʥʪʦʚ. [ʉʘʤ ʙʳ ʤʦʛ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʧʘʨʫ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʡ ʩ "ʬʝʨʤʘʪʠʩʪʘʤʠ", ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʚ ʩʚʦʸ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʫʩʣʳʰʘʣ ʦʪ ʟʘʚ. ʢʘʬʝʜʨʦʡ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʳ ʥʘʰʝʛʦ ʤʝʩʪʥʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ. ʅʦ ʥʝ ʚʝʩʝʣʳ ʦʥʠ: ʚ ʩʫʱʥʦʩʪʠ, ʵʪʠ "ʬʝʨʤʘʪʠʩʪʳ" � ʥʝʩʯʘʩʪʥʳʝ ʣʶʜʠ. ʀ ʥʘ ICM'98 ʚ ɹʝʨʣʠʥʝ, ʛʜʝ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʣ ʌʠʣʜʩʦʚʩʢʫʶ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ, ʥʘ ʩʝʢʮʠʠ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʳ ʚʠʜʝʣ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʳ ʪʠʧʘ "ɸ ʚʦʪ ʝʱʸ ʦʜʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ". ʃʫʯʰʝ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʞʫ ʧʨʦ ʦʜʥʫ ʠʟ "ʫʚʸʨʪʦʢ ʦʪ ʬʝʨʤʘʪʠʩʪʦʚ", ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ

ʛʜʝ-ʪʦ ʚʳʯʠʪʘʣ. ʋʯʸʥʳʡ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʘʨʴ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʤʦʩʢʦʚʩʢʠʭ ʘʢʘʜʝʤʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʠʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʦʚ, ʥʝ ʠʟʙʝʞʘʚʰʝʛʦ ʥʘʰʝʩʪʚʠʷ ʬʝʨʤʘʪʠʩʪʦʚ, ʦʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʙʳʣ ʚ ʦʪʧʫʩʢʝ ʚ ʄʦʣʜʘʚʠʠ ʠ ʥʘ ʨʳʥʢʝ ʢʫʧʠʣ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʪʦ ʩʥʝʜʴ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʝʤʫ ʟʘʚʝʨʥʫʣʠ ʚ ʤʝʩʪʥʫʶ ʛʘʟʝʪʫ. ɺʝʨʥʫʚʰʠʩʴ ʩ ʨʳʥʢʘ, ʦʥ ʩʪʘʣ ʧʨʦʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʪʴ ʵʪʦʪ ʣʠʩʪʦʢ ʠ ʥʘʪʢʥʫʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʫ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʩʦʦʙʱʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʤʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʰʢʦʣʴʥʳʡ ʫʯʠʪʝʣʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʠ, ʢʘʢ ʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʝ, ʧʝʣʠʩʴ ʚʩʷʢʠʝ ʜʠʬʠʨʘʤʙʳ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʤʫ ʫʨʦʚʥʶ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʥʦʡ ʥʘʫʢʠ. ʋʯʸʥʳʡ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʘʨʴ ʚʳʨʝʟʘʣ ʵʪʫ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʫ, ʘ ʧʦ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʝʥʠʠ ʚ ʄʦʩʢʚʫ ʚʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʝʸ ʚ ʨʘʤʢʫ ʠ ʧʦʚʝʩʠʣ ʥʘ ʩʪʝʥʫ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʢʘʙʠʥʝʪʘ. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ "ʥʘʧʘʜʘʣ" ʦʯʝʨʝʜʥʦʡ ʬʝʨʤʘʪʠʩʪ, ʦʥ ʰʠʨʦʢʠʤ ʞʝʩʪʦʤ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʰʘʣ ʪʦʛʦ ʦʟʥʘʢʦʤʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ "ʪʝʢʫʱʠʤ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʜʝʣ". ɾʠʟʥʴ ʷʚʥʦ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʣʝʛʯʝ. :) � E.G.A.] ʀʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʘʤʝʨʠʢʘʥʩʢʠʡ ʧʦʧʫʣʷʨʠʟʘʪʦʨ ʥʘʫʢʠ ʄʘʨʪʠʥ ɻʘʨʜʥʝʨ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʦʙ ʦʜʥʦʤ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʟʥʘʢʦʤʦʤ, ʠʤʝʚʰʠʤ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʠʝ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʘʪʴ ʧʨʠʰʝʜʰʠʝ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʘʜʨʝʩ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʩ ʟʘʧʠʩʢʦʡ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʠʟʚʝʱʘʣ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʷ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʢʦʤʧʝʪʝʥʪʝʥ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʥʠʢʥʫʪʴ ʚ ʜʝʪʘʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʠ ʩʦʦʙʱʘʣ ʠʤʷ ʠ ʘʜʨʝʩ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʪʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʨʘʟʦʙʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʜʝʪʘʣʷʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʪ.ʝ. ʧʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ ʧʨʝʜʣʘʛʘʣ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʶ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʢ ʥʝʩʯʘʩʪʥʦʤʫ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʪʫ. ɼʨʫʛʦʡ ʧʨʠʷʪʝʣʴ ʄʘʨʪʠʥʘ ɻʘʨʜʥʝʨʘ ʦʪʚʝʯʘʣ ʘʚʪʦʨʘʤ ʧʨʠʩʣʘʥʥʳʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ ʪʘʢ: çʋ ʤʝʥʷ ʝʩʪʴ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʦʧʨʦʚʝʨʞʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʠʩʣʘʥʥʦʛʦ ɺʘʤʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʥʦ, ʢ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʵʪʘ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʘ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʚʝʣʠʢʘ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʤʝʩʪʠʪʴ ʝʛʦè.

ʍʦʪʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ-ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʠ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ XX ʚʝʢʘ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʦʜʥʫ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʫ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʚ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘʭ ʟʘʚʦʝʚʘʪʴ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ-ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʳ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʤ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʠ ʠʛʥʦʨʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ. ɺʤʝʩʪʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʧʠʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʭ ʥʘ ʪʨʫʜʳ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʠʩʴ ʫ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʶ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʡ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʥʘʫʢʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʪʴ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʘʭ ʦ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʬʠʛʫʨ XX ʚʝʢʘ � ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ɹʝʨʪʨʘʥ ʈʘʩʩʝʣ, ɼʘʚʠʜ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʠ ʂʫʨʪ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʨʘʟʦʙʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʠʭ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʠʭ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ, ʢʘʢʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳ, ʘ ʢʘʢʠʝ � ʯʪʦ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʚʘʞʥʝʝ � ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳ. ʀʭ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʧʦʪʨʷʩʣʠ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʵʭʦʤ ʦʪʦʟʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʩʫʜʴʙʘʭ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. 1

ʆʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ

ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʚʝʢʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʠʩʴ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʤʦʩʪ, ʚʝʜʫʱʠʡ ʦʪ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʛʦ ʚ ʥʝʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʝ. ʀʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʬʝʥʦʤʝʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʫʩʧʝʭʦʚ. ʂʘʞʜʦʝ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʨʘʩʰʠʨʷʣʦ ʛʨʘʥʜʠʦʟʥʦʝ ʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʥʘʫʢʠ, ʩʦʟʜʘʚʘʷ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʠ ʬʠʛʫʨʘʭ. ʅʦ ʢ ʢʦʥʮʫ XIX ʚʝʢʘ ʚʤʝʩʪʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʤʦʪʨʝʪʴ ʚʧʝʨʝʜ, ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʚʩʝ ʯʘʱʝ ʦʛʣʷʜʳʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʘʟʘʜ, ʥʘ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʟʠʞʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʚʩʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʝ. ʆʥʠ ʭʦʪʝʣʠ ʧʝʨʝʩʤʦʪʨʝʪʴ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʟʘʥʦʚʦ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʝʝ, ʩʦʙʣʶʜʘʷ ʚʩʝ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʩʪʨʦʛʦʩʪʠ, ʥʘʯʠʥʘʷ ʩ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧʦʚ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʝʱʝ ʨʘʟ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʥʘʜʝʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʵʪʠʭ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧʦʚ.

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʧʨʠʜʠʨʯʠʚʦʩʪʴʶ. ʇʨʝʞʜʝ ʯʝʤ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ, ʦʥʠ ʪʨʝʙʫʶʪ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʝʛʦ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʠ. ʀʭ ʨʝʧʫʪʘʮʠʷ ʦʪʯʝʪʣʠʚʦ ʚʳʨʘʞʝʥʘ ʚ

ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʗʥ ʉʪʶʘʨʪ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ çʇʦʥʷʪʠʷ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠè: çʈʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ, ʯʪʦ ʘʩʪʨʦʥʦʤ, ʬʠʟʠʢ ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʣʠ ʦʪʧʫʩʢ ʚ ʐʦʪʣʘʥʜʠʠ. ɻʣʷʜʷ ʠʟ ʦʢʥʘ ʧʦʝʟʜʘ, ʦʥʠ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣʠ ʧʦʩʨʝʜʠ ʧʦʣʷ ʯʝʨʥʫʶ ʦʚʮʫ. çʂʘʢ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʦ, � ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ ʘʩʪʨʦʥʦʤ, � ʚʩʝ ʰʦʪʣʘʥʜʩʢʠʝ ʦʚʮʳ ʯʝʨʥʳʝ!è çʅʝʪ, ʥʝʪ! � ʚʦʟʨʘʟʠʣ ʬʠʟʠʢ. � ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʰʦʪʣʘʥʜʩʢʠʝ ʦʚʮʳ ʯʝʨʥʳʝ!è ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʟʘʜʫʤʯʠʚʦ ʧʦʩʤʦʪʨʝʣ ʚʚʝʨʭ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʧʨʦʪʷʥʫʣ: çɺ ʐʦʪʣʘʥʜʠʠ ʝʩʪʴ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʝ ʤʝʨʝ ʦʜʥʦ ʧʦʣʝ, ʧʦʩʨʝʜʠ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʧʘʩʝʪʩʷ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʦʜʥʘ ʦʚʮʘ, ʫ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʦʜʥʘ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʘ ʯʝʨʥʘʷè.

ɽʱʝ ʩʪʨʦʞʝ, ʯʝʤ ʦʙʳʯʥʳʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ, ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʘʝʪ ʪʦʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʟʠʨʫʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ ʩʪʘʚʷʪ ʧʦʜ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʝ ʜʘʞʝ ʪʝ ʠʜʝʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷʤʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʥʝʟʳʙʣʝʤʳʤʠ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʟʘʢʦʥ ʪʨʠʭʦʪʦʤʠʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʣʠʙʦ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʣʠʙʦ ʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʣʠʙʦ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʥʫʣʶ. ʕʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʯʝʚʠʜʥʳʤ, ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʤʦʣʯʘʣʠʚʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦ, ʥʦ ʥʠʢʪʦ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʧʦʪʨʫʜʠʣʩʷ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ, ʪʘʢ ʣʠ ʵʪʦ. ʃʦʛʠʢʠ ʧʦʥʷʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʟʘʢʦʥʘ ʪʨʠʭʦʪʦʤʠʠ ʥʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ, ʝʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʣʦʞʥʳʤ, ʘ ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʦ ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʣʦʞʥʳʤ, ʪʦ ʨʫʭʥʝʪ ʚʩʝ ʦʧʠʨʘʶʱʝʝʩʷ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ ʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʟʥʘʥʠʡ. ʂ ʩʯʘʩʪʴʶ ʜʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʟʘʢʦʥʘ ʪʨʠʭʦʪʦʤʠʠ ʙʳʣʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ XIX ʚʝʢʘ.

ʉʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥ ɼʨʝʚʥʝʡ ɻʨʝʮʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʥʘʢʘʧʣʠʚʘʣʘ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ ʠ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʥʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʪʨʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʳ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʟʘʙʦʯʝʥʳ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ, ʧʨʦʥʠʢʰʠʭ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʘʨʩʝʥʘʣ ʙʝʟ ʜʦʣʞʥʦʛʦ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʘ, � ʪʘʢʠʭ, ʢʘʢ ʟʘʢʦʥ ʪʨʠʭʦʪʦʤʠʠ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʜʝʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʫʩʚʦʝʥʳ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʜʘʚʥʦ, ʦʜʥʘʢʦ, ʥʠʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʫʚʝʨʝʥ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʳʤʠ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʚ ʨʘʟʥʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʙʳʣʠ ʨʘʟʥʳʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʦʙ ʫʨʦʚʥʝ ʩʪʨʦʛʦʩʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʇʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ ʨʝʰʠʣʠ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʩ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʥʘʯʘʣʘ. ʅʦ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʠʩʪʠʥʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʳʚʝʜʝʥʘ ʠʟ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʠʩʪʠʥ. ɺ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʴ ʪʝ ʠʩʪʠʥʳ ʩʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʳ, ʠʩʭʦʜʷ ʠʟ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʠʩʪʠʥ, ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʣʠʮʦʤ ʢ ʣʠʮʫ ʩ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷʤʠ, ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ, ʯʪʦ ʚʳʚʝʩʪʠ ʠʭ ʠʟ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʡ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʦʩʴ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʤ. ʕʪʠ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʘʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ʆʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʦʚ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʣʫʞʠʪʴ ʢʦʤʤʫʪʘʪʠʚʥʳʡ ʟʘʢʦʥ ʩʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʛʣʘʩʠʪ: ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ m ʠ n ʚʝʨʥʦ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʦ

m + n = n + m.

ʕʪʦʪ ʟʘʢʦʥ ʠ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʩʘʤʦʦʯʝʚʠʜʥʳʤʠ. ʆʥʠ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʝʥʳ ʥʘ ʣʶʙʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ɼʦ ʩʠʭ ʧʦʨ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʳ ʫʩʧʝʰʥʦ ʧʨʦʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʚʩʝ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʠ ʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʳ ʟʘ ʦʩʥʦʚʫ ʚʩʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ɿʘʜʘʯʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʣʠ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ, ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʟʘʥʦʚʦ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʚʩʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ, ʠʩʭʦʜʷ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ. ɺ ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ 8 ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʥʘʙʦʨ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʚʘʶʪʩʷ, ʠʩʭʦʜʷ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ, ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʚʩʶ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ.

ɺ ʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦʤ ʠ ʙʦʣʝʟʥʝʥʥʦʤ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩʝ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʨʦʡʢʠ ʛʨʘʥʜʠʦʟʥʦʛʦ ʠ ʩʣʦʞʥʦʛʦ ʟʜʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʦʩʥʦʚʝ ʤʠʥʠʤʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ ʫʯʘʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ

ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʀʜʝʷ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʨʦʡʢʠ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʪʴ ʩ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʩʪʨʦʞʘʡʰʠʭ ʩʪʘʥʜʘʨʪʦʚ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʜʘʚʥʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʤ. ʅʝʤʝʮʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ɻʝʨʤʘʥ ɺʝʡʣʴ ʪʘʢ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʣ ʥʘʩʪʨʦʝʥʠʝ ʪʦʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ: çʃʦʛʠʢʘ � ʵʪʦ ʛʠʛʠʝʥʘ, ʧʨʘʚʠʣʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʩʦʙʣʶʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʜʝʠ ʟʜʦʨʦʚʳʤʠ ʠ ʩʠʣʴʥʳʤʠè. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʙʳʣʘ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʘ, ʯʪʦ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʪ ʧʨʦʣʠʪʴ ʩʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʝʱʝ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ � ʥʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʇʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʫ ʦʙʥʦʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʦʟʛʣʘʚʠʣ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʫʯʝʥʳʭ XX ʚʝʢʘ � ɼʘʚʠʜ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ. ʇʦ ʝʛʦ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʤʫ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʠʶ, ʚʩʝ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʠ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ, ʠʩʭʦʜʷ ʠʟ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʳʭ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ. ʈʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʘ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʦʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥ ʥʘ ʜʚʫʭ ʚʘʞʥʝʡʰʠʭ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʳ. ɺʦ-ʧʝʨʚʳʭ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ, ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʚ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧʝ, ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʘ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʚ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ � ʵʪʦ ʪʦʪ ʩʘʤʳʡ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧ ʧʦʣʥʦʪʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʤ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣ ʚʚʝʜʝʥʠʷ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʠ ʤʥʠʤʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɺʦ-ʚʪʦʨʳʭ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʘ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʡ, ʪ.ʝ. ʝʩʣʠ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʤ, ʪʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʘ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʥʠʷ ʪʦʛʦ ʞʝ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʤ. ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʙʳʣ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥ, ʯʪʦ, ʧʨʠʥʷʚ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʤʳʩʣʠʤʳʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʥʝ ʦʧʘʩʘʷʩʴ

ʚʧʘʩʪʴ ʚ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʝ.

8 ʘʚʛʫʩʪʘ 1900 ʛʦʜʘ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʩ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʦʤ ʥʘ II ʄʝʞʜʫʥʘʨʦʜʥʦʤ ʢʦʥʛʨʝʩʩʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞʝ. ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʪʨʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʠʤʝʚʰʠʝ, ʧʦ ʝʛʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ, ʥʘʠʙʦʣʴʰʝʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ. ʇʝʨʚʳʝ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʙʳʣʠ ʧʦʩʚʷʱʝʥʳ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʇʦ ʟʘʤʳʩʣʫ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ, ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʳʝ ʠʤ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʯʴ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ ʠ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʦʡ ʙʫʜʫʱʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ. ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʛʘʣʴʚʘʥʠʟʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʥʦ ʧʦʤʦʛʣʦ ʨʝʘʣʠʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʚʠӢʜʝʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʳ, ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʦʡ ʦʪ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʡ ʠ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʡ � ʯʝʩʪʦʣʶʙʠʚʳʡ ʟʘʤʳʩʝʣ, ʩʫʪʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʟʘʚʝʱʘʣ ʚʳʩʝʯʴ ʥʘ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʥʘʜʛʨʦʙʠʠ:

Wir mussen wissen, Wir werden wissen. 2

ʆʛʨʦʤʥʳʡ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʚ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʡ ʛʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʦʚʩʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʚʥʝʩ ɻʦʪʪʣʦʙ ʌʨʝʛʝ, ʚʨʝʤʝʥʘʤʠ ʚʩʪʫʧʘʚʰʠʡ ʚ ʦʩʪʨʝʡʰʝʝ ʩʦʧʝʨʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʩ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʦʤ. ɹʦʣʝʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠ ʣʝʪ ʌʨʝʛʝ ʧʦʩʚʷʪʠʣ ʚʳʚʦʜʫ ʩʦʪʝʥ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʭ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ ʠʟ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ, ʠ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʳʝ ʫʩʧʝʭʠ ʚʩʝʣʠʣʠ ʚ ʥʝʛʦ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʥʘʤʝʯʝʥʥʦʡ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʦʤ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ. ʆʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʢʣʶʯʝʚʳʭ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʡ ʌʨʝʛʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʯʪʦ ʤʳ ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʝʤ ʧʦʜ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ 3? ʆʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 3 ʌʨʝʛʝ ʧʦʥʘʜʦʙʠʣʦʩʴ ʩʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʪʴ

çʪʨʦʠʯʥʦʩʪʴè.

çʊʨʦʠʯʥʦʩʪʴè � ʵʪʦ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʦʝ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦ, ʧʨʠʩʫʱʝʝ ʚʩʝʤ ʥʘʙʦʨʘʤ, ʠʣʠ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘʤ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʠʤ ʧʦ ʪʨʠ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, çʪʨʦʠʯʥʦʩʪʴè ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʘ ʠ ʧʨʠ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʠ ʧʦʨʦʩʷʪ ʚ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʡ ʜʝʪʩʢʦʡ ʧʝʩʝʥʢʝ, ʠ ʧʨʠ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʠ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʩʪʦʨʦʥ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ. ʌʨʝʛʝ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦʤ çʪʨʦʠʯʥʦʩʪʠè ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʪ ʤʥʦʛʦʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʳʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʦʡ ʠʜʝʝʡ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚ ʜʣʷ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ç3è. ʆʥ ʩʦʟʜʘʣ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʠ ʧʦʤʝʩʪʠʣ ʚ ʥʝʛʦ ʚʩʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ, ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʱʠʝ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦʤ ʪʨʦʠʯʥʦʩʪʠ, ʠ ʥʘʟʚʘʣ ʵʪʦ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ çʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ 3è. ʊʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʪʨʠ ʯʣʝʥʘ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʦ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʠʪ çʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʫ 3è.

ɼʣʷ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʤʳ ʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʤʩʷ ʝʞʝʜʥʝʚʥʦ, ʪʘʢʦʝ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʯʝʨʝʩʯʫʨ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʤ, ʥʦ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʩʪʨʦʛʦʝ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʝ çʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ 3è ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʜʣʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʤʧʨʦʤʠʩʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ.

ɺ 1902 ʛʦʜʫ ʪʷʞʢʠʡ ʪʨʫʜ, ʜʦʙʨʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʚʦʟʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʡ ʥʘ ʩʝʙʷ ʌʨʝʛʝ, ʧʦʜʦʰʝʣ ʢ ʢʦʥʮʫ: ʌʨʝʛʝ ʧʦʜʛʦʪʦʚʠʣ ʢ ʧʝʯʘʪʠ ʛʠʛʘʥʪʩʢʠʡ ʜʚʫʭʪʦʤʥʳʡ ʪʨʘʢʪʘʪ çGrundgesetze der Arithmetikè 3, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʩʪʘʥʜʘʨʪ ʩʪʨʦʛʦʩʪʠ.

ʊʦʛʜʘ ʞʝ ʘʥʛʣʠʡʩʢʠʡ ʣʦʛʠʢ ɹʝʨʪʨʘʥ ʈʘʩʩʝʣ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʚʥʝʩʰʠʡ ʥʝʤʘʣʳʡ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʚ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʛʨʘʥʜʠʦʟʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʝʢʪʘ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ, ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʦʰʝʣʦʤʣʷʶʱʝʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ: ʩʪʨʦʛʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʷ ʧʨʝʜʧʠʩʘʥʠʷʤ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ, ʦʥ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʥʘʪʢʥʫʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʝ. ʇʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʈʘʩʩʝʣ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʫʶ ʨʝʘʢʮʠʶ ʥʘ ʫʜʨʫʯʘʶʱʝʝ ʦʩʦʟʥʘʥʠʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʥʫʪʨʝʥʥʝ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʘ: çʉʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʷ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʩʫʤʝʶ ʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʝʪʴ ʵʪʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʝ, ʠ ʯʪʦ ʚ ʤʦʠ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʛʜʝ-ʪʦ ʚʢʨʘʣʘʩʴ ʢʘʢʘʷ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʪʨʠʚʠʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ. ʅʦ ʧʦʩʪʝʧʝʥʥʦ ʤʥʝ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʦʩʴ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʥʝ ʪʘʢ... ɺʩʶ ʚʪʦʨʫʶ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʫ 1901 ʛʦʜʘ ʷ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʥʝʩʣʦʞʥʳʤ, ʥʦ ʢ ʢʦʥʮʫ ʛʦʜʘ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʠʪ ʥʝʣʝʛʢʘʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ... ʗ ʚʟʷʣ ʟʘ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʠʝ ʙʨʦʜʠʪʴ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʚʝʯʝʨ ʩ ʦʜʠʥʥʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʜʦ ʯʘʩʫ ʥʦʯʠ ʠ ʥʘʫʯʠʣʩʷ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʘʪʴ ʪʨʠ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʟʚʫʢʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟʜʘʝʪ ʢʦʟʦʜʦʡ. (ɹʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʫ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʟʥʘʢʦʤ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʜʠʥ ʟʚʫʢ.) ʗ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʝʥʥʦ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʤʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʝ. ʂʘʞʜʦʝ ʫʪʨʦ ʷ ʫʩʘʞʠʚʘʣʩʷ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʯʠʩʪʳʤ ʣʠʩʪʦʤ ʙʫʤʘʛʠ ʠ ʚʝʩʴ ʜʝʥʴ (ʟʘ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʢʦʨʦʪʢʦʛʦ ʧʝʨʝʨʳʚʘ ʥʘ ʣʝʥʯ) ʥʝ ʩʚʦʜʠʣ ʩ ʣʠʩʪʘ ʛʣʘʟ. ʆʯʝʥʴ ʯʘʩʪʦ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʘʩʪʫʧʘʣ ʚʝʯʝʨ, ʣʠʩʪ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʩʷ ʧʫʩʪʳʤè.

ɺʳʭʦʜʘ ʠʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʷ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ. ʈʘʙʦʪʘ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ ʥʘʥʝʩʣʘ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʳʡ ʫʨʦʥ ʤʝʯʪʘʤ ʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʝ, ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʦʡ ʦʪ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʡ, ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʡ ʠ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩʦʚ. ʆʥ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʌʨʝʛʝ, ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʫʞʝ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʧʝʯʘʪʠ. ʇʠʩʴʤʦ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʩʚʝʣʦ ʥʘ ʥʝʪ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʚʩʝʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʌʨʝʛʝ, ʥʦ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʩʤʝʨʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʫʜʘʨ, ʌʨʝʛʝ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʡ

magnum opus 4, ʥʝʚʟʠʨʘʷ ʥʘ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ, ʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʦʙʘʚʠʣ ʧʦʩʪʩʢʨʠʧʪʫʤ ʢʦ ʚʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʪʦʤʫ: çɺʨʷʜ ʣʠ ʯʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʥʝʞʝʣʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʜʣʷ ʫʯʝʥʦʛʦ, ʯʝʤ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʧʨʘʚʦʪʝ ʚ ʪʦʪ ʩʘʤʳʡ ʤʦʤʝʥʪ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʘʝʪ ʩʚʦʡ ʪʨʫʜ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʚ ʪʘʢʦʤ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ ʷ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ, ʧʦʣʫʯʠʚ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ ʦʪ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʘ ɹʝʨʪʨʘʥʘ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ ʚ ʪʦʪ ʤʦʤʝʥʪ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʤʦʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʫʞʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʚʳʡʪʠ ʠʟ ʧʝʯʘʪʠè.

ʇʦ ʠʨʦʥʠʠ ʩʫʜʴʙʳ, ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʥʦʝ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʦʤ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʝ ʚʳʨʦʩʣʦ ʠʟ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʣʶʙʠʤʳʭ ʌʨʝʛʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʣʝʪ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ çʄʦʝ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʩʢʦʝ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʝè ʈʘʩʩʝʣ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʣ ʪʦʪ ʷʨʢʠʡ ʭʦʜ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʦʩʧʘʨʠʚʘʣ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʌʨʝʛʝ: çʄʥʝ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ, ʘ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʯʣʝʥʦʤ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʩʝʙʷ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʯʘʡʥʳʭ ʣʦʞʝʢ ʩʘʤʦ ʥʝ ʝʩʪʴ ʯʘʡʥʘʷ ʣʦʞʝʯʢʘ, ʘ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʚʝʱʝʡ, ʥʝ ʷʚʣʷʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʯʘʡʥʳʤʠ ʣʦʞʝʯʢʘʤʠ, ʝʩʪʴ ʦʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʚʝʱʝʡ, ʥʝ ʷʚʣʷʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʯʘʡʥʦʡ ʣʦʞʝʯʢʦʡè. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʵʪʦ ʣʶʙʦʧʳʪʥʦʝ ʠ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʙʝʟʦʙʠʜʥʦʝ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʥʠʝ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʦ ʢ ʢʘʪʘʩʪʨʦʬʠʯʝʩʢʦʤʫ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩʫ.

ʇʘʨʘʜʦʢʩ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʶʪ ʥʘ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʝ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʦ ʜʦʪʦʰʥʦʤ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘʨʝ. ʆʜʥʘʞʜʳ, ʧʨʦʭʦʜʷ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʢʥʠʞʥʳʭ ʧʦʣʦʢ, ʵʪʦʪ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘʨʴ ʥʘʙʨʝʣ ʥʘ ʧʦʜʙʦʨʢʫ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛʦʚ. ʊʘʤ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛʠ ʭʫʜʦʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʟʳ, ʙʠʙʣʠʦʛʨʘʬʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʫʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʝʡ, ʧʦʵʟʠʠ ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ɹʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘʨʴ ʦʪʤʝʪʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʦʜʥʠʭ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛʘʭ ʠʤʝʣʠʩʴ ʩʩʳʣʢʠ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʠʭ ʩʝʙʷ, ʪʦʛʜʘ ʢʘʢ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʩʩʳʣʦʢ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ.

ʏʪʦʙʳ ʫʧʨʦʩʪʠʪʴ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʫ ʨʝʛʠʩʪʨʘʮʠʠ ʢʥʠʛ, ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘʨʴ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʜʚʘ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛʘ. ɺ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʦʥ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʚʢʣʶʯʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛʠ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʠʝ ʩʩʳʣʢʠ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʠʭ ʩʝʙʷ, ʘ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ � ʚʩʝ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛʠ, ʥʝ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʠʝ ʩʩʳʣʢʠ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʠʭ ʩʝʙʷ. ʇʦ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʝʥʠʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘʨʝʤ ʚʩʪʘʣʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ: ʥʫʞʥʦ ʣʠ ʚʢʣʶʯʘʪʴ ʚ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛ ʚʩʝʭ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛʦʚ, ʥʝ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʠʭ ʩʩʳʣʢʫ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʠʭ ʩʝʙʷ, ʝʛʦ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ? ɽʩʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʚʢʣʶʯʠʪʴ, ʪʦ ʥʘʨʫʰʠʪʩʷ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʝ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛʘ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ, ʧʦ ʪʦʤʫ ʞʝ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʶ, ʦʥ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʢʣʶʯʝʥ. ʅʘʰ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘʨʴ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʙʝʟʚʳʭʦʜʥʦʡ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʠ. ʂʘʪʘʣʦʛʠ ʚ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʥʦʤ ʥʘʤʠ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʝ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʧʦʭʦʞʠ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ, ʠʣʠ ʢʣʘʩʩʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʌʨʝʛʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʦʩʪʴ, ʧʦʨʘʟʠʚʰʘʷ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘʨʷ, ʩʦʟʜʘʝʪ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʶ ʩʯʠʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ. ɺ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʜʦʧʫʩʪʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʡ ʠ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩʦʚ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʪʘʢʦʝ ʤʦʱʥʦʝ ʦʨʫʞʠʝ, ʢʘʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ, ʦʧʠʨʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ, ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʫʶ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʡ. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦʝ ʜʦʧʫʱʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʶ, ʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʣʦʞʥʳʤ, ʘ, ʧʦ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʫ, ʜʘʞʝ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʳ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʢ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʶ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʘ ʣʦʞʥʘ, ʠ ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʳ ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʪ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʠ ʠʭ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳʤʠ.

ʄʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʳʩʣʠʪʝʣʠ ʩʢʝʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʦʪʥʝʩʣʠʩʴ ʢ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ, ʩʩʳʣʘʷʩʴ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʜʦ ʪʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʣʦ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʫʩʧʝʰʥʦ ʠ ʥʝ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʣʦ ʢʘʢʠʭ-ʣʠʙʦ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩʦʚ. ʆʪʚʝʯʘʷ ʥʘ ʢʨʠʪʠʢʫ, ʈʘʩʩʝʣ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʣ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ.

çʅʦ, ʤʦʞʝʪʝ ɺʳ ʚʦʟʨʘʟʠʪʴ, ʥʠʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʙʣʝʪ ɺʘʰʝʛʦ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʜʚʘʞʜʳ ʜʚʘ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ. ɺʳ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʘʚʳ � ʟʘ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʥʝʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʘʩʪʥʳʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʚ. ɼʚʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʚʫʤʷ ʯʝʛʦ-ʪʦ, ʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ "ʜʚʘʞʜʳ ʜʚʘ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʤ" ʙʝʩʧʦʣʝʟʥʦ, ʝʩʣʠ ʝʛʦ

ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʪʴ ʢ ʯʝʤʫ-ʣʠʙʦ. ɼʚʝ ʩʦʙʘʢʠ ʠ ʜʚʝ ʩʦʙʘʢʠ, ʨʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʵʪʦ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʩʦʙʘʢʠ. ʅʦ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴʩʷ ʩʣʫʯʘʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ɺʳ ʫʩʦʤʥʠʪʝʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʣʠ ʵʪʠ ʜʚʘ ʞʠʚʦʪʥʳʭ ʩʦʙʘʢʘʤʠ. "ɺʦ ʚʩʷʢʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʞʠʚʦʪʥʳʭ ʯʝʪʚʝʨʦ", � ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳ ʚʦʟʨʘʟʠʪʴ ɺʳ. ʅʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʤʠʢʨʦʦʨʛʘʥʠʟʤʳ, ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʞʠʚʦʪʥʳʝ ʦʥʠ ʠʣʠ ʨʘʩʪʝʥʠʷ. "ʇʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʦ, � ʚʦʟʨʘʟʠʪʝ ɺʳ, � ʧʫʩʪʴ ʙʫʜʫʪ ʥʝ ʞʠʚʦʪʥʳʝ, ʘ ʞʠʚʳʝ ʦʨʛʘʥʠʟʤʳ". ʅʦ ʝʩʪʴ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʳ, ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʞʠʚʳʝ ʦʥʠ ʠʣʠ ʥʝʪ. ɺʘʤ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ: "ɼʚʝ ʩʫʱʥʦʩʪʠ ʠ ʜʚʝ ʩʫʱʥʦʩʪʠ ʨʘʚʥʳ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʤ ʩʫʱʥʦʩʪʷʤ". ɽʩʣʠ ɺʳ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʪʝ ʤʥʝ, ʯʪʦ ɺʳ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʝʪʝ ʧʦʜ "ʩʫʱʥʦʩʪʴʶ", ʪʦ ʩʧʦʨ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʝʥʥʳʤè.

ʈʘʙʦʪʘ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ ʧʦʚʝʨʛʣʘ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ ʚ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ ʭʘʦʩʘ. ʃʦʛʠʢʠ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩ, ʩʢʨʳʚʘʶʱʠʡʩʷ ʚ ʥʝʜʨʘʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʨʘʥʦ ʠʣʠ ʧʦʟʜʥʦ ʚʳʩʫʥʝʪ ʩʚʦʶ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʠ ʚʳʟʦʚʝʪ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ɺʤʝʩʪʝ ʩ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʦʤ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʣʦʛʠʢʘʤʠ ʈʘʩʩʝʣ ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʫ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʶ ʠ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʧʦʰʘʪʥʫʚʰʝʝʩʷ ʟʜʦʨʦʚʴʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ʆʪʢʨʳʚʰʝʝʩʷ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʨʷʤʳʤ ʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʝʤ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʩ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʘʤʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʜʦ ʪʦʛʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʠʩʴ ʩʘʤʦʦʯʝʚʠʜʥʳʤʠ ʠ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʳʤʠ ʜʣʷ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʠʷ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʆʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʚʳʭʦʜʦʚ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʠ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʟʘʧʨʝʱʘʣʘ ʙʳ ʣʶʙʦʤʫ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʫ ʙʳʪʴ ʯʣʝʥʦʤ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʩʝʙʷ. ʊʘʢʘʷ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʘ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʘ ʙʳ ʦʜʦʣʝʪʴ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʫʩʪʨʘʥʷʣʘ ʙʳ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʚʢʣʶʯʘʪʴ ʠʣʠ ʥʝ ʚʢʣʶʯʘʪʴ ʚ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛʦʚ, ʥʝ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʠʭ ʩʩʳʣʢʠ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʠʭ ʩʝʙʷ, ʩʘʤ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛ ʢʘʪʘʣʦʛʦʚ.

ʉʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʝ ʈʘʩʩʝʣ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʦʤ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʘʤʫʶ ʩʫʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, � ʝʝ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ. ɺ 1919 ʛʦʜʫ ʦʥ ʚ ʩʦʘʚʪʦʨʩʪʚʝ ʩ ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜʦʤ ʅʦʨʪʦʤ ʋʘʡʪʭʝʜʦʤ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʠʟ ʪʨʝʭ ʪʦʤʦʚ çPrincipia Mathematicaè. ɺ ʵʪʦʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ ʦʥʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʣʠ ʫʩʧʝʰʥʫʶ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʫ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʚʳʟʚʘʥʥʫʶ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩʦʤ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ. ɺ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʭ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʣʝʪ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠ çPrincipia Mathematicaè ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʩʪʚʘ ʧʦ ʚʦʟʚʝʜʝʥʠʶ ʙʝʟʫʧʨʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʟʜʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʠ ʢ 1930 ʛʦʜʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʚʳʰʝʣ ʚ ʦʪʩʪʘʚʢʫ, ʦʥ ʤʦʛ ʙʳʪʴ ʫʚʝʨʝʥ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʚʝʨʥʦʤ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʚʳʟʜʦʨʦʚʣʝʥʠʶ. ʂʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʤʝʯʪʘ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ ʦ ʥʝʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʦʡ ʣʦʛʠʢʝ, ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʤʦʱʥʦʡ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʙʣʠʟʠʪʩʷ ʢ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʠʶ.

ʅʦ ʚ 1931 ʛʦʜʫ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʠʧʷʪʠʣʝʪʥʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʩʪʘʪʴʶ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʨʘʩʩʪʨʦʠʣʘ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʳ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ. ʂʫʨʪ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʟʘʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦʡ. ʅʝʷʚʥʦ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʣʘʩʴ ʠ ʪʘ ʤʳʩʣʴ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʤʦʛʫʪ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʤʠ.

ʂʫʨʪ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʨʦʜʠʣʩʷ 28 ʘʧʨʝʣʷ 1906 ʛʦʜʘ ʚ ʄʦʨʘʚʠʠ, ʚʭʦʜʠʚʰʝʡ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʚ ʩʦʩʪʘʚ ɸʚʩʪʨʦ-ɺʝʥʛʝʨʩʢʦʡ ʠʤʧʝʨʠʠ, ʘ ʥʳʥʝ ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʱʝʡ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʏʝʭʠʠ. ɺ ʨʘʥʥʝʤ ʜʝʪʩʪʚʝ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʧʝʨʝʥʝʩ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʟʘʙʦʣʝʚʘʥʠʡ, ʩʘʤʳʤ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʳʤ ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʙʳʣ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧ ʨʝʚʤʘʪʠʟʤʘ ʚ ʰʝʩʪʠʣʝʪʥʝʤ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ. ɼʳʭʘʥʠʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʦʱʫʪʠʣ ʚ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʥʝʞʥʦʤ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ, ʧʨʠʚʝʣʦ ʢ ʤʫʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʠʧʦʭʦʥʜʨʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʥ ʩʪʨʘʜʘʣ ʚʩʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ. ɺ ʚʦʩʴʤʠʣʝʪʥʝʤ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ, ʯʠʪʘʷ ʤʝʜʠʮʠʥʩʢʠʡ ʫʯʝʙʥʠʢ, ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʫʙʝʜʠʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʩʣʘʙʦʝ ʩʝʨʜʮʝ, ʭʦʪʷ ʥʠ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʚʨʘʯʝʡ ʥʝ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣ ʪʨʝʚʦʞʥʳʭ ʩʠʤʧʪʦʤʦʚ. ʇʦʟʜʥʝʝ, ʫʞʝ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʞʠʟʥʠ, ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʦʰʠʙʦʯʥʦ ʨʝʰʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʭʦʪʷʪ ʦʪʨʘʚʠʪʴ, ʠ, ʦʪʢʘʟʘʚʰʠʩʴ ʦʪ ʧʨʠʝʤʘ ʧʠʱʠ, ʫʤʦʨʠʣ ʩʝʙʷ ʛʦʣʦʜʦʤ.

ɽʱʝ ʚ ʜʝʪʩʪʚʝ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʳʝ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʩʪʠ ʢ ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʥʘʫʢʘʤ ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʠ ʟʘ ʩʚʦʶ ʧʳʪʣʠʚʫʶ ʥʘʪʫʨʫ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʩʝʤʝʡʥʦʝ ʧʨʦʟʚʠʱʝ

çʛʦʩʧʦʜʠʥ ʇʦʯʝʤʫè (der Herr Warum). ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʚ ɺʝʥʩʢʠʡ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪ, ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʩʜʝʣʘʚ ʚʳʙʦʨ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ ʠ ʬʠʟʠʢʦʡ, ʥʦ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʣʝʥʥʳʡ ʟʘʞʠʛʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʠ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʥʳʤʠ ʣʝʢʮʠʷʤʠ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʘ ʌ. ʌʫʨʪʚʝʥʛʣʝʨʘ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʨʝʰʠʣ ʧʦʩʚʷʪʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʷ ʯʠʩʣʘʤ. ʃʝʢʮʠʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʪʝʤ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʳʤʠ, ʯʪʦ ʌʫʨʪʚʝʥʛʣʝʨ, ʧʘʨʘʣʠʟʦʚʘʥʥʳʡ ʦʪ ʰʝʠ ʠ ʥʠʞʝ, ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʠʭ, ʩʠʜʷ ʚ ʠʥʚʘʣʠʜʥʦʡ ʢʦʣʷʩʢʝ, ʙʝʟ ʢʦʥʩʧʝʢʪʦʚ, ʘ ʝʛʦ ʘʩʩʠʩʪʝʥʪ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʣ ʚʳʢʣʘʜʢʠ ʥʘ ʜʦʩʢʝ.

ʂ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʩ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʛʦʜʘʤ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʩʪʘʣ ʰʪʘʪʥʳʤ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʢʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ, ʥʦ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩʦ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤʠ ʥʝʨʝʜʢʦ ʫʯʘʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʚ ʟʘʩʝʜʘʥʠʷʭ ɺʝʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʢʨʫʞʢʘ � ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʦʚ, ʩʦʙʠʨʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʚ ʪʦʪ ʧʝʨʠʦʜ ʫ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʩʣʦʞʠʣʠʩʴ ʠʜʝʠ, ʧʦʜʦʨʚʘʚʰʠʝ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ɺ 1931 ʛʦʜʫ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ç¦ber formal unentscheidbare Satze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systemeè 5, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʣʠʩʴ ʝʛʦ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʦ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʠ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʚʝʩʪʴ ʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʣʘ ɸʤʝʨʠʢʠ, ʚʝʣʠʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ɼʞʦʥ ʬʦʥ ʅʝʡʤʘʥ ʪʦʪʯʘʩ ʞʝ ʟʘʤʝʥʠʣ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʢʫʨʩʘ ʦ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʝ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʝʤ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʦʥʥʦʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ.

ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʷ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʠ ʥʝʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʳ � ʟʘʜʘʯʘ ʟʘʚʝʜʦʤʦ ʥʝʚʳʧʦʣʥʠʤʘʷ. ʀʜʝʠ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʢʨʘʪʢʦ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʚ ʜʚʫʭ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷʭ. 6

ʇʝʨʚʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʦ ʥʝʧʦʣʥʦʪʝ

ɽʩʣʠ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʥʝʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʘ, ʪʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʥʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʳ, ʥʠ ʦʧʨʦʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʳ.

ɺʪʦʨʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʦ ʥʝʧʦʣʥʦʪʝ

ʅʝʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʦʩʪʴ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʪʝʤʠ ʤʝʪʦʜʘʤʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʚ ʥʝʡ ʬʦʨʤʘʣʠʟʫʶʪʩʷ.

ʇʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ, ʧʝʨʚʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʢʘʷ ʙʳ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʘ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ ʥʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʘʩʴ, ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʥʘʡʜʫʪʩʷ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʳ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʞʝʪ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʦʪʚʝʪ, � ʧʦʣʥʦʪʘ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʠʞʠʤʘ. ʏʪʦ ʝʱʝ ʭʫʞʝ, ʚʪʦʨʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʳ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʠʭ ʚʳʙʦʨ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʪ ʢ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʶ, � ʥʝʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʦʩʪʴ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ. ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʘ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ ʥʝʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʤʘ.

ʏʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʡ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ çʇʦʨʪʨʝʪʳ ʧʦ ʧʘʤʷʪʠè ɹʝʨʪʨʘʥ ʈʘʩʩʝʣ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʝ ʚʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʥʠʝ ʦʪ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʪʘʢ: çʗ ʞʘʞʜʘʣ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʪʘʢ ʞʝ, ʢʘʢ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʞʘʞʜʫʪ ʦʙʨʝʩʪʠ ʨʝʣʠʛʠʦʟʥʫʶ ʚʝʨʫ. ʄʥʝ ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʡ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴʶ, ʯʝʤ ʛʜʝ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʝʱʝ. ʅʦ ʷ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ, ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʠ ʩ ʦʞʠʜʘʥʠʷʤʠ ʤʦʠʭ ʫʯʠʪʝʣʝʡ, ʤʥʝ ʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʣʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʟʘ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳʝ, ʦʙʨʝʤʝʥʝʥʳ ʦʰʠʙʢʘʤʠ ʠ ʯʪʦ, ʝʩʣʠ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʘ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʡʜʝʪ ʵʪʦ ʚ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʥʘʜʝʞʥʳʤʠ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷʤʠ, ʯʝʤ ʪʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘʜʝʞʥʳʤʠ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ. ʇʦ ʤʝʨʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʛʘʣʘʩʴ, ʤʥʝ ʧʦʩʪʦʷʥʥʦ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʘ ʥʘ ʫʤ ʙʘʩʥʷ ʦ ʩʣʦʥʝ ʠ ʯʝʨʝʧʘʭʝ. ʇʦʩʪʨʦʠʚ ʩʣʦʥʘ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʤʦʛ ʧʦʢʦʠʪʴʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʤʠʨ, ʷ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʣʦʥ ʥʝʪʚʝʨʜʦ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʥʘ ʥʦʛʘʭ, ʠ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʢ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʠʶ ʯʝʨʝʧʘʭʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʫʜʝʨʞʘʣʘ ʩʣʦʥʘ ʦʪ ʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ. ʅʦ ʯʝʨʝʧʘʭʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʥʘʜʝʞʥʦʡ, ʯʝʤ ʩʣʦʥ, ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʩ ʣʠʰʥʠʤ ʣʝʪ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʥʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʪʨʫʜʘ ʷ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʪ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʙʳ ʥʝ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ, ʜʘʙʳ ʧʨʠʜʘʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤʫ ʟʥʘʥʠʶ ʥʝʧʦʢʦʣʝʙʠʤʦʩʪʴè.

ɺʪʦʨʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʥʝʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʦʩʪʴ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ, ʥʦ ʵʪʦ ʥʝ ʦʙʷʟʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʳ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʳ. ʄʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʚʝʨʷʪ ʚ ʛʣʫʙʠʥʝ ʩʝʨʜʮʘ, ʯʪʦ ʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʦʡ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʵʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʣʝʪ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʡʩʷ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ɸʥʜʨʝ ɺʝʡʣʴ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ: çɹʦʛ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʥʝʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʘ, ʘ ʜʴʷʚʦʣ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʤʳ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʵʪʦè.

ɺ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ, ʠ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʢʘ ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ ʥʝʧʦʣʥʦʪʳ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʢʨʘʡʥʝ ʩʣʦʞʥʳ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʩʪʨʦʛʘʷ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʢʘ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʥʝʧʦʣʥʦʪʳ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʚʠʜ:

ʂʘʞʜʦʤʫ ɤ-ʥʝʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʦʤʫ ʨʝʢʫʨʩʠʚʥʦʤʫ ʢʣʘʩʩʫ ə ʬʦʨʤʫʣ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʨʝʢʫʨʩʠʚʥʳʡ ʢʣʘʩʩ ɕ ʟʥʘʢʦʚ r, ʯʪʦ ʥʠ ɜ Gen r, ʥʠ Nʝg(Gʝn r) ʥʝ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʠʪ Flg(k) (ʛʜʝ ɜ � ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʘʷ ʧʝʨʝʤʝʥʥʘʷ ʢʣʘʩʩʘ r).

ʂ ʩʯʘʩʪʴʶ, ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʪʦʤʫ, ʢʘʢ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʩ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʘʨʝʤ ʧʦʤʦʛʘʝʪ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ, ʧʝʨʚʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʦ ʥʝʧʦʣʥʦʪʝ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʦʠʣʣʶʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʕʧʠʤʝʥʠʜʫ ʠ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʘ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩʘ ʢʨʠʪʷʥʠʥʘ,

ʠʣʠ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩʘ ʣʞʝʮʘ. ʕʧʠʤʝʥʠʜ ʙʳʣ ʢʨʠʪʷʥʠʥʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚʦʩʢʣʠʢʥʫʣ:

ʗ ʣʞʝʮ!

ʇʘʨʘʜʦʢʩ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʝʪ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʤʳ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʝʤʩʷ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʪʴ, ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦ ʠʣʠ ʣʦʞʥʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʕʧʠʤʝʥʠʜʘ. ʇʦʩʤʦʪʨʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʡʜʝʪ, ʝʩʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦ. ʀʟ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʕʧʠʤʝʥʠʜ ʣʞʝʮ. ʅʦ ʤʳ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ, ʠ, ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʕʧʠʤʝʥʠʜ ʥʝ ʣʞʝʮ. ʄʳ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʤ ʢ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʶ.

ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʕʧʠʤʝʥʠʜʘ ʣʦʞʥʦ. ʀʟ ʣʦʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʕʧʠʤʝʥʠʜ ʥʝ ʣʞʝʮ. ʅʦ ʤʳ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʣʦʞʥʦʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʕʧʠʤʝʥʠʜ ʣʞʝʮ, ʠ ʤʳ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʤ ʢ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʶ. ʊʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳ ʤʳ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʣʠ ʦʙ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʕʧʠʤʝʥʠʜʘ, ʤʳ ʥʝʠʟʤʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʤ ʢ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʶ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʕʧʠʤʝʥʠʜʘ ʥʝ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦ ʠ ʥʝ ʣʦʞʥʦ.

ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʠʥʪʝʨʧʨʝʪʘʮʠʶ ʧʘʨʘʜʦʢʩʘ ʣʞʝʮʘ ʠ ʚʚʝʣ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʈʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʤ ʝʛʦ ʥʦʚʘʮʠʡ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ:

ʕʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʥʠʢʘʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ.

ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʵʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʣʦʞʥʳʤ, ʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʫʝʤʳʤ, ʥʦ ʵʪʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʣʦ ʙʳ ʩʘʤʦʤʫ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʶ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʚʦ ʠʟʙʝʞʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʷ, ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳʤ. ʅʦ ʵʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳʤ ʚ ʩʠʣʫ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ (ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʤʳ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʟʥʘʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳʤ).

ʇʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ɻʸʜʝʣʶ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʵʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʭ, ʦʥ ʩʤʦʛ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳ, ʥʦ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʠʭ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ, � ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʝ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ. ɼʣʷ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʤʝʨʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʫʜʘʨʦʤ.

ʆʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ ʚ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʢʚʘʥʪʦʚʦʡ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʚʦ ʤʥʦʛʦʤ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʩʭʦʞʠ ʩ ʵʪʦʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʦʡ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ. ɿʘ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʛʦʜʘ ʜʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʦ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʠ, ʥʝʤʝʮʢʠʡ ʬʠʟʠʢ ɺʝʨʥʝʨ ɻʝʡʟʝʥʙʝʨʛ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧ ʥʝʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ. ʇʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʪʦʤʫ, ʢʘʢ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʧʨʝʜʝʣ, ʜʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ɻʝʡʟʝʥʙʝʨʛ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʧʨʝʜʝʣ, ʜʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʚ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʠʟʤʝʨʝʥʠʷ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʠ ʭʦʪʷʪ ʠʟʤʝʨʠʪʴ ʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘ, ʪʦ ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴ ʪʦʛʦ ʞʝ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘ ʠʤ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʠʟʤʝʨʠʪʴ ʣʠʰʴ ʩʦ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʧʦʛʨʝʰʥʦʩʪʴʶ. ʉʚʷʟʘʥʦ ʵʪʦ ʩ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʠʟʤʝʨʝʥʠʷ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʡ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ çʦʙʩʪʨʝʣʷʪʴè ʬʦʪʦʥʘʤʠ ʩʚʝʪʘ, ʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʪʦʯʥʦ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʪʴ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘ, ʬʦʪʦʥʳ ʩʚʝʪʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʪʴ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦʡ ʵʥʝʨʛʠʝʡ. ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʦʙʲʝʢʪ ʙʦʤʙʘʨʜʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʬʦʪʦʥʘʤʠ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʡ ʵʥʝʨʛʠʠ, ʪʦ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʘʷ ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʪʴ ʩʠʣʴʥʝʡʰʠʝ ʚʦʟʤʫʱʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʥʝʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʧʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʪʦʯʥʦ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʪʴ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘ, ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥʳ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʪʴʩʷ ʪʦʯʥʳʤ ʟʥʘʥʠʝʤ ʝʛʦ ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʠ.

ʇʨʠʥʮʠʧ ʥʝʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ɻʝʡʟʝʥʙʝʨʛʘ ʧʨʦʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘ ʘʪʦʤʥʳʭ ʤʘʩʰʪʘʙʘʭ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʠʟʤʝʨʝʥʠʷ ʩ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʡ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʧʨʠʦʙʨʝʪʘʶʪ ʨʝʰʘʶʱʝʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʪʴ ʨʘʟʚʠʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʦ-ʧʨʝʞʥʝʤʫ, ʚ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʢʘʢ ʢʚʘʥʪʦʚʳʝ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʶʪʩʷ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʠʭ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʚ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʦʚ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ. ʊʦ ʞʝ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʠ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ɺ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʢʘʢ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ ʚʝʜʫʪ ʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʳʝ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʶ ʣʠʰʴ ʧʦʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʳʭ ʜʠʩʢʫʩʩʠʠ ʦ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʠ, ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʝʪ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ, ʥʝ ʦʙʨʘʱʘʷ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʫ ʣʦʛʠʢʦʚ. ʍʦʪʷ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʝʜʦʢʘʟʫʝʤʳʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʫʝʤʳʭ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʡ, ʠ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ ʥʝ ʦʙʝʩʮʝʥʠʣʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʳʭ ʚ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʤ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʳ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʩʘʤʳʭ çʪʝʤʥʳʭè ʦʙʣʘʩʪʷʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʘʭʦʜʷʱʠʭʩʷ ʛʜʝ-ʪʦ ʥʘ ʝʝ ʧʝʨʠʬʝʨʠʠ, ʠ ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʷʪʩʷ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ. ɺʝʜʴ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣ ʣʠʰʴ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʚʝʣ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʘ. ʅʦ ʚ 1963 ʛʦʜʫ ʧʨʝʜʩʢʘʟʘʥʥʳʡ ɻʸʜʝʣʝʤ ʪʝʦʨʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʢʦʰʤʘʨ ʩʪʘʣ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʦʩʪʴʶ.

ʇʘʫʣʴ ʂʦʵʥ, ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʠʜʝʚʷʪʠʣʝʪʥʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʠʟ ʉʪʵʥʬʦʨʜʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ʨʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʤʝʪʦʜ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʡ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʷʪʴ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʴ ʪʦʛʦ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʦʛʦ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʘ. ʄʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʵʥʘ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʝʪ ʚ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷʭ, ʥʦ ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʂʦʵʥ ʙʳʣ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ, ʢʦʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ ʢʦʥʢʨʝʪʥʳʝ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʝ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʳ. ʉʦʚʝʨʰʠʚ ʵʪʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ, ʂʦʵʥ ʥʝʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ ʚʳʣʝʪʝʣ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥ. ʆʥ ʭʦʪʝʣ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʣ ʩʘʤ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ɻʸʜʝʣʴ ʙʳʣ ʪʷʞʝʣʦ ʙʦʣʝʥ (ʜʠʘʛʥʦʟ ʤʝʜʠʢʦʚ ʛʣʘʩʠʣ: ʧʘʨʘʥʦʡʷ). ʆʥ ʣʠʰʴ ʩʣʝʛʢʘ ʧʨʠʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʜʚʝʨʴ, ʚʳʨʚʘʣ ʠʟ ʨʫʢ ʂʦʵʥʘ ʙʫʤʘʛʠ ʠ ʟʘʭʣʦʧʥʫʣ ʜʚʝʨʴ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʜʚʘ ʜʥʷ ʂʦʵʥ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʰʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʜʦʤ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʥʘ ʯʘʡ � ʟʥʘʢ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʵʩʪʨʦ ʩʢʨʝʧʠʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʝʯʘʪʴʶ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʘʚʪʦʨʠʪʝʪʘ. ʆʩʦʙʳʡ ʜʨʘʤʘʪʠʟʤ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʠ ʧʨʠʜʘʣʦ ʪʦ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʭ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʚ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʶʪ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʮʝʥʪʨʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʤʝʩʪʦ. ʇʦ ʠʨʦʥʠʠ ʩʫʜʴʙʳ, ʂʦʵʥ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʴ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʪʨʝʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ � ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʢʦʥʪʠʥʫʫʤʘ.

ʈʘʙʦʪʘ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ, ʜʦʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʘʷ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʤʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘʤʠ ʂʦʵʥʘ, ʩʪʘʣʘ ʪʨʝʚʦʞʥʳʤ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʝʤ ʚʩʝʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ, ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʘʤ ʠ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʷʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʠ ʩʚʦʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɸ ʯʪʦ, ʝʩʣʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʘ?! ɸ ʚʜʨʫʛ ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʙʣʫʞʜʘʣʩʷ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ? ɽʩʣʠ ʪʘʢ, ʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʤ, ʘ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʤ. ɽʩʣʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʘ, ʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷʤʠ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ.

ʀʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʦ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʡ, ʪʦ ʦʪʩʶʜʘ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʘ. ʇʨʠʯʠʥʘ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʤ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ

xn + yn = zn

ʧʨʠ n, ʙ·ʣʴʰʠʭ 2, ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʣʦʞʥʦʡ, ʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʝʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʤʦʞʥʦ, ʧʨʝʜʲʷʚʠʚ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ (ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨ). ʕʪʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʘ. ʀʪʘʢ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʣʦʞʥʦʡ, ʪʦ

ʵʪʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʣʦ ʙʳ ʝʝ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʠ. ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʡ, ʪʦ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʡ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʥʝ ʦʙʷʟʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʙʳ, ʪ.ʝ. ʦʥʘ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʙʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʡ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʤʦʞʝʪ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʘ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʝʝ.

ʀʟ ʣʶʙʦʧʳʪʩʪʚʘ

ɿʘʤʝʪʢʘ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ, ʩʜʝʣʘʥʥʘʷ ʨʫʢʦʡ ʇʴʝʨʘ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʧʦʨʦʜʠʣʘ ʦʜʥʫ ʠʟ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʭ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʪʨʠʩʪʘ ʣʝʪ ʙʣʠʩʪʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʚʘʣʦʚ ʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʦʭʦʪʘ ʠʜʝʪ ʟʘ ʥʝʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦ-ʧʨʝʞʥʝʤʫ ʥʝʫʜʝʨʞʠʤʦ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʣʘ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʩʠʨʝʥʦʡ, ʤʘʥʠʚʰʝʡ ʛʝʥʠʝʚ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʜʨʝʙʝʟʛʠ ʨʘʟʙʠʪʴ ʠʭ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʳ. ɺʩʷʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ, ʨʝʰʠʚʰʠʡ ʟʘʥʷʪʴʩʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʨʠʩʢʦʚʘʣ ʥʘʧʨʘʩʥʦ ʧʦʪʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʘʢʪʠʚʥʳʝ ʛʦʜʳ. ʅʦ ʪʦʪ, ʢʦʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ ʨʝʰʘʶʱʠʡ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ, ʚʦʰʝʣ ʙʳ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ, ʢʘʢ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ, ʥʘʰʝʜʰʠʡ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ.

ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʣʘ ʧʦʤʳʩʣʳ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʧʦ ʜʚʫʤ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʘʤ. ɺʦ-ʧʝʨʚʳʭ, ʠʤʠ ʜʚʠʛʘʣʦ ʥʝʫʜʝʨʞʠʤʦʝ ʞʝʣʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʝ ʧʨʝʚʦʩʭʦʜʩʪʚʦ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʝʦʩʧʦʨʠʤʳʤ ʢʨʠʪʝʨʠʝʤ, ʠ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ, ʢʪʦ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʙʳ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʜʦʙʠʣʩʷ ʙʳ ʫʩʧʝʭʘ ʪʘʤ, ʛʜʝ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʫ ʂʦʰʠ, ʕʡʣʝʨ, ʂʫʤʤʝʨ ʠ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʇʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʪʦʤʫ, ʢʘʢ ʩʘʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʣ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʝʝ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʝ ʦʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʟʘʜʘʯ, ʩʪʘʚʠʚʰʠʭ ʚ ʪʫʧʠʢ ʝʛʦ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʠʢʦʚ, ʪʦʪ, ʢʦʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʧʦʨʘʜʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʝʢʦʚ ʚʦʟʚʳʰʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʥʦʡ ʢʨʝʧʦʩʪʴʶ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦʤ. ɺʦ-ʚʪʦʨʳʭ, ʢʘʞʜʳʡ, ʢʦʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʚʳʟʦʚ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʠʩʧʳʪʘʪʴ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦ ʥʝʩʣʳʭʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʝʥʠʷ ʦʪ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʪʨʫʜʥʝʡʰʫʶ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʫ. ɺʦʩʪʦʨʛ, ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤʳʡ ʦʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʩʣʦʞʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʦʡ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʶ ʧʦʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʳʭ, ʤʘʣʦ ʯʝʤ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʨʘʜʦʩʪʠ ʦʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʪʨʠʚʠʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ ʉʵʤʘ ʃʦʡʜʘ. ʆʜʠʥ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʢʘʢ-ʪʦ ʧʦʚʝʜʘʣ ʤʥʝ, ʯʪʦ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʝ, ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤʦʝ ʠʤ ʦʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʠʤʝʝʪ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʛʦ ʩ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʝʤ, ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤʳʤ ʦʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʢʨʦʩʩʚʦʨʜʦʚ. ɿʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʝ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʧʫʩʪʳʭ ʢʣʝʪʦʯʝʢ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʛʦ ʢʨʦʩʩʚʦʨʜʘ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʧʨʠʥʦʩʠʪ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʝʥʠʝ � ʥʦ ʢʘʢʫʶ ʞʝ ʨʘʜʦʩʪʴ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʪʴ ʪʦʪ, ʢʪʦ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʣʝʪ ʙʝʟʫʩʧʝʰʥʳʭ ʧʦʧʳʪʦʢ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʜʦ ʥʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ, ʚʩʝ-ʪʘʢʠ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ.

ʇʦ ʵʪʠʤ ʞʝ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʘʤ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʦʢʦʣʜʦʚʘʥʥʳʤ ʚʦʣʰʝʙʥʳʤʠ ʯʘʨʘʤʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ: çʊʝ, ʢʪʦ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʶʪʩʷ ʯʠʩʪʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ, ʣʶʙʷʪ ʚʳʟʦʚ. ʆʥʠ ʚ ʚʦʩʪʦʨʛʝ ʦʪ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ɺʳ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʝʪʝʩʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ, ɺʘʤʠ ʦʚʣʘʜʝʚʘʝʪ ʵʪʦ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʝ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦ. ɺʳ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʝʪʝ ʩ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʜʣʷ ʚʘʩ ʧʦʣʥʫʶ ʟʘʛʘʜʢʫ. ɺʳ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪʝ ʝʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ � ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʥʘ ʩʣʦʞʥʘ, ɺʳ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪʝ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʢ ʥʝʡ ʧʦʜʩʪʫʧʠʪʴʩʷ. ʅʦ ʚʦʪ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ɺʘʤ ʫʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʝʝ, ʠ ɺʘʩ ʦʭʚʘʪʳʚʘʝʪ ʥʝʧʝʨʝʜʘʚʘʝʤʦʝ ʦʱʫʱʝʥʠʝ ʝʝ ʢʨʘʩʦʪʳ, ʠʟʷʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʩʦʨʘʟʤʝʨʥʦʩʪʠ ʜʝʪʘʣʝʡ ʠ ʮʝʣʦʛʦ. ʉʘʤʳʤʠ ʢʦʚʘʨʥʳʤʠ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʪʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʢʘʞʫʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤʠ, ʥʦ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʜʝʣʝ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʤʠ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ � ʩʘʤʳʡ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʳʡ ʧʨʠʤʝʨ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ

ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ. ʆʥʘ ʚʳʛʣʷʜʠʪ ʪʘʢ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ, ʠ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ ʞʝ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʡ ʟʘʛʘʜʦʯʥʦʩʪʴʶ: ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦè.

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪ ʤʥʦʛʦʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʳʝ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʥʘʫʢʝ ʠ ʪʝʭʥʠʢʝ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʦʥʠ ʩʣʫʞʘʪ ʛʣʘʚʥʳʤ ʩʪʠʤʫʣʦʤ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʷ. ʋʯʝʥʳʭ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʣʷʝʪ ʨʘʜʦʩʪʴ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ. ɻ. ɻ. ʍʘʨʜʠ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ çɸʧʦʣʦʛʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘè ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʘʫʢʠ ʠ ʦʧʨʘʚʜʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʶ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʯʠʩʪʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ:

çʗ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʭʦʯʫ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʘʷ ʟʘʜʘʯʘ, ʛʨʫʙʦ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, çʙʝʩʧʦʣʝʟʥʘè, ʪʦ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʞʝ ʙʝʩʧʦʣʝʟʥʘ ʠ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʣʫʯʰʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ... ʗ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʜʝʣʘʣ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ "ʧʦʣʝʟʥʦʛʦ". ʅʠ ʦʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʤʦʠʭ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ ʥʠ ʥʘ ʡʦʪʫ ʥʝ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʣʦ (ʠ ʚʨʷʜ ʣʠ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʪ), ʧʨʷʤʦ ʠʣʠ ʢʦʩʚʝʥʥʦ, ʚ ʣʫʯʰʫʶ ʠʣʠ ʚ ʭʫʜʰʫʶ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʫ, ʧʨʝʣʝʩʪʠ ʤʠʨʘ. ɽʩʣʠ ʩʫʜʠʪʴ ʧʦ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʤʝʨʢʘʤ, ʪʦ ʮʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʤʦʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʨʘʚʥʘ ʥʫʣʶ, ʥʦ ʚ ʣʶʙʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʚʥʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʥʘ ʠ ʚʦʚʩʝ ʙʝʩʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʪʝʣʴʥʘ. ʋ ʤʝʥʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʰʘʥʩ ʠʟʙʝʞʘʪʴ ʚʝʨʜʠʢʪʘ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʙʝʩʧʦʣʝʟʥʦʩʪʠ � ʝʩʣʠ ʣʶʜʠ ʩʦʯʪʫʪ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʥʝʯʪʦ, ʜʦʩʪʦʡʥʦʝ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʥʳʤ. ʊʦ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʩʦʟʜʘʣ ʢʦʝ-ʯʪʦ, ʥʝ ʧʦʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʶ, � ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʣʠʰʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʥʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʮʝʥʥʦ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʩʦʟʜʘʣè.

ɺ ʦʩʥʦʚʝ ʩʪʨʝʤʣʝʥʠʷ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʣʶʙʫʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʣʝʞʠʪ ʛʣʘʚʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʣʶʙʦʧʳʪʩʪʚʦ, ʘ ʥʘʛʨʘʜʦʡ ʩʣʫʞʠʪ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ, ʥʦ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦʝ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʝʥʠʝ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʕ. ʏ. ʊʠʪʯʤʘʨʰ ʦʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ: çʆʪ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʳ ʟʥʘʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦ, ʥʝʪ ʥʠʢʘʢʦʡ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʧʦʣʴʟʳ, ʥʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʤʳ ʤʦʞʝʤ ʟʥʘʪʴ ʥʝʯʪʦ, ʪʦ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʪʴ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʥʝʚʳʥʦʩʠʤʦè.

ɺ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʢʘ ʚ ʣʶʙʦʧʳʪʩʪʚʝ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ. ʈʘʙʦʪʘ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʦ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʠ ʚʥʝʩʣʘ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʘ ʣʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳʭ ʬʘʥʘʪʠʢʦʚ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʵʪʦ ʥʠʯʫʪʴ ʥʝ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʣʦ. ɻʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʳʚʘʶʱʠʤ ʙʳʣʦ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʩ 30-ʭ ʛʦʜʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʩʯʝʨʧʘʣʠ ʚʩʝ ʠʤʝʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʫ ʥʠʭ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ, ʘ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʦʩʴ ʷʚʥʦ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ.

ɺʪʦʨʘʷ ʤʠʨʦʚʘʷ ʚʦʡʥʘ ʦʙʫʩʣʦʚʠʣʘ ʛʠʛʘʥʪʩʢʠʡ ʩʢʘʯʦʢ ʚ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʠ ʩʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʪʝʥʠʷ ʣʦʛʘʨʠʬʤʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʣʠʥʝʡʢʠ. ʀ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʤ ʵʪʘʧʦʤ ʚ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʪʝʭʥʠʢʠ ʠ ʢʨʠʧʪʦʛʨʘʬʠʠ.

ʇʦʜʭʦʜ ʩ ʧʦʟʠʮʠʡ ʛʨʫʙʦʡ ʩʠʣʳ

ʂʦʛʜʘ ʚ 1940 ʛʦʜʫ ɻ. ɻ. ʍʘʨʜʠ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʘʤʘʷ ʧʝʨʚʦʢʣʘʩʩʥʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʤ ʙʝʩʧʦʣʝʟʥʘ, ʦʥ ʪʫʪ ʞʝ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʜʦʙʘʚʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʥʝ ʦʙʷʟʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʣʦʭʦ: çʅʘʩʪʦʷʱʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʥʝ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʚʦʡʥ. ʅʠʢʪʦ ʝʱʝ ʥʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʝʥʠʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʚ ʚʦʝʥʥʳʭ ʮʝʣʷʭè. ɺʩʢʦʨʝ ʚʳʷʩʥʠʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʍʘʨʜʠ ʟʘʙʣʫʞʜʘʣʩʷ.

ɺ 1944 ʛʦʜʫ ɼʞʦʥ ʬʦʥ ʅʝʡʤʘʥ ʚ ʩʦʘʚʪʦʨʩʪʚʝ ʩ ʆʩʢʘʨʦʤ ʄʦʨʛʝʥʰʪʝʨʥʦʤ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʢʥʠʛʫ çʊʝʦʨʠʷ ʠʛʨ ʠ ʵʢʦʥʦʤʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʧʦʚʝʜʝʥʠʝè, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʚʚʝʣ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʥʥʳʡ ʠʤ ʪʝʨʤʠʥ çʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʠʛʨè. ʌʦʥ ʅʝʡʤʘʥ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʜʣʷ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʷ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʳ ʠʛʨ ʠ ʪʦʛʦ,

ʢʘʢ ʣʶʜʠ ʠʛʨʘʶʪ ʚ ʥʠʭ. ʆʥ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʩ ʰʘʭʤʘʪ ʠ ʧʦʢʝʨʘ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʤʦʜʝʣʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʭ ʠʛʨ � ʪʘʢʠʭ, ʢʘʢ ʵʢʦʥʦʤʠʢʘ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʤʠʨʦʚʦʡ ʚʦʡʥʳ ʢʦʨʧʦʨʘʮʠʷ RAND ʦʮʝʥʠʣʘ ʧʦʪʝʥʮʠʘʣ ʠʜʝʡ ʬʦʥ ʅʝʡʤʘʥʘ ʠ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʩʠʣʘ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʢʝ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʠ ʭʦʣʦʜʥʦʡ ʚʦʡʥʳ. ʉ ʪʦʡ ʧʦʨʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʠʛʨ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʳʤ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʦʤ, ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʛʝʥʝʨʘʣʳ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʷʶʪ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʘʪʳʚʘʝʤʳʝ ʠʤʠ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʠ, ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʷ ʚʦʦʨʫʞʝʥʥʳʝ ʢʦʥʬʣʠʢʪʳ ʢʘʢ ʫʩʣʦʞʥʝʥʥʳʡ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʳʭ ʧʘʨʪʠʡ. ʇʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʠʣʣʶʩʪʨʘʮʠʝʡ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʝʥʠʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʠʛʨ ʢ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʫ ʚʦʝʥʥʳʭ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʡ ʩʣʫʞʠʪ ʟʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʪʨʫʵʣʠ.

ʊʨʫʵʣʴ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʘ ʜʫʵʣʠ, ʥʦ ʩ ʪʨʝʤʷ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʘʤʠ ʚʤʝʩʪʦ ʜʚʫʭ. ʆʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʫʪʨʦʤ ʤ-ʨ ɹʣʵʢ, ʤ-ʨ ɻʨʝʡ ʠ ʤ-ʨ ʋʘʡʪ ʚʟʜʫʤʘʣʠ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʢʦʥʬʣʠʢʪ ʪʨʫʵʣʴʶ ʥʘ ʧʠʩʪʦʣʝʪʘʭ. ʉʪʨʝʣʷʪʴ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʣʠʩʴ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʚ ʞʠʚʳʭ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʦʚ. ʄ-ʨ ɹʣʵʢ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʣ ʭʫʞʝ ʚʩʝʭ. ɺ ʮʝʣʴ ʦʥ ʧʦʧʘʜʘʣ ʚ ʩʨʝʜʥʝʤ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʜʠʥ ʨʘʟ ʠʟ ʪʨʝʭ. ʄ-ʨ ʋʘʡʪ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʣ ʣʫʯʰʝ ʚʩʝʭ � ʙʝʟ ʧʨʦʤʘʭʘ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʫʨʘʚʥʷʪʴ ʰʘʥʩʳ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʦʚ ʪʨʫʵʣʠ, ʤ-ʨʫ ɹʣʵʢʫ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʝʥʦ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʪʴ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ, ʟʘ ʥʠʤ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʪʴ ʤ-ʨ ɻʨʝʡ (ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʞʠʚʳʭ), ʟʘʪʝʤ ʤʦʛ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʪʴ ʤ-ʨ ʋʘʡʪ (ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥ ʝʱʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʞʠʚ).

ɼʘʣʝʝ ʚʩʝ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʥʦʚʘ, ʠ ʪʘʢ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʚ ʞʠʚʳʭ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʦʚ ʪʨʫʵʣʠ. ɺʦʧʨʦʩ: ʚ ʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣʠʪʴ ʤ-ʨ ɹʣʵʢ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʷ ʩʚʦʡ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣ? ɺʳ ʤʦʞʝʪʝ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʦʧʠʨʘʷʩʴ ʥʘ ʩʚʦʶ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʶ, ʥʦ ʣʫʯʰʝ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʚʘʰ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥ ʥʘ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʠʛʨ. ʈʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʩʤ. ʚ ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ 9.

ɹʦʣʴʰʦʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʚʦʝʥʥʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʧʨʠʦʙʨʝʣʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʢʨʠʧʪʦʛʨʘʬʠʠ � ʥʘʫʢʘ ʦ ʢʦʥʩʪʨʫʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʠ çʚʟʣʘʤʳʚʘʥʠʠè ʢʦʜʦʚ. ɺʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʤʠʨʦʚʦʡ ʚʦʡʥʳ ʩʦʶʟʥʠʢʠ ʧʦʥʷʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʣʦʛʠʢʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʦʣʝʟʥʦʡ ʜʣʷ ʜʝʰʠʬʨʦʚʢʠ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʠʭ ʨʘʜʠʦʛʨʘʤʤ, ʝʩʣʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʙʳʩʪʨʦ. ʊʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʘʚʪʦʤʘʪʠʟʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʠʭ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʤʘʰʠʥʘ, ʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪʠʶ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʠʭ ʢʦʜʦʚ ʘʥʛʣʠʡʩʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ɸʣʘʥ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ.

ɺ 1938 ʛʦʜʫ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʚʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ ʚ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʪʘʞʠʨʦʚʢʠ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʦʤ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʝ. ʆʥ ʩʪʘʣ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʝʤ ʪʦʛʦ ʧʝʨʝʧʦʣʦʭʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚʳʟʚʘʣʠ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʦ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʠ, ʠ ʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘʭ ʩʧʘʩʪʠ ʦʩʢʦʣʢʠ ʤʝʯʪʳ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ.

ɺ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʟʘʭʦʪʝʣ ʚʳʷʩʥʠʪʴ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʣʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʡ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʪʴ, ʢʘʢʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳ ʠ ʢʘʢʠʝ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳ, ʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʤʝʪʦʜ, ʜʘʶʱʠʡ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ. ɺ ʪʝ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʘ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʫʩʪʨʦʡʩʪʚʘ ʙʳʣʠ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʧʨʠʤʠʪʠʚʥʳʤʠ ʠ, ʧʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ, ʙʝʩʧʦʣʝʟʥʳʤʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʜʝʣʦ ʢʘʩʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʳʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ. ʇʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʦʩʥʦʚʳʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʜʝʠ ʥʝ ʥʘ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘʭ, ʘ ʥʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʠ ʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʘʝʤʦʡ ʤʘʰʠʥʝ, ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʡ ʥʝʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ.

ɺʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʫ ʜʣʷ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʳʭ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, � ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʤʘʰʠʥʘ, ʩʥʘʙʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʡ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʘʝʤʦʡ ʣʝʥʪʦʡ, ʨʘʟʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʥʘ ʢʣʝʪʢʠ, ʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʘʷ ʥʝʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ. ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʠ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʠʤ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʘʝʤʘʷ ʘʚʪʦʤʘʪʠʟʘʮʠʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʚ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʤ ʩʯʝʪʝ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʪ ʢ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʨʦʪʫ ʚ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʠ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ ʥʘ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʤʘʰʠʥʘʭ.

ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʥʘʯʘʚʰʫʶʩʷ ʚʦʡʥʫ, ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʚ ʂʠʥʛʩ ʂʦʣʣʝʜʞʝ ʜʦ 4 ʩʝʥʪʷʙʨʷ 1940 ʛʦʜʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʝʥʥʦʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʝʛʦ ʢʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʤʘ ʚʥʝʟʘʧʥʦ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢʦʥʝʮ. ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʙʳʣ ʢʦʤʘʥʜʠʨʦʚʘʥ ʚ ʇʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝʥʥʫʶ ʰʢʦʣʫ ʢʦʜʦʚ ʠ ʰʠʬʨʦʚ, ʚ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʚʭʦʜʠʣʘ ʨʘʩʰʠʬʨʦʚʢʘ ʜʘʥʥʳʭ ʚʨʘʞʝʩʢʠʭ ʨʘʜʠʦʧʝʨʝʭʚʘʪʦʚ. ɽʱʝ ʚ ʜʦʚʦʝʥʥʳʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʥʝʤʮʳ ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʣʠ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʫʩʠʣʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʢʠ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʣʝʧʥʦʡ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʳ ʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʥʠʷ, ʠ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʳʝ ʠʤʠ ʫʩʧʝʭʠ ʚ ʵʪʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʦʤ ʦʩʦʙʳʭ ʟʘʙʦʪ ʙʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʦʡ ʨʘʟʚʝʜʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʜʦ ʪʦʛʦ ʩ ʣʝʛʢʦʩʪʴʶ ʨʘʩʰʠʬʨʦʚʳʚʘʣʘ ʚʨʘʞʝʩʢʠʝ ʨʘʜʠʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ. ɺ ʦʬʠʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʚʦʡʥʳ, ʚʳʧʫʱʝʥʥʦʡ ʠʟʜʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɽʝ ɺʝʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ çɹʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʘʷ ʨʘʟʚʝʜʢʘ ʚʦ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʤʠʨʦʚʦʡ ʚʦʡʥʝè, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ ʜʝʣ ʚ 30-ʭ ʛʦʜʘʭ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ:

çɺ 1937 ʛʦʜʫ ʙʳʣʦ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʦʪʣʠʯʠʝ ʦʪ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʷʧʦʥʩʢʠʭ ʠ ʠʪʘʣʴʷʥʩʢʠʭ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʦʚ, ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʘʷ ʘʨʤʠʷ, ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʠʡ ʚʦʝʥʥʦ-ʤʦʨʩʢʦʡ ʬʣʦʪ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʠʝ ʚʦʝʥʥʦ-ʚʦʟʜʫʰʥʳʝ ʩʠʣʳ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʛʦʩʫʜʘʨʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʦʨʛʘʥʠʟʘʮʠʷʤʠ, ʚʨʦʜʝ ʞʝʣʝʟʥʳʭ ʜʦʨʦʛ ʠ ʉʉ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʥʫʞʜ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʪʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʦʤʤʫʥʠʢʘʮʠʡ, ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʚʝʨʩʠʠ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠ ʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʳ � ʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè, ʚʳʧʫʱʝʥʥʦʡ ʥʘ ʨʳʥʦʢ ʚ 20-ʝ ʛʦʜʳ. ʅʘʜʝʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʝʝ ʥʝʤʮʳ ʧʦʚʳʰʘʣʠ, ʚʥʦʩʷ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʫʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ. ɺ 1937 ʛʦʜʫ ʇʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʰʢʦʣʝ ʢʦʜʦʚ ʠ ʰʠʬʨʦʚ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪʴ ʫʩʪʨʦʡʩʪʚʦ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʤʦʜʠʬʠʮʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʠ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʥʘʜʝʞʥʦʡ ʤʦʜʝʣʠ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʤʦʡ ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʠʤʠ, ʠʪʘʣʴʷʥʩʢʠʤʠ ʠ ʠʩʧʘʥʩʢʠʤʠ ʚʦʦʨʫʞʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʩʠʣʘʤʠ. ʅʝ ʩʯʠʪʘʷ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ, çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʜʦ ʩʠʭ ʧʦʨ ʚʳʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʣʘ ʚʩʝ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪʴ ʝʝ ʫʩʪʨʦʡʩʪʚʦ. ɺʝʩʴʤʘ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ

ʙʫʜʫʪ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʝʥʳè.

ʐʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʤʘʰʠʥʘ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʘ ʠʟ ʢʣʘʚʠʘʪʫʨʳ, ʩʦʝʜʠʥʝʥʥʦʡ ʩ ʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʫʟʣʦʤ. ʐʠʬʨʦʚʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʫʟʝʣ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʣ ʪʨʠ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʨʦʪʦʨʘ. ʇʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʨʦʪʦʨʦʚ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʷʣʠ, ʢʘʢ ʰʠʬʨʫʝʪʩʷ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʣʠʪʝʨʘ ʥʘ ʢʣʘʚʠʘʪʫʨʝ. ʈʘʩʢʨʳʪʴ ʢʦʜ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʙʳʣʦ ʪʘʢ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʚʥʫʪʨʝʥʥʠʭ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʡ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʤʘʰʠʥʘ, ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʚʝʣʠʢʦ. ɺʦ-ʧʝʨʚʳʭ, ʪʨʠ ʨʦʪʦʨʘ ʚ ʤʘʰʠʥʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʳʙʠʨʘʪʴ ʠʟ ʧʷʪʠ, ʟʘʤʝʥʷʪʴ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʘʚʣʷʪʴ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʙʠʪʴ ʩ ʪʦʣʢʫ ʪʝʭ, ʢʪʦ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪʴ ʢʦʜ. ɺʦ-ʚʪʦʨʳʭ, ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʨʦʪʦʨ ʤʦʛ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʦʜʥʦʤ ʠʟ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʰʝʩʪʠ. ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ. ɺʩʝ ʵʪʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʰʠʥʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ ʚ ʤʠʣʣʠʦʥʝ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʡ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʘʥʦʚʦʢ ʙʫʢʚ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʤʳʭ ʨʦʪʦʨʘʤʠ, ʩʦʝʜʠʥʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʧʣʘʪʝ ʚ ʪʳʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʝ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʤʝʥʷʪʴ ʚʨʫʯʥʫʶ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʣʦ ʫʩʪʘʥʘʚʣʠʚʘʪʴ ʤʘʰʠʥʫ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ ʚ 1,5Ā1020 ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʡ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʫʚʝʣʠʯʠʪʴ ʥʘʜʝʞʥʦʩʪʴ, ʪʨʠ ʨʦʪʦʨʘ ʧʦʩʪʦʷʥʥʦ ʠʟʤʝʥʷʣʠ ʦʨʠʝʥʪʘʮʠʶ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʯʠ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʙʫʢʚʳ ʧʨʠ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʡ ʙʫʢʚʳ ʤʘʰʠʥʘ ʫʩʪʘʥʘʚʣʠʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʥʦʚʦʝ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʥʘʙʨʘʚ ʥʘ ʢʣʘʚʠʘʪʫʨʝ çDODOè, ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʤ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ çFGTBè, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʭʦʪʷ ʙʫʢʚʳ çDè ʠ çOè ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʠ ʜʚʘʞʜʳ, ʢʦʜʠʨʫʶʪʩʷ ʦʥʠ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ ʧʦ-ʜʨʫʛʦʤʫ.

ʄʘʰʠʥʳ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʙʳʣʠ ʚʟʷʪʳ ʥʘ ʚʦʦʨʫʞʝʥʠʝ ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʦʡ ʘʨʤʠʝʡ, ʚʦʝʥʥʦ-ʤʦʨʩʢʠʤ ʬʣʦʪʦʤ ʠ ʚʦʝʥʥʦ-ʚʦʟʜʫʰʥʳʤʠ ʩʠʣʘʤʠ, ʘ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʞʝʣʝʟʥʳʭ ʜʦʨʦʛʘʭ ʠ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʫʯʨʝʞʜʝʥʠʷʭ. ʇʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʘʤ ʢʦʜʦʚ ʪʦʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʠʤʝʣʘ ʩʣʘʙʦʝ ʤʝʩʪʦ: ʧʦʣʫʯʘʪʝʣʴ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʟʥʘʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʘ ʤʘʰʠʥʘ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʷ. ɼʣʷ ʦʙʝʩʧʝʯʝʥʠʷ ʙʝʟʦʧʘʩʥʦʩʪʠ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʫ çʕʥʠʛʤʳè ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʤʝʥʷʪʴ ʝʞʝʜʥʝʚʥʦ. ʆʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʦʚ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʚʰʠʭ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʶ ʝʞʝʜʥʝʚʥʦ ʤʝʥʷʪʴ ʢʦʜ ʠ ʩʦʦʙʱʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʪʝʣʶ, ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʠ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʦʢ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʜʝʥʴ ʚ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʥʦʡ ʢʦʜʦʚʦʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ. ʈʠʩʢ ʧʨʠ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʝ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʘʥʛʣʠʯʘʥʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʪʴ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʫʶ ʧʦʜʚʦʜʥʫʶ ʣʦʜʢʫ ʠ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʪʴ ʢʦʜʦʚʫʶ ʢʥʠʛʫ ʩ ʝʞʝʜʥʝʚʥʳʤʠ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʘʤʠ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ ʥʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʤʝʩʷʮ. ɸʣʴʪʝʨʥʘʪʠʚʥʳʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʚʦʡʥʳ, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʘ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ ʥʘ ʪʝʢʫʱʠʡ ʜʝʥʴ ʩʦʦʙʱʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʧʨʝʘʤʙʫʣʝ ʢ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʶ ʠ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʢʦʜʘ ʥʘ ʧʨʝʜʳʜʫʱʠʡ ʜʝʥʴ.

ʂʦʛʜʘ ʨʘʟʨʘʟʠʣʘʩʴ ʚʪʦʨʘʷ ʤʠʨʦʚʘʷ ʚʦʡʥʘ, ʰʪʘʪ ʇʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʰʢʦʣʳ ʢʦʜʦʚ ʠ ʰʠʬʨʦʚ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʤ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣ ʠʟ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʜʨʝʚʥʠʤ ʷʟʳʢʘʤ ʠ ʣʠʥʛʚʠʩʪʦʚ. ʅʦ ʚʩʢʦʨʝ ʙʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʦʝ ʤʠʥʠʩʪʝʨʩʪʚʦ ʠʥʦʩʪʨʘʥʥʳʭ ʜʝʣ ʦʩʦʟʥʘʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʳʩʦʢʠʝ ʰʘʥʩʳ ʧʦʜʦʙʨʘʪʴ ʢʣʶʯ ʢ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʠʤ ʢʦʜʘʤ, ʠ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʣʫʯʰʠʝ ʘʥʛʣʠʡʩʢʠʝ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʦʙʨʘʥʳ ʚ ʥʦʚʦʤ ʟʜʘʥʠʠ ʇʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʰʢʦʣʳ ʢʦʜʦʚ ʠ ʰʠʬʨʦʚ ʚ ɹʣʠʯʣʠ ʧʘʨʢʝ � ʚʠʢʪʦʨʠʘʥʩʢʦʤ ʟʜʘʥʠʠ ʚ ɹʣʠʯʣʠ, ʚ ʛʨʘʬʩʪʚʝ ɹʘʢʠʥʛʭʵʤʧʰʠʨ. ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʫ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʘʝʤʳʝ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ ʩ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʡ ʣʝʥʪʦʡ, ʨʘʟʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʥʘ ʢʣʝʪʢʠ, ʠ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʤ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʝʤ ʥʘ ʦʙʨʘʙʦʪʢʫ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʠ ʠ ʟʘʥʷʪʴʩʷ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʩ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʤʠ ʨʝʩʫʨʩʘʤʠ ʠ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʩʞʘʪʳʤʠ ʩʨʦʢʘʤʠ.

ʂʨʠʧʪʦʛʨʘʬʠʷ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʙʦʨʴʙʫ ʫʤʦʚ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʝʣʝʤ ʢʦʜʘ ʠ ʪʝʤ, ʢʪʦ ʧʳʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʵʪʦʪ ʢʦʜ ʨʘʟʛʘʜʘʪʴ. ʉʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʝʣʴ ʢʦʜʘ ʚʠʜʠʪ ʩʚʦʶ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʠʩʭʦʜʷʱʝʝ ʦʪ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʷ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʟʘʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʦ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘʜʝʞʥʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʨʘʩʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʝʨʝʭʚʘʯʝʥʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʠʢʦʤ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ

ʚʝʨʭʥʠʡ ʧʨʝʜʝʣ ʜʣʷ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʤʘʥʠʧʫʣʷʮʠʡ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʜʦʭʦʜʠʪʴ ʜʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʪʝʣʷ ʙʳʩʪʨʦ ʠ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʦ. ʉʠʣʘ ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʢʦʜʘ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʢʦʜʠʨʫʝʤʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʘʣʦʩʴ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʢʝ ʥʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʫʨʦʚʥʷʭ ʩ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʡ ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴʶ. ʊʦʪ, ʢʪʦ ʩʪʨʝʤʠʣʩʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪʴ, ʠʣʠ çʚʟʣʦʤʘʪʴè, ʢʦʜ, ʚʠʜʝʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ, ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʟʷʪʴ ʧʝʨʝʭʚʘʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʨʘʟʛʘʜʘʪʴ ʢʦʜ, ʧʨʠʯʝʤ ʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴ ʨʘʩʰʠʬʨʦʚʢʠ ʙʳʣʘ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʘ: ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʝʝ ʧʨʠʢʘʟ ʧʦʪʦʧʠʪʴ ʙʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʠʡ ʢʦʨʘʙʣʴ, ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʦ ʜʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʢʦʨʘʙʣʴ ʧʦʪʦʥʝʪ.

ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʚʦʟʛʣʘʚʠʣ ʛʨʫʧʧʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʚ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʚʭʦʜʠʣʦ ʚʦʩʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʪʦʯʥʫʶ ʢʦʧʠʶ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè. ɺʩʝ ʩʚʦʠ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʳʝ ʠʜʝʠ ʧʨʝʜʚʦʝʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʨʳ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʚʦʧʣʦʪʠʣ ʚ ʫʩʪʨʦʡʩʪʚʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʤʝʪʦʜʠʯʥʦ, ʦʜʥʫ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ, ʧʝʨʝʙʠʨʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʝ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʠ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʢʦʜ ʥʝ ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪʳʤ. ɼʣʷ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʠ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʦʪʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʡ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʟ ɹʣʠʯʣʠ ʧʘʨʢʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠ ʙʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʠʝ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ ʦʢʦʣʦ ʜʚʫʭ ʤʝʪʨʦʚ ʚ ʚʳʩʦʪʫ ʠ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʥʦ ʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʞʝ ʚ ʰʠʨʠʥʫ, ʨʘʙʦʪʘʚʰʠʝ ʥʘ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʤʝʭʘʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʨʝʣʝ. ʅʝʧʨʝʩʪʘʥʥʦʝ ʪʠʢʘʥʴʝ ʨʝʣʝ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʦʡ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʵʪʠ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʠ ʩʚʦʝ ʧʨʦʟʚʠʱʝ � ʠʭ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʙʦʤʙʘʤʠ. ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʤʘʢʩʠʤʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʧʦ ʪʝʤ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʘʤ ʙʳʩʪʨʦʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʝ, çʙʦʤʙʳè ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʧʝʨʝʙʨʘʪʴ ʟʘ ʨʘʟʫʤʥʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʚʩʝ ʛʠʛʘʥʪʩʢʦʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʠ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʛʨʫʧʧʝ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʳ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ ʩʦʢʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʘʥʦʚʦʢ, ʧʦ ʢʨʦʭʘʤ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʷ ʣʶʙʫʶ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʶ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʣʝʯʴ ʠʟ ʧʝʨʝʭʚʘʯʝʥʥʳʭ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʡ.

ʆʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʡ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʠʟ ɹʣʠʯʣʠ ʧʘʨʢʘ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʦʩʦʟʥʘʥʠʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʰʠʥʘ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʣʘ ʙʫʢʚʫ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʙʫʢʚʦʡ, ʪ.ʝ. ʝʩʣʠ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴ ʥʘʙʠʨʘʣ ʥʘ ʢʣʘʚʠʘʪʫʨʝ ʣʠʪʝʨʫ çRè, ʪʦ ʤʘʰʠʥʘ ʧʦʪʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʣʶʙʫʶ ʜʨʫʛʫʶ ʙʫʢʚʫ (ʚ ʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʦʩʪʠ ʦʪ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʠ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ), ʢʨʦʤʝ ʙʫʢʚʳ çRè. ʕʪʦ, ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʥʝʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ, ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʦ ʨʝʟʢʦ ʩʦʢʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʚʨʝʤʷ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʝ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ. ʅʝʤʮʳ ʥʘʥʝʩʣʠ ʦʪʚʝʪʥʳʡ ʫʜʘʨ, ʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʠʚ ʜʣʠʥʫ ʧʨʝʜʘʚʘʝʤʳʭ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʡ. ɺʩʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʥʝʠʟʙʝʞʥʦ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʪ ʚ ʩʝʙʝ ʢʘʢʠʝ-ʪʦ ʟʘʮʝʧʢʠ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʝ çʚʟʣʦʤʱʠʢʘʤ ʢʦʜʦʚè ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ. ʏʝʤ ʜʣʠʥʥʝʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ, ʪʝʤ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʟʘʮʝʧʦʢ ʦʥʦ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʠʪ. ʋʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʚ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʦʙʲʝʤ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʡ � ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ 250 ʟʥʘʢʦʚ, ʥʝʤʮʳ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʠʩʴ ʢʦʤʧʝʥʩʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ çʥʝʞʝʣʘʥʠʝè ʤʘʰʠʥʳ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʙʫʢʚʫ ʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʙʫʢʚʦʡ.

ʏʪʦʙʳ ʚʟʣʦʤʘʪʴ ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʠʝ ʢʦʜʳ, ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʦʪʛʘʜʘʪʴ ʚ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷʭ ʢʣʶʯʝʚʳʝ ʩʣʦʚʘ. ɽʩʣʠ ʝʤʫ ʵʪʦ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ, ʪʦ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʤʥʦʛʦʢʨʘʪʥʦ ʫʩʢʦʨʷʣʦʩʴ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʝʩʣʠ ʚʟʣʦʤʱʠʢʠ ʢʦʜʘ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʚʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʠʪ ʩʚʦʜʢʫ ʧʦʛʦʜʳ (ʤʝʪʝʦʜʘʥʥʳʝ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʳʭ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷʭ), ʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʠ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʪʩʷ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʩʣʦʚʘ, ʢʘʢ çʪʫʤʘʥè ʠʣʠ çʩʢʦʨʦʩʪʴ ʚʝʪʨʘè. ɽʩʣʠ ʠʭ ʜʦʛʘʜʢʘ ʦʧʨʘʚʜʳʚʘʣʘʩʴ, ʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʙʳʩʪʨʦ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʩʫʜʠʪʴ ʦʙ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʝ çʕʥʠʛʤʳè ʥʘ ʜʝʥʴ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʯʠ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ. ʊʦʛʜʘ ʚ ʵʪʦʪ ʜʝʥʴ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ, ʙʦʣʝʝ ʮʝʥʥʳʝ, ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʙʝʟ ʪʨʫʜʘ.

ɽʩʣʠ ʞʝ ʩʣʦʚʘ ʦ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʠ ʧʦʛʦʜʳ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʪʛʘʜʘʪʴ, ʪʦ ʘʥʛʣʠʯʘʥʝ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʷ ʥʘ ʤʝʩʪʝ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʠʭ ʦʧʝʨʘʪʦʨʦʚ, ʨʘʙʦʪʘʚʰʠʭ ʩ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè, ʠ ʦʪʛʘʜʘʪʴ ʢʘʢʠʝ-ʪʦ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʢʣʶʯʝʚʳʝ ʩʣʦʚʘ. ʆʧʝʨʘʪʦʨ ʧʦ ʨʘʩʩʝʷʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʤʦʛ ʥʘʟʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʪʝʣʷ ʧʦ ʠʤʝʥʠ ʠʣʠ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʪʴ

ʢʘʢʠʤʠ-ʪʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʤʠ ʚʟʣʘʤʳʚʘʪʝʣʶ ʢʦʜʘ ʣʶʙʠʤʳʤʠ ʩʣʦʚʝʯʢʘʤʠ. ɽʩʣʠ ʚʩʝ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʙʝʟʫʩʧʝʰʥʳʤʠ, ʠ ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʠʡ ʨʘʜʠʦʦʙʤʝʥ ʧʨʦʪʝʢʘʣ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʪʨʦʣʴʥʦ, ʇʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝʥʥʘʷ ʰʢʦʣʘ ʢʦʜʦʚ ʠ ʰʠʬʨʦʚ ʧʨʠʙʝʛʘʣʘ, ʢʘʢ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ, ʜʘʞʝ ʢ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʵʢʩʪʨʘʚʘʛʘʥʪʥʦʡ ʤʝʨʝ, ʢʘʢ ʦʙʨʘʱʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʢʦʤʘʥʜʦʚʘʥʠʶ ʂʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʠʤʠ ɺɺʉ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʴʙʦʡ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʩʪʠ ʤʠʥʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʧʦʨʪʘ. ʂʦʤʝʥʜʘʥʪ ʧʦʨʪʘ ʥʝʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ ʧʦʩʳʣʘʣ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʘʥʛʣʠʯʘʥʝ ʧʝʨʝʭʚʘʪʳʚʘʣʠ. ɺ ʧʦʜʦʙʥʳʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷʭ ʚʟʣʦʤʱʠʢʠ ʢʦʜʦʚ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳʪʴ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʳ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʠ ʥʝʧʨʝʤʝʥʥʦ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʪʩʷ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʩʣʦʚʘ, ʢʘʢ çʤʠʥʳè, çʦʧʘʩʥʦʩʪʴ ʜʣʷ ʟʘʭʦʜʘ ʢʦʨʘʙʣʝʡè, çʧʝʣʝʥʛʘʮʠʷ ʤʝʩʪ ʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʤʠʥè. ɼʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʚ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʝ, ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʫʩʪʘʥʘʚʣʠʚʘʣ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʫ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʥʘ ʪʦʪ ʜʝʥʴ, ʠ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʠʡ ʨʘʜʠʦʦʙʤʝʥ ʥʝʤʮʝʚ ʫʞʝ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʧʦʜʜʘʚʘʣʩʷ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʶ.

1 ʬʝʚʨʘʣʷ 1942 ʛʦʜʘ ʥʝʤʮʳ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʠ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ, ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʳʡ, ʨʦʪʦʨ ʥʘ ʤʘʰʠʥʝ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè, ʧʨʝʜʥʘʟʥʘʯʝʥʥʳʡ ʜʣʷ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʯʠ ʦʩʦʙʦ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʥʦʡ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʠ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʝ ʧʦʚʳʰʝʥʠʝ ʫʨʦʚʥʷ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʟʘ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʚʦʡʥʳ, ʥʦ ʛʨʫʧʧʘ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʘ ʩʫʤʝʣʘ ʧʘʨʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʵʪʦʪ ʭʦʜ ʥʝʤʮʝʚ, ʫʚʝʣʠʯʠʚ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʚʦʠʭ çʙʦʤʙè. ɹʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʫʩʠʣʠʷʤ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʢʦʚ ʐʢʦʣʳ ʢʦʜʦʚ ʠ ʰʠʬʨʦʚ, ʩʦʶʟʥʠʢʠ ʟʥʘʣʠ ʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʠʢʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ, ʯʝʤ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʚʘʪʴ ʥʝʤʮʳ. ʕʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʦʩʪʴ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʡ ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʠʭ ʧʦʜʚʦʜʥʳʭ ʣʦʜʦʢ ʩʠʣʴʥʦ ʫʤʝʥʴʰʠʣʘʩʴ, ʠ ʙʨʠʪʘʥʮʘʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʝʜʫʧʨʝʜʠʪʴ ʥʘʣʝʪʳ ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʠʭ ɺɺʉ. ɺʟʣʦʤʱʠʢʘʤ ʢʦʜʦʚ ʠʟ ɹʣʠʯʣʠ ʧʘʨʢʘ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʝʨʝʭʚʘʪʠʪʴ ʠ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʚʰʠʝ ʪʦʯʥʳʝ ʢʦʦʨʜʠʥʘʪʳ ʚʩʧʦʤʦʛʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʢʦʨʘʙʣʝʡ ʛʝʨʤʘʥʩʢʦʛʦ ɺʄʌ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʦ ʧʦʩʣʘʪʴ ʙʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʠʝ ʙʦʤʙʘʨʜʠʨʦʚʱʠʢʠ ʠ ʧʦʪʦʧʠʪʴ ʵʪʠ ʢʦʨʘʙʣʠ.

ʉʦʶʟʥʠʢʘʤ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʪʴ ʦʩʦʙʳʝ ʤʝʨʳ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʦʨʦʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʝʦʞʠʜʘʥʥʳʝ ʘʪʘʢʠ ʥʝ ʚʳʜʘʣʠ ʠʭ ʦʩʚʝʜʦʤʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʠ ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʝʤʮʳ ʥʝ ʜʦʛʘʜʘʣʠʩʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʠʭ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʳ. ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʥʝʤʮʳ ʟʘʧʦʜʦʟʨʠʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʘ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʧʦʜʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʶ, ʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳ ʧʦʚʳʩʠʪʴ ʫʨʦʚʝʥʴ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʷ, ʠ ʘʥʛʣʠʯʘʥʝ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʙʳ ʥʘ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʳʭ ʧʦʟʠʮʠʷʭ. ʇʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʚ ʨʷʜʝ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʚ ʐʢʦʣʘ ʢʦʜʦʚ ʠ ʰʠʬʨʦʚ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʠʨʦʚʘʣʘ ʚʦʝʥʥʳʭ ʦ ʧʣʘʥʠʨʫʝʤʦʡ ʘʪʘʢʝ, ʥʦ ʢʦʤʘʥʜʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʯʠʪʘʣʦ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʪʴ ʦʩʦʙʳʭ ʢʦʥʪʨʤʝʨ. ʍʦʜʠʣʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʩʣʫʭʠ, ʯʪʦ ʏʝʨʯʠʣʣʶ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ ʦ ʛʦʪʦʚʷʱʝʤʩʷ ʦʧʫʩʪʦʰʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʥʘʣʝʪʝ ʥʘ ʂʦʚʝʥʪʨʠ, ʥʦ ʦʥ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʯʝʣ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʪʴ ʦʩʦʙʳʭ ʤʝʨ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʦʨʦʞʥʦʩʪʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʝʤʮʳ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʟʘʧʦʜʦʟʨʠʣʠ. ʉʪʶʘʨʪ ʄʠʣʥʝʨ-ɹʘʨʨʠ, ʨʘʙʦʪʘʚʰʠʡ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʦʤ, ʦʧʨʦʚʝʨʛʘʝʪ ʵʪʠ ʩʣʫʭʠ ʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʛʦʪʦʚʷʱʝʤʩʷ ʥʘʣʝʪʝ ʥʘ ʂʦʚʝʥʪʨʠ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʫʞʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʦʟʜʥʦ.

ʆʛʨʘʥʠʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʜʝʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣʦ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʦ. ɼʘʞʝ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʘʥʛʣʠʯʘʥʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠ ʧʝʨʝʭʚʘʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʧʨʝʜʦʪʚʨʘʱʝʥʠʷ ʪʷʞʝʣʳʭ ʧʦʪʝʨʴ, ʥʝʤʮʳ ʥʝ ʟʘʧʦʜʦʟʨʠʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʢʦʜ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪ. ʅʝʤʮʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʳ, ʯʪʦ ʠʭ ʫʨʦʚʝʥʴ ʢʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʳʩʦʢ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪʴ ʠʭ ʢʦʜʳ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ʉʚʦʠ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʳʝ ʧʦʪʝʨʠ ʥʝʤʮʳ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʣʠ ʟʘ ʩʯʝʪ ʘʛʝʥʪʦʚ ʙʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʦʡ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʥʦʡ ʩʣʫʞʙʳ, ʷʢʦʙʳ ʧʨʦʥʠʢʰʠʭ ʚ ʚʳʩʰʠʝ ʨʷʜʳ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʦʛʦ ʢʦʤʘʥʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ.

ʀʟ-ʟʘ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ʦʢʨʫʞʘʚʰʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʚ ɹʣʠʯʣʠ ʧʘʨʢʝ, ʦʛʨʦʤʥʳʡ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʘ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʚ ʧʦʙʝʜʫ ʩʦʶʟʥʠʢʦʚ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥ ʧʫʙʣʠʯʥʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʣʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʥʠʷ ʚʦʡʥʳ. ʇʨʠʥʷʪʦ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʧʝʨʚʘʷ ʤʠʨʦʚʘʷ ʚʦʡʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʚʦʡʥʦʡ ʭʠʤʠʢʦʚ, ʘ ʚʪʦʨʘʷ ʤʠʨʦʚʘʷ ʚʦʡʥʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʚʦʡʥʦʡ ʬʠʟʠʢʦʚ. ɺ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ, ʩʫʜʷ ʧʦ ʪʦʡ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʘ ʟʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʷ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʝʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ,

ʯʪʦ ʚʪʦʨʘʷ ʤʠʨʦʚʘʷ ʚʦʡʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʚʦʡʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ɺ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʪʨʝʪʴʝʡ ʤʠʨʦʚʦʡ ʚʦʡʥʳ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʙʳʣ ʙʳ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ.

ʅʦ ʠ ʚ ʩʘʤʳʡ ʨʘʟʛʘʨ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʚʟʣʦʤʱʠʢʘ ʢʦʜʦʚ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʥʝ ʟʘʙʳʚʘʣ ʦ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʯʠʩʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʭ. ʅʘ ʩʤʝʥʫ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʘʝʤʳʤ ʤʘʰʠʥʘʤ ʧʨʠʰʣʠ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʳʝ, ʥʦ ʪʦʥʢʠʝ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʳ, ʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʳʝ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʶ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʳʭ, ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ. ʂ ʢʦʥʮʫ ʚʦʡʥʳ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʧʦʤʦʱʴ ʚ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʡʢʝ çʂʦʣʦʩʩʘè � ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ, ʥʘ 1500 ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʳʭ ʣʘʤʧʘʭ, ʨʘʙʦʪʘʚʰʠʭ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʙʳʩʪʨʝʝ, ʯʝʤ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʤʝʭʘʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʨʝʣʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ çʙʦʤʙʘʭè. çʂʦʣʦʩʩè ʙʳʣ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʦʤ ʚ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʤ ʩʤʳʩʣʝ ʩʣʦʚʘ. ʅʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦʝ (ʧʦ ʪʝʤ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʘʤ) ʙʳʩʪʨʦʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʝ ʠ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʚʳʩʦʢʘʷ ʩʣʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ çʂʦʣʦʩʩʘè ʥʘʚʝʣʠ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʘ ʥʘ ʤʳʩʣʴ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʤʘʰʠʥʫ ʢʘʢ ʧʨʠʤʠʪʠʚʥʳʡ ʤʦʟʛ: çʂʦʣʦʩʩè ʦʙʣʘʜʘʣ ʧʘʤʷʪʴʶ, ʦʥ ʤʦʛ ʦʙʨʘʙʘʪʳʚʘʪʴ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʶ, ʠ ʚʥʫʪʨʝʥʥʠʝ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʷ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ ʥʘʧʦʤʠʥʘʣʠ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʷ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʦʟʛʘ. ʉʚʦʶ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʘʝʤʫʶ ʤʘʰʠʥʫ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʣ ʚ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʦ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʡ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨ.

ʇʦ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʥʠʠ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʤʠʨʦʚʦʡ ʚʦʡʥʳ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʤʘʰʠʥʳ, ʪʘʢʠʝ, ʢʘʢ Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) � ɸʚʪʦʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʤʘʰʠʥʫ. ɺ 1948 ʛʦʜʫ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʧʝʨʝʰʝʣ ʥʘ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʚ ʄʘʥʯʝʩʪʝʨʩʢʠʡ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪ ʠ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʣ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨ ʩ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʦʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʭʨʘʥʠʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʤ ʚʠʜʝ. ɹʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʫ, ɹʨʠʪʘʥʠʷ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʪʝʣʴʥʠʮʝʡ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʤʦʱʥʳʭ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʦʚ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ, ʥʦ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʞʠʣ ʦʥ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʜʦʣʛʦ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʚʠʜʝʪʴ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʫʩʧʝʭʠ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʥʳʭ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ.

ɺ ʧʦʩʣʝʚʦʝʥʥʳʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʙʣʶʜʝʥʠʝʤ Intelligence Service. ʈʘʟʚʝʜʯʠʢʠ, ʩʯʠʪʘʷ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʘ ʛʦʤʦʩʝʢʩʫʘʣʠʩʪʦʤ ʠ ʦʧʘʩʘʷʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ, ʟʥʘʶʱʠʡ ʦ ʙʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʠʭ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʥʳʭ ʢʦʜʘʭ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ, ʯʝʤ ʢʪʦ-ʣʠʙʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ, ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʦʤ ʰʘʥʪʘʞʘ, ʩʣʝʜʠʣʠ ʟʘ ʢʘʞʜʳʤ ʝʛʦ ʰʘʛʦʤ. ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ ʜʘʞʝ ʩʤʠʨʠʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʦʪʩʪʫʧʥʦ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʧʦʜ ʢʦʣʧʘʢʦʤ ʫ ʨʘʟʚʝʜʩʣʫʞʙ, ʥʦ ʚ 1952 ʛʦʜʫ ʙʳʣ ʘʨʝʩʪʦʚʘʥ ʟʘ ʥʘʨʫʰʝʥʠʝ ʙʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʠʭ ʟʘʢʦʥʦʚ ʦ ʛʦʤʦʩʝʢʩʫʘʣʠʩʪʘʭ. ʕʪʦ ʫʥʠʞʝʥʠʝ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʜʣʷ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʡ ʢʘʧʣʝʡ, ʧʝʨʝʧʦʣʥʠʚʰʝʡ ʝʛʦ ʪʝʨʧʝʥʠʝ. ʕʥʜʨʶ ʍʦʜʞʝʩ, ʙʠʦʛʨʘʬ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʘ, ʪʘʢ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʝʪ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʝ, ʧʨʠʚʝʜʰʝʝ ʢ ʝʛʦ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ: çʉʤʝʨʪʴ ɸʣʘʥʘ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʩʠʣʴʥʝʡʰʠʤ ʧʦʪʨʷʩʝʥʠʝʤ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ, ʢʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʟʥʘʣ... ʊʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʩʯʘʩʪʥʳʤ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʦʤ, ʥʘʭʦʜʠʚʰʠʤʩʷ ʚ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʠ ʥʝʨʚʥʦʛʦ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʠʷ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʢʦʥʩʫʣʴʪʠʨʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʫ ʧʩʠʭʠʘʪʨʘ ʠ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ, ʧʝʨʝʥʝʩ ʫʜʘʨ, � ʚʩʝ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ. ʅʦ ʩʫʜ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʩʷ ʜʚʘ ʛʦʜʘ ʥʘʟʘʜ, ʣʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʛʦʨʤʦʥʘʤʠ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʠʣʦʩʴ ʛʦʜʦʤ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ, ʠ ʦʥ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʩʪʘʣ ʚʳʰʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʵʪʦʛʦ.

ʈʘʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʝ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʥʦʝ 10 ʠʶʥʷ 1954 ʛʦʜʘ, ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʦ. ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʘ ʥʘʰʣʠ ʣʝʞʘʱʠʤ ʥʘʚʟʥʠʯʴ ʚ ʧʦʩʪʝʣʠ. ɺʦʢʨʫʛ ʝʛʦ ʨʪʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʧʝʥʘ. ʇʘʪʦʣʦʛʦʘʥʘʪʦʤ, ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʚʰʠʡ ʧʦʩʤʝʨʪʥʦʝ ʚʩʢʨʳʪʠʝ, ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʣ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʫ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʢʘʢ ʦʪʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʮʠʘʥʠʜʦʤ ʢʘʣʠʷ... ɺ ʜʦʤʝ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʩʦʩʫʜ ʩ ʮʠʘʥʠʜʦʤ ʢʘʣʠʷ ʠ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʩʦʩʫʜ ʩ ʨʘʩʪʚʦʨʦʤ ʮʠʘʥʠʜʘ. ʈʷʜʦʤ ʩ ʢʨʦʚʘʪʴʶ ʣʝʞʘʣʘ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʢʘ ʷʙʣʦʢʘ ʩʦ ʩʣʝʜʘʤʠ ʫʢʫʩʦʚ. ɸʥʘʣʠʟ ʷʙʣʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʣʩʷè.

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ʅʘʩʣʝʜʠʝʤ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʘ ʩʪʘʣ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨ, ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʟʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʯʘʩʦʚ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʟʘʥʷʣʠ ʙʳ ʫ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ ʥʝʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ. ʉʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʝ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʳ ʫʩʧʝʚʘʶʪ ʟʘ ʜʦʣʶ ʩʝʢʫʥʜʳ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʩʪʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʡ, ʯʝʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʟʘ ʚʩʶ ʩʚʦʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ. ʊʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʚʝʣʠ ʥʝʨʘʚʥʫʶ ʙʦʨʴʙʫ ʩ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʘʯʘʣʠ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʥʫʶ ʘʪʘʢʫ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʧʦʣʘʛʘʷʩʴ ʥʘ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʥʫʶ ʚʝʨʩʠʶ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʘ, ʨʘʟʚʠʪʦʛʦ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʦʤ ʚ XIX ʚʝʢʝ.

ʂʫʤʤʝʨ, ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʚ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ ʚ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʭ ʂʦʰʠ ʠ ʃʘʤʝ, ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʧʨʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʠʟʙʝʞʘʪʴ, ʝʩʣʠ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴ n ʨʘʚʝʥ ʥʝʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦʤʫ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʤʫ ʯʠʩʣʫ (ʧʨʠ n, ʥʝ ʧʨʝʚʳʰʘʶʱʠʭ ʯʠʩʣʘ 100, ʥʝʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʳ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ 37, 59 ʠ 67). ɺ ʪʦ ʞʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ, ʂʫʤʤʝʨ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʚʩʝ ʩʣʫʯʘʠ ʩ ʥʝʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʤʠ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʷ n ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʳ ʠʥʜʠʚʠʜʫʘʣʴʥʦ. ɽʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʣʠʰʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦʛʦ ʦʙʲʝʤʘ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ. ʉʢʦʣʴ ʚʝʣʠʢ ʦʙʲʝʤ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ ʥʘʛʣʷʜʥʦ ʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʫʝʪ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʂʫʤʤʝʨ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘ ɼʤʠʪʨʠʡ ʄʠʨʠʤʘʥʦʚ ʧʦʪʨʘʪʠʣʠ ʪʨʠ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʪʨʝʭ ʥʝʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʥʝ ʧʨʝʚʳʰʘʶʱʠʭ ʯʠʩʣʘ 100. ʅʦ ʥʠ ʦʥʠ, ʥʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʛʦʪʦʚʳ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʠʪʴ ʢ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷʤ ʜʣʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʡ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʥʝʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʚ ʠʥʪʝʨʚʘʣʝ ʦʪ 100 ʜʦ 1000.

ʏʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʝ ʩ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʳʤ ʦʙʲʝʤʦʤ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ, ʩʪʘʣʠ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʳʤʠ. ʉ ʧʦʷʚʣʝʥʠʝʤ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʤʫ ʦʙʲʝʤʫ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʭ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʩʪʘʣʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʙʳʩʪʨʦʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʤʘʰʠʥ. ʀ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʤʠʨʦʚʦʡ ʚʦʡʥʳ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʠʩʪʦʚ ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʠ ʚʩʝʭ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʭ n ʜʦ 500, ʟʘʪʝʤ ʜʦ 1000, ʘ ʧʦʟʞʝ ʜʦ 10000. ɺ 80-ʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʉʵʤʶʵʣʴ ʉ. ɺʘʛʩʪʘʬʬ ʠʟ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʇʫʨʜʫ ʧʦʜʥʷʣ ʧʨʝʜʝʣ ʜʦ 25 000, ʘ ʩʦʚʩʝʤ ʥʝʜʘʚʥʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʟʘʷʚʠʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʧʨʠ ʚʩʝʭ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʭ n ʜʦ 4 ʤʠʣʣʠʦʥʦʚ.

ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʥʝʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʩʪʘʣʦ ʣʫʯʰʝ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʩʦʟʥʘʚʘʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʫʩʧʝʭ ʥʦʩʠʪ ʯʠʩʪʦ ʢʦʩʤʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨ. ɼʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʩʫʧʝʨʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʳ ʧʨʦʚʝʣʠ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʷ ʚ ʥʝʧʨʝʨʳʚʥʳʭ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷʭ, ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʠ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʭ n ʦʜʥʦ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ, ʪʦ ʠ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʠʤ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʜʣʷ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ n ʜʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʥʠʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʡ ʦʙʱʥʦʩʪʠ. ɺʝʜʴ ʜʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʜʣʷ n ʜʦ ʤʠʣʣʠʘʨʜʘ, ʪʦ ʠ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʧʨʠʯʠʥ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʦʥʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʜʣʷ n, ʨʘʚʥʦʛʦ ʤʠʣʣʠʘʨʜʫ ʧʣʶʩ ʦʜʠʥ. ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʜʣʷ n ʜʦ ʪʨʠʣʣʠʦʥʘ, ʪʦ ʥʝʪ ʧʨʠʯʠʥ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʦʥʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʜʣʷ n, ʨʘʚʥʦʛʦ ʪʨʠʣʣʠʦʥʫ ʧʣʶʩ ʦʜʠʥ, ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ʜʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ. ɹʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʠʞʠʤʘ ʟʘ ʩʯʝʪ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʣʠʰʴ ʛʨʫʙʦʡ ʩʠʣʳ � ʧʝʨʝʤʘʣʳʚʘʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ.

ɼʵʚʠʜ ʃʦʜʞ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ çʉʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʠʷ ʚ ʢʘʨʪʠʥʢʘʭè ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʢʨʘʩʦʯʥʦʝ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʝ ʚʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ, ʠʤʝʶʱʝʝ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦʤʫ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʶ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ: çʇʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʴʪʝ ʩʝʙʝ ʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʰʘʨ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʦʤ ʩʦ ɺʩʝʣʝʥʥʫʶ ʠ ʤʫʭʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʩʘʜʠʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ ʨʘʟ ʚ ʤʠʣʣʠʦʥ ʣʝʪ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʰʘʨ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʪʩʷ ʚ ʧʳʣʴ ʦʪ ʪʨʝʥʠʷ, ʚʝʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʝʱʝ ʜʘʞʝ ʥʝ ʥʘʯʥʝʪʩʷè. ʊʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ,

ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ, ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʦʚ, ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ ʚ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʇʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʥʦʤʫ ʥʘʙʣʶʜʘʪʝʣʶ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʠʭ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʚ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ, ʥʦ ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʙʳ ʥʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʘʥʥʳʭ, ʣʶʙʦʝ ʠʭ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ � ʩʙʦʨʠʱʝ ʩʢʝʧʪʠʢʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʶʪ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʕʢʩʪʨʘʧʦʣʷʮʠʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʥʘ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʦʧʠʨʘʶʱʘʷʩʷ ʥʘ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ, ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʜʣʷ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ ʯʠʩʝʣ, � ʠʛʨʘ ʨʠʩʢʦʚʘʥʥʘʷ (ʠ ʥʝʧʨʠʝʤʣʝʤʘʷ).

ʅʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʧʘʩʥʘ ʪʘʢʘʷ ʵʢʩʪʨʘʧʦʣʷʮʠʷ ʩ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʥʘ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʦʜʥʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɺ XVIII ʚʝʢʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ:

31, 331, 3 331, 33 331, 333 331, 3 333 331, 33 333 331.

ʉʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʠʩʴ ʚʩʝ ʙ·ʣʴʰʠʤʠ ʛʠʛʘʥʪʘʤʠ, ʠ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʘ ʠʭ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʪʫ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʘ ʙʳ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʦʜʜʘʣʠʩʴ ʠʩʢʫʰʝʥʠʶ ʚʳʜʘʪʴ ʟʘʤʝʯʝʥʥʫʶ ʟʘʢʦʥʦʤʝʨʥʦʩʪʴ ʟʘ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʦ ʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʫʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʚʠʜʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ. ʅʦ ʫʞʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ 333 333 331 ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʳʤ: 333 333 331 = 17Ā19 607 843.

ɼʨʫʛʠʤ ʭʦʨʦʰʠʤ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʦʤ, ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʱʠʤ ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʥʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʜʦʚʝʨʷʪʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʘʤ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʥʳʭ ʨʘʩʯʝʪʦʚ, ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʣʫʞʠʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ. ʕʡʣʝʨ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ

x4 + y4 + z4 = w4,

ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʶ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʥʝʥʫʣʝʚʳʭ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʜʚʫʭ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʡ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ, ʢʘʢ, ʚʧʨʦʯʝʤ, ʠ ʦʧʨʦʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʴ ʝʝ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨʦʤ. ʅʠ ʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʚʨʫʯʥʫʶ, ʥʠ ʜʦʣʛʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʧʨʦʩʝʠʚʘʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʦʚ ʥʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʠ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ. ʆʪʩʫʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨʘ ʚʦʩʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʣʦʩʴ ʢʘʢ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ. ʅʦ ʚ 1988 ʛʦʜʫ ʅʘʫʤ ʕʣʴʢʠʩ ʠʟ ɻʘʨʚʘʨʜʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ:

2 682 4404 + 15 365 6394 + 187 9604 = 20 615 6734.

[ɸ ʈʦʜʞʝʨ ʌʨʘʡ (ʢʘʢ ʩʢʘʟʘʥʦ ʚ "ʂʦʥʢʨʝʪʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ" ʈ. ɻʨʵʭʝʤʘ, ɼ. ʂʥʫʪʘ ʠ ʆ. ʇʘʪʘʰʥʠʢʘ) ʟʘʪʨʘʪʠʚ 110 ʯʘʩʦʚ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʩʫʧʝʨʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ Connection Machine, ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʜʣʷ w < 1 000 000 ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ 95 8004 + 217 5194 + 414 5604 = 422 4814. � E.G.A.] ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʚʩʝ çʧʦʜʢʨʝʧʣʷʶʱʠʝè ʜʘʥʥʳʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʣʦʞʥʦʡ. ɺ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʕʣʴʢʠʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʄʦʨʘʣʴ ʷʩʥʘ: ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ, ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʜʣʷ ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ ʤʠʣʣʠʦʥʘ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʢʘʢ ʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ.

ʅʦ ʦʙʤʘʥʯʠʚʳʡ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ � ʥʠʯʪʦ ʧʦ ʩʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʶ ʩ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʦ ʟʘʚʳʰʝʥʥʦʡ ʦʮʝʥʢʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʈʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʷ ʚʩʝ ʙ·ʣʴʰʠʝ ʠ ʙ·ʣʴʰʠʝ ʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʤʳ ʫʙʝʞʜʘʝʤʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʥʠʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʚʩʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʝʝ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʤʝʞʜʫ 0 ʠ 100 ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʳ 25 ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʪʦʛʜʘ ʢʘʢ ʤʝʞʜʫ 10 000 000 ʠ 10 000 100 � ʪʦʣʴʢʦ 2

ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ɺ 1791 ʛʦʜʫ ʂʘʨʣ ɻʘʫʩʩ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʙʳʣʦ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʯʝʪʳʨʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ, ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʞʝʥʥʳʡ ʟʘʢʦʥ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʫʤʝʥʴʰʘʝʪʩʷ ʯʘʩʪʦʪʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʌʦʨʤʫʣʘ ɻʘʫʩʩʘ ʜʘʚʘʣʘ ʨʘʟʫʤʥʫʶ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʴ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʩʣʝʛʢʘ ʟʘʚʳʰʘʣʘ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʝ ʨʘʩʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʇʨʦʚʝʨʢʘ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʜʦ ʤʠʣʣʠʦʥʘ, ʤʠʣʣʠʘʨʜʘ ʠʣʠ ʪʨʠʣʣʠʦʥʘ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣʘ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ɻʘʫʩʩʘ ʠʟʣʠʰʥʝ ʱʝʜʨʘ, ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʣʠ ʩʠʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʝ ʠʩʢʫʰʝʥʠʝ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʠ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʜʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ. ʊʘʢ ʨʦʜʠʣʘʩʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʦ ʟʘʚʳʰʝʥʥʦʡ ʦʮʝʥʢʝ ʨʘʩʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ.

ɺ 1914 ʛʦʜʫ ɼʞ. ʀ. ʃʠʪʣʚʫʜ, ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʢ ɻ. ɻ. ʍʘʨʜʠ ʧʦ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʩʢʦʤʫ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʫ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ɻʘʫʩʩʘ ʜʘʩʪ ʟʘʥʠʞʝʥʥʫʶ ʦʮʝʥʢʫ ʨʘʩʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɺ 1955 ʛʦʜʫ ʉ. ʉʢʴʶʟ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʜʦʦʮʝʥʢʘ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʥʘʩʪʫʧʠʪʴ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ, ʯʝʤ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ

101010964,

[ʉʤ. ʧʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʝ 14 ʚ ʩʪʘʪʴʝ ɼ. ʎʘʛʠʨʘ. � E.G.A.] ʕʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ, ʠ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ ʦʥʦ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ. ʍʘʨʜʠ ʥʘʟʚʘʣ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʉʢʴʶʟʘ çʩʘʤʳʤ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʣʠʙʦ ʩʣʫʞʠʣʦ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʮʝʣʠ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝè. ʍʘʨʜʠ ʧʦʜʩʯʠʪʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʢʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʚʟʜʫʤʘʣ ʩʳʛʨʘʪʴ ʚ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʳ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʤʠ ʯʘʩʪʠʮʘʤʠ ʚʦ ɺʩʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ (ʘ ʠʭ 1087; ʧʦʜ ʭʦʜʦʤ ʚ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʠʛʨʝ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʪʴ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʫ ʣʶʙʳʭ ʜʚʫʭ ʯʘʩʪʠʮ), ʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭ ʧʘʨʪʠʡ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʞʝʥʥʦ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʯʠʩʣʫ ʉʢʴʶʟʘ.

ʅʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʧʨʠʯʠʥ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʙʳ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʞʝ ʦʙʤʘʥʯʠʚʦʡ, ʢʘʢ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʠʣʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʦ ʟʘʚʳʰʝʥʥʦʡ ʦʮʝʥʢʝ ʨʘʩʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ.

ɸʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʩʢʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ

ɺ 1975 ʛʦʜʫ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʚ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʫʨʫ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ. ɺ ʙʣʠʞʘʡʰʠʝ ʪʨʠ ʛʦʜʘ ʝʤʫ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʜʠʩʩʝʨʪʘʮʠʝʡ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʫʯʝʥʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʈh. D. (ʜʦʢʪʦʨʘ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʠ) ʠ ʟʘ ʵʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʢʘʢ ʙʳ ʧʨʦʡʪʠ ʩʚʦʝ ʧʦʩʣʫʰʘʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ-ʧʦʜʤʘʩʪʝʨʴʷ. ʋ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʘ ʠʤʝʝʪʩʷ ʩʚʦʡ ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʠʪʝʣʴ ʠ ʥʘʩʪʘʚʥʠʢ. ʋ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʠʤ ʙʳʣ ʘʚʩʪʨʘʣʠʝʮ ɼʞʦʥ ʂʦʫʪʩ, ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʠʟ ʢʦʣʣʝʜʞʘ ʕʤʤʘʥʫʵʣʷ, ʞʠʚʰʠʡ ʫ ʩʝʙʷ ʥʘ ʨʦʜʠʥʝ ʚ ʛʦʨʦʜʢʝ ʇʦʩʫʤ ɹʨʘʰ ʚ ʅʦʚʦʤ ʖʞʥʦʤ ʋʵʣʴʩʝ.

ʂʦʫʪʩ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ ʧʦʤʥʠʪ, ʢʘʢ ʦʥ ʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ: çʇʦʤʥʶ, ʯʪʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ ʤʥʝ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʩʠʣʴʥʦʤ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʯʪʦ ʩʜʘʣ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʶʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʵʢʟʘʤʝʥʦʚ ʧʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʠ ʥʘʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʨʝʢʦʤʝʥʜʦʚʘʣ ʤʥʝ ʚʟʷʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʚ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʫʨʫ. ʂ ʩʯʘʩʪʴʶ, ʷ ʟʥʘʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʝʱʝ ʚ ʙʳʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʦʤ. ɽʱʝ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʠʝ ʠʜʝʠ, ʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʩ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʙʫʜʫʱʠʤ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʚ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʠ ʨʝʯʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʥʝʧʦʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʆʥʘ ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʪʨʫʜʥʘ ʠ ʜʣʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʧʳʪʥʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘè.

ɺ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʝ ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʜʝʣʘʣ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʙʳʣʦ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʦ ʥʘ ʧʦʜʛʦʪʦʚʢʫ ʢ ʨʝʰʘʶʱʝʡ

ʩʭʚʘʪʢʝ ʩ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʚʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʚ ʨʷʜʳ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʝʤʫ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʙʳʪʴ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʘʛʤʘʪʠʯʥʳʤ. ʂʘʢ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʤʝʯʪʳ. çʇʨʠʜʷ ʚ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞ, ʷ ʦʪʣʦʞʠʣ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʫ. ʅʝ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʷ ʟʘʙʳʣ ʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ � ʦʥʘ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʦ ʤʥʦʡ, ʥʦ ʷ ʚʜʨʫʛ ʦʩʦʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʤʳ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʝʝ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ ʫʞʝ ʦʢʦʣʦ 130 ʣʝʪ. ʇʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʦʥʠ ʥʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʣʠ ʜʦʡʪʠ ʜʦ ʢʦʨʥʝʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʈʘʙʦʪʘʷ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʚʳ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʧʦʪʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʛʦʜʳ ʠ ʦʩʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʠ ʩ ʯʝʤ. ʈʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʣʶʙʠʤʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ � ʦʜʥʦ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʝ, ʧʦʢʘ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ, ʜʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʢ ʢʦʥʮʫ ʜʥʷ. ʍʦʨʦʰʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʧʦ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʶ ʩʯʠʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʪʘʢʘʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʝʪ ʭʦʨʦʰʫʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ. ɺʘʞʥʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ, ʘ ʥʝ ʩʘʤʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘè.

ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʦʙʫʯʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʢʦʣʣʝʜʞʝ

ɼʞʦʥ ʂʦʫʪʩ, ʥʘʫʯʥʳʡ ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʠʪʝʣʴ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʚ 70-ʝ ʛʦʜʳ, ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʪʴ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ ʩʦ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʙʳʚʰʠʤ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʦʤ

ɺ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʥʦʩʪʠ ɼʞʦʥʘ ʂʦʫʪʩʘ ʚʭʦʜʠʣʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʣʷ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʫʚʣʝʢʘʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʦʤ ʝʛʦ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʥʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʪʨʠ ʛʦʜʘ. çɼʫʤʘʶ, ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʠʪʝʣʴ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʜʣʷ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʘ, � ʵʪʦ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʜʘʪʴ ʝʤʫ ʪʦʣʯʦʢ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʤ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʠ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʥʠʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʟʥʘʪʴ ʟʘʨʘʥʝʝ, ʢʘʢʦʝ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʧʣʦʜʦʪʚʦʨʥʳʤ, ʥʦ ʦʜʥʦ ʩʪʘʨʰʠʡ ʧʦ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ � ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʝ ʯʫʪʴʝ, ʩʚʦʶ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʶ ʧʨʠ ʚʳʙʦʨʝ ʩʪʦʷʱʝʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ, ʘ ʦʪ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʘ ʟʘʚʠʩʠʪ, ʥʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʫʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʤ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʠè. ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʂʦʫʪʩ ʨʝʰʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʟʘʥʷʪʴʩʷ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʡ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ. ʂʘʢ ʚʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʵʪʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʧʦʚʦʨʦʪʥʳʤ ʧʫʥʢʪʦʤ ʚ ʩʫʜʴʙʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʠ ʚʦʦʨʫʞʠʣʦ ʝʛʦ ʪʝʤʠ ʤʝʪʦʜʘʤʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʦʥʘʜʦʙʠʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʠ ʚʳʨʘʙʦʪʢʝ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʘ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ

ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʅʘʟʚʘʥʠʝ çʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝè ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦ ʚʚʝʩʪʠ ʚ ʟʘʙʣʫʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʥʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʩʳ ʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʥʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʚ ʦʙʳʯʥʦʤ ʩʤʳʩʣʝ ʩʣʦʚʘ. ʈʝʯʴ, ʩʢʦʨʝʝ, ʠʜʝʪ ʦʙ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷʭ ʚʠʜʘ

y2 = x3 + ax2 + bx + c,

ʛʜʝ a, b, c � ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ.

ʉʚʦʝ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʠ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʬʫʥʢʮʠʠ, ʪʝʩʥʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʝ ʩ ʵʪʠʤʠ ʢʨʠʚʳʤʠ, ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʣʷ ʠʟʤʝʨʝʥʠʷ ʜʣʠʥ ʵʣʣʠʧʩʦʚ (ʘ, ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʠ ʜʣʠʥ ʧʣʘʥʝʪʥʳʭ ʦʨʙʠʪ). ʋʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʚʠʜʘ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ. ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʝ, ʠʤʝʶʪ ʣʠ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʝ ʠʤ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʮʝʣʦʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʳʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʝʩʣʠ ʠʤʝʶʪ, ʪʦ ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ

y2 = x3 � 2,

ʛʜʝ a=0, b=0, c=�2, ʠʤʝʝʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʥʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʘ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ:

52 = 33 � 2, ʠʣʠ 25 = 27 � 2.

ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʥʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ � ʪʨʫʜʥʘʷ ʟʘʜʘʯʘ. ʕʪʦʪ ʬʘʢʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʇʴʝʨ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɺ ʛʣ. 2, ʢʘʢ ʚʳ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʧʦʤʥʠʪʝ, ʤʳ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʣʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ 26 � ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʡ ɺʩʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ, ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʤ ʠ ʢʫʙʦʤ. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʵʪʦ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɽʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʦʝ ʚʳʰʝ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʥʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʪ.ʝ. 52 ʠ 33 � ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʠ ʢʫʙ, ʨʘʟʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʨʘʚʥʘ 2, ʪ.ʝ. 26 � ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʦ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʤ ʠ ʢʫʙʦʤ.

ʆʩʦʙʦʝ ʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷʤ ʧʨʠʜʘʝʪ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʙʨʘʟʥʦ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ ʦʥʠ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʶʪ ʥʠʰʫ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤʠ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷʤʠ, ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʪʨʠʚʠʘʣʴʥʳ, ʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʤʠ, ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ʀʟʤʝʥʷʷ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ a, b ʠ c ʚ ʦʙʱʝʤ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʠ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ, ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨʥʳʤʠ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʷʤʠ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ ʵʪʠ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʦʜʜʘʶʪʩʷ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʫ.

ʇʝʨʚʳʤʠ ʠʟʫʯʘʣʠ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʦʩʚʷʪʠʣ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʶ ʠʭ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʝ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʳ ʩʚʦʝʡ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè. ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʧʦʜ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝʤ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʟʘʥʷʣʩʷ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʘ ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʝʛʦ ʠʟʣʶʙʣʝʥʥʳʡ ʛʝʨʦʡ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʩʯʘʩʪʣʠʚ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʴ ʵʪʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ. ɼʣʷ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʶʱʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʚʨʦʜʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʠ ʢʨʝʧʢʠʡ ʦʨʝʰʝʢ ʜʘʞʝ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʜʚʝ ʪʳʩʷʯʠ ʣʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʝ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ. ʇʦ ʩʣʦʚʘʤ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, çʦʥʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʜʘʣʝʢʠ ʦʪ ʧʦʣʥʦʛʦ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ. ʉʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʚ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ, ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʦʩʪʘʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ. ɼʘʞʝ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʣ ʝʱʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʜʦ ʩʠʭ ʧʦʨ ʦʩʪʘʶʪʩʷ ʙʝʟ ʦʪʚʝʪʘ. ɺ ʢʘʢʦʤ-ʪʦ ʩʤʳʩʣʝ ʚʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ, ʚʦʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʝʩʣʠ ʥʝ ʢ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ

ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʪʦ ʢ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʝʛʦ ʠʜʝʷʤè.

ɺ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ ʰʘʛʘ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʥʝ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʴ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʷʚʥʦ, ʘ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ: ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚʦʦʙʱʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ? ʂʘʢ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʦ, ʠ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʪʴ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʩʣʦʞʥʦ, ʦʜʥʘʢʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʣʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ ʢʘʢ ʫʧʨʦʩʪʠʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ

x3 � x2 = y2 + y

ʧʦʯʪʠ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʥʘʧʨʷʤʫʶ. ʆʜʥʦ, ʪʨʠʚʠʘʣʴʥʦʝ, ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʦʯʝʚʠʜʥʦ: x=0 ʠ y=0. ɼʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ,

03 � 02 = 02 + 0.

ʏʫʪʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ x=1 ʠ y=0:

13 � 12 = 02 + 0.

ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ, ʥʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʚʦ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʧʝʨʝʙʦʨʫ ʧʦʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʪʦ ʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʧʦʣʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʠʩʢʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ � ʟʘʜʘʯʘ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʘʷ. ɹʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʝʡ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʧʦʠʩʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʤ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʝ � ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʡ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ.

ʈʘʥʝʝ ʤʳ ʚʠʜʝʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʤʳʩʣʠʪʴ ʢʘʢ ʦʪʤʝʪʢʠ ʥʘ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ, ʧʨʦʩʪʠʨʘʶʱʝʡʩʷ ʚ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 16. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʦ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʤ, ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ ʦʪʨʝʟʘʝʪ ʦʪ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʠ ʟʘʤʳʢʘʝʪ ʝʝ ʚ ʧʝʪʣʶ, ʦʙʨʘʟʫʷ ʚʤʝʩʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʝ ʢʦʣʴʮʦ. ʅʘ ʨʠʩ. 17 ʚʳ ʚʠʜʠʪʝ ʯʘʩʳ ʩ ʧʷʪʴʶ ʧʦʤʝʪʢʘʤʠ: ʦʪ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʦʪʨʝʟʘʥʘ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʧʦ ʦʪʤʝʪʢʝ 5, ʠ ʢʦʥʝʮ ʝʝ ʩʢʣʝʝʥ ʩ ʦʪʤʝʪʢʦʡ 0. ʏʠʩʣʦ 5 ʧʨʠ ʵʪʦʤ ʠʩʯʝʟʘʝʪ ʠ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪʥʳʤ 0, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʚ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ � ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʶ 5 � ʬʠʛʫʨʠʨʫʶʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. 7

ʈʠʩ. 16. ʆʙʳʯʥʳʝ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʷ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʢʘʢ ʧʝʨʝʜʚʠʞʝʥʠʷ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʦ ʠ ʥʘʣʝʚʦ ʧʦ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʦʩʠ

ʈʠʩ. 17.

ɺ ʦʙʳʯʥʦʡ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʤʳ ʤʳʩʣʠʤ ʩʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʢʘʢ ʩʜʚʠʛ ʧʦ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʥʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʡ � ʟʘʟʦʨʦʚ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʦʪʤʝʪʢʘʤʠ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ: 2+4=6 � ʪʦ ʞʝ ʩʘʤʦʝ, ʯʪʦ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ: ʥʘʯʥʠʪʝ ʩ ʦʪʤʝʪʢʠ 2, ʩʜʚʠʥʴʪʝʩʴ ʚʜʦʣʴ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʥʘ 4 ʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʚʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ 6. ʅʦ ʚ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʶ 5 ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ, ʯʪʦ

4 + 2 = 1.

ʊʘʢ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʤʳ ʥʘʯʥʝʤ ʩ ʦʪʤʝʪʢʠ 4 ʠ ʩʜʚʠʥʝʤʩʷ ʧʦ ʦʢʨʫʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʥʘ 2 ʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ, ʪʦ ʚʝʨʥʝʤʩʷ ʢ ʦʪʤʝʪʢʝ 1. ʅʦʚʘʷ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʝʧʨʠʚʳʯʥʦʡ, ʥʦ ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ, ʤʳ ʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʤʩʷ ʝʡ ʝʞʝʜʥʝʚʥʦ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʨʝʯʴ ʟʘʭʦʜʠʪ ʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ. ʏʝʪʳʨʝ ʯʘʩʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ 11 (ʪ.ʝ. 11+4) ʦʙʳʯʥʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʥʝ 15, ʘ 3 ʯʘʩʘʤʠ. ʕʪʦ � ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʶ 12.

ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʩʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʚ çʯʘʩʦʚʦʡè ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʠ ʚʩʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʦʙʳʯʥʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʠ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʫʤʥʦʞʝʥʠʝ. ɺ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʶ 12 ʠʤʝʝʤ: 5Ā7=11. ʊʘʢʦʝ ʫʤʥʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ: ʥʘʯʘʚ ʩ ʦʪʤʝʪʢʠ 0 ʠ ʩʜʚʠʥʫʚʰʠʩʴ ʥʘ 5 ʛʨʫʧʧ ʠʟ 7 ʜʝʣʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ, ʚʳ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʜʦʡʜʝʪʝ ʜʦ ʦʪʤʝʪʢʠ 11. ʕʪʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʦʚ ʤʳʩʣʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʫʤʥʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʵʪʦʡ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ; ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʭʠʪʨʳʝ ʧʨʠʝʤʳ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʝ ʫʩʢʦʨʠʪʴ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʴ 5Ā7, ʤʳ ʤʦʞʝʤ ʜʣʷ ʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʴ ʦʙʳʯʥʦʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʨʘʚʥʦ 35. ʈʘʟʜʝʣʠʚ ʟʘʪʝʤ 35 ʥʘ 12, ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʤ ʦʩʪʘʪʦʢ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʠ ʜʘʝʪ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʫʶʱʠʡ ʥʘʩ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ. ʏʠʩʣʦ 12 ʩʦʜʝʨʞʠʪʩʷ ʚ 35 ʜʚʘʞʜʳ ʠ ʧʣʶʩ ʦʩʪʘʪʦʢ 11, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ 5Ā7 ʚ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʶ 12 ʨʘʚʥʦ 11. ʕʪʦ ʨʘʚʥʦʩʠʣʴʥʦ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʤʳ ʤʳʩʣʝʥʥʦ ʜʚʘʞʜʳ ʦʙʦʰʣʠ ʮʠʬʝʨʙʣʘʪ, ʠ ʥʘʤ ʦʩʪʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʡʪʠ ʝʱʝ 11 ʧʨʦʤʝʞʫʪʢʦʚ.

ʊʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʚ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʦʚ, ʪʦ ʚ ʥʝʡ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʚʩʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʥʝ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʪʨʫʜʘ ʧʝʨʝʯʠʩʣʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ

x3 � x2 = y2 + y

ʚ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʶ 5. ɺʦʪ ʦʥʠ:

x = 0, y = 0,x = 0, y = 4,x = 1, y = 0,x = 1, y = 4.

ʍʦʪʷ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʥʝ ʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷʤʠ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʚ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʝʤʦʡ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ ʚʩʝ ʦʥʠ � ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʧʦʜʩʪʘʚʠʤ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ (x=1, y=4) ʚ ʥʘʰʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ:

x3 � x2 = y2 + y,13 � 12 = 42 + 4,1 � 1 = 16 + 4,0 = 20.

ʅʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ 20 ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪʥʦ 0, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʯʠʩʣʦ 5 ʜʝʣʠʪ ʯʠʩʣʦ 20 ʩ ʦʩʪʘʪʢʦʤ 0.

ʇʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʢʨʘʡʥʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʨʝʰʠʣʠ ʩʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘʭ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ. ɼʣʷ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʚʳʰʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʧʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʶ 5 ʨʘʚʥʦ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʤ. ʕʪʦ ʟʘʧʠʩʳʚʘʶʪ ʪʘʢ: E5 = 4. ʄʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʜʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʠ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘʭ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʚ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʶ 7 ʯʠʩʣʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʨʘʚʥʦ 9, ʪ.ʝ. E7 = 9.

ʇʦʜʚʦʜʷ ʠʪʦʛ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷʤ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʠʣʠ ʩʧʠʩʦʢ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʠʟ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ ʠ ʥʘʟʚʘʣʠ ʝʛʦ L-ʨʷʜʦʤ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ (ʠʣʠ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ). ʏʪʦ, ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ, ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ ʟʜʝʩʴ ʙʫʢʚʘ L, ʚʩʝ ʜʘʚʥʦ ʟʘʙʳʣʠ. ʉʯʠʪʘʝʪʩʷ, ʯʪʦ L ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ ɻʫʩʪʘʚʘ ʃʝʞʝʥʘ ɼʠʨʠʭʣʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ. ɼʣʷ ʷʩʥʦʩʪʠ ʷ ʙʫʜʫ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ çE-ʨʷʜè � ʨʷʜ, ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʡ ʜʣʷ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ. ɼʣʷ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʚʳʰʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ E-ʨʷʜ ʚʳʛʣʷʜʠʪ ʪʘʢ.

ʋʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ: x3 � x2 = y2 + y;E-ʨʷʜ: E1 = 1, E2 = 4, E3 = 4, E4 = 8, E5 = 4, E6 = 16, E7 = 9, E8 = 16, ...

ʇʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʦʙʳʯʥʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʚʦʤ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ, E-ʨʷʜʳ ʟʘʚʝʜʦʤʦ ʣʫʯʰʝ, ʯʝʤ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ. ɺ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ, E-ʨʷʜ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʠʪ ʚ ʩʝʙʝ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʜʦʣʶ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʦʥʦ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʝʪ. ʇʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʪʦʤʫ, ʢʘʢ ʙʠʦʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ɼʅʂ ʥʝʩʝʪ ʚ ʩʝʙʝ ʚʩʶ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʶ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʫʶ ʜʣʷ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʠʷ ʞʠʚʦʛʦ ʦʨʛʘʥʠʟʤʘ, E-ʨʷʜ ʥʝʩʝʪ ʚ ʩʝʙʝ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʫʶ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʶ ʦʙ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʠʪʘʣʠ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʫ, ʯʪʦ E-ʨʷʜ � ʵʪʦ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ɼʅʂ, ʠ ʯʪʦ ʧʨʠ ʧʦʤʦʱʠ ʝʛʦ ʦʥʠ ʚ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʤ ʩʯʝʪʝ ʩʤʦʛʫʪ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤ ʭʦʪʝʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʟʥʘʪʴ ʦʙ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ.

ʈʘʙʦʪʘʷ ʧʦʜ ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʩʪʚʦʤ ɼʞʦʥʘ ʂʦʫʪʩʘ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʩʪʨʦ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʣ ʨʝʧʫʪʘʮʠʶ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʝʛʦ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʘ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦ ʨʘʟʙʠʨʘʶʱʝʛʦʩʷ ʚ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ. ʉ ʢʘʞʜʳʤ ʥʦʚʳʤ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʤ ʠ ʩ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʩʪʘʪʴʝʡ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʩʘʤ ʪʦʛʦ ʥʝ ʚʝʜʘʷ, ʥʘʙʠʨʘʣʩʷ ʦʧʳʪʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤʠ ʛʦʜʘʤʠ ʧʦʟʞʝ ʧʨʠʚʝʣ ʝʛʦ ʢ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ɺ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʝʱʝ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʧʦʩʣʝʚʦʝʥʥʦʡ ʗʧʦʥʠʠ ʫʞʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʘ ʮʝʧʴ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʪ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʳʚʥʫʶ ʩʚʷʟʴ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʢʨʠʚʳʤʠ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ ʬʦʨʤʘʤʠ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʵʪʘ ʩʚʷʟʴ ʠ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʪ ʚʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʠ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʇʦʦʱʨʷʷ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʢ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʶ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ, ʂʦʫʪʩ ʜʘʣ ʝʤʫ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʘ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʚʰʠʝ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʪʴ ʜʘʚʥʶʶ ʤʝʯʪʫ.

ʇʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʷ ʨʝʜʘʢʮʠʠ1. ʕʪʦ ʥʝ ʩʦʚʩʝʤ ʚʝʨʥʦ. ʈʘʟʚʠʚʘʷ ʠʜʝʠ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ, ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʚ ʵʪʦ ʠʣʠ ʙʣʠʟʢʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ɼ. ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ, ʕ. ʅʸʪʝʨ, ɹ. ʃ. ɺʘʥ ʜʝʨ ɺʘʨʜʝʥ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ, ʧʨʠʜʘʣʠ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʝ ʠ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʡ ʦʙʣʠʢ. ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

2. ʄʳ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʟʥʘʪʴ, ʤʳ ʙʫʜʝʤ ʟʥʘʪʴ (ʥʝʤ.) ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

3. ʌʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʟʘʢʦʥʳ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠ (ʥʝʤ.) ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ4. ɻʣʘʚʥʳʡ ʪʨʫʜ (ʣʘʪ.). ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ5. ʆ ʬʦʨʤʘʣʴʥʦ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʭ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʠʷʭ ʚ çPrincipia Mathematicaè ʠ ʨʦʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʭ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʘʭ (ʥʝʤ.). ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

6. ʆʙʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʦʪʥʦʩʷʪʩʷ ʢ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʙʦʛʘʪʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ (ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʢ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʇʝʘʥʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠʣʠ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʝ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ ʎʝʨʤʝʣʦ�ʌʨʝʥʢʝʣʷ). ʉʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʫ, ʯʪʦ ʟʜʝʩʴ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʷʪʩʷ ʥʝ ʪʦʯʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʢʠ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ, ʘ ʠʭ ʧʦʧʫʣʷʨʥʘʷ ʠʥʪʝʨʧʨʝʪʘʮʠʷ. ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

7. ʅʘʟʚʘʥʠʝ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ, ʠʣʠ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘ ʦʩʪʘʪʢʦʚ, ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʦʪ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʥʝʡ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʥʝ ʩʘʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʘ ʦʩʪʘʪʢʠ ʦʪ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʣʠʙʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʚ ʜʘʥʥʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʥʘ 5. ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

ɻʣʘʚʘ 5ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ

ʋʟʦʨʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʫʟʦʨʳ ʭʫʜʦʞʥʠʢʘ ʠʣʠ ʫʟʦʨʳ ʧʦʵʪʘ, ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʢʨʘʩʠʚʳ; ʠʜʝʠ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʢʨʘʩʢʠ ʠʣʠ ʩʣʦʚʘ, ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʩʦʯʝʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʯʝʩʢʠ. ʂʨʘʩʦʪʘ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ ʢʨʠʪʝʨʠʝʤ: ʚ ʤʠʨʝ ʥʝʪ ʤʝʩʪʘ ʜʣʷ ʙʝʟʦʙʨʘʟʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ɻ. ɻ. ʍʘʨʜʠ

ɺ ʷʥʚʘʨʝ 1954 ʛʦʜʘ ʪʘʣʘʥʪʣʠʚʳʡ ʤʦʣʦʜʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʠʟ ʊʦʢʠʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʥʘʥʝʩ ʦʙʳʯʥʳʡ ʚʠʟʠʪ ʚ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʩʢʫʶ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʫ. ɻʦʨʦ ʐʠʤʫʨʝ ʙʳʣ ʥʫʞʝʥ ʵʢʟʝʤʧʣʷʨ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘ çMathematische Annalenè, ʪʦʤ 24. ɺ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ʝʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʣʘ ʩʪʘʪʴʷ ɼʦʡʨʠʥʛʘ ʧʦ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʢʦʤʧʣʝʢʩʥʦʛʦ ʫʤʥʦʞʝʥʠʷ. ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ɼʦʡʨʠʥʛʘ ʧʦʤʦʞʝʪ ʝʤʫ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʯʨʝʟʚʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ, ʩʤʳʩʣ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʙʳʣ ʷʩʝʥ ʣʠʰʴ ʫʟʢʦʤʫ ʢʨʫʛʫ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ.

ʂ ʫʜʠʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʠ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʶ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʥʫʞʥʳʡ ʝʤʫ ʪʦʤ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʜʘʥ. ɽʛʦ ʚʟʷʣ ʖʪʘʢʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ, ʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʙʳʣ ʝʜʚʘ ʟʥʘʢʦʤ. ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʞʠʣ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʛʦʨʦʜʢʘ. ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʢʫ, ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʷ, ʯʪʦ ʞʫʨʥʘʣ ʝʤʫ ʩʨʦʯʥʦ ʥʫʞʝʥ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʠʪʴ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʚʝʞʣʠʚʦ ʦʩʚʝʜʦʤʠʣʩʷ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʪʦʪ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʚʝʨʥʫʪʴ ʞʫʨʥʘʣ.

ʏʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʥʝʡ ʥʘ ʨʘʙʦʯʠʡ ʩʪʦʣ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʣʝʛʣʘ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʢʘ. ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʩʦʦʙʱʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʝʪ ʥʘʜ ʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʠ ʩʪʦʣʢʥʫʣʩʷ ʩ ʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʴʶ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʣ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʢʝ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ. ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʣ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʙʤʝʥʷʪʴʩʷ ʠʜʝʷʤʠ, ʠ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʚ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʤ ʩʦʚʤʝʩʪʥʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ. ʊʘʢ ʩʣʫʯʘʡʥʦʝ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʝʥʠʝ ʟʘʢʘʟʦʚ ʥʘ ʦʜʠʥ ʠ ʪʦʪ ʞʝ ʞʫʨʥʘʣ ʚ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʩʢʦʡ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʝ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʪʦʣʯʢʦʤ ʢ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʫ, ʙʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʘ ʦʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʟʘʢʦʥʦʤʝʨʥʦʩʪʝʡ.

ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʨʦʜʠʣʩʷ 12 ʥʦʷʙʨʷ 1927 ʛʦʜʘ ʚ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʦʤ ʛʦʨʦʜʢʝ ʚ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʢʠʣʦʤʝʪʨʘʭ ʢ ʩʝʚʝʨʫ ʦʪ ʊʦʢʠʦ. ʗʧʦʥʩʢʠʡ ʠʝʨʦʛʣʠʬ, ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʘʶʱʠʡ ʝʛʦ ʠʤʷ, ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʯʠʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʢʘʢ çʊʦʡʦè, ʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʯʫʞʠʭ ʣʶʜʝʡ, ʥʝ ʷʚʣʷʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʯʣʝʥʘʤʠ ʩʝʤʴʠ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ, ʥʝʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʧʨʝʪʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʢʘʢ çʖʪʘʢʘè, ʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʚʳʨʦʩ, ʦʥ ʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʵʪʦ ʠʤʷ. ɺ ʜʝʪʩʪʚʝ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ ʧʦʩʪʦʷʥʥʦ ʧʨʝʨʳʚʘʣʦʩʴ. ʆʥ ʥʝ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʣʩʷ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʢʨʝʧʢʠʤ ʟʜʦʨʦʚʴʝʤ, ʯʘʩʪʦ ʭʚʦʨʘʣ, ʘ ʩʪʘʚ ʧʦʜʨʦʩʪʢʦʤ, ʟʘʙʦʣʝʣ ʪʫʙʝʨʢʫʣʝʟʦʤ ʠ ʧʨʦʧʫʩʪʠʣ ʜʚʘ ʛʦʜʘ ʚ ʩʨʝʜʥʝʡ ʰʢʦʣʝ. ʈʘʟʨʘʟʠʚʰʘʷʩʷ ʚʦʡʥʘ ʚʳʟʚʘʣʘ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʧʝʨʝʨʳʚ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʠ.

ɻʦʨʦ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ, ʙʳʚʰʠʡ ʥʘ ʦʜʠʥ ʛʦʜ ʤʣʘʜʰʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ, ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʩʦʚʩʝʤ ʥʝ ʫʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʚʦʝʥʥʳʝ ʛʦʜʳ. ɽʛʦ ʰʢʦʣʫ ʟʘʢʨʳʣʠ, ʠ ʚʤʝʩʪʦ ʫʨʦʢʦʚ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʟʘʚʦʜʝ, ʩʦʙʠʨʘʷ ʜʝʪʘʣʠ ʩʘʤʦʣʝʪʦʚ. ʂʘʞʜʳʡ ʚʝʯʝʨ ʦʥ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʩʘʤʦʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʦ ʰʢʦʣʴʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʝ. ʆʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʝʛʦ ʚʣʝʢʣʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ. çʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʠʟʫʯʘʪʴ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʳ, ʥʦ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʤʥʝ ʜʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ. ʗ ʟʘʧʦʝʤ ʯʠʪʘʣ ʫʯʝʙʥʠʢʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʇʦ ʫʯʝʙʥʠʢʘʤ ʷ ʚʳʫʯʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʘʥʘʣʠʟ. ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʷ ʟʘʭʦʪʝʣ ʠʟʫʯʠʪʴ ʭʠʤʠʶ ʠʣʠ ʬʠʟʠʢʫ, ʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʦʙʦʨʫʜʦʚʘʥʠʝ, ʘ ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʦʩʪʫʧʘ ʥʠ ʢ ʯʝʤʫ ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦʤʫ. ʗ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʜʫʤʘʣ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶ ʢʘʢʠʤʠ-ʪʦ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʩʪʷʤʠ ʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʇʨʦʩʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʦè.

ʏʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʣʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʥʠʷ ʚʦʡʥʳ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʠ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʙʳʣʠ ʫʞʝ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʘʤʠ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥʠ ʦʙʤʝʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʢʘʤʠ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʪʦʤʘ çMathematische Annalenè, ʞʠʟʥʴ ʚ ʊʦʢʠʦ ʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʦʙʳʯʥʦʝ ʨʫʩʣʦ, ʠ ʜʚʘ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʘ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʫʶ ʨʦʩʢʦʰʴ: ʩʨʝʜʠ ʜʥʷ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʦ ʧʦʩʠʜʝʪʴ ʚ ʢʘʬʝ, ʚʝʯʝʨʦʤ ʧʦʦʙʝʜʘʪʴ ʚ ʨʝʩʪʦʨʘʥʯʠʢʝ, ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʟʠʨʦʚʘʚʰʝʤʩʷ ʥʘ ʙʣʶʜʘʭ ʠʟ ʢʠʪʦʚʦʛʦ ʤʷʩʘ, ʘ ʧʦʪʦʤ ʧʦʛʫʣʷʪʴ ʚ ʙʦʪʘʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʩʘʜʫ ʠʣʠ ʛʦʨʦʜʩʢʦʤ ʧʘʨʢʝ. ɺʩʝ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʠ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʤʝʩʪʘ ʜʣʷ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʩʚʝʞʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʠʜʝʡ.

ʍʦʪʷ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʙʳʣ ʥʝ ʯʫʞʜ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʧʨʠʯʫʜ (ʦʥ ʠ ʧʦʥʳʥʝ ʧʠʪʘʝʪ ʩʣʘʙʦʩʪʴ ʢ ʘʥʝʢʜʦʪʘʤ ʦ ʤʫʜʨʝʮʘʭ, ʧʨʦʧʦʚʝʜʫʶʱʠʭ ʜʟʝʥ-ʙʫʜʜʠʟʤ), ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʢʦʥʩʝʨʚʘʪʠʚʝʥ ʠ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʦʥʝʥ, ʯʝʤ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘ. ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʧʦʜʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʨʘʩʩʚʝʪʝ ʠ ʩʨʘʟʫ ʞʝ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʘʣ ʢ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ. ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʞʝ ʯʘʩʪʝʥʴʢʦ ʥʝ ʣʦʞʠʣʩʷ ʩʧʘʪʴ, ʧʨʦʨʘʙʦʪʘʚ ʚʩʶ ʥʦʯʴ ʥʘʧʨʦʣʝʪ. ʊʝ, ʢʪʦ ʟʘʛʣʷʜʳʚʘʣ ʜʥʝʤ ʢ ʥʝʤʫ ʚ ʥʦʤʝʨ, ʥʝʨʝʜʢʦ ʟʘʩʪʘʚʘʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʩʧʷʱʠʤ.

ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʙʳʣ ʩʢʨʫʧʫʣʝʟʝʥ ʠ ʩʪʨʦʛ, ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʥʝʙʨʝʞʝʥ, ʧʦʯʪʠ ʣʝʥʠʚ. ʋʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʥʦ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʵʪʘ ʯʝʨʪʘ ʚ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʝ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʠʤʧʦʥʠʨʦʚʘʣʘ ʐʠʤʫʨʝ: çʆʥ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʣ ʦʩʦʙʳʤ ʜʘʨʦʤ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʘʪʴ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ, ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʤ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʤ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʠ. ʗ ʟʘʚʠʜʦʚʘʣ ʵʪʦʡ ʝʛʦ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʧʦʜʨʘʞʘʪʴ ʝʤʫ, ʥʦ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʘʪʴ ʭʦʨʦʰʠʝ ʦʰʠʙʢʠ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʪʨʫʜʥʦè.

ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʙʳʣ ʞʠʚʳʤ ʚʦʧʣʦʱʝʥʠʝʤ ʨʘʩʩʝʷʥʥʦʛʦ ʛʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʵʪʦ ʦʪʨʘʞʘʣʦʩʴ ʠ ʥʘ ʝʛʦ ʚʥʝʰʥʦʩʪʠ. ʆʥ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʩʧʦʩʦʙʝʥ ʢʨʝʧʢʦ ʟʘʚʷʟʘʪʴ ʰʥʫʨʢʠ ʥʘ ʙʦʪʠʥʢʘʭ ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʚʤʝʩʪʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦ ʜʝʩʷʪʴ ʨʘʟ ʥʘ ʜʝʥʴ ʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʦʜʥʦ ʠ ʪʦʞʝ, ʚʦʦʙʱʝ ʠʭ ʥʝ ʟʘʚʷʟʳʚʘʪʴ. ʆʥ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʥʦʩʠʣ ʦʜʠʥ ʠ ʪʦʪ ʞʝ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʧʨʠʤʝʪʥʳʡ ʟʝʣʝʥʳʡ ʢʦʩʪʶʤ ʩ ʤʝʪʘʣʣʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʦʪʣʠʚʦʤ. ʂʦʩʪʶʤ ʙʳʣ ʩʰʠʪ ʠʟ ʪʢʘʥʠ, ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʢʨʠʯʘʱʝʡ, ʯʪʦ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʣʝʥʳ ʩʝʤʴʠ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʦʪ ʥʝʝ.

ʂʦʛʜʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʠ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʣʠʩʴ ʚ 1954 ʛʦʜʫ, ʦʥʠ ʦʙʘ ʙʳʣʠ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʶʱʠʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ. ʇʦ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʠ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʱʝʡ ʠ ʜʦ ʩʠʭ ʧʦʨ, ʤʦʣʦʜʳʭ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʚ ʙʝʨʝʪ çʧʦʜ ʢʨʳʣʦè ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ, ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʷʱʠʡ ʠʭ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʠʝʤ ʢʘʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʠ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʦʪʚʝʨʛʣʠ ʪʘʢʫʶ ʬʦʨʤʫ ʫʯʝʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ. ɺʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʚʦʡʥʳ ʥʘʩʪʦʷʱʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʪʠʣʠʩʴ, ʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʢ 50-ʤ ʛʦʜʘʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪ ʝʱʝ ʥʝ ʚʦʟʨʦʜʠʣʩʷ. ʇʦ ʩʣʦʚʘʤ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʘ ʙʳʣʠ çʫʩʪʘʣʳ, ʠʟʤʫʯʝʥʳ ʠ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʳè. ʏʪʦ ʞʝ ʢʘʩʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʦʩʣʝʚʦʝʥʥʳʭ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʦʚ ʠ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʚ, ʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʧʨʝʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʳ ʵʥʝʨʛʠʠ ʠ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʥʦ ʭʦʪʝʣʠ ʫʯʠʪʴʩʷ. ɺʩʢʦʨʝ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʳ ʧʦʥʷʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʳʡ ʠʤ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ ʠʟʫʯʘʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʙʫʯʘʪʴ ʜʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʘ. ʆʥʠ ʦʨʛʘʥʠʟʦʚʘʣʠ ʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʝ ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʳ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʧʦ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʠ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ ʜʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʘ ʦ ʥʦʚʝʡʰʠʭ ʠʜʝʷʭ, ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʘʭ ʠ ʤʝʪʦʜʘʭ. ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʩʚʦʶ ʚʷʣʦʩʪʴ ʠ ʘʧʘʪʠʯʥʦʩʪʴ, ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʨʝʯʴ ʟʘʭʦʜʠʣʘ ʦ ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʘʭ, ʧʨʝʠʩʧʦʣʥʷʣʩʷ ʚʩʝʩʦʢʨʫʰʘʶʱʝʡ ʵʥʝʨʛʠʝʡ. ɸʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʚ ʧʦʩʪʘʨʰʝ ʦʥ ʧʦʦʱʨʷʣ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʪʝ ʩʤʝʣʝʝ ʚʪʦʨʛʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʝʱʝ ʥʝʠʟʚʝʜʘʥʥʫʶ ʪʝʨʨʠʪʦʨʠʶ, ʘ ʧʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʶ ʢ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʘʤ ʤʣʘʜʰʝ ʩʝʙʷ ʠ

ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʘʤ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʘʣ ʚ ʨʦʣʠ ʫʯʠʪʝʣʷ. ʅʘʫʯʥʘʷ ʠʟʦʣʷʮʠʷ ʗʧʦʥʠʠ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʘ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʠ ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʳ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʠʩʴ ʟʘʜʘʯʘʤʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʦ, ʚ ɽʚʨʦʧʝ ʠ ɸʤʝʨʠʢʝ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʘʩʴ ʜʘʚʥʦ ʧʨʦʡʜʝʥʥʳʤʠ. ʆʜʥʘ ʚʳʰʝʜʰʘʷ ʠʟ ʤʦʜʳ ʪʝʤʘ, ʘ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ, ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ, ʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʝ ʠ ʐʠʤʫʨʝ, ʄʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ � ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʳʭ ʠ ʯʫʜʝʩʥʳʭ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʦʚ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʉʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʡ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʕʡʭʣʝʨ ʧʨʠʯʠʩʣʠʣ ʠʭ ʢ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʧʷʪʠ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʡ, ʪ.ʝ. ʫʤʝʥʠʝ ʦʙʨʘʱʘʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ ʬʦʨʤʘʤʠ ʦʥ ʩʯʠʪʘʣ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʞʝ ʚʘʞʥʳʤ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʝ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʡ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠ. ʅʘʜʦ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʘʣʝʢʦ ʥʝ ʚʩʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʩʝʙʷ, ʩʪʘʣʢʠʚʘʷʩʴ ʩ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʷʪʦʡ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʝʡ, ʚ ʦʪʣʠʯʠʝ ʦʪ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ, ʛʜʝ ʦʥʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʶʪ ʩʝʙʷ ʤʘʩʪʝʨʘʤʠ.

ʆʪʣʠʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʠʭ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʚʳʩʦʢʠʡ ʫʨʦʚʝʥʴ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʠ. ʍʦʪʷ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʟʥʘʢʦʤʦ ʩ ʧʦʚʩʝʜʥʝʚʥʳʤ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝʤ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʠ, ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʚ ʪʝʨʤʠʥ çʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʷè ʚʢʣʘʜʳʚʘʶʪ ʦʩʦʙʳʡ ʩʤʳʩʣ. ʆʙʲʝʢʪ ʩʯʠʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʱʠʤ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ, ʝʩʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʜʦʟʚʦʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʥʳʡ ʦʙʲʝʢʪ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʥʝʦʪʣʠʯʠʤ ʦʪ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʦʮʝʥʠʪʴ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʚʳʩʦʢʫʶ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʶ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʧʦʣʝʟʥʦ ʩʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʠʟʫʯʠʪʴ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʶ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʟʥʘʢʦʤʦʛʦ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʧʨʦʩʪʦʛʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ.

ʈʠʩ. 18. ʇʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʚʨʘʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʠ ʟʝʨʢʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʷʤʠ

ʈʠʩ. 19. ʇʣʦʩʢʦʩʪʴ, ʚʳʣʦʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘʤʠ, ʧʦʤʠʤʦ ʚʨʘʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʠ ʟʝʨʢʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʡ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʝʱʝ ʠ ʪʨʘʥʩʣʷʮʠʦʥʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ

ɺ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ ʦʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʬʦʨʤ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʡ � ʚʨʘʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ. ɽʩʣʠ ʤʳ ʤʳʩʣʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʦʚʝʜʝʤ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʪʦʯʢʫ ʧʝʨʝʩʝʯʝʥʠʷ ʦʩʝʡ x ʠ y ʧʨʷʤʫʶ, ʧʝʨʧʝʥʜʠʢʫʣʷʨʥʫʶ ʨʠʩʫʥʢʫ, ʪʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 18 ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʚʝʨʥʫʪʴ ʥʘ ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʴ ʦʙʦʨʦʪʘ � ʠ ʦʥ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʥʝʦʪʣʠʯʠʤ ʦʪ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ. ʂʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʥʝʦʪʣʠʯʠʤ ʦʪ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʧʦʚʦʨʦʪʘ ʥʘ ʧʦʣ-ʦʙʦʨʦʪʘ, ʪʨʠ ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʠ ʦʙʦʨʦʪʘ ʠ ʧʦʣʥʳʡ ʦʙʦʨʦʪ.

ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʚʨʘʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʠ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʟʝʨʢʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ. ɽʩʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ, ʯʪʦ ʟʝʨʢʘʣʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʦ ʚʜʦʣʴ ʦʩʠ x ʧʝʨʧʝʥʜʠʢʫʣʷʨʥʦ ʧʣʦʩʢʦʩʪʠ ʨʠʩʫʥʢʘ, ʪʦ ʚʝʨʭʥʷʷ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʘ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ ʦʪʨʘʟʠʪʩʷ ʪʦʯʥʦ ʥʘ ʥʠʞʥʶʶ ʠ ʥʘʦʙʦʨʦʪ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʥʝʦʪʣʠʯʠʤ ʦʪ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ. ɸʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦ, ʤʳ ʤʦʞʝʤ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʪʨʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʟʝʨʢʘʣʘ (ʚʜʦʣʴ ʦʩʠ y ʠ ʜʚʫʭ ʜʠʘʛʦʥʘʣʝʡ). ɺʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷʭ ʦʪʨʘʞʝʥʥʳʡ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʥʝʦʪʣʠʯʠʤ ʦʪ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ.

ʇʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʯʝʥ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʚʨʘʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʠ ʟʝʨʢʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʷʤʠ. ʅʦ ʥʝ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʪʨʘʥʩʣʷʮʠʦʥʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ. ʕʪʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʴ ʩʜʚʠʛʫ ʚ ʣʶʙʦʤ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʠ, ʪʦ ʥʘʙʣʶʜʘʪʝʣʴ ʪʦʪʯʘʩ ʞʝ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʪ ʧʝʨʝʤʝʱʝʥʠʝ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʦʩʝʡ x ʠ y ʠʟʤʝʥʠʪʩʷ. ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʚʩʷ ʧʣʦʩʢʦʩʪʴ ʙʳʣʘ ʚʳʤʦʱʝʥʘ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘʤʠ, ʢʘʢ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 19, ʪʦ ʵʪʦʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʡ ʥʘʙʦʨ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʚ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʣ ʙʳ ʪʨʘʥʩʣʷʮʠʦʥʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ. ʇʨʠ ʩʜʚʠʛʝ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʨʘʟʙʠʪʦʡ ʥʘ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʳ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʡ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʠ ʥʘ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ, ʨʘʚʥʦʝ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʣʠ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤ ʜʣʠʥʘʤ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ, ʩʜʚʠʥʫʪʘʷ ʤʦʟʘʠʢʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʥʠʯʝʤ ʥʝ ʦʪʣʠʯʠʤʘ ʦʪ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʡ.

ʉʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʷ ʚʳʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʭ ʧʣʠʪʢʘʤʠ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʝʡ � ʠʜʝʷ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʘʷ, ʥʦ, ʢʘʢ ʵʪʦ ʥʝʨʝʜʢʦ ʙʳʚʘʝʪ ʩʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʤʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤʠ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷʤʠ, ʚ ʥʝʡ ʩʢʨʳʪʦ ʥʝʤʘʣʦ ʪʦʥʢʦʩʪʝʡ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʚ 70-ʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʙʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʠʡ ʬʠʟʠʢ ʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʴ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ ʈʦʜʞʝʨ ʇʝʥʨʦʫʟ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʧʨʠʢʠʜʳʚʘʪʴ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʳ ʨʘʟʙʠʝʥʠʷ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠ ʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʠ ʥʘ ʧʣʠʪʢʠ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʳ. ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʦʥ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʜʚʝ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʥ ʥʘʟʚʘʣ ʚʦʟʜʫʰʥʳʤ ʟʤʝʝʤ ʠ ʜʨʦʪʠʢʦʤ (ʩʤ. ʨʠʩ. 20). ʂʘʞʜʘʷ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʬʦʨʤ ʩʘʤʘ ʧʦ ʩʝʙʝ ʥʝ ʛʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʟʘʤʦʱʝʥʠʷ ʚʩʝʡ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʠ ʙʝʟ ʧʨʦʙʝʣʦʚ ʠ ʥʘʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ ʧʣʠʪʦʢ ʜʨʫʛ ʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʘ, ʥʦ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʚʦʟʜʫʰʥʳʝ ʟʤʝʠ ʠ ʜʨʦʪʠʢʠ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʪ ʨʘʟʙʠʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʘ ʤʦʟʘʠʢʠ ʩ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʤ ʨʠʩʫʥʢʦʤ. ɿʤʝʠ ʠ ʜʨʦʪʠʢʠ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʦʯʝʪʘʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʦʚ, ʠ ʭʦʪʷ ʨʠʩʫʥʢʠ ʤʦʟʘʠʢ ʢʘʞʫʪʩʷ ʧʦʭʦʞʠʤʠ, ʦʥʠ ʩʠʣʴʥʦ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʜʝʪʘʣʷʭ. ʆʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʤʦʟʘʠʢ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʘ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 20.

ʈʠʩ. 20. ʀʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʧʣʠʪʢʠ ʜʚʫʭ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ ʈʦʜʞʝʨ ʇʝʥʨʦʫʟ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʚʳʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʠʤʠ ʚʩʶ ʧʣʦʩʢʦʩʪʴ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ ʤʦʟʘʠʢʘ ʇʝʥʨʦʫʟʘ ʥʝ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʪʨʘʥʩʣʷʮʠʦʥʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ

ɽʱʝ ʦʜʥʘ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʤʦʟʘʠʢ ʇʝʥʨʦʫʟʘ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʝʥʥʳʤ ʫʨʦʚʥʝʤ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʠ. ʅʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʟʘʠʢʘ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 20 ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʪʨʘʥʩʣʷʮʠʦʥʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ, ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʣʶʙʘʷ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘ ʩʦʚʤʝʩʪʠʪʴ ʤʦʟʘʠʢʫ ʩ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʝʡ. ʄʦʟʘʠʢʠ ʇʝʥʨʦʫʟʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʘʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʯʥʳʤʠ, ʠ ʵʪʠʤ ʦʥʠ ʪʘʢ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʣʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʯʪʦ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʳʤ ʧʫʥʢʪʦʤ ʚ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʠ ʮʝʣʦʛʦ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ.

ʀʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʦ ʦʪʤʝʪʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʟʘʠʢʠ ʇʝʥʨʦʫʟʘ ʵʭʦʤ ʦʪʦʟʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʦʚʝʜʝʥʠʠ. ʂʨʠʩʪʘʣʣʦʛʨʘʬʳ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʘ ʢʨʠʩʪʘʣʣʦʚ ʦʧʠʨʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧʳ, ʣʝʞʘʱʠʝ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʝ ʨʘʟʙʠʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʳ, ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʱʝʛʦ ʚʳʩʦʢʠʤ ʫʨʦʚʥʝʤ ʪʨʘʥʩʣʷʮʠʦʥʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʠ. ʊʝʦʨʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʩʪʨʦʝʥʠʝ ʢʨʠʩʪʘʣʣʦʚ ʟʠʞʜʝʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʧʝʨʠʦʜʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʝ. ʅʦ ʚ 1984 ʛʦʜʫ ʫʯʝʥʳʝ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣʠ ʤʝʪʘʣʣʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʢʨʠʩʪʘʣʣ ʩʧʣʘʚʘ ʘʣʶʤʠʥʠʷ ʠ ʤʘʨʛʘʥʮʘ, ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʥʳʡ ʥʘ ʪʝʭ ʞʝ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧʘʭ, ʯʪʦ ʠ ʤʦʟʘʠʢʠ ʇʝʥʨʦʫʟʘ. ʄʦʟʘʠʢʘ ʩʧʣʘʚʘ ʘʣʶʤʠʥʠʷ ʠ ʤʘʨʛʘʥʮʘ ʚʝʣʘ ʩʝʙʷ, ʢʘʢ ʤʦʟʘʠʢʘ ʠʟ ʚʦʟʜʫʰʥʳʭ ʟʤʝʝʚ ʠ ʜʨʦʪʠʢʦʚ, ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʷ ʢʨʠʩʪʘʣʣ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʳʡ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʩʦʚʩʝʤ. ʅʝʜʘʚʥʦ ʦʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʠʭ ʢʦʤʧʘʥʠʡ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʘ ʢʨʠʩʪʘʣʣ ʇʝʥʨʦʫʟʘ ʚ ʧʦʢʨʳʪʠʠ ʜʣʷ ʩʢʦʚʦʨʦʜ.

ɽʩʣʠ ʦʪʣʠʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʤʦʟʘʠʢ ʇʝʥʨʦʫʟʘ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʠʭ ʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʝʥʥʘʷ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʷ, ʪʦ ʦʪʣʠʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ � ʠʭ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʘʷ, ʥʝʠʩʯʝʨʧʘʝʤʘʷ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʷ. ʄʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ, ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʠʩʴ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʠ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʘʪʴ ʪʨʘʥʩʣʷʮʠʷʤ (ʧʘʨʘʣʣʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʧʝʨʝʥʦʩʘʤ, ʠʣʠ ʩʜʚʠʛʘʤ), ʧʝʨʝʩʪʨʘʠʚʘʪʴ, ʧʝʨʝʩʪʘʚʣʷʪʴ ʬʨʘʛʤʝʥʪʳ, ʦʪʨʘʞʘʪʴ ʚ ʟʝʨʢʘʣʘʭ ʠ ʧʦʚʦʨʘʯʠʚʘʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʤʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʘʤʠ, ʠ ʧʨʠ ʵʪʦʤ ʦʥʠ ʦʩʪʘʥʫʪʩʷ ʥʝʠʟʤʝʥʥʳʤʠ, ʯʪʦ ʜʝʣʘʝʪ ʠʭ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʯʥʳʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘʤʠ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ-ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʘʣ ɸʥʨʠ ʇʫʘʥʢʘʨʝ ʠʟʫʯʘʣ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʚ XIX ʚʝʢʝ, ʦʥ ʠʩʧʳʪʘʣ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʳʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʠ, ʧʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʠʭ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ. ʇʫʘʥʢʘʨʝ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʚʘʣʩʷ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʚ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʫʶ ʬʦʨʤʫ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʛʦ ʚʠʜʘ, ʦʥ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʜʚʫʭ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʧʨʦʩʳʧʘʣʩʷ ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʫʪʨʦ ʚ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʝ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ ʚ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷʭ. ʀ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘ ʧʷʪʥʘʜʮʘʪʳʡ ʜʝʥʴ ʦʥ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʪ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʴʥʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ.

ʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʥʠ ʥʘʨʠʩʦʚʘʪʴ, ʥʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʥʘʛʣʷʜʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʫʶ ʬʦʨʤʫ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ɺ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʦʡ ʤʦʟʘʠʢʠ ʤʳ ʠʤʝʝʤ ʦʙʲʝʢʪ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʦʙʠʪʘʝʪ ʚ ʜʚʫʭ ʠʟʤʝʨʝʥʠʷʭ. ɽʛʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʦ ʟʘʜʘʥʦ ʦʩʴʶ x ʠ ʦʩʴʶ y. ʄʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʫʶ ʬʦʨʤʫ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʢʘʢ ʬʫʥʢʮʠʶ, ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʚ ʜʚʫʭ ʠʟʤʝʨʝʥʠʷʭ, ʥʦ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʡ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʜʚʫʤʝʨʥʘ. ʇʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʤʳ ʭʦʪʝʣʠ ʧʦʩʤʦʪʨʝʪʴ ʥʘ ʛʨʘʬʠʢ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʬʫʥʢʮʠʠ, ʪʦ ʦʥ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʙʳ ʚ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭʤʝʨʥʦʤ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʝ.

ɽʱʝ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʠʭ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʚʚʝʩʪʠ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʫ, ʧʨʝʚʨʘʱʘʶʱʫʶ ʵʪʫ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴ ʚ ʛʠʧʝʨʙʦʣʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʦ. ʃʶʜʷʤ, ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥʥʳʤ ʞʠʪʴ ʚ ʦʙʳʯʥʦʤ ʪʨʝʭʤʝʨʥʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ, ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʛʠʧʝʨʙʦʣʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʤʠʨ, ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ, ʥʦ ʩ ʪʦʯʢʠ ʟʨʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʵʪʘ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʠʜʘʝʪ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤ ʬʦʨʤʘʤ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʚʳʩʦʢʠʡ ʫʨʦʚʝʥʴ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʠ. ɻʦʣʣʘʥʜʩʢʠʡ ʭʫʜʦʞʥʠʢ ʄʦʨʠʮ ʕʰʝʨ ʙʳʣ ʪʘʢ ʫʚʣʝʯʝʥ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʠʜʝʷʤʠ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʚʦʧʣʦʪʠʪʴ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʝ ʛʠʧʝʨʙʦʣʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ ʚ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʠʟ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʛʨʘʚʶʨ ʠ ʨʠʩʫʥʢʦʚ. ʅʘ ʨʠʩ. 21 ʚʳ ʚʠʜʠʪʝ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʕʰʝʨʘ çʇʨʝʜʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʢʨʫʛ. IVè, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʛʠʧʝʨʙʦʣʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʤʠʨ ʚʪʠʩʥʫʪ ʚ ʜʚʫʤʝʨʥʫʶ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʫ. ɺ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦ ʛʠʧʝʨʙʦʣʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ ʚʩʝ ʣʝʪʫʯʠʝ ʤʳʰʠ ʠ ʘʥʛʝʣʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʙʳ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʘ, ʘ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʳ ʫʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ ʥʘ ʚʳʩʦʢʠʡ ʫʨʦʚʝʥʴ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʠ. ʍʦʪʷ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʷ ʦʱʫʪʠʤʘ ʠ ʥʘ ʨʠʩʫʥʢʝ, ʧʦ ʤʝʨʝ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʞʝʥʠʷ ʢ ʢʨʘʶ ʢʘʨʪʠʥʳ ʠʩʢʘʞʝʥʠʷ ʫʩʠʣʠʚʘʶʪʩʷ.

ʈʠʩ. 21. çʇʨʝʜʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʢʨʫʛ. IVè ʄʦʨʠʮʘ ʕʰʝʨʘ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʠʪ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʳ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ

ʄʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʧʦʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʦʙʣʠʯʴʷʭ, ʥʦ ʢʘʞʜʫʶ ʠʟ ʬʦʨʤ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʡ ʩʫʤʤʳ ʩʣʘʛʘʝʤʳʭ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʚʠʜʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʶʪ ʦʜʥʫ ʬʦʨʤʫ ʦʪ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ. ʕʪʠ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʝ ʨʷʜʳ, ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʘʷ ʬʦʨʤʘ ʟʘʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʜʥʦʟʥʘʯʥʦ, ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ ʨʷʜʘʤʠ, ʠʣʠ M-ʨʷʜʘʤʠ.

ʇʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʪʦʤʫ, ʢʘʢ E-ʨʷʜʳ ʩʣʫʞʘʪ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ɼʅʂ ʜʣʷ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ, M-ʨʷʜʳ ʠʛʨʘʶʪ ʨʦʣʴ ɼʅʂ ʜʣʷ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ. ʀʟʤʝʥʷʷ ʩʣʘʛʘʝʤʳʝ M-ʨʷʜʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʨʦʜʠʪʴ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʜʨʫʛʫʶ, ʥʦ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʞʝ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʯʥʫʶ, ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʫʶ ʬʦʨʤʫ ʠʣʠ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʨʘʟʨʫʰʠʪʴ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʶ ʠ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʦʙʲʝʢʪ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʥʝ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʦʡ. ɽʩʣʠ ʩʣʘʛʘʝʤʳʝ ʚʳʙʨʘʥʳ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʣʴʥʦ, ʪʦ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʥʳʡ ʦʙʲʝʢʪ ʩʢʦʨʝʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʪʴ ʤʘʣʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ ʠʣʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʘʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʯʥʳʤ.

ʄʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʩʘʤʠ ʧʦ ʩʝʙʝ ʠʛʨʘʶʪ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʚʘʞʥʫʶ ʨʦʣʴ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʆʥʠ ʥʠʢʘʢ ʥʝ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʳ ʩ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʦʤ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʚ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʝ � ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʢʨʠʚʳʤʠ. ʄʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʘʷ ʬʦʨʤʘ � ʦʙʲʝʢʪ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʡ, ʦʪʢʨʳʪʳʡ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ XIX ʚʝʢʝ ʠ ʩʪʘʚʰʠʡ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʦʤ ʧʨʠʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʷ ʛʣʘʚʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʠʟ-ʟʘ ʝʛʦ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʠ. ʂʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ, ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʢʨʠʚʳʤ, ʙʳʣʠ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳ ʩ ʘʥʪʠʯʥʳʭ ʚʨʝʤʝʥ ʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʥʠʢʘʢ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʳ ʩ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ. ʄʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʦʙʠʪʘʶʪ ʚ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʷʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ, ʠ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʠ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʥʠʤʠ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʢʘʢʘʷ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʩʚʷʟʴ. ʇʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʠ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʧʦʚʝʨʛʣʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ ʰʦʢʘ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʧʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʦʜʥʦ ʠ ʪʦ ʞʝ.

ɾʝʣʘʝʤʦʝ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʝʪʩʷ ʟʘ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ

ɺ ʩʝʥʪʷʙʨʝ 1955 ʛʦʜʘ ʚ ʊʦʢʠʦ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʩʷ ʤʝʞʜʫʥʘʨʦʜʥʳʡ ʩʠʤʧʦʟʠʫʤ. ɼʣʷ ʤʦʣʦʜʳʭ ʷʧʦʥʩʢʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʫʥʠʢʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʦʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ ʩʚʦʠ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ. ʆʥʠ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʣʠ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʦʚ ʩʠʤʧʦʟʠʫʤʘ ʧʦʜʙʦʨʢʫ ʠʟ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʠ ʰʝʩʪʠ ʟʘʜʘʯ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʭ ʩ ʪʦʡ

ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ, ʥʘʜ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʥʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣʠ, ʧʨʝʜʧʦʩʣʘʚ ʟʘʜʘʯʘʤ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʩʢʨʦʤʥʦʝ ʚʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ: çʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ. ʅʠʢʘʢʦʛʦ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʝʜʚʘʨʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʧʨʝʜʣʘʛʘʝʤʳʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʪʨʠʚʠʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʠʣʠ ʫʞʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ. ʆʙʨʘʱʘʝʤʩʷ ʢ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʘʤ ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʘ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʴʙʦʡ ʧʨʦʢʦʤʤʝʥʪʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʣʶʙʳʝ ʠʟ ʥʠʭè.

ʏʝʪʳʨʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʦʡ ʠ ʫʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʠ ʥʘ ʣʶʙʦʧʳʪʥʫʶ ʩʚʷʟʴ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ ʬʦʨʤʘʤʠ ʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷʤʠ. ʕʪʠ ʥʝʚʠʥʥʳʝ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʠ ʢ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʨʦʪʫ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʩʤʦʛ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʴ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʯʣʝʥʦʚ M-ʨʷʜʘ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʠ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʠ ʯʣʝʥʳ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʘʶʪ ʩ ʯʣʝʥʘʤʠ E-ʨʷʜʘ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʡ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ. ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʣ ʝʱʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʯʣʝʥʦʚ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʨʷʜʘ, ʠ M-ʨʷʜ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʠ E-ʨʷʜ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʩʦʚʧʘʣʠ.

ʖʪʘʢʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ (ʢʨʘʡʥʠʡ ʩʣʝʚʘ) ʠ ɻʦʨʦ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ (ʢʨʘʡʥʠʡ ʩʧʨʘʚʘ) ʥʘ ʄʝʞʜʫʥʘʨʦʜʥʦʤ ʩʠʤʧʦʟʠʫʤʝ ʚ ʊʦʢʠʦ (1955)

ʕʪʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʦʨʘʟʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ, ʧʦʪʦʤʫ ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʠʢʘʢʦʡ ʚʠʜʠʤʦʡ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʳ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʫʶ ʬʦʨʤʫ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʪʴ ʩ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ɼʅʂ (E- ʠ M-ʨʷʜʳ), ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʱʠʝ ʩʘʤʫʶ ʩʫʱʥʦʩʪʴ ʦʙʦʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʦʚ, ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʪʦʞʜʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤʠ. ʆʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ ʙʳʣʦ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʠʤ ʧʦ ʜʚʫʤ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʘʤ. ɺʦ-ʧʝʨʚʳʭ, ʦʥʦ ʥʘʚʦʜʠʣʦ ʥʘ ʤʳʩʣʴ ʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ ʬʦʨʤʘʤʠ ʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʢʨʠʚʳʤʠ � ʨʘʟʥʳʤʠ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ. ɺʦ-ʚʪʦʨʳʭ, ʦʥʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʫʞʝ ʟʥʘʣʠ M-ʨʷʜ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʳ, ʥʝʪ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʩʪʠ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʷʪʴ E-ʨʷʜ ʜʣʷ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʝʡ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʦʥ ʚ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʘʝʪ ʩ M-ʨʷʜʦʤ.

ʋʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ, ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʤʠ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘʤʠ ʯʨʝʟʚʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʧʣʦʜʦʪʚʦʨʥʦ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʥʦ ʠ ʚ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʥʘʫʢʝ. ʊʘʢʘʷ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʴ ʫʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʥʘ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʠʡ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧ, ʣʝʞʘʱʠʡ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʝ ʦʙʦʠʭ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʦʚ ʠ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʡ ʛʣʫʙʞʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʠʭ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʣʠ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʠ ʤʘʛʥʝʪʠʟʤ ʢʘʢ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʥʝ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ, ʘ ʚ XIX ʚʝʢʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʠʤʝʥʪʘʪʦʨʳ ʧʦʥʷʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʠ ʤʘʛʥʝʪʠʟʤ ʪʝʩʥʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʳ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʩʦʙʦʡ. ɺ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʝ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʠ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ, ʠ ʤʘʛʥʝʪʠʟʤʘ. ʕʣʝʢʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʪʦʢʠ ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʶʪ ʤʘʛʥʠʪʥʳʝ ʧʦʣʷ, ʘ ʤʘʛʥʠʪʳ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʠʥʜʫʮʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʥʠʢʘʭ, ʥʘʭʦʜʷʱʠʭʩʷ ʚʙʣʠʟʠ ʤʘʛʥʠʪʦʚ. ʕʪʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʦ ʢ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʪʝʥʠʶ ʜʠʥʘʤʦʤʘʰʠʥ ʠ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʤʦʪʦʨʦʚ. ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʩʚʝʪ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ ʩʦʛʣʘʩʦʚʘʥʥʳʭ ʛʘʨʤʦʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʦʣʝʙʘʥʠʡ ʤʘʛʥʠʪʥʦʛʦ ʠ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʧʦʣʝʡ.

ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ, ʠ ʚ ʢʘʞʜʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ M-ʨʷʜ ʚ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʘʣ ʩ E-ʨʷʜʦʤ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ. ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʪʝʤ, ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʣʠ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʘʷ ʬʦʨʤʘ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʠ ʩ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝʤ. ʄʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ, ʫ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʝʩʪʴ ʪʘʢʘʷ ʞʝ ɼʅʂ, ʢʘʢ ʫ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ? ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʩ ʵʪʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ

ʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʳ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʣ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʶ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʦʚ ʩʠʤʧʦʟʠʫʤʘ.

ʀʜʝʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʘ ʩ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʦʡ, ʙʳʣʘ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʘ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝ, ʢʦʤʫ ʜʦʚʝʣʦʩʴ ʚʟʛʣʷʥʫʪʴ ʥʘ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ, ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʠʭ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ ʟʘʙʘʚʥʳʤ ʥʘʙʣʶʜʝʥʠʝʤ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʧʨʦʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤ ʬʦʨʤʘʤ, ʥʦ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʠ ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʘ ʩʦʯʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʝʥʠʝ. ʇʦ ʠʭ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ, ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ ʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʙʱʝʡ ʠ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʠ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʣʘ ʧʦʜ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦʛʦ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ. ʆʥʘ ʦʧʠʨʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝ ʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘ ʬʘʢʪʳ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘ ʠʥʪʫʠʮʠʶ.

ɽʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʩʦʶʟʥʠʢʦʤ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ ʙʳʣ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ, ʪʚʝʨʜʦ ʚʝʨʠʚʰʠʡ ʚ ʩʠʣʫ ʠ ʛʣʫʙʠʥʫ ʠʜʝʡ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʜʨʫʛʘ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʩʠʤʧʦʟʠʫʤʘ ʦʥ ʩʪʘʣ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʦʡ, ʩʪʨʝʤʷʩʴ ʜʦʚʝʩʪʠ ʝʛʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʜʦ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʫʨʦʚʥʷ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʤʠʨ ʫʞʝ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʞʝʪ ʠʛʥʦʨʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʠʤʠ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ. ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʬʘʢʪʳ, ʧʦʜʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʶʱʠʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ ʬʦʨʤʘʤʠ ʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʢʨʠʚʳʤʠ. ʀʭ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʠʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʦʩʴ ʚ 1957 ʛʦʜʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʙʳʣ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʰʝʥ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʠʡ ʠʥʩʪʠʪʫʪ ʚʳʩʰʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ. ʇʦ ʠʩʪʝʯʝʥʠʠ ʜʚʫʭ ʣʝʪ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʚ ɸʤʝʨʠʢʝ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʰʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʘ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʚʘʣʩʷ ʚʦʟʦʙʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʩʦʚʤʝʩʪʥʫʶ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʩ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʦʡ, ʥʦ ʵʪʠʤ ʧʣʘʥʘʤ ʥʝ ʩʫʞʜʝʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʙʳʪʴʩʷ. 17 ʥʦʷʙʨʷ 1958 ʛʦʜʘ ʖʪʘʢʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʧʦʢʦʥʯʠʣ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʦʤ.

ʉʤʝʨʪʴ ʛʝʥʠʷ

ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʭʨʘʥʠʪ ʪʫ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʢʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʧʦʩʣʘʣ ʝʤʫ ʚ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʩʴʙʫ ʚʝʨʥʫʪʴ ʪʦʤ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘ çMathematische Annalenè. ʆʥ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʭʨʘʥʠʪ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʧʨʠʩʣʘʣ ʝʤʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʝ. ɺ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʥʘʤʝʢʘ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʦ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʜʚʫʤʷ ʤʝʩʷʮʘʤʠ ʧʦʟʜʥʝʝ. ɼʦ ʩʝʛʦ ʜʥʷ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʪʦʣʢʥʫʣʦ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʫ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʦ. çʗ ʙʳʣ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʦʟʘʜʘʯʝʥ. ʆʟʘʜʘʯʝʥ � ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʩʣʦʚʦ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʷ ʙʳʣ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʦʧʝʯʘʣʝʥ. ɺʩʝ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʪʘʢ ʥʝʦʞʠʜʘʥʥʦ. ʗ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʦʪ ʥʝʛʦ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ ʚ ʩʝʥʪʷʙʨʝ, ʘ ʧʦʛʠʙ ʦʥ ʚ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ ʥʦʷʙʨʷ. ɺ ʛʦʣʦʚʝ ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʵʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʥʝ ʫʢʣʘʜʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʧʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʜʦ ʤʝʥʷ ʜʦʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʨʘʟʥʳʝ ʩʣʫʭʠ, ʠ ʷ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʢʘʢ-ʪʦ ʧʨʠʤʠʨʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʝʛʦ ʩʤʝʨʪʴʶ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʧʦʪʝʨʷʣ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʚ ʩʝʙʝ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʢʘʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢè.

ʋ ɻʦʨʦ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ ʧʦʥʳʥʝ ʭʨʘʥʠʪʩʷ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʝ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʦʥ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʦʪ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʜʨʫʛʘ ʠ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʖʪʘʢʠ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ

ɼʨʫʟʴʷ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ ʥʝʜʦʫʤʝʚʘʣʠ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʦʥ ʥʝʟʘʜʦʣʛʦ ʜʦ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʘ ʧʦʣʶʙʠʣ ʄʠʩʘʢʦ ʉʫʟʫʢʠ ʠ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʚʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʛʦʜʫ ʚʩʪʫʧʠʪʴ ʩ ʥʝʡ ʚ ʙʨʘʢ. ɺ ʥʝʢʨʦʣʦʛʝ, ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʦʤ ʚ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʝ çBulletin of the London Mathematical Societyè, ɻʦʨʦ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʧʦʤʦʣʚʢʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ ʠ ʄʠʩʘʢʦ ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʜʨʫʛʘ:

çʇʦʣʫʯʠʚ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʠʝ ʦʙ ʠʭ ʧʦʤʦʣʚʢʝ, ʷ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʫʜʠʚʣʝʥ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʩʤʫʪʥʦ ʦʱʫʱʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʝ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʚʢʫʩʝ, ʥʦ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʜʫʨʥʳʭ ʧʨʝʜʯʫʚʩʪʚʠʡ ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ. ʇʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʤʥʝ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʩʥʷʣʠ ʢʚʘʨʪʠʨʫ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʙʦʣʝʝ ʢʦʤʬʦʨʪʘʙʝʣʴʥʫʶ, ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʢʫʧʠʣʠ ʢʦʝ-ʢʘʢʫʶ ʢʫʭʦʥʥʫʶ ʫʪʚʘʨʴ ʠ ʟʘʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʠʛʦʪʦʚʣʝʥʠʷʤʠ ʢ ʩʚʘʜʴʙʝ. ɹʫʜʫʱʝʝ ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʝʟʦʙʣʘʯʥʳʤ ʠ ʠʤ, ʠ ʠʭ ʜʨʫʟʴʷʤ. ʂʘʪʘʩʪʨʦʬʘ ʦʙʨʫʰʠʣʘʩʴ ʚʥʝʟʘʧʥʦ.

ʋʪʨʦʤ ʚ ʧʦʥʝʜʝʣʴʥʠʢ 17 ʥʦʷʙʨʷ 1958 ʛʦʜʘ ʢʦʤʝʥʜʘʥʪ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʩʢʦʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʞʠʪʠʷ, ʛʜʝ ʞʠʣ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ, ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʝʛʦ ʤʝʨʪʚʳʤ. ʅʘ ʩʪʦʣʝ ʣʝʞʘʣʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʤʝʨʪʥʦʝ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ. ʆʥʦ ʟʘʥʷʣʦ ʪʨʠ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʳ ʠʟ ʙʣʦʢʥʦʪʘ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʦʥ ʦʙʳʯʥʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʣ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ. ʇʝʨʚʳʡ ʘʙʟʘʮ ʧʠʩʴʤʘ ʛʣʘʩʠʣ: "ɺʧʣʦʪʴ ʜʦ ʚʯʝʨʘʰʥʝʛʦ ʜʥʷ ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʥʠʷ ʧʦʢʦʥʯʠʪʴ ʩ ʩʦʙʦʡ. ʅʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʠ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʷ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʫʩʪʘʣ ʠ ʬʠʟʠʯʝʩʢʠ, ʠ ʫʤʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ. ʏʪʦ ʢʘʩʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʳ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʘ, ʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʥʝ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʥʘ ʤʥʝ ʩʘʤʦʤʫ, ʥʦ ʚʦ ʚʩʷʢʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʥʝ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʤ ʯʝʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʢʦʥʢʨʝʪʥʦʛʦ. ʄʦʛʫ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʭʦʞʫʩʴ ʚ ʪʘʢʦʤ ʫʤʦʥʘʩʪʨʦʝʥʠʠ, ʯʪʦ ʫʪʨʘʪʠʣ ʚʩʷʢʫʶ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʚ ʤʦʝʤ ʙʫʜʫʱʝʤ. ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʤʦʝ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʦ ʚʩʪʨʝʚʦʞʠʪ ʠʣʠ ʜʦ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʦʛʦʨʯʠʪ. ʗ ʠʩʢʨʝʥʥʝ ʥʘʜʝʶʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦʪ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ ʥʝ ʦʤʨʘʯʠʪ ʙʫʜʫʱʝʝ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ. ɺʦ ʚʩʷʢʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʫ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʴ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʡ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʦʢ ʦʪʜʘʝʪ ʧʨʝʜʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʥʦ ʧʨʦʰʫ ʦʪʥʝʩʪʠʩʴ ʢ ʥʝʤʫ ʩʥʠʩʭʦʜʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʢʘʢ ʢ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʤʫ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʢʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʷ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʘʶ ʧʦ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʚʦʣʝ. ɺʩʶ ʩʚʦʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʷ ʜʝʣʘʣ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʭʦʪʝʣ."

ɼʘʣʝʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʩʢʨʫʧʫʣʝʟʥʦ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʝʪ, ʢʘʢ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʨʘʩʧʦʨʷʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʝʛʦ ʠʤʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʤ, ʢʘʢʠʝ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʠ ʧʣʘʩʪʠʥʢʠ ʦʥ ʙʨʘʣ ʚ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʢʝ ʠʣʠ ʫ ʜʨʫʟʝʡ. ɺ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ʚ ʝʛʦ ʧʦʩʤʝʨʪʥʦʤ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʩʷ: "ʗ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʙʳ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʧʣʘʩʪʠʥʢʠ ʠ ʧʨʦʠʛʨʳʚʘʪʝʣʴ ʄʠʩʘʢʦ ʉʫʟʫʢʠ, ʝʩʣʠ ʝʡ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʥʝʧʨʠʷʪʥʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʠʭ ʦʪ ʤʝʥʷ". ɿʘʪʝʤ ʦʥ ʧʦʷʩʥʷʝʪ, ʥʘ ʯʝʤ ʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʩʷ, ʯʠʪʘʷ ʢʫʨʩʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʘ ʠ ʣʠʥʝʡʥʦʡ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʳ ʜʣʷ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʦʚ, ʠ ʧʨʠʥʦʩʠʪ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤ ʠʟʚʠʥʝʥʠʷ ʟʘ ʪʝ ʥʝʫʜʦʙʩʪʚʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʠʪ ʠʤ ʝʛʦ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʦʢ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʭ ʠ ʥʦʚʘʪʦʨʩʢʠʭ ʫʤʦʚ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʫʰʝʜʰʠʡ ʠʟ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʧʦ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʞʝʣʘʥʠʶ. ɺʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʟʘ ʧʷʪʴ ʜʥʝʡ ʜʦ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʘ ʝʤʫ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʩʷ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʴ ʦʜʠʥ ʛʦʜè.

ʏʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ ʪʨʘʛʝʜʠʷ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʠʣʘʩʴ: ʝʛʦ ʥʝʚʝʩʪʘ ʄʠʩʘʢʦ ʉʫʟʫʢʠ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʦʢʦʥʯʠʣʘ ʩ ʩʦʙʦʡ. ɺ ʝʝ ʧʦʩʤʝʨʪʥʦʤ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʦʩʴ: "ʄʳ ʦʙʝʱʘʣʠ ʜʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʫ, ʯʪʦ ʢʫʜʘ ʙʳ ʤʳ ʥʠ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣʠʩʴ, ʤʳ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʤ ʨʘʟʣʫʯʘʪʴʩʷ. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʦʥ ʫʰʝʣ. ʗ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʫʡʪʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩ ʥʠʤ".

ʏʪʦ ʟʥʘʯʠʪ çʭʦʨʦʰʦè ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ

ɿʘ ʩʚʦʶ ʢʦʨʦʪʢʫʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʚʥʝʩ ʥʝʤʘʣʦ ʨʘʜʠʢʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʠʜʝʡ. ʅʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʧʝʨʝʜʠʣʘ ʩʚʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʜʦʚʝʣʦʩʴ ʫʚʠʜʝʪʴ, ʢʘʢʦʝ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦʝ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʦʥʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘ ʥʘ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʆʥ ʙʳʣ ʣʠʜʝʨʦʤ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʤʦʣʦʜʳʭ ʷʧʦʥʩʢʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʠ ʝʛʦ ʫʭʦʜ ʠʟ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʩʪʘʣ ʜʣʷ ʥʠʭ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʧʦʪʝʨʝʡ. ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʦʪʯʝʪʣʠʚʦ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ: çʆʥ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʙʳʣ ʚʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʝʥ ʢ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤ, ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʢ ʤʦʣʦʜʳʤ, ʠ ʠʩʢʨʝʥʥʝ ʟʘʙʦʪʠʣʩʷ ʦʙ ʠʭ ʙʣʘʛʦʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʠ. ɼʣʷ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʠʟ ʪʝʭ, ʢʪʦ ʚʩʪʫʧʘʣ ʩ ʥʠʤ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʢʦʥʪʘʢʪ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʠ ʜʣʷ ʤʝʥʷ, ʦʥ ʩʣʫʞʠʣ ʤʦʨʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʦʧʦʨʦʡ. ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʦʥ ʥʝ ʜʦʛʘʜʳʚʘʣʩʷ ʦ ʪʦʡ ʨʦʣʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʠʛʨʘʣ. ʅʳʥʝ ʷ ʦʱʫʱʘʶ ʝʛʦ ʙʣʘʛʦʨʦʜʥʫʶ ʱʝʜʨʦʩʪʴ ʚ ʵʪʦʤ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʠ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʩʪʨʦ, ʯʝʤ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʞʠʚ. ʅʦ ʥʠʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʛ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʦʪʯʘʷʥʥʦ ʥʫʞʜʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʢʝ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʜʫʤʘʶ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʤ, ʛʣʫʙʦʯʘʡʰʘʷ ʧʝʯʘʣʴ ʧʝʨʝʧʦʣʥʷʝʪ ʤʝʥʷè.

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʩʤʝʨʪʠ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʣ ʚʩʝ ʩʚʦʠ ʫʩʠʣʠʷ ʥʘ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʢʘʢʘʷ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʢʨʠʚʳʤʠ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ ʬʦʨʤʘʤʠ. ʅʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʣʝʪ ʦʥ ʫʧʦʨʥʦ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʣ ʚʩʝ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʠ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʬʘʢʪʳ ʠ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʜʦʚʦʜʳ ʚ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ. ʇʦʩʪʝʧʝʥʥʦ ʦʥ ʩʪʘʣ ʧʨʦʥʠʢʘʪʴʩʷ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʡ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʦ ʩ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʝʡ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʦʡ. ɼʨʫʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʦʤʥʝʚʘʣʠʩʴ, ʠ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʨʘʟʛʦʚʦʨ ʩ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʳʤ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʦʡ. ʇʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʩʧʨʦʩʠʣ: çʗ ʩʣʳʰʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ɺʳ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪʝ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʢʘʢʠʝ-ʪʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʳ ʩ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ ʬʦʨʤʘʤʠ?è çɺʳ ʥʝ ʧʦʥʷʣʠ, � ʚʦʟʨʘʟʠʣ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ. � ʅʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʢʘʢʠʝ-ʪʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ, ʘ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ!è

ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʘʢ, ʥʦ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʷʣ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ, ʦʥʘ ʥʝʠʟʤʝʥʥʦ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʚʝʨʥʦʡ. ɺʦ ʚʩʷʢʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʚʩʝ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʚʰʝʝ ʢʘʢ ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʣʫʯʰʝ ʚʧʠʩʳʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʰʠʨʦʢʫʶ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. çʋ ʤʝʥʷ ʝʩʪʴ ʩʚʦʷ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʷ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʚʳʨʘʞʘʪʴ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʚ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ, ʝʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʥʘʟʚʘʪʴ ʭʦʨʦʰʝʡ, ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʘ ʧʘʨʘʤʝʪʨʠʟʦʚʘʥʘ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʦʡ. ʇʦ ʤʦʠʤ ʦʞʠʜʘʥʠʷʤ, ʚʩʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʭʦʨʦʰʠʝ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʵʪʦ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʷ ʚ ʯʠʩʪʦʤ ʚʠʜʝ, ʥʦ ʥʠʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʝʰʘʝʪ ʝʝ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʟʘ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʳʡ ʧʫʥʢʪ. ʅʫʞʥʦ ʣʠ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʤʥʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʠʟʳʩʢʠʚʘʪʴ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ "ʪʝʭʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ" ʧʨʠʯʠʥʳ. ʗ ʙʳ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʠʟ ʤʦʝʛʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ. ʄʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʶʪʩʷ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʥʘʫʢʦʡ ʠʟ ʵʩʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʦʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʠʡ, ʠ ʤʦʷ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʨʦʠʩʪʝʢʘʝʪ ʠʟ ʤʦʠʭ ʵʩʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʦʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʠʡè.

ʉʦʙʨʘʥʥʳʝ ʐʠʤʫʨʦʡ ʧʦʜʢʨʝʧʣʷʶʱʠʝ ʜʘʥʥʳʝ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʦ ʩʚʷʟʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʢʨʠʚʳʤʠ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ ʬʦʨʤʘʤʠ ʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʰʠʨʦʢʠʤ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʠʝʤ. ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ, ʥʦ, ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ, ʥʠʢʪʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ, ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʫʷ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ, ʦʥ ʚʳʜʘʝʪ ʞʝʣʘʝʤʦʝ ʟʘ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ. ɺ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ʥʝʝ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʦ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʪʦʚ. ʇʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦ ʝʝ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʚ ʟʥʘʢ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʟʘʩʣʫʛ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ, ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʚʰʝʛʦ ʝʝ, ʠ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʨʘʟʚʠʣ ʝʝ ʠ ʧʨʠʜʘʣ ʝʡ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʝʥʥʳʡ ʚʠʜ.

ɸʥʜʨʝ ɺʝʡʣʴ, ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʢʨʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʦʪʮʦʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ XX ʚʝʢʘ, ʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʵʪʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʠ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʝʝ ʥʘ ɿʘʧʘʜʝ. ɺʝʡʣʴ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛ ʠʜʝʶ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʝʡʰʝʤʫ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʫ ʠ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʜʘʥʥʳʝ, ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʝ ʚ ʝʝ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ. ɺ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʵʪʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ�ɺʝʡʣʷ, ʠʥʦʛʜʘ � ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ɺʝʡʣʷ, ʘ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʜʘʞʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ɺʝʡʣʷ. ʆʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʝʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ, ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʤʘʣʦ ʜʠʩʢʫʩʩʠʡ ʠ ʩʧʦʨʦʚ. ɼʣʷ ʪʝʭ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʝʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʫʶʪʩʷ ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦʡ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʪʦʨʠʢʦʡ, ʟʘʤʝʪʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʝ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʠ ʠʟ ʪʨʝʭ ʠʤʝʥ � ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ, ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ ɺʝʡʣʷ � ʧʦʷʚʣʷʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʧʝʯʘʪʠ ʚ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʛʦʜʘ, ʦʜʥʘʢʦ ʷ ʙʫʜʫ ʝʝ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʪʘʢ, ʢʘʢ ʝʝ ʥʘʟʚʘʣʠ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ, � ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ.

ʇʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ɼʞʦʥ ʂʦʫʪʩ, ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʠʪʝʣʴ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʩʢʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ, ʩʘʤ ʙʳʣ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʤ ʚ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʥʘʯʘʣʠ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʪʴ ʥʘ ɿʘʧʘʜʝ. çʗ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʢ ʩʘʤʦʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʤ ʚ 1966 ʛʦʜʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʷʣʘʩʴ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ. ɺʩʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʧʦʪʨʷʩʝʥʳ ʠ ʥʘʯʘʣʠ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʦ ʟʘʜʫʤʳʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʘʜ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʤ, ʚʩʝ ʣʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ. ɺʨʝʤʷ ʙʳʣʦ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʳʚʘʶʱʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʳʤ; ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʫʩʧʝʭʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʥʝʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳ. ɼʦʣʞʝʥ ʯʝʩʪʥʦ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʩʢʦʣʴ ʥʠ ʢʨʘʩʠʚʦʡ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʘʤʘ ʠʜʝʷ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʝʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ, ʠ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʵʪʦ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʣʦ ʥʘʩ ʢʘʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚè.

ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ 60-ʭ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʠ ʜʝʣʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ʆʥʠ ʙʨʘʣʠ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʢʨʠʚʫʶ, ʚʳʯʠʩʣʷʣʠ E-ʨʷʜ ʠ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʤ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʩ ʪʘʢʠʤ ʞʝ M-ʨʷʜʦʤ. ʀ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʨʘʟ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʜʣʷ ʜʘʥʥʦʡ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ

ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʫʶ ʝʡ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʫʶ ʬʦʨʤʫ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʵʪʦ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʚ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʩʦʙʨʘʥʥʳʝ ʜʘʥʥʳʝ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʣʴʟʷ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʚʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ, ʥʦ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʦ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ.

ʇʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ɻʘʨʚʘʨʜʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨ ʙʳʣ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʝʤ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʦʙʨʝʪʘʣʘ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʫʶ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʩʪʴ. çɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʣʝʧʥʦʡ (ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʘʷ ʬʦʨʤʘ), ʧʦʥʘʯʘʣʫ ʝʝ ʠʛʥʦʨʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʦʥʘ ʦʧʝʨʝʜʠʣʘ ʩʚʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʦʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʚʳʜʚʠʥʫʪʘ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ, ʝʝ ʥʝ ʚʦʩʧʨʠʥʷʣʠ ʚʩʝʨʴʝʟ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʯʝʨʝʩʯʫʨ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʘ. ʉ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ, ʚʳ ʠʤʝʝʪʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʤʠʨ, ʩ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ � ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʡ ʤʠʨ. ʆʙʝ ʵʪʠ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʠʥʪʝʥʩʠʚʥʦ, ʥʦ ʥʝʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʦ ʜʨʫʛ ʦʪ ʜʨʫʛʘ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʟʘʥʠʤʘʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ, ʤʦʛʣʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʚʝʜʫʱʠʤʠ ʚ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘʭ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ, ʠ ʥʘʦʙʦʨʦʪ. ʀ ʪʫʪ ʧʦʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʜʚʫʤʷ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʤʠʨʘʤʠ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʤʦʩʪ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʣʶʙʷʪ ʥʘʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʤʦʩʪʳè.

ɿʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦ. ʆʥʠ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʪ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʦʙʠʪʘʶʱʠʤ ʥʘ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʘʭ, ʦʙʤʝʥʠʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʜʝʷʤʠ ʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʴ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʠʭ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʦʚ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʠʟ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʦʚ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʚ ʤʦʨʝ ʥʝʟʥʘʥʠʷ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʥʘ ʦʜʥʦʤ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʝ ʦʙʠʪʘʶʪ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʳ, ʟʘʥʠʤʘʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʬʦʨʤ, ʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʝ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʟʫʯʘʶʪ ʨʠʩʢʠ ʠ ʩʣʫʯʘʡʥʦʩʪʴ. ʉʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʜʝʩʷʪʢʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʦʚ, ʦʙʠʪʘʪʝʣʠ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʛʦʚʦʨʷʪ ʥʘ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʤ ʷʟʳʢʝ, ʥʝʧʦʥʷʪʥʦʤ ʦʙʠʪʘʪʝʣʷʤ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʦʚ. ʗʟʳʢ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ ʩʠʣʴʥʦ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʪ ʷʟʳʢʘ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʝʡ, ʘ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʪʝʨʤʠʥʦʣʦʛʠʷ ʯʫʞʜʘ ʪʝʤ, ʢʪʦ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦ ʩʪʘʪʠʩʪʠʢʝ.

ɹʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʢ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʙʳʣ ʦʙʫʩʣʦʚʣʝʥ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʥʘʚʦʜʠʣʘ ʤʦʩʪ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʜʚʫʤʷ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʘʤʠ ʠ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʣʘ ʠʭ ʦʙʠʪʘʪʝʣʷʤ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʜʨʫʛ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ. ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨ ʩʢʣʦʥʝʥ ʚʠʜʝʪʴ ʚ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʫʩʪʨʦʡʩʪʚʦ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʝʝ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʷʪʴ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜ ʩ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʷʟʳʢʘ ʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ, ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦʝ ʨʦʟʝʪʪʩʢʦʤʫ ʢʘʤʥʶ, ʥʘʜʧʠʩʠ ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʙʳʣʠ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʳ ʥʘ ʪʨʝʭ ʷʟʳʢʘʭ: ʜʝʤʦʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʝʛʠʧʝʪʩʢʠʤ ʧʠʩʴʤʦʤ, ʥʘ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʷʟʳʢʝ ʠ ʝʛʠʧʝʪʩʢʠʤʠ ʠʝʨʦʛʣʠʬʘʤʠ. ʊʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʜʝʤʦʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ ʠ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʙʳʣʠ ʧʦʥʷʪʥʳ, ʘʨʭʝʦʣʦʛʠ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʩʤʦʛʣʠ ʨʘʩʰʠʬʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʝʛʠʧʝʪʩʢʠʝ ʠʝʨʦʛʣʠʬʳ. çɽʩʣʠ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʷʟʳʢʦʚ ʚʳ ʟʥʘʝʪʝ, ʪʦ ʨʦʟʝʪʪʩʢʠʡ ʢʘʤʝʥʴ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʚʘʤ ʜʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʛʦ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ ʜʨʫʛʦʛʦ ʷʟʳʢʘ, � ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪ ʄʘʟʫʨ. � ʅʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ � ʨʦʟʝʪʪʩʢʠʡ ʢʘʤʝʥʴ, ʥʘʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʡ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʩʠʣʦʡ. ɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʧʨʠʷʪʥʦʡ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʠʥʪʫʠʪʠʚʥʳʝ ʩʦʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ ʧʨʠ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʝ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʱʘʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʠʝ ʠʩʪʠʥʳ ʚ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ, ʠ ʥʘʦʙʦʨʦʪ. ɹʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʛʣʫʙʦʢʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʚ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʨʝʰʘʣʠʩʴ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʧʨʠ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʝ ʠʭ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ "ʨʦʟʝʪʪʩʢʦʛʦ ʢʘʤʥʷ" ʥʘ ʷʟʳʢ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ, ʝʩʣʠ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ ʚ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ ʠʜʝʠ ʠ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʘ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʧʝʨʝʚʝʜʝʥʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʆʩʪʘʚʘʷʩʴ ʚ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ, ʤʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʙʳ ʦʙʨʝʯʝʥʳ ʥʘ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝè.

ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʚʝʨʥʦʡ, ʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʘ ʙʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʠʪʴ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʦʩʪʘʚʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʡ, ʩ ʧʦʟʠʮʠʡ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ. ɹʳʣʘ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʘ, ʯʪʦ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʦʙʲʝʜʠʥʠʪʴ ʩ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴʶ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ. ɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʦʨʦʜʠʣʘ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʫ ʥʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʤʦʩʪʦʚ ʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʷʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ɺ 60-ʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʠ, ʟʘʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʝ ʚ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʧʦʨʘʟʠʣʠ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ ʈʦʙʝʨʪʘ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ ʠʟ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʘ ʚʳʩʰʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ, ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩ ʙʳʣ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʦʚ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʙʱʝʡ ʩʭʝʤʳ ʫʥʠʬʠʢʘʮʠʠ. ʆʥ ʩʯʠʪʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʳʝ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʘʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʘʥʳ, ʠ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʢ ʧʦʠʩʢʫ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʩʚʷʟʝʡ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʣʝʪ ʝʛʦ ʧʦʠʩʢʠ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʧʨʠʥʦʩʠʪʴ ʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ. ɼʨʫʛʠʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʦ ʩʚʷʟʷʭ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʨʘʟʥʳʤʠ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʘʤʠ

ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʩʣʘʙʝʝ ʠ ʨʠʩʢʦʚʘʥʥʝʝ, ʯʝʤ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ ʦʥʠ ʩʧʣʝʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʦʜʥʫ ʪʦʥʢʫʶ ʩʝʪʴ. ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩ ʤʝʯʪʘʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʦʜʥʘ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʵʪʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʙʫʜʫʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʳ ʠ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʥʝʪ ʚʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʝʜʠʥʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ.

ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩ ʦʭʦʪʥʦ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʣ ʩʚʦʡ ʧʣʘʥ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʙʫʜʫʱʝʛʦ (ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʠ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʦʡ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ) ʠ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʯʴ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʢ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʶ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟ. ʅʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʧʫʪʝʡ, ʚʝʜʫʱʠʭ ʢ ʮʝʣʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʠʜʥʦ, ʥʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʤʝʯʪʘ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʣʘʩʴ, ʪʦ ʥʘʛʨʘʜʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʛʨʘʥʜʠʦʟʥʦʡ. ʃʶʙʫʶ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʚ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʪʨʘʥʩʬʦʨʤʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʚ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʠʟ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ, ʛʜʝ ʜʣʷ ʝʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʠʤʝʣʩʷ ʙʳ ʮʝʣʳʡ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʘʨʩʝʥʘʣ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ. 1 ɺ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʠ ʵʪʫ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʝʨʝʥʝʩʪʠ ʝʱʝ ʚ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʜʨʫʛʫʶ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʠ ʪʘʢ ʜʘʣʝʝ � ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ ʦʥʘ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʘ. ɺ ʦʜʠʥ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʳʡ ʜʝʥʴ, ʢʘʢ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʩʷ ʘʚʪʦʨ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʤʦʛʫʪ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʝ ʠ ʪʦʥʢʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʧʝʨʝʥʝʩʷ ʠʭ ʚ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʷʱʝʝ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʣʘʥʜʰʘʬʪʘ.

ɺʘʞʥʳʝ ʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʷ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʘ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʙʳ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʠ ʜʣʷ ʧʨʠʢʣʘʜʥʳʭ ʥʘʫʢ ʠ ʪʝʭʥʠʢʠ. ʀʜʝʪ ʣʠ ʨʝʯʴ ʦ ʤʦʜʝʣʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʡ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʩʪʘʣʢʠʚʘʶʱʠʤʠʩʷ ʢʚʘʨʢʘʤʠ, ʠʣʠ ʦ ʚʳʷʩʥʝʥʠʠ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʘ ʦʨʛʘʥʠʟʘʮʠʠ ʪʝʣʝʢʦʤʤʫʥʠʢʘʮʠʦʥʥʦʡ ʩʝʪʠ, ʯʘʩʪʦ ʢʣʶʯʦʤ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʩʣʫʞʠʪ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʨʘʩʯʝʪʦʚ. ɺ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʘʭ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʠ ʪʝʭʥʠʢʠ ʩʣʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʚʳʩʦʢʘ, ʯʪʦ ʩʣʫʞʠʪ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʝʡʰʠʤ ʧʨʝʧʷʪʩʪʚʠʝʤ ʥʘ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʧʨʦʛʨʝʩʩʫ. ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ çʤʦʩʪʦʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʱʠʝè ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʠʟ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ, ʪʦ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʠʩʴ ʙʳ ʧʫʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʳʭ, ʥʦ ʠ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ.

ʂ 70-ʤ ʛʦʜʘʤ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʘ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʧʝʨʩʧʝʢʪʠʚʥʳʤ ʧʣʘʥʦʤ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʦ çʧʫʪʴ ʚ ʨʘʡè, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʝʯʪʘʪʴ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʴ ʨʝʰʘʪʴ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʙʳʣ ʟʘʢʨʳʪ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ: ʥʠʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʣ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʣʶʙʫʶ ʠʟ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ. ʇʝʨʚʳʤ ʰʘʛʦʤ ʢ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʥʦ ʠ ʦʥʦ ʧʦʢʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʤʦ.

ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʵʪʦ, ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʩʦʪʥʷʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʪʘʪʝʡ, ʘʚʪʦʨʳ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʘʣʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʦ ʙʳ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʝʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ. ʊʘʢʠʝ ʩʪʘʪʴʠ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʣʠʩʴ ʩ ʧʨʝʘʤʙʫʣʳ: çʇʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʚʝʨʥʘ...è ɼʘʣʝʝ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʥʘʙʨʦʩʦʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʚ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʭ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ. ɺ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʴ, ʵʪʠ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ ʚʢʣʶʯʘʣʠʩʴ ʢʘʢ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ, ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ɺʦʟʥʠʢʣʘ ʦʙʰʠʨʥʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ çʩʪʨʘʥʘè, ʦʧʠʨʘʚʰʘʷʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʵʪʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʦʤ ʮʝʣʦʛʦ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ ʟʜʘʥʠʷ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʥʦ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ, ʚʩʝ ʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʨʫʭʥʫʪʴ ʚ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʤʦʤʝʥʪ.

ɺ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʤʦʣʦʜʳʤ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʤ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ʠ ʦʥ ʦʪʯʝʪʣʠʚʦ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʪʨʝʚʦʛʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʦʭʚʘʪʠʣʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʚ 70-ʝ ʛʦʜʳ: çʄʳ ʩʪʨʦʠʣʠ ʚʩʝ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʠ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ, ʧʨʦʩʪʠʨʘʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʚʩʝ ʜʘʣʴʰʝ ʠ ʜʘʣʴʰʝ ʚ ʙʫʜʫʱʝʝ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ ʵʪʦ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʚ ʧʨʘʭ, ʦʢʘʞʠʩʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʘ. ʅʘʤ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʝʝ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʨʦʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʣʘʥʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʳ ʩ ʪʘʢʠʤ ʵʥʪʫʟʠʘʟʤʦʤ ʥʘʤʝʪʠʣʠ ʥʘ ʙʫʜʫʱʝʝè.

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʣʦʞʠʣʠ ʭʨʫʧʢʠʡ ʢʘʨʪʦʯʥʳʡ ʜʦʤʠʢ. ʆʥʠ ʤʝʯʪʘʣʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʦʜʠʥ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʳʡ ʜʝʥʴ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʧʦʜʚʝʩʪʠ ʧʦʜ ʵʪʦ ʩʦʦʨʫʞʝʥʠʝ ʥʘʜʝʞʥʳʡ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪ. ʀʭ ʥʝʦʪʚʷʟʥʦ ʤʫʯʠʣ ʢʦʰʤʘʨ: ʢʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʤʦʛ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʘ, ʠ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʩʚʝʩʪʠ ʥʘ ʥʝʪ ʧʣʦʜʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʜʚʫʭ ʜʝʩʷʪʢʦʚ ʣʝʪ.

ʅʝʜʦʩʪʘʶʱʝʝ ʟʚʝʥʦ

ʆʩʝʥʴʶ 1984 ʛʦʜʘ ʠʟʙʨʘʥʥʘʷ ʛʨʫʧʧʘ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩʦʙʨʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ ʩʠʤʧʦʟʠʫʤ ʚ ʆʙʝʨʚʦʣʴʬʘʭʝ, ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʦʤ ʛʦʨʦʜʢʝ ʚ ɻʝʨʤʘʥʠʠ, ʚ ʐʚʘʨʮʚʘʣʴʜʝ. ʋʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʠ ʩʠʤʧʦʟʠʫʤʘ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʦʙʩʫʜʠʪʴ ʫʩʧʝʭʠ ʚ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ. ɽʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʯʠʢʦʚ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʞʝʥʠʷʭ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʧʨʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ʆʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʘʚʰʠʭ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʠʟ ʉʘʘʨʙʨʶʢʝʥʘ ɻʝʨʭʘʨʜ ʌʨʝʡ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʧʨʠʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ. ʇʦ ʝʛʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʪʦ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʂʦʛʜʘ ʌʨʝʶ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʠʣʠ ʩʣʦʚʦ ʜʣʷ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʘ, ʦʥ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʩ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʳʧʠʩʘʣ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ

xn + yn = zn,

ʛʜʝ n � ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ 2. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʌʨʝʡ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʦ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʦʡ, ʪ.ʝ. ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʦʜʥʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʌʨʝʡ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʣ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢʠʤ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ (ʠ ʝʨʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ) ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʥʝʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʝ ʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʷʢʦʙʳ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʶʱʠʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʶ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʦʥ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʠʣ ʙʫʢʚʘʤʠ A, B ʠ C. ʊʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʦʥ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ N ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʦ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʦ:

AN + BN = CN.

ɿʘʪʝʤ ʌʨʝʡ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʢ çʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʶè ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ. ʕʪʦ ʩʪʨʦʛʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʧʨʦʮʝʜʫʨʘ, ʠʟʤʝʥʷʶʱʘʷ ʚʠʜ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ, ʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʷ ʥʝʠʟʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʝʛʦ ʩʫʱʥʦʩʪʴ. ʉ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʠʩʢʫʩʥʳʭ ʠ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʭ ʤʘʥʝʚʨʦʚ ʌʨʝʶ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʱʝʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ, ʢ ʚʠʜʫ

y2 = x3 + (AN � BN)Āx2 � ANBN.

ʍʦʪʷ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʧʦ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʚʥʝʰʥʝʤʫ ʚʠʜʫ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʩʠʣʴʥʦ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʪ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ, ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʦʥʦ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʷʤʳʤ ʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʝʤ ʩ ʫʯʝʪʦʤ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʝʩʣʠ (ʠ, ʨʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʵʪʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʝ çʝʩʣʠè) ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʥʦʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ. ʇʦʥʘʯʘʣʫ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʌʨʝʷ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʣʦ ʦʩʦʙʦʛʦ ʚʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʶ, ʥʦ ʦʥ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʭ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ, ʘ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ, ʝʤʫ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʘʷ, ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ.

ʇʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʚ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ, ʌʨʝʡ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣ ʩʚʷʟʴ ʤʝʞʜʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ɼʘʣʝʝ ʌʨʝʡ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ, ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʘʷ ʧʨʠ ʧʦʤʦʱʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʳʤ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨʦʤ. ʌʨʝʡ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʘ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʥʘ, ʯʪʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʦʪʟʚʫʢʠ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʵʪʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʨʘʟʨʫʰʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ.

ʅʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʟʘʙʳʚʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʌʨʝʷ � ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʬʘʥʪʦʤ, ʧʨʠʟʨʘʢ. ɽʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʦʙʫʩʣʦʚʣʝʥʦ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ. ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʌʨʝʷ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ, ʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʘ ʠ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʘ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʥʝʡ ʠ ʢʘʢʦʡ ʫʛʦʜʥʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʦʡ. ʅʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ

ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʘ ʩ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʦʡ. ʊʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʌʨʝʷ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʝʪ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʘʨʛʫʤʝʥʪʳ ʌʨʝʷ ʩʚʦʜʠʣʠʩʴ ʢ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʤʫ.

1. ɺ ʪʦʤ (ʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ) ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʘ, ʪʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʌʨʝʷ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ.

2. ʂʨʠʚʘʷ ʌʨʝʷ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʘ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ. 3. ɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʣʶʙʘʷ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ

ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ. 4. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʘ!

ʅʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʘʞʥʦ, ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʌʨʝʷ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʪʴ:

1. ɽʩʣʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʚʝʨʥʦʡ, ʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ.

2. ɽʩʣʠ ʣʶʙʘʷ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ, ʪʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʌʨʝʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ.

3. ɽʩʣʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʌʨʝʷ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ, ʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

4. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ!

ʆʪʩʶʜʘ ɻʝʨʭʘʨʜ ʌʨʝʡ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʩʝʥʩʘʮʠʦʥʥʳʡ ʚʳʚʦʜ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʘʚʪʦʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣʠ ʙʳ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɺʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʟʘ ʩʦʪʥʠ ʣʝʪ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʘ, ʯʪʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʝʡʰʫʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʪʴ. ʇʦ ʌʨʝʶ, ʥʘ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʧʨʝʧʷʪʩʪʚʠʝ: ʦʪʩʫʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ.

ʅʘ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʶ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʘʷ ʠʜʝʷ ʌʨʝʷ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʣʘ ʥʝʠʟʛʣʘʜʠʤʦʝ ʚʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʥʠʝ, ʥʦ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʚʰʠʭ ʧʦʨʘʟʠʣ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʨʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʣʦʛʠʢʝ. ʇʦʯʪʠ ʚʩʝ, ʢʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʚ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʌʨʝʷ, ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣʠ ʵʪʦʪ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ. ʆʰʠʙʢʘ ʥʝ ʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʦʡ, ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʧʦʢʘ ʦʥʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʘ, ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʌʨʝʷ ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʝʥʥʦʡ. ʊʦʤʫ, ʢʪʦ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʙʳ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ, ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʣʘ ʙʳ ʯʝʩʪʴ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʩʚʷʟʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ.

ʉʣʫʰʘʪʝʣʠ ʌʨʝʷ ʚʳʰʣʠ ʠʟ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ ʠ ʫʩʪʨʝʤʠʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʢʦʤʥʘʪʫ ʬʦʪʦʢʦʧʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʷ. ʆʯʝʥʴ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʦ ʚʘʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʫʜʠʪʴ ʧʦ ʜʣʠʥʝ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʠ ʦʞʠʜʘʶʱʠʭ ʫ ʵʪʦʡ ʢʦʤʥʘʪʳ ʦʪʪʠʩʢʦʚ ʩ ʪʝʢʩʪʦʤ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʘ. ʇʦʣʫʯʠʚ ʧʦʣʥʳʡ ʪʝʢʩʪ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʘ ʌʨʝʷ, ʩʣʫʰʘʪʝʣʠ ʨʘʟʲʝʭʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʠʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʘʤ ʠ ʥʘʯʘʣʠ ʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷʭ.

ɸʨʛʫʤʝʥʪʳ ʌʨʝʷ ʦʧʠʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ, ʚʳʚʝʜʝʥʥʘʷ ʠʟ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʘ � ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʘ. ʈʘʙʦʪʘ ʌʨʝʷ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʝʧʦʣʥʘ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʌʨʝʡ ʥʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʘ. ʊʦʣʴʢʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʘʷ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʦʩʪʴ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʌʨʝʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʠʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʇʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʦʩʪʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʌʨʝʷ ʥʝ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʠʜʝʡ. ʂʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʧʫʱʝʥʥʘʷ ʌʨʝʝʤ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʨʥʘ, ʠ ʚʩʝ, ʢʪʦ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʥʘ ʩʠʤʧʦʟʠʫʤʝ ʚ ʆʙʝʨʚʦʣʴʬʘʭʝ, ʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʯʥʝʪʩʷ ʛʦʥʢʘ � ʢʪʦ ʙʳʩʪʨʝʝ ʧʨʦʜʝʣʘʝʪ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳʝ ʚʳʢʣʘʜʢʠ. ɺʩʝ ʦʞʠʜʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʥʝʡ ʢʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʧʨʠʰʣʝʪ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʦʩʪʴ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ.

ʇʨʦʰʣʘ ʥʝʜʝʣʷ. ʅʠʢʘʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ ʥʝ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ. ʇʨʦʰʣʦ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ. ʊʦ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʤʘʩʩʦʚʳʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʟʘʙʝʛʦʤ ʥʘ ʩʧʨʠʥʪʝʨʩʢʫʶ ʜʠʩʪʘʥʮʠʶ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ, ʥʦ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʱʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʤʘʨʘʬʦʥ. ʂʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʝʪ ʧʦ-ʧʨʝʞʥʝʤʫ ʜʨʘʟʥʠʪʴ ʠ ʤʫʯʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʧʦʪʦʤʢʦʚ. ʌʨʝʡ ʥʘʨʠʩʦʚʘʣ ʫʚʣʝʢʘʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ, ʥʦ ʦʙʤʘʥʯʠʚʫʶ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʶ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʰʘʛ � ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʥʝʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʩʪʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʌʨʝʷ � ʦʟʘʜʘʯʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʟʝʤʥʦʛʦ ʰʘʨʘ.

ʏʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʘ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʟʘʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʤ ʠʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ, ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʳʭ ʪʝʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʳ ʚ ʛʣ. 4. ʀʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʫʟʣʘ ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʪʨʘʥʩʬʦʨʤʠʨʦʚʘʥ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ, ʠʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʥʥʦʡ ʤʦʜʝʣʠ ʃʦʡʜʦʤ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ ç15�14è ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʚ ʵʪʦʡ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʝ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʚ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʰʘʰʝʢ ʩʪʨʦʛʦ ʧʦ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʫ ʥʦʤʝʨʦʚ. ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʘʤ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʷʱʠʡ ʠʥʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʜʣʷ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʷ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʌʨʝʷ, ʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʩʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳ ʩ ʥʝʡ ʥʠ ʜʝʣʘʣʠ, ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʦʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʫʶ ʬʦʨʤʫ.

ʆʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʪʝʭ, ʢʪʦ ʪʱʝʪʥʦ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʩʚʷʟʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʙʳʣ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʂʘʣʠʬʦʨʥʠʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʚ ɹʝʨʢʣʠ ʂʝʥ ʈʠʙʝʪ. ʉ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʢʘʢ ʦʥ ʧʦʙʳʚʘʣ ʥʘ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʝ ʌʨʝʷ ʚ ʆʙʝʨʚʦʣʴʬʘʭʝ, ʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʧʦʢʠʜʘʣʘ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʌʨʝʷ ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʘ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʚʦʩʝʤʥʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ ʈʠʙʝʪ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʚʩʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ, ʥʝ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʣʩʷ ʥʠ ʥʘ ʰʘʛ. ʃʝʪʦʤ 1986 ʛʦʜʘ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘ ʈʠʙʝʪʘ, ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨ, ʧʨʠʝʭʘʣ ʚ ɹʝʨʢʣʠ ʜʣʷ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʷ ʚ ʄʝʞʜʫʥʘʨʦʜʥʦʤ ʢʦʥʛʨʝʩʩʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ɼʨʫʟʴʷ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʣʠʩʴ ʟʘ ʯʘʰʝʯʢʦʡ ʢʦʬʝ ʚ ʢʘʬʝ çʉʪʨ§ʜʘè ʠ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʞʘʣʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʜʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʫ ʥʘ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʠ ʠ ʙʨʶʟʞʘʪʴ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʷ ʜʝʣ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ.

ʂʦʛʜʘ ʞʝ ʦʥʠ, ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ, ʜʦʙʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʦ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʥʦʚʦʩʪʝʡ ʦ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʦʩʪʴ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʌʨʝʷ, ʈʠʙʝʪ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʪʴ ʪʦʪ ʭʦʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʥ ʥʘʤʝʪʠʣ. ʕʪʦʪ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʣ ʧʠʪʘʪʴ ʩʤʫʪʥʳʝ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʳ ʥʘ ʫʩʧʝʭ, ʥʦ ʈʠʙʝʪʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʪʴ ʣʠʰʴ

ʤʘʣʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʠʟ ʟʘʜʫʤʘʥʥʦʛʦ. çʗ ʩʠʜʝʣ ʩ ɹʘʨʨʠ ʠ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʝʤ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʚʩʝ ʵʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ. ʗ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʜʣʷ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʛʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ, ʥʦ ʯʪʦ ʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʜʘʣʴʰʝ, ʢʘʢ ʦʙʦʙʱʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ, ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʚ ʚ ʧʦʣʥʦʢʨʦʚʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʷ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʶè.

ʇʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʄʘʟʫʨ ʧʨʠʭʣʝʙʳʚʘʣ ʢʦʬʝ ʠ ʚʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʣʫʰʘʣ ʈʠʙʝʪʘ. ɺʜʨʫʛ ʦʥ ʟʘʤʝʨ ʠ ʩ ʥʝʜʦʚʝʨʠʝʤ ʧʦʩʤʦʪʨʝʣ ʥʘ ʂʝʥʘ. çʅʝʫʞʝʣʠ ɺʳ ʥʝ ʚʠʜʠʪʝ? ɺʳ ʫʞʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣʠ ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ. ʆʩʪʘʣʦʩʴ ʣʠʰʴ ʜʦʙʘʚʠʪʴ ʛʘʤʤʘ-ʥʫʣʴ M-ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʳ, ʧʨʦʚʝʩʪʠ ʚʩʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʩ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʥʘʯʘʣʘ, ʠ ɺʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʝ ʚʩʝ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʝè.

ʈʠʙʝʪ ʧʦʩʤʦʪʨʝʣ ʥʘ ʄʘʟʫʨʘ, ʧʦʪʦʤ ʟʘʛʣʷʥʫʣ ʚ ʯʘʰʝʯʢʫ ʩ ʢʦʬʝ ʠ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʧʦʩʤʦʪʨʝʣ ʥʘ ʄʘʟʫʨʘ. ɺ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʈʠʙʝʪʘ ʢʘʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʩʘʤʳʡ ʚʘʞʥʳʡ ʤʦʤʝʥʪ, ʠ ʦʥ ʦʭʦʪʥʦ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʝʛʦ ʚ ʤʝʣʴʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʷʭ. çʗ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣ ʄʘʟʫʨʫ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦ ʧʨʘʚ. ʂʘʢ ʞʝ ʷ ʩʘʤ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʥʝ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ? ʗ ʙʳʣ ʩʠʣʴʥʦ ʫʜʠʚʣʝʥ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʠ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦ ʜʦʙʘʚʠʪʴ ʣʠʰʥʠʡ ʛʘʤʤʘ-ʥʫʣʴ M-ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʳ. ɺʝʜʴ ʵʪʦ ʪʘʢ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ!è

ʉʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʙʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʛʘʤʤʘ-ʥʫʣʷ M-ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʳ, ʟʚʫʯʘʚʰʝʝ ʪʘʢ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʂʝʥʘ ʈʠʙʝʪʘ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ çʭʠʪʨʦʫʤʥʫʶè ʯʘʩʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ.

çʕʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʪʦʪ ʩʘʤʳʡ ʥʶʘʥʩ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʤʥʝ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʦ, ʠ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʷ ʚʠʜʝʣ ʝʛʦ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʷʩʥʦ ʠ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦ. ʂ ʩʝʙʝ ʚ ʛʦʩʪʠʥʠʯʥʳʡ ʥʦʤʝʨ ʷ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʘʣʩʷ, ʢʘʢ ʚʦ ʩʥʝ. ʗ ʙʳʣ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʧʦʛʣʦʱʝʥ ʵʪʦʡ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʠʜʝʝʡ. ʄʝʥʷ ʥʝ ʧʦʢʠʜʘʣʘ ʤʳʩʣʴ: "ɹʦʞʝ, ʥʝʫʞʝʣʠ ʵʪʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦ?". ʉʝʚ ʟʘ ʩʪʦʣ, ʷ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʩʷ ʣʠʭʦʨʘʜʦʯʥʦ ʩʪʨʦʯʠʪʴ ʚ ʙʣʦʢʥʦʪʝ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʯʘʩ-ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʷ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʠʣ ʚʩʝ ʚʳʢʣʘʜʢʠ ʠ ʫʙʝʜʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʢʣʶʯʝʚʳʝ ʰʘʛʠ ʤʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʝʥʳ ʠ ʦʥʠ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʦ ʩʦʛʣʘʩʫʶʪʩʷ. ʗ ʝʱʝ ʨʘʟ ʧʨʦʩʤʦʪʨʝʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪ ʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʠ ʜʦ ʢʦʥʮʘ. ɺʩʝ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣʦ, ʢʘʢ ʥʘʜʦ! ʅʘ ʄʝʞʜʫʥʘʨʦʜʥʦʤ ʢʦʥʛʨʝʩʩʝ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ ʪʳʩʷʯʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʠ ʚ ʙʝʩʝʜʝ ʩ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʠʟ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ ʷ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʠʟ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ʅʦʚʦʩʪʴ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʣʘʩʴ, ʢʘʢ ʣʝʩʥʦʡ ʧʦʞʘʨ. ʄʦʠ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʙʨʦʩʠʣʠʩʴ ʢʦ ʤʥʝ ʩ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʤ: çʇʨʘʚʜʘ ʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ɺʘʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʌʨʝʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʘ?è ʗ ʧʦʜʫʤʘʣ ʤʠʥʫʪʫ-ʜʨʫʛʫʶ ʠ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ: "ɼʘ!"è.

ʆʪʥʳʥʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʝʨʘʩʪʦʨʞʠʤʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʘ ʩ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʣʶʙʘʷ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʢʨʠʚʘʷ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʘ, ʪʦ ʠʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ, ʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʳ ʪʦʪʯʘʩ ʞʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ.

ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʪʨʝʭ ʩ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʦʡ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʡ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʠʟʦʣʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ, ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʠ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʡ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʦʡ ʥʘ ʢʨʘʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʂʝʥ ʈʠʙʝʪ, ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʣʝʥʥʳʡ ɻʝʨʭʘʨʜʦʤ ʌʨʝʝʤ, ʧʝʨʝʜʚʠʥʫʣ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ ʮʝʥʪʨ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ. ʉʘʤʘʷ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ, ʦʩʪʘʚʘʚʰʘʷʩʷ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʦʡ ʩ XVII ʚʝʢʘ, ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʳʚʥʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʦʡ ʩ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ XX ʚʝʢʘ. ɻʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦʛʦ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʠ ʵʤʦʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʦʡ ʩ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ, ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʡ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʦʥʠʟʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʫʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ. ɼʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʠʪʴ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʧʨʠʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʷʩʴ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʩʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʠʟ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʘ. ʀʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʙʳ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʘ. ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʚʝʨʥʘ, ʪʦ ʠʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʝʨʥʘ.

ʅʦ ʚ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʠ ʣʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ, ʠ ʥʘʜʝʞʜ ʥʘ ʫʩʧʝʭ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʚʩʝ ʤʝʥʴʰʝ. ʇʝʩʩʠʤʠʩʪʦʤ ʙʳʣ ʜʘʞʝ ʂʝʥ ʈʠʙʝʪ: çʗ ʙʳʣ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ, ʢʪʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʣ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʥʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʫʝʤʦʡ. ʗ ʠ ʥʝ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʝʝ. ʆʙ ʵʪʦʤ ʥʝʯʝʛʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʠ ʜʫʤʘʪʴ. ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʥʘ ɿʝʤʣʝ, ʢʪʦ ʦʩʤʝʣʠʣʩʷ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫè.

ʇʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʝ ʨʝʜʘʢʮʠʠ1. ʉʪʨʦʛʦ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʘ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʩʷ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʢ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʩʚʷʟʝʡ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʪʝʦʨʠʝʡ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʡ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʛʨʫʧʧ, ʪʝʦʨʠʝʡ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ ʠ ʪʝʦʨʠʝʡ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʛʣʦʙʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʧʦʣʝʡ. ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

ɻʣʘʚʘ 6ʊʘʡʥʳʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ

ʂʪʦ ʟʥʘʝʪ ʪʦʣʢ ʚ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʟʘʜʘʯ, ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʪʴ ʜʚʫʤʷ ʥʝʩʦʚʤʝʩʪʠʤʳʤʠ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʘʤʠ: ʞʠʚʳʤ ʚʦʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʠ ʥʝʩʛʠʙʘʝʤʳʤ ʫʧʦʨʩʪʚʦʤ.

ɻʦʚʘʨʜ ʋ. ʀʚʩ

çʆʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʚʝʯʝʨʦʤ, ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʣʝʪʘ 1986 ʛʦʜʘ, ʷ ʧʦʧʠʚʘʣ ʯʘʡ ʚ ʛʦʩʪʷʭ ʫ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʧʨʠʷʪʝʣʷ. ɺ ʙʝʩʝʜʝ ʦʥ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʧʨʦʯʠʤ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʂʝʥʫ ʈʠʙʝʪʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʚʟʘʠʤʦʩʚʷʟʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʗ ʧʦʯʫʚʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʩʝʙʷ ʪʘʢ, ʩʣʦʚʥʦ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʤʝʥʷ ʧʨʦʧʫʩʪʠʣʠ ʤʦʱʥʳʡ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʨʘʟʨʷʜ. ʄʥʝ ʩʨʘʟʫ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʪʥʳʥʝ ʚʝʩʴ ʭʦʜ ʤʦʝʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʢʨʫʪʦ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʣʩʷ: ʚʝʜʴ ʦʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʝʥʷ ʦʪʜʝʣʷʣʦ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʥʦ ʧʨʝʧʷʪʩʪʚʠʝ: ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ɿʥʘʯʠʪ, ʤʦʷ ʜʝʪʩʢʘʷ ʤʝʯʪʘ � ʥʝ ʧʫʩʪʦʡ ʟʚʫʢ, ʘ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʨʝʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʜʝʣʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ. ʅʝ ʤʝʜʣʷ ʥʠ ʤʠʥʫʪʳ, ʷ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʜʦʤʦʡ ʠ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʩʷ ʟʘ ʨʘʙʦʪʫè.

ɹʦʣʝʝ ʜʚʫʭ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʡ ʧʨʦʰʣʦ ʩ ʪʦʛʦ ʜʥʷ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʥʘ ʙʠʙʣʠʦʪʝʯʥʦʡ ʧʦʣʢʝ ʢʥʠʛʫ ʕ. ʊ. ɹʝʣʣʘ, ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʠʚʰʫʶ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʚʳʟʦʚ, ʙʨʦʰʝʥʥʳʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʇʴʝʨʦʤ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʅʦ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʦʪʯʝʪʣʠʚʦ ʫʚʠʜʝʣ ʧʫʪʴ ʢ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʜʝʪʩʢʦʡ ʤʝʯʪʳ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ, ʢʘʢ ʨʝʟʢʦ ʟʘ ʦʜʠʥ ʚʝʯʝʨ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ: çʄʥʝ ʚʩʧʦʤʥʠʣʦʩʴ, ʢʘʢ ʦʜʠʥ ʟʥʘʢʦʤʳʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʦʪʦʟʚʘʣʩʷ ʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʜʝʨʟʢʦ ʠ ʫʥʠʯʠʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʥʘʟʚʘʚ ʝʝ "ʫʧʨʘʞʥʝʥʠʝʤ ʜʣʷ ʟʘʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʷ". ʅʫ ʯʪʦ ʞʝ, ʩ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʚʝʯʝʨʘ ʷ ʩʪʘʣ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʟʘʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʥʥʳʤ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʝʤ!è

ɿʘʚʝʨʰʠʚ ʧʦʜ ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʩʪʚʦʤ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʘ ɼʞʦʥʘ ʂʦʫʪʩʘ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʥʘʜ ʜʠʩʩʝʨʪʘʮʠʝʡ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʫʯʝʥʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ Ph. D. ʚ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʝ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʝʨʝʙʨʘʣʩʷ ʯʝʨʝʟ ɸʪʣʘʥʪʠʢʫ, ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʠʡ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪ, ʛʜʝ ʢʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʝʤʳʭ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ ʫʩʧʝʣ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʦʤ. ɹʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʥʘʫʯʥʦʤʫ ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʩʪʚʫ ʂʦʫʪʩʘ, ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʟʥʘʣ ʦʙ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ, ʯʝʤ ʢʪʦ-ʣʠʙʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ, ʥʦ ʦʥ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʦ ʩʦʟʥʘʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʠ ʝʛʦ ʦʙʰʠʨʥʳʝ ʧʦʟʥʘʥʠʷ, ʥʠ ʦʪʪʦʯʝʥʥʘʷ ʪʝʭʥʠʢʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ ʥʝ ʛʘʨʘʥʪʠʨʫʶʪ ʫʩʧʝʭʘ. ɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʩʪʦʷʣʘ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʥʠʤ ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʥʝʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʥʦʡ ʢʨʝʧʦʩʪʠ.

ɺ 1986 ʛʦʜʫ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʫʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ,ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ

ʄʥʦʛʠʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʠ ɼʞʦʥ ʂʦʫʪʩ, ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʣʶʙʳʝ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʙʝʟʥʘʜʝʞʥʳʤ ʜʝʣʦʤ: çʉʘʤ ʷ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʩʢʝʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʣʩʷ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʢʨʘʩʠʚʘʷ ʩʚʷʟʴ ʤʝʞʜʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʪ ʢ ʢʘʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʫ. ɼʦʣʞʝʥ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴʩʷ, ʷ ʥʝ ʜʫʤʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʫʝʤʘ. ʂʘʢ ʥʠ ʢʨʘʩʠʚʘ ʵʪʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ, ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʝʝ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʦʩʴ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʤ. ʗ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʫʚʠʜʝʪʴ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʡ ʧʨʠ ʞʠʟʥʠè.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʰʘʥʩʳ ʥʘ ʫʩʧʝʭ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʯʨʝʟʚʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʤʘʣʳ. ʅʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʝʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʪʦ ʦʥ ʥʝ ʩʯʠʪʘʣ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ʫʩʠʣʠʷ ʧʦʪʨʘʯʝʥʳ ʠʤ ʥʘʧʨʘʩʥʦ: çʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʜʦʣʛʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʦʡ. ʅʠ ʫ ʢʦʛʦ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʥʘʤʝʢʦʚ ʥʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʥʦ, ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ, ʵʪʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʤ ʨʫʩʣʝ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʇʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʷ ʤʦʛ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ, ʭʦʪʷ ʦʥʠ ʠ ʥʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʪ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʚ ʮʝʣʦʤ, ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʭʦʨʦʰʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ. ʗ ʥʝ ʥʘʧʨʘʩʥʦ ʧʦʪʨʘʯʫ ʚʨʝʤʷ. ʀʪʘʢ, ʨʦʤʘʥ ʩ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʜʣʠʚʰʠʡʩʷ ʚʩʶ ʤʦʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʷ ʩʝʙʷ ʧʦʤʥʶ, ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʣʩʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʚʳʩʦʢʠʝ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʳ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʡè.

ʅʘ ʯʝʨʜʘʢʝ ʦʪʰʝʣʴʥʠʢʘ

ɺ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ XX ʚʝʢʘ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ɼʘʚʠʜʘ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ ʩʧʨʦʩʠʣʠ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʦʥ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʅʘ ʵʪʦ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣ: çʇʨʝʞʜʝ ʯʝʤ ʥʘʯʘʪʴ, ʷ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʙʳ ʟʘʪʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʛʦʜʘ ʪʨʠ ʥʘ ʫʩʠʣʝʥʥʫʶ ʧʦʜʛʦʪʦʚʢʫ, ʘ ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʥʝʪ ʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʪʘʢ ʨʘʩʪʦʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʨʘʩʭʦʜʦʚʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʥʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʝʡè. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʦʟʥʘʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʭʦʪʴ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʫʶ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʫ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʝʤʫ ʩʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʩ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʡ ʧʦʛʨʫʟʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʥʦ, ʚ ʦʪʣʠʯʠʝ ʦʪ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ, ʙʳʣ ʛʦʪʦʚ ʧʦʡʪʠ ʥʘ ʨʠʩʢ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʦʯʠʪʳʚʘʣ ʚʩʝ ʥʦʚʝʡʰʠʝ ʥʦʤʝʨʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʦʚ ʠ ʦʩʚʘʠʚʘʣ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ. ʉʦʙʠʨʘʷ ʦʨʫʞʠʝ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʝ ʜʣʷ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʷʱʝʡ ʙʠʪʚʳ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʦʚʝʣ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʚʦʩʝʤʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ, ʟʥʘʢʦʤʷʩʴ ʜʘʞʝ ʩ ʩʘʤʳʤʠ ʥʝʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʘʤʠ ʠʣʠ ʤʝʪʦʜʘʤʠ, ʠʤʝʚʰʠʤʠ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʢʨʠʚʳʤ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤ ʬʦʨʤʘʤ. ʅʘʜʦ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ,

ʧʦ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʠʢʠʜʢʘʤ, ʣʶʙʘʷ ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʘʷ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʪʴ ʦʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ-ʦʜʠʥʦʯʢʠ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʥʠʭ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʦʪ ʚʩʝʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʘʧʨʷʤʫʶ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʦ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʆʥ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʘʣ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʪʴ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʥʝʩʢʦʥʯʘʝʤʦʡ ʚʝʨʝʥʠʮʝ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʡ ʠ ʩʠʤʧʦʟʠʫʤʦʚ. ʆʩʪʘʚʘʷʩʴ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʢʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʫʯʝʙʥʳʝ ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʳ, ʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ ʜʣʷ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʦʚ ʠ ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʢʫʨʩʦʚʳʤʠ ʠ ʜʠʧʣʦʤʥʳʤʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʤʠ.

çʗ ʠʤʝʣ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʠʝ ʫʝʜʠʥʷʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʢʘʙʠʥʝʪʝ, ʛʜʝ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʬʨʘʛʤʝʥʪʳ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʪʝʭ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʯʘʩʪʷʤʠ ʝʜʠʥʦʡ ʤʦʟʘʠʢʠ... ʕʪʠ ʬʨʘʛʤʝʥʪʳ ʷ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʩʦʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʩ ʢʘʢʠʤ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʧʨʝʞʥʠʤ ʰʠʨʦʢʠʤ, ʥʘ ʫʨʦʚʥʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʡ, ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʝʤ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳ ʧʨʦʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʪʫ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʥʘʜ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʷ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʣ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʠʜʪʠ ʠ ʟʘʛʣʷʜʳʚʘʪʴ ʚ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʢʥʠʛʫ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʟʥʘʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʵʪʘ ʟʘʜʘʯʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʘ ʪʘʤ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʵʪʦ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦ ʩʣʝʛʢʘ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʪʴ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ, ʧʨʦʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʢʘʢʠʝ-ʪʦ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʩʜʝʣʘʥʥʦʝ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʙʝʩʧʦʣʝʟʥʦ. ɺ ʵʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʤʥʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʪʘʪʴ ʯʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʥʦʚʦʝ. ʅʝʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʦʪʢʫʜʘ ʯʪʦ ʙʨʘʣʦʩʴ.

ʇʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ, ʵʪʦ ʦʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʟʘʛʘʜʦʢ ʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʷ. ʏʘʩʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʚ ʧʦʨʷʜʦʢ ʤʳʩʣʠ, ʙʳʚʘʝʪ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʠʭ ʚ ʧʠʩʴʤʝʥʥʦʤ ʚʠʜʝ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʚʳ ʧʦ-ʥʘʩʪʦʷʱʝʤʫ ʟʘʭʦʜʠʪʝ ʚ ʪʫʧʠʢ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʨʝʯʴ ʠʜʝʪ ʦ ʥʘʩʪʦʷʱʝʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ, ʦʙʳʯʥʦʝ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʦʥʥʦʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʝ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʤʦʯʴ ʚʘʤ ʥʠʯʝʤ. ʂ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʠʜʝʝ ʚʝʜʝʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʣʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʧʝʨʠʦʜ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦʛʦ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ ʙʝʟ ʢʘʢʠʭ-ʣʠʙʦ ʦʪʚʣʝʯʝʥʠʡ. ʅʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʥʝ ʜʫʤʘʪʴ ʥʠ ʦ ʯʝʤ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʥʝʡ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʚʳ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴʩʷ, ʧʦʩʣʝ ʯʝʛʦ, ʥʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʷ ʤʦʛʫ ʩʫʜʠʪʴ, ʥʘʩʪʫʧʘʝʪ ʧʝʨʠʦʜ ʨʝʣʘʢʩʘʮʠʠ, ʚʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʚʩʪʫʧʘʝʪ ʚ ʠʛʨʫ ʧʦʜʩʦʟʥʘʥʠʝ, ʠ ʚ ʵʪʦʪ ʤʦʤʝʥʪ ʢ ʚʘʤ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʪ ʥʦʚʘʷ ʠʜʝʷè.

ʉ ʪʦʛʦ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʤʦʤʝʥʪʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʚʘʞʥʦʝ ʜʣʷ ʩʝʙʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʟʘʥʷʪʴʩʷ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʦʥ ʚʦʟʥʘʤʝʨʠʣʩʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʚ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʠʟʦʣʷʮʠʠ ʠ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʥʦʩʪʠ. ɺ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʩʣʦʞʠʣʘʩʴ ʢʫʣʴʪʫʨʘ ʢʦʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʠ ʠ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʝʥʠʝʤ ʚ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʝ. ʆʥ ʢʘʢ ʙʳ ʧʦʜʨʘʞʘʣ ʦʙʨʘʟʫ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʡ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʩʘʤʦʤʫ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʤʫ ʠʟ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʦʪʰʝʣʴʥʠʢʦʚ. ʉʚʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʚ ʦʙʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʝ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʥʦʩʪʠ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʪʯʘʩʪʠ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʝʪ ʞʝʣʘʥʠʝʤ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʙʝʟ ʧʦʤʝʭ, ʥʝ ʦʪʚʣʝʢʘʷʩʴ ʦʪ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ: çʗ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʢ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʚʳʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ. ʅʝʣʴʟʷ ʢʘʢ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʚʘʞʥʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ, ʝʩʣʠ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʥʝ ʦʪʚʣʝʯʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʧʦʩʪʦʨʦʥʥʝʛʦ. ʉʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʟʨʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʟʘʚʝʜʦʤʦ ʤʝʰʘʶʪ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʶ ʮʝʣʠè.

ɽʱʝ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʤʦʪʠʚʦʤ ʠʟʙʨʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʢʫʨʩʘ ʥʘ ʫʝʜʠʥʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʙʳʣʘ ʝʛʦ ʞʘʞʜʘ ʩʣʘʚʳ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʧʘʩʘʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʜʝʣʘʝʪ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʥʦ ʝʤʫ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʜʦʩʪʘʚʘʪʴ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘ ʚʳʢʣʘʜʦʢ, ʚʝʩʪʴ ʦ ʧʨʦʨʳʚʝ ʧʨʦʩʦʯʠʪʩʷ ʥʘʨʫʞʫ � ʠ ʥʠʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʧʦʤʝʰʘʝʪ ʢʘʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʩʦʧʝʨʥʠʢʫ ʠʟ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʨʦʜʝʣʘʥʥʦʡ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʨʘʙʦʪʦʡ, ʟʘʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʠ ʧʦʭʠʪʠʪʴ ʥʘʛʨʘʜʫ.

ɺ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ ʨʷʜ ʯʨʝʟʚʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʚʘʞʥʳʭ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ, ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʝ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʦ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ, ʯʝʤ ʦʥ ʜʦʚʝʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʦ ʢʦʥʮʘ. ɼʘʞʝ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʙʣʠʟʢʠʝ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʥʝʚʝʜʝʥʠʠ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʤʳʭ ʠʤ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ. ɼʞʦʥ ʂʦʫʪʩ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʨʘʟʛʦʚʦʨʝ ʩ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʘʟ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʣ ʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʥʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʠʯʝʤ ʥʝ ʚʳʜʘʣ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʘ ʢ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ: çɺʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʶ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ

ʨʘʟ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʣ ʚ ʙʝʩʝʜʝ ʩ ʥʠʤ: "ʕʪʘ ʩʚʷʟʴ ʩ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʣʝʧʥʘ, ʥʦ ʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʩʢʘʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ � ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʙʝʟʥʘʜʝʞʥʦʝ ʜʝʣʦ". ʅʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʥʝ ʧʦʤʥʠʪʩʷ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʫʣʳʙʘʣʩʷè.

ʂʝʥ ʈʠʙʝʪ, ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʚʰʠʡ ʩʚʷʟʴ ʤʝʞʜʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʨʝʙʳʚʘʣ ʚ ʧʦʣʥʦʤ ʥʝʚʝʜʝʥʠʠ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʘʡʥʦʡ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ. çɺʝʨʦʷʪʥʦ, ʵʪʦ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʤʥʝ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʢʪʦ-ʪʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʥʘʜ ʟʘʜʘʯʝʡ ʪʘʢ ʜʦʣʛʦ, ʥʠ ʩʣʦʚʦʤ ʥʝ ʦʙʤʦʣʚʠʚʰʠʩʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʝʤ ʦʥ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʝʪʩʷ, ʙʝʟ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʳʭ ʫʩʧʝʭʦʚ. ɺ ʤʦʝʤ ʦʧʳʪʝ ʵʪʦ ʙʝʩʧʨʝʮʝʜʝʥʪʥʳʡ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ. ɺ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʝ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦ ʦʙʤʝʥʠʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʜʝʷʤʠ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʶʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʷʭ, ʥʘʚʝʱʘʶʪ ʜʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʘ, ʫʩʪʨʘʠʚʘʶʪ ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʳ, ʦʙʤʝʥʠʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʥʦʚʦʩʪʷʤʠ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ, ʨʘʟʛʦʚʘʨʠʚʘʶʪ ʧʦ ʪʝʣʝʬʦʥʫ, ʧʨʦʩʷʪ ʧʦʜʢʠʥʫʪʴ ʩʚʝʞʫʶ ʠʜʝʶ � ʩʚʷʟʴ ʜʨʫʛ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ ʠʤ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʘ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʚʳ ʨʘʟʛʦʚʘʨʠʚʘʝʪʝ ʩ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤʠ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ, ʚʘʩ ʜʨʫʞʝʩʢʠ ʧʦʭʣʦʧʘʶʪ ʧʦ ʩʧʠʥʝ, ʚʘʤ ʩʢʘʞʫʪ, ʯʪʦ ʚʳ ʩʜʝʣʘʣʠ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʚʘʞʥʦʝ, ʚʘʤ ʧʦʜʩʢʘʞʫʪ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʠʜʝʠ. ʕʪʦ � ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʢʘ. ɽʩʣʠ ʚʳ ʦʪʨʝʟʘʝʪʝ ʩʝʙʷ ʦʪ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʵʪʦʛʦ, ʪʦ ʚʳ ʜʝʣʘʝʪʝ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʧʩʠʭʦʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʩʪʨʘʥʥʦʝè.

ʏʪʦʙʳ ʥʝ ʚʦʟʙʫʞʜʘʪʴ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʥʠʡ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʣ ʭʠʪʨʫʶ ʫʣʦʚʢʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʙʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ ʩʦ ʩʣʝʜʘ. ɺ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ 80-ʭ ʛʦʜʦʚ ʦʥ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʠʣ ʦʙʰʠʨʥʦʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʢʦʥʢʨʝʪʥʦʛʦ ʪʠʧʘ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʠ ʫʞʝ ʩʦʙʨʘʣʩʷ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ, ʥʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʷ ʈʠʙʝʪʘ ʠ ʌʨʝʷ ʟʘʩʪʘʚʠʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʥʠʷ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʝ çʧʦ ʢʫʩʦʯʢʘʤè, ʧʦ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʩʪʘʪʴʝ ʢʘʞʜʳʝ ʧʦʣʛʦʜʘ. ʕʪʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʝʪ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʦʙʳʯʥʳʤʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʤʠ. ʀ ʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʥ ʩʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʶ çʜʳʤʦʚʫʶ ʟʘʚʝʩʫè, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʪʴ ʙʝʟ ʧʦʤʝʭ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʦʤ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʡ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʠ, ʥʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʘʷ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʭ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʘʭ.

ʆ ʪʘʡʥʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʟʥʘʣ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ � ʝʛʦ ʞʝʥʘ ʅʘʜʘ. ʆʥʠ ʧʦʞʝʥʠʣʠʩʴ ʚʩʢʦʨʝ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʢ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʧʦʷʚʣʷʪʴʩʷ ʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ, ʦʥ ʧʦʩʚʷʪʠʣ ʚ ʩʚʦʶ ʪʘʡʥʫ ʝʝ ʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʝʝ. ɺ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʩʝʤʴʷ ʙʳʣʘ ʝʛʦ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʦʪʚʣʝʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. çʊʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʦʷ ʞʝʥʘ ʟʥʘʣʘ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʶ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʗ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʝʡ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʤ ʚ ʥʘʰ ʤʝʜʦʚʳʡ ʤʝʩʷʮ, ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʥʝʡ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʥʘʰʝʡ ʩʚʘʜʴʙʳ. ʄʦʷ ʞʝʥʘ ʩʣʳʰʘʣʘ ʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʚ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʦʥʘ ʝʱʝ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʣʘ ʦ ʪʦʤ ʨʦʤʘʥʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʦʨʝʦʣʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʵʪʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʠʤʝʣʘ ʚ ʛʣʘʟʘʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢʠʤ ʰʠʧʦʤ ʦʥʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʪʝʣʝ ʥʘʰʝʡ ʥʘʫʢʠ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʜʦʣʛʠʝ ʛʦʜʳè.

ɼʫʵʣʴ ʩ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴʶ

ʏʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʩʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʫʶ ʬʦʨʤʫ. ʄʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʪʯʘʷʥʥʦ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʦʢʦʥʯʠʣʠʩʴ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʝʡ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ ʩʦʟʥʘʚʘʣ, ʢʘʢʠʝ ʯʫʜʦʚʠʱʥʳʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʠ ʦʞʠʜʘʶʪ ʝʛʦ ʥʘ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ: çɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʚʩʸ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʠʚʥʦ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʠʩʴ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʦʜʥʠ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ, ʩʚʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʝʨʝʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʠ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʦʜʥʠʭ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʘʝʪ ʩ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ. ʅʦ ʥʠʢʪʦ ʠ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʣ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʛʦ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣ ʙʳ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʵʪʦ. ʇʝʨʚʘʷ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ ʠ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʪʝʭ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʚʳʨʘʟʠʪʴ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤè.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʦʙʳʯʥʳʤ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʦʤ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ. çʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʷ

ʟʘʧʠʩʳʚʘʶ ʥʘ ʣʠʩʪʢʝ ʙʫʤʘʛʠ ʢʘʨʘʢʫʣʠ. ʉʪʨʦʛʦ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʦʥʠ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʘʶʪ. ʕʪʦ, ʪʘʢ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʧʦʜʩʦʟʥʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʢʘʨʘʢʫʣʠ. ʂʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʦʤ ʷ ʥʝ ʧʦʣʴʟʫʶʩʴ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘè. ɺʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʟʘʜʘʯʘʭ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʳ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʙʝʩʧʦʣʝʟʥʳʤʠ. ɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʩʷ ʢ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʤ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷʤ, ʠ ʭʦʪʷ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʟʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʝʢʫʥʜ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ, ʦʥ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʩʣʫʯʘʠ. ʊʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʝ: ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʨʘʟʙʠʝʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʰʘʛʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʙʳ ʚ ʮʝʣʦʤ ʫʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʦ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʫ ʠ ʜʘʚʘʣʦ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʝʥʠʝ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʚʩʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʙʝʟ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤ ʬʦʨʤʘʤ. ʀ ʚ ʧʦʠʩʢʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘ ʣʠʩʪʦʢ ʙʫʤʘʛʠ, ʢʘʨʘʥʜʘʰ ʠ ʩʚʦʡ ʨʘʟʫʤ. çʗ ʥʝ ʟʘʙʳʚʘʣ ʥʠ ʥʘ ʤʠʛ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʮʝʣʠ. ʉ ʵʪʠʤ ʷ ʧʨʦʩʳʧʘʣʩʷ ʧʦ ʫʪʨʘʤ, ʥʘʜ ʵʪʠʤ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʣ ʚʝʩʴ ʜʝʥʴ, ʦʙ ʵʪʦʤ ʜʫʤʘʣ, ʟʘʩʳʧʘʷ. ʅʝ ʦʪʚʣʝʢʘʷʩʴ, ʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʠ ʜʝʣʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʣ ʠ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʣ ʥʘʜ ʚʩʝʤ ʵʪʠʤè.

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʛʦʜʘ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʡ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʠʟʙʨʘʪʴ ʟʘ ʦʩʥʦʚʫ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʦʙʱʠʡ ʤʝʪʦʜ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ. ʀʥʜʫʢʮʠʷ � ʯʨʝʟʚʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʤʦʱʥʳʡ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʦʥ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʩʧʨʘʚʝʜʣʠʚʦ ʜʣʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʚ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʚ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʩʧʨʘʚʝʜʣʠʚʦ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʦʜʥʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤ ʩʝʙʝ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʭʦʯʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʩʧʨʘʚʝʜʣʠʚʦ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʦʪ 1 ʜʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ. ʇʝʨʚʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 1, ʯʪʦ ʦʙʳʯʥʦ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʦʡ. ʉʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʰʘʛ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 1, ʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 2, ʘ ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʦ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 2, ʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 3, ʘ ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʦ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 3, ʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 4 ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ɹʦʣʝʝ ʦʙʱʦ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ n, ʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ n+1.

ʇʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩ, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʱʠʡ ʠʟ ʜʚʫʭ ʯʘʩʪʝʡ:

1. ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʚ ʧʝʨʚʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ; 2. ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ, ʪʦ ʦʥʦ

ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʝʨʥʳʤ ʜʣʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ.

ɼʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ ʥʘʛʣʷʜʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʚ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʴ ʩ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʤ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦʤ ʢʦʩʪʝʡ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʡ ʩʙʠʪʴ ʢʘʞʜʫʶ ʠʟ ʢʦʩʪʝʡ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ. ɽʩʣʠ ʩʙʠʚʘʪʴ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʦʜʥʦ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ, ʪʦ ʥʘ ʵʪʦ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ ʟʘʪʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ. ʅʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʩʙʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ, ʩʙʠʚ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʝʨʚʫʶ ʢʦʩʪʴ. ɽʩʣʠ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʨʘʩʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʳ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦ, ʪʦ ʧʝʨʚʦʝ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ, ʫʧʘʚ, ʩʦʙʴʝʪ ʚʪʦʨʦʝ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ, ʦʥʦ ʚ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʴ ʩʦʙʴʝʪ ʪʨʝʪʴʝ ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ʜʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʝʪ ʵʬʬʝʢʪ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʘʥʘʣʦʛ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ (ʧʘʜʘʷ, ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʢʦʩʪʴ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ, ʩʙʠʚʘʝʪ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʫʶ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʧʦʚʘʣʠʪʴ ʦʜʥʫ-ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʫʶ ʢʦʩʪʴ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ, ʢʘʢ ʧʦʚʘʣʷʪʩʷ ʚʩʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʢʦʩʪʠ ʜʦ ʝʜʠʥʦʡ) ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʚ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʚ ʦʜʠʥ-ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ. ɺ ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ 10 ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ, ʢʘʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʜʣʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ.

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ, ʩʪʦʷʚʰʘʷ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ, ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʘ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʠʥʜʫʢʪʠʚʥʦʝ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʠʟ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʦ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʢʘʢʘʷ-ʪʦ ʠʟ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ, ʠ, ʥʘʦʙʦʨʦʪ, ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʘʷ ʬʦʨʤʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʘ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʠʟ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ. ʂʘʢʠʤ-ʪʦ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʥʘ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʚ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ, ʪʦʣʢʥʫʚ ʧʝʨʚʫʶ ʢʦʩʪʴ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ

(ʜʦʢʘʟʘʚ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ), ʦʥ ʚʳʟʦʚʝʪ ʵʬʬʝʢʪ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ (ʚʩʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʩʣʫʯʘʠ ʙʫʜʫʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʳ). ʀ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʝʛʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʩʢʨʳʪ ʚ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʪʨʘʛʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʧʦʛʠʙʰʝʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʛʝʥʠʷ, ʞʠʚʰʝʛʦ ʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʚʰʝʛʦ ʚʦ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ ʚ XIX ʚʝʢʝ.

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ʕʚʘʨʠʩʪ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʨʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʚ ɹʫʨ-ʣʷ-ʈʝʡʥʝ, ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʜʝʨʝʚʫʰʢʝ, ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʡ ʢ ʶʛʫ ʦʪ ʇʘʨʠʞʘ, 25 ʦʢʪʷʙʨʷ 1811 ʛʦʜʘ, ʨʦʚʥʦ ʯʝʨʝʟ 22 ʛʦʜʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʌʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʡ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʠ. ʅʘʧʦʣʝʦʥ ɹʦʥʘʧʘʨʪ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʪʫ ʧʦʨʫ ʚ ʨʘʩʮʚʝʪʝ ʩʠʣ, ʥʦ ʚ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʤ ʛʦʜʫ ʧʝʨʝʞʠʣ ʨʘʟʛʨʦʤ ʚ ʈʫʩʩʢʦʡ ʢʘʤʧʘʥʠʠ ʠ ʚ 1814 ʛʦʜʫ ʙʳʣ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʣʝʥ ʚ ʩʩʳʣʢʫ. ʅʘ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʠʡ ʪʨʦʥ ʚʟʦʰʝʣ ʢʦʨʦʣʴ ʃʶʜʦʚʠʢ XVIII. ɺ 1815 ʛʦʜʫ ʅʘʧʦʣʝʦʥ ʙʝʞʘʣ ʩ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʘ ʕʣʴʙʳ, ʚʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞ ʠ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʚʣʘʩʪʴ, ʥʦ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʩʪʦ ʜʥʝʡ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʙʠʪʚʝ ʧʨʠ ɺʘʪʝʨʣʦʦ ʠ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʦʪʨʝʯʴʩʷ ʚ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ʃʶʜʦʚʠʢʘ XVIII. ʇʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ, ɻʘʣʫʘ ʨʦʩ ʚ ʧʝʨʠʦʜ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʩʤʫʪʳ, ʥʦ ʝʩʣʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ ʦʪʨʝʰʠʣʘʩʴ ʦʪ ʙʫʨʥʳʭ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ ʌʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʡ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʠ ʠ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʪʦ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʝʦʜʥʦʢʨʘʪʥʦ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʮʝʥʪʨʝ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʧʦʨʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʤʝʰʘʣʠ ʝʤʫ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʘʢʘʜʝʤʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʫ, ʥʦ ʠ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʠ ʢ ʝʛʦ ʙʝʟʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʢʦʥʯʠʥʝ.

ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʦʙʱʝʡ ʩʤʫʪʳ, ʥʝʠʟʙʝʞʥʦ ʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʚʰʝʡʩʷ ʥʘ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʘ, ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʢ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʢʝ ʚʦʟʥʠʢ ʧʦʜ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝʤ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʮʘ ʅʠʢʦʣʷ-ɻʘʙʨʠʵʣʷ ɻʘʣʫʘ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʕʚʘʨʠʩʪʫ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʛʦʜʘ, ʝʛʦ ʦʪʝʮ ʙʳʣ ʠʟʙʨʘʥ ʤʵʨʦʤ ɹʫʨ-ʣʷ-ʈʝʡʥʘ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʪʨʠʫʤʬʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʝʥʠʷ ʅʘʧʦʣʝʦʥʘ ʢ ʚʣʘʩʪʠ, ʠ ʣʠʙʝʨʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʮʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ, ʚʳʩʦʢʦ ʮʝʥʠʤʳʝ ʦʪʮʦʤ ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʦʪʚʝʯʘʣʠ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʜʫʭʦʚʥʦʤʫ ʥʘʩʪʨʦʶ ʥʘʮʠʠ. ʅʠʢʦʣʷ-ɻʘʙʨʠʵʣʴ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʳʣ ʢʫʣʴʪʫʨʥʳʤ ʠ ʦʙʭʦʜʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʦʤ, ʠ ʚ ʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʧʨʝʙʳʚʘʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʧʦʩʪʫ ʤʵʨʘ ʦʥ ʩʥʠʩʢʘʣ ʫʚʘʞʝʥʠʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʥʘʩʝʣʝʥʠʷ. ɼʘʞʝ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʃʶʜʦʚʠʢ XVIII ʦʧʷʪʴ ʚʟʦʰʝʣ ʥʘ ʪʨʦʥ, ʦʪʝʮ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʳʣ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʚʳʙʨʘʥ ʤʵʨʦʤ. ɺʥʝ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʢʠ ʝʛʦ ʣʶʙʠʤʳʤ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʝʤ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʝ ʵʧʠʛʨʘʤʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʥ, ʢ ʚʦʩʪʦʨʛʫ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʥʠʢʦʚ, ʯʠʪʘʣ ʥʘ ʩʦʙʨʘʥʠʷʭ ʞʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʛʦʨʦʜʘ. ʄʥʦʛʦ ʣʝʪ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʥʝʜʶʞʠʥʥʳʡ ʪʘʣʘʥʪ ʵʧʠʛʨʘʤʤʘʪʠʩʪʘ ʧʨʠʚʝʣ ʝʛʦ ʢ ʧʘʜʝʥʠʶ.

ʂʦʛʜʘ ʕʚʘʨʠʩʪʫ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʜʚʝʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ, ʦʥ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʚ ʧʝʨʚʫʶ ʩʚʦʶ ʰʢʦʣʫ � ʣʠʮʝʡ ʃʶʜʦʚʠʢʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʛʦ, ʧʨʝʩʪʠʞʥʦʝ ʫʯʝʙʥʦʝ ʟʘʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʩ ʞʝʩʪʢʦʡ ʜʠʩʮʠʧʣʠʥʦʡ. ʉʨʘʟʫ ʞʝ ʩʢʘʞʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʝ ʩʣʫʰʘʣ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʫʨʩʦʚ, ʠ ʝʛʦ ʫʩʧʝʭʠ ʚʦʦʙʱʝ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʤʠʩʷ. ʅʦ ʚ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʞʝ ʩʝʤʝʩʪʨ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʦ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʚʩʶ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʴ. ɼʦ ʈʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʠ ʣʠʮʝʡ ʙʳʣ ʠʝʟʫʠʪʩʢʠʤ ʢʦʣʣʝʜʞʝʤ, ʠ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʠʩʴ ʩʣʫʭʠ, ʯʪʦ ʣʠʮʝʡ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʦʜ ʚʣʘʩʪʴ ʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʠʢʦʚ. ɺ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʤʦʥʘʨʭʠʩʪʘʤʠ ʠ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʮʘʤʠ ʰʣʠ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʝ ʩʧʦʨʳ, ʨʘʚʥʦʚʝʩʠʝ ʚʣʘʩʪʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʃʶʜʦʚʠʢʦʤ XVIII ʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʝʣʷʤʠ ʥʘʨʦʜʘ ʥʘʨʫʰʘʣʦʩʴ ʚ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ʪʦ ʦʜʥʦʡ, ʪʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ.

ɺʦʟʨʘʩʪʘʶʱʝʝ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʦʩʣʫʞʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʚ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʘʪʤʦʩʬʝʨʝ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʢʘʢ ʫʢʘʟʘʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʝʚʝʩ ʚʣʘʩʪʠ ʚ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ʢʦʨʦʣʷ. ʋʯʘʱʠʝʩʷ ʣʠʮʝʷ, ʚ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʝ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʧʨʠʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʩʢʠʭ ʚʟʛʣʷʜʦʚ, ʨʝʰʠʣʠ ʧʦʜʥʷʪʴ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʠʝ, ʥʦ ʜʠʨʝʢʪʦʨ ʣʠʮʝʷ ʤʝʩʴʝ ɹʝʨʪʦ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʣ ʟʘʛʦʚʦʨ ʠ, ʥʝ ʢʦʣʝʙʣʷʩʴ, ʠʩʢʣʶʯʠʣ ʩ ʜʝʩʷʪʦʢ ʟʘʯʠʥʱʠʢʦʚ. ʅʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʜʝʥʴ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʤʝʩʴʝ ɹʝʨʪʦ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣ ʦʪ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʫʯʘʱʠʭʩʷ ʩʪʘʨʰʠʭ ʢʣʘʩʩʦʚ ʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʘʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ ʚʳʨʘʞʝʥʠʷ ʣʦʷʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ,

ʫʯʘʱʠʝʩʷ ʣʠʮʝʷ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦʜʥʷʪʴ ʪʦʩʪ ʟʘ ʃʶʜʦʚʠʢʘ XVIII, ʧʦʩʣʝ ʯʝʛʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʳ ʝʱʝ ʩʪʦ ʫʯʘʱʠʭʩʷ. ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʳʣ ʝʱʝ ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʶʥ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʯʘʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʚ ʧʨʦʚʘʣʠʚʰʝʤʩʷ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʠʠ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʦʩʪʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʣʠʮʝʝ. ʅʦ ʫʥʠʞʝʥʠʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʥʘ ʝʛʦ ʛʣʘʟʘʭ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʣʠʩʴ ʝʛʦ ʪʦʚʘʨʠʱʠ, ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʫʩʠʣʠʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʩʢʠʝ ʥʘʩʪʨʦʝʥʠʷ.

ʃʠʰʴ ʚ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ ʰʝʩʪʥʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʣʝʪ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʢʫʨʩ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ, ʧʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʝʧʦʜʘʚʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʣʠʮʝʷ, ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʣ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʠʟ ʧʦʩʣʫʰʥʦʛʦ ʫʯʝʥʠʢʘ ʚ ʫʯʘʱʝʛʦʩʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʩʠʣʴʥʦ ʚʳʜʝʣʷʣʩʷ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ. ʉʫʜʷ ʧʦ ʦʪʤʝʪʢʘʤ, ʦʥ ʩʪʘʣ ʧʨʝʥʝʙʨʝʛʘʪʴ ʚʩʝʤʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʘʤʠ ʠ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʣ ʚʩʝ ʩʚʦʝ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʥʦʚʦʤ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʛʦ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʦʥ ʦʪʜʘʣʩʷ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʧʳʣʦʤ ʜʫʰʠ.

çʕʪʦʪ ʫʯʘʱʠʡʩʷ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʝʪʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʚʳʩʰʠʤʠ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʘʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʖʥʦʰʝʡ ʦʚʣʘʜʝʣʦ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʙʝʟʫʤʠʝ. ɼʫʤʘʶ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʛʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʣʫʯʰʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʨʦʜʠʪʝʣʠ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʠ ʝʤʫ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʦʥ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘʧʨʘʩʥʦ ʪʝʨʷʝʪ ʟʜʝʩʴ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʠ ʤʫʯʘʝʪ ʧʨʝʧʦʜʘʚʘʪʝʣʝʡ, ʥʘʚʣʝʢʘʷ ʥʘ ʩʝʙʷ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʥʘʢʘʟʘʥʠʡè.

ʉʢʦʨʦ ʥʝʥʘʩʳʪʥʘʷ ʞʘʞʜʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʦʟʥʘʥʠʡ ʩʦ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʘʤʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʝʚʟʦʰʣʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʝʤʫ ʜʘʪʴ ʫʯʠʪʝʣʷ, ʠ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʩʪʘʣ ʫʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʧʦ ʢʥʠʛʘʤ, ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʥʳʤʠ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʤʠʩʷ ʫʯʝʥʳʤʠ ʪʦʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ. ɻʘʣʫʘ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʫʩʚʘʠʚʘʣ ʩʣʦʞʥʝʡʰʠʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ, ʠ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʝʤʫ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʩʝʤʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ, ʦʥ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʧʝʨʚʫʶ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʚ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʝ çAnnales de Gergonneè. ʂʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʧʫʪʴ, ʦʪʢʨʳʚʘʚʰʠʡʩʷ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʚʫʥʜʝʨʢʠʥʜʦʤ, ʙʳʣ ʷʩʝʥ.

ɽʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʧʨʝʧʷʪʩʪʚʠʝʤ ʥʘ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʫʩʧʝʭʫ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʳʡ ʙʣʝʩʢ, ʧʨʠʩʫʱʠʡ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʟʫʤʫ. ʇʦʟʥʘʥʠʷ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʝʚʦʩʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʪʦʪ ʫʨʦʚʝʥʴ ʟʥʘʥʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤ ʜʣʷ ʩʜʘʯʠ ʵʢʟʘʤʝʥʦʚ ʟʘ ʢʫʨʩ ʣʠʮʝʷ, ʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʝʨʝʜʢʦ ʙʳʣʠ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʨʠʛʠʥʘʣʴʥʳ ʠ ʠʟʳʩʢʘʥʥʳ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʵʢʟʘʤʝʥʘʪʦʨʳ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʧʦ ʜʦʩʪʦʠʥʩʪʚʫ ʦʮʝʥʠʪʴ ʠʭ. ʅʝʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʩʦ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ ʧʨʝʧʦʜʘʚʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʫʩʫʛʫʙʣʷʣʦʩʴ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʣ ʚ ʫʤʝ ʠ ʥʝ ʪʨʫʜʠʣʩʷ ʷʩʥʦ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʠʭ ʥʘ ʙʫʤʘʛʝ, ʯʪʦ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʟʘʪʨʫʜʥʷʣʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʧʨʝʧʦʜʘʚʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʠ ʚʳʟʳʚʘʣʦ ʫ ʥʠʭ ʨʘʟʜʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ.

ʖʥʳʡ ʛʝʥʠʡ ʦʪʥʶʜʴ ʥʝ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʩʤʷʛʯʝʥʠʶ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʠ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʣʩʷ ʚʩʧʳʣʴʯʠʚʦʩʪʴʶ ʠ ʦʧʨʦʤʝʪʯʠʚʦʩʪʴʶ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʢʦʚ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʚʳʟʳʚʘʣʦ ʩʠʤʧʘʪʠʠ ʢ ʥʝʤʫ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʦʜʘʣ ʜʦʢʫʤʝʥʪʳ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʧʨʝʩʪʠʞʥʦʝ ʚʳʩʰʝʝ ʫʯʝʙʥʦʝ ʟʘʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ � ʇʦʣʠʪʝʭʥʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʰʢʦʣʫ (£cole Polytechnique), � ʢʨʘʪʢʦʩʪʴ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʠ ʦʪʩʫʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʢʘʢʠʭ-ʣʠʙʦ ʧʦʷʩʥʝʥʠʡ ʥʘ ʫʩʪʥʦʤ ʵʢʟʘʤʝʥʝ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʠ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʧʨʠʥʷʪ. ʄʝʞʜʫ ʪʝʤ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚʦ ʯʪʦ ʙʳ ʪʦ ʥʠ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʪʴ ʪʫʜʘ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʣʫʯʰʝʝ ʫʯʝʙʥʦʝ ʟʘʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ, ʥʦ ʠ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʩʣʘʚʠʣʦʩʴ ʢʘʢ ʮʝʥʪʨ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʮʝʚ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʛʦʜ ʕʚʘʨʠʩʪ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʥʫ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʫ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʪʴ ʚ £cole Polytechnique, ʠ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʥʘ ʫʩʪʥʦʤ ʵʢʟʘʤʝʥʝ ʧʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ çʩʢʘʯʢʠè ʚ ʣʦʛʠʢʝ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʤʫʪʠʣʠ ʵʢʟʘʤʝʥʘʪʦʨʘ ʤʝʩʴʝ ɼʠʥʝ. ʏʫʚʩʪʚʫʷ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʥʘ ʛʨʘʥʠ ʚʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʚʘʣʘ, ʠ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʥʳʡ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʝ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʩʪʠ ʥʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʠ ʜʦʣʞʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʠʷ, ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚʳʰʝʣ ʠʟ ʩʝʙʷ ʠ ʰʚʳʨʥʫʣ ʚ ɼʠʥʝ ʪʨʷʧʢʦʡ. ɹʨʦʩʦʢ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʪʦʯʥʳʤ. ɹʦʣʴʰʝ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʳʝ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ £cole Polytechnique.

ʅʝʫʜʘʯʠ ʥʘ ʚʩʪʫʧʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʵʢʟʘʤʝʥʘʭ ʥʝ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʙʘʣʠ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʪʘʣʘʥʪʝ, ʠ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʩʚʦʠ ʧʨʠʚʘʪʥʳʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷ. ɽʛʦ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʙʳʣ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʝʥ ʥʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ. ʂʘʢ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʚʠʜ

ax2 + bx + c = 0,

ʛʜʝ a, b ʠ c ʤʦʛʫʪ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʣʶʙʳʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ. ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ x, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʶʪ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʦʤʫ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʶ. ʄʝʪʦʜ ʧʨʦʙ ʠ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ ʥʝ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʝʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ʆʥʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʯʠʪʘʣʠ ʙʳ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʨʝʮʝʧʪ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʡ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʴ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʢ ʩʯʘʩʪʴʶ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʨʝʮʝʧʪ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ:

x = �b Ñ ãbĮ � 4ac2a

.

ʇʦʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʷ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ a, b ʠ c ʚ ʵʪʫ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʫ, ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʳʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ x. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʳʡ ʚʳʰʝ ʨʝʮʝʧʪ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʪʴ ʢ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʶ

2x2 � 6x + 4 = 0,

ʛʜʝ a=2, b=�6 ʠ c=4. ʇʦʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʷ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷ a, b ʠ c, ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ x=1 ʠʣʠ x=2. ʂʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʳʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ � ʵʪʦ ʯʘʩʪʥʳʡ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʰʠʨʦʢʦʛʦ ʢʣʘʩʩʘ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʧʦʣʠʥʦʤʠʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ. ʇʦʣʠʥʦʤʠʥʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝʤ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʤ, ʯʝʤ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʦʝ, ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0.

ɼʦʧʦʣʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʦʩʣʦʞʥʝʥʠʝ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʝʪ ʠʟ-ʟʘ ʯʣʝʥʘ ax3. ɼʦʙʘʚʣʷʷ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʯʣʝʥ, x4, ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʚʠʜ ʧʦʣʠʥʦʤʠʥʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʛʦ ʢʘʢ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ:

ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0.

ʂ ʥʘʯʘʣʫ XIX ʚʝʢʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʙʳʣʠ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳ ʨʝʮʝʧʪʳ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʝ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʴ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʠ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʝʥ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʧʷʪʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ

ax5 + bx4 + cx3 + dx2 + ex + f = 0.

ɻʘʣʫʘ ʫʚʣʝʢʩʷ ʠʜʝʝʡ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʨʝʮʝʧʪ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʧʷʪʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʦʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʝʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʩʝʤʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ, ʦʥ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʣ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʥʘʫʢ ʜʚʘ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʘ ʩ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʘʤʠ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ. ʈʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʳ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʣʠ ʥʘ ʦʪʟʳʚ, ʙʳʣ ʆʛʶʩʪʝʥ ʃʫʠ ʂʦʰʠ � ʪʦʪ ʩʘʤʳʡ, ʢʪʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʣʝʪ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʚʩʪʫʧʠʪ ʚ ʧʦʣʝʤʠʢʫ ʩ ʃʘʤʝ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʧʨʦʙʝʣʘ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʈʘʙʦʪʳ ʶʥʦʛʦ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʣʠ ʥʘ ʂʦʰʠ ʩʠʣʴʥʦʝ ʚʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʥʠʝ, ʠ ʦʥ ʩʯʝʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʳ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʚʘʶʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʥʘ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʧʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʬʦʨʤʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʥʠʷʤ, ʧʨʝʜʲʷʚʣʷʝʤʳʤ ʢ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʤ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʥʘ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩ, ʦʙʘ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʘ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ ʦʙʲʝʜʠʥʠʪʴ ʚ ʦʜʠʥ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʂʦʰʠ ʚʚʝʨʥʫʣ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʠ ʩʪʘʣ ʦʞʠʜʘʪʴ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʪʦʪ ʧʦʜʘʩʪ ʠʭ ʫʞʝ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʘ.

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʥʝʩʧʨʘʚʝʜʣʠʚʦʡ ʢʨʠʪʠʢʠ ʧʨʝʧʦʜʘʚʘʪʝʣʝʡ ʣʠʮʝʷ ʠ ʜʚʫʢʨʘʪʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʚʘʣʘ ʥʘ ʚʩʪʫʧʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʵʢʟʘʤʝʥʘʭ ʚ £cole Polytechnique ʛʝʥʠʡ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʳʣ ʫʞʝ ʥʘ ʛʨʘʥʠ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʠʷ, ʥʦ ʨʷʜ ʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʠ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʪʨʘʛʝʜʠʡ, ʧʝʨʝʞʠʪʳʭ ʠʤ ʚ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʪʨʠ ʛʦʜʘ, ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʣʠ ʢʨʝʩʪ ʥʘ ʝʛʦ ʯʝʩʪʦʣʶʙʠʚʳʭ ʟʘʤʳʩʣʘʭ. ɺ ʠʶʣʝ 1829 ʛʦʜʘ ʚ ʛʦʨʦʜʦʢ ɹʫʨ-ʣʷ-ʈʝʡʥ, ʤʵʨʦʤ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʩʷ ʦʪʝʮ ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʧʨʠʙʳʣ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʠʢ-ʠʝʟʫʠʪ. ʆʥ ʩ ʥʝʦʜʦʙʨʝʥʠʝʤ ʦʪʥʝʩʩʷ ʢ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʩʢʠʤ ʩʠʤʧʘʪʠʷʤ ʤʵʨʘ ʠ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʢʘʤʧʘʥʠʶ ʧʦ ʩʤʝʱʝʥʠʶ ʪʦʛʦ ʩ ʧʦʩʪʘ, ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʷʷ ʚʩʷʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʜʠʩʢʨʝʜʠʪʠʨʫʶʱʠʝ ʤʵʨʘ ʩʣʫʭʠ. ɺ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ʠʝʟʫʠʪ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʅʠʢʦʣʷ-ɻʘʙʨʠʵʣʴ ɻʘʣʫʘ

ʩʦʯʠʥʷʣ ʦʩʪʨʦʫʤʥʳʝ ʵʧʠʛʨʘʤʤʳ. ʉʚʷʱʝʥʥʠʢ-ʠʥʪʨʠʛʘʥ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʨʷʜ ʛʨʫʙʳʭ ʩʪʠʰʢʦʚ, ʚʳʩʤʝʠʚʘʚʰʠʭ ʤʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʞʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʠ ʧʦʜʧʠʩʘʣ ʠʭ ʠʤʝʥʝʤ ʤʵʨʘ. ɻʘʣʫʘ-ʩʪʘʨʰʠʡ ʥʝ ʚʳʜʝʨʞʘʣ ʧʦʟʦʨʘ ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʚʰʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʦʪʦʣʢʦʚ ʠ ʨʝʰʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʜʦʩʪʦʡʥʳʡ ʚʳʭʦʜ ʠʟ ʩʦʟʜʘʚʰʝʛʦʩʷ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʢʦʥʯʠʪʴ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʦʤ.

ʕʚʘʨʠʩʪ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʨʠʙʳʣ ʥʘ ʧʦʭʦʨʦʥʳ ʦʪʮʘ ʠ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʛʣʘʟʘʤʠ ʫʚʠʜʝʣ, ʥʘ ʢʘʢʠʝ ʚʨʘʞʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʩʝʣʝʥʠʝ ɹʫʨ-ʣʷ-ʈʝʡʥʘ ʧʦʜ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝʤ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ ʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʠʢʘ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʛʨʦʙ ʦʧʫʩʢʘʣʠ ʚ ʤʦʛʠʣʫ, ʤʝʞʜʫ ʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʠʢʦʤ-ʠʝʟʫʠʪʦʤ, ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʚʰʠʤ ʟʘʫʧʦʢʦʡʥʫʶ ʩʣʫʞʙʫ ʠ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʥʠʢʘʤʠ ʤʵʨʘ, ʦʩʦʟʥʘʚʰʠʤʠ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚ ʥʝʛʦ ʙʳʣ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥ ʟʘʛʦʚʦʨ, ʟʘʚʷʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʧʦʪʘʩʦʚʢʘ. ʉʚʷʱʝʥʥʠʢ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʫʜʘʨ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ, ʧʦʪʘʩʦʚʢʘ ʧʝʨʝʨʦʩʣʘ ʚ ʜʨʘʢʫ, ʘ ʛʨʦʙ ʙʝʩʮʝʨʝʤʦʥʥʦ ʩʪʦʣʢʥʫʣʠ ʚ ʤʦʛʠʣʫ. ʅʘʙʣʶʜʘʷ ʟʘ ʧʦʨʫʛʘʥʠʝʤ ʠ ʨʘʟʨʫʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʫʩʪʦʝʚ ʛʦʩʫʜʘʨʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʚʣʘʩʪʠ, ʫʢʨʝʧʣʝʥʠʶ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʝʮ ʦʪʜʘʣ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʞʠʟʥʠ, ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʫʙʝʞʜʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʚʳʙʦʨʘ ʚ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ʜʝʣʘ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʮʝʚ.

ʇʦ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʝʥʠʠ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʟʘʜʦʣʛʦ ʜʦ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʛʦ ʩʨʦʢʘ ʦʙʲʝʜʠʥʠʣ ʦʙʘ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʘ ʚ ʦʜʠʥ ʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʥʝʧʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʘʨʶ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ɾʦʟʝʬʫ ʌʫʨʴʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʦʩʴ, ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʪʴ ʝʝ ʞʶʨʠ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʘ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ. ɺ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʝ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʣʘʛʘʣ ʛʦʪʦʚʦʛʦ ʨʝʮʝʧʪʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʷʪʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ, ʥʦ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʫʶ ʠʜʝʶ, ʠ, ʧʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʂʦʰʠ, ʙʳʣ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʳʭ ʢʘʥʜʠʜʘʪʦʚ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ. ʂ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʝʤʫ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʝ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʧʦʪʨʷʩʝʥʠʶ, ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʜʨʫʟʝʡ, ʦʥ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ, ʥʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʦʬʠʮʠʘʣʴʥʦ ʜʦʧʫʱʝʥ ʚ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʫ. ʌʫʨʴʝ ʫʤʝʨ ʟʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʜʦ ʟʘʩʝʜʘʥʠʷ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʥʦʡ ʢʦʤʠʩʩʠʠ, ʠ ʭʦʪʷ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʙʫʤʘʛʘʭ ʙʳʣʘ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʘ ʮʝʣʘʷ ʢʠʧʘ ʨʘʙʦʪ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ, ʤʝʤʫʘʨʘ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʥʠʭ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ. ʕʪʦʪ ʤʝʤʫʘʨ ʪʘʢ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʡʜʝʥ. ɺʦʪ ʢʘʢ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʝʪ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʚʦʧʠʶʱʫʶ ʥʝʩʧʨʘʚʝʜʣʠʚʦʩʪʴ ʦʜʠʥ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʠʡ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʠʩʪ.

ç1-ʛʦ ʤʘʨʪʘ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʛʦ ʛʦʜʘ ʤʝʩʴʝ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʣ ʥʝʧʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʘʨʶ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʘ ʤʝʤʫʘʨ ʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʯʠʩʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ. ʕʪʦʪ ʤʝʤʫʘʨ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥ ʥʘ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ʧʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʠ ʦʥ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʚʘʣ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʣ ʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʝʪʴ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʠ, ʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʥʝ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴʩʷ ʃʘʛʨʘʥʞ. ʄʝʩʴʝ ʂʦʰʠ ʚʳʩʦʢʦ ʦʮʝʥʠʣ ʰʘʥʩʳ ʘʚʪʦʨʘ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʘ ʥʘ ʚʳʩʰʫʶ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ. ʀ ʯʪʦ ʞʝ ʩʣʫʯʠʣʦʩʴ? ʄʝʤʫʘʨ ʫʪʝʨʷʥ, ʠ ʧʨʝʤʠʷ ʧʨʠʩʫʞʜʝʥʘ ʙʝʟ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʷ ʤʦʣʦʜʦʛʦ ʫʯʝʥʦʛʦ...è (ʃʝ ɻʣʦʙ, 1831).

ɻʘʣʫʘ ʩʯʠʪʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʤʝʤʫʘʨ ʙʳʣ ʫʤʳʰʣʝʥʥʦ ʫʪʝʨʷʥ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʥʝʙʝʩʧʨʠʩʪʨʘʩʪʥʦʡ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʝʡ, ʠ ʵʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʫʢʨʝʧʠʣʦʩʴ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʛʦʜ � ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʷ ʦʪʚʝʨʛʣʘ ʝʛʦ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʤʝʤʫʘʨ, ʤʦʪʠʚʠʨʫʷ ʩʚʦʡ ʦʪʢʘʟ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ çʘʨʛʫʤʝʥʪʘʮʠʷ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʘ ʷʩʥʘ, ʠ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʨʘʟʚʝʨʥʫʪʘ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʤʳ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʩʫʜʠʪʴ ʦ ʝʝ ʩʪʨʦʛʦʩʪʠè. ɻʘʣʫʘ ʨʝʰʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚ ʥʝʛʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʪʘʡʥʳʡ ʟʘʛʦʚʦʨ, ʮʝʣʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʠʟ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ. ʀ ʦʥ ʧʨʝʥʝʙʨʝʛ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʤʠ, ʦʩʪʘʚʠʚ ʠʭ ʨʘʜʠ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʙʦʨʴʙʳ ʥʘ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʝ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʮʝʚ. ʂ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʦʤ ʅʦʨʤʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʰʢʦʣʳ (£cole Normale) � ʚʳʩʰʝʛʦ ʫʯʝʙʥʦʛʦ ʟʘʚʝʜʝʥʠʷ, ʣʠʰʴ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʠʤ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʧʨʝʩʪʠʞʥʦʛʦ, ʯʝʤ £cole Polytechnique. ɺ £cole Normale ʚʳʩʦʢʘʷ ʨʝʧʫʪʘʮʠʷ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʢʘʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʟʘʪʤʝʚʘʣʘ ʝʛʦ ʜʫʨʥʫʶ ʩʣʘʚʫ ʚʦʟʤʫʪʠʪʝʣʷ ʩʧʦʢʦʡʩʪʚʠʷ. ʂʫʣʴʤʠʥʘʮʠʷ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʡ ʥʘʩʪʫʧʠʣʘ ʚʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʠʶʣʴʩʢʦʡ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʠ 1830 ʛʦʜʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʂʘʨʣ X ʙʝʞʘʣ ʠʟ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ, ʠ ʙʦʨʴʙʘ ʟʘ ʚʣʘʩʪʴ ʚʳʧʣʝʩʥʫʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ ʫʣʠʮʳ ʇʘʨʠʞʘ. ɼʠʨʝʢʪʦʨ £cole Normale ʤʝʩʴʝ ɻʠʥʴʦ, ʤʦʥʘʨʭʠʩʪ ʧʦ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʠʷʤ, ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʝʛʦ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʦʚ ʙʳʣʠ ʨʘʜʠʢʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʮʘʤʠ. ʆʥ ʧʨʠʢʘʟʘʣ ʠʤ ʨʘʟʦʡʪʠʩʴ ʧʦ ʩʧʘʣʴʥʷʤ ʠ ʟʘʧʝʨ ʚʦʨʦʪʘ ʫʯʝʙʥʦʛʦ ʟʘʚʝʜʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʟʘʤʦʢ. ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʷ ʚ ʙʦʨʴʙʝ ʧʣʝʯʦʤ ʢ ʧʣʝʯʫ ʩʦ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʩʦʨʘʪʥʠʢʘʤʠ, ʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʮʳ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ, ʝʛʦ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʶ ʠ ʛʥʝʚʫ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʘ. ɺʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʚʰʠʩʴ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʞʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴʶ, ʦʥ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʷʟʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʫ ʦ ʜʠʨʝʢʪʦʨʝ £cole

Normale, ʦʙʚʠʥʷʷ ʝʛʦ ʚ ʪʨʫʩʦʩʪʠ. ʅʝʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ɻʠʥʴʦ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʠʣ ʥʝʧʦʢʦʨʥʦʛʦ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʘ, ʠ ʬʦʨʤʘʣʴʥʦ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʘ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʢʘʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʤ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʠʣʘʩʴ.

4 ʜʝʢʘʙʨʷ ʩʚʦʝʥʨʘʚʥʳʡ ʛʝʥʠʡ ʚʦʟʥʘʤʝʨʠʣʩʷ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʨʝʚʦʣʶʮʠʦʥʝʨʦʤ, ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʚ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʫ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʘʨʪʠʣʣʝʨʠʶ ʅʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʛʚʘʨʜʠʠ � ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʚʦʡʩʢ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʛʦ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ çɼʨʫʟʴʷ ʥʘʨʦʜʘè. ʅʦ ʝʱʝ ʜʦ ʢʦʥʮʘ ʤʝʩʷʮʘ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʢʦʨʦʣʴ ʃʫʠ-ʌʠʣʠʧʧ, ʦʧʘʩʘʷʩʴ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʨʘʩʰʠʨʝʥʠʷ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʠʷ, ʨʘʩʧʫʩʪʠʣ ʘʨʪʠʣʣʝʨʠʶ ʅʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʛʚʘʨʜʠʠ. ɻʘʣʫʘ ʦʩʪʘʣʩʷ ʙʝʟ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚ ʢ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʶ ʠ ʙʝʟ ʜʦʤʘ. ʉʘʤʳʡ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʡ ʶʥʳʡ ʪʘʣʘʥʪ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʇʘʨʠʞʝ ʤʦʛ ʙʳʪʴ ʟʘʜʝʨʞʘʥ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʤ ʫʛʣʫ ʢʘʢ ʙʨʦʜʷʛʘ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʠʟ ʝʛʦ ʙʳʚʰʠʭ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʝʩʧʦʢʦʠʣʦ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ. ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ, ʩʪʘʚʰʘʷ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʧʦʯʪʝʥʥʦʡ ʩʪʘʪʩ-ʜʘʤʦʡ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʚʳʨʘʟʠʣʘ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʟʘʙʦʯʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʣʫʯʠʚʰʠʤʩʷ ʚ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ʢ ʜʨʫʛʫ ʩʝʤʝʡʩʪʚʘ ʛʨʘʬʫ ʃʠʙʨʠ-ʂʘʨʫʯʯʠ: çʈʝʰʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʩʘʝʪʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʘʩ ʧʨʝʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʥʝʚʝʟʝʥʠʝ. ʉʤʝʨʪʴ ʤʝʩʴʝ ʌʫʨʴʝ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʤ ʫʜʘʨʦʤ ʜʣʷ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʘ, ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʚʩʶ ʩʚʦʶ ʜʝʨʟʦʩʪʴ, ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʥʝʜʶʞʠʥʥʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʩʪʠ. ʆʥ ʙʳʣ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥ ʠʟ £cole Normale, ʦʩʪʘʣʩʷ ʙʝʟ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚ ʢ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʶ, ʫ ʝʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʨʠ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚ ʪʦʞʝ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʤʘʣʦ, ʠ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʝʪ ʚʝʩʪʠ ʩʝʙʷ ʚʳʟʳʚʘʶʱʝ. ɻʦʚʦʨʷʪ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʦʡʜʝʪ ʩ ʫʤʘ. ɹʦʶʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʪʘʢè.

ʇʦʢʫʜʘ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʩ ʧʨʠʩʫʱʝʡ ʝʤʫ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʴʶ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʢʦʡ, ʝʛʦ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʥʝ ʫʭʫʜʰʘʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʜʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʘ ɼʶʤʘ. ɺʝʣʠʢʠʡ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʠʡ ʧʠʩʘʪʝʣʴ ʙʳʣ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʰʝʥ ʥʘ ʙʘʥʢʝʪ ʧʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʶ ʦʧʨʘʚʜʘʥʠʷ ʜʝʚʷʪʥʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʮʝʚ, ʨʘʥʝʝ ʦʙʚʠʥʝʥʥʳʭ ʚ ʘʥʪʠʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʤ ʟʘʛʦʚʦʨʝ. ʆʥ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʝ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʷ: çɺʥʝʟʘʧʥʦ ʧʦʩʨʝʜʠ ʙʝʩʝʜʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʷ ʚʝʣ ʩ ʩʦʩʝʜʦʤ ʩʣʝʚʘ, ʧʦʩʣʳʰʘʣʦʩʴ ʠʤʷ ʃʫʠ-ʌʠʣʠʧʧʘ, ʧʦʩʣʝ ʯʝʛʦ ʢʪʦ-ʪʦ ʩʚʠʩʪʥʫʣ ʧʷʪʴ ʠʣʠ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʨʘʟ. ʗ ʦʙʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ. ʉʘʤʘʷ ʦʞʠʚʣʝʥʥʘʷ ʩʮʝʥʘ ʨʘʟʚʦʨʘʯʠʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʧʷʪʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ-ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʤʝʩʪ ʟʘ ʩʪʦʣʦʤ ʦʪ ʤʝʥʷ. ʊʨʫʜʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʇʘʨʠʞʝ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ ʜʚʝʩʪʠ, ʥʘʩʪʨʦʝʥʥʳʭ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʨʘʞʜʝʙʥʦ ʧʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʶ ʢ ʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ, ʯʝʤ ʪʝ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʙʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʪ ʜʝʥʴ ʚ ʧʷʪʴ ʯʘʩʦʚ ʧʦʧʦʣʫʜʥʠ ʚ ʜʣʠʥʥʦʤ ʟʘʣʝ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʦʤ ʵʪʘʞʝ ʥʘʜ ʩʘʜʦʤ.

ʄʦʣʦʜʦʡ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ ʧʦʜʥʷʣ ʩʚʦʡ ʙʦʢʘʣ, ʜʝʨʞʘ ʚ ʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʨʫʢʝ ʦʙʥʘʞʝʥʥʳʡ ʢʠʥʞʘʣ, ʠ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʧʝʨʝʢʨʠʯʘʪʴ ʦʢʨʫʞʘʶʱʠʭ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʕʚʘʨʠʩʪ ɻʘʣʫʘ � ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʷʨʳʭ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʮʝʚ. ʐʫʤ ʩʪʦʷʣ ʪʘʢʦʡ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʟʦʙʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʘʭ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ʗ ʤʦʛ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʣʠʰʴ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʫʛʨʦʟʘ ʠ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫʪʦ ʠʤʷ ʃʫʠ-ʌʠʣʠʧʧʘ: ʦ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʥʠʷʭ ʢʨʘʩʥʦʨʝʯʠʚʦ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʦʙʥʘʞʝʥʥʳʡ ʢʠʥʞʘʣ.

ʇʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʚʰʝʝ ʷʚʥʦ ʚʳʭʦʜʠʣʦ ʟʘ ʨʘʤʢʠ ʤʦʠʭ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʩʢʠʭ ʚʦʟʟʨʝʥʠʡ. ʗ ʧʦʜʜʘʣʩʷ ʥʘʩʪʦʷʥʠʷʤ ʤʦʝʛʦ ʩʦʩʝʜʘ ʩʣʝʚʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʢʘʢ ʢʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʦʤʫ ʢʦʤʝʥʜʘʥʪʫ ʥʝ ʭʦʪʝʣʦʩʴ ʢʦʤʧʨʦʤʝʪʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʝʙʷ, ʠ ʤʳ ʚʳʧʨʳʛʥʫʣʠ ʠʟ ʦʢʥʘ ʚ ʩʘʜ. ʅʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʙʝʩʧʦʢʦʝʥʥʳʡ, ʷ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʜʦʤʦʡ. ɹʳʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʩʰʝʜʰʠʡ ʵʧʠʟʦʜ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʙʝʟ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʡ. ʀ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʯʝʨʝʟ ʜʚʘ-ʪʨʠ ʜʥʷ ʕʚʘʨʠʩʪ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʳʣ ʘʨʝʩʪʦʚʘʥè.

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʤʝʩʷʯʥʦʛʦ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʪʶʨʴʤʝ ʉʝʥʪ-ʇʝʣʘʞʠ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʨʝʜʲʷʚʣʝʥʦ ʦʙʚʠʥʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʫʛʨʦʟʝ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʢʦʨʦʣʷ, ʠ ʦʥ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʣ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʩʫʜʦʤ. ʍʦʪʷ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʷ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʠ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʚʠʥʦʚʥʦʩʪʠ, ʮʘʨʠʚʰʠʝ ʥʘ ʙʘʥʢʝʪʝ ʰʫʤ ʠ ʥʝʨʘʟʙʝʨʠʭʘ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʠ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʥʠʢʪʦ ʠʟ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʚʰʠʭ ʥʘ ʙʘʥʢʝʪʝ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʪʴ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʩʣʳʰʘʣ ʦʪ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʨʷʤʳʝ ʫʛʨʦʟʳ ʚ ʘʜʨʝʩ ʢʦʨʦʣʷ. ʉʫʜʴʷ, ʩʦʯʫʚʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʚʰʠʡʩʷ ʢ ʦʙʚʠʥʷʝʤʦʤʫ, ʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʚʦ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʝʛʦ ʶʥʳʡ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪ (ɻʘʣʫʘ ʝʜʚʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʦʩʴ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ) ʠ ʚʳʥʝʩ ʦʧʨʘʚʜʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʧʨʠʛʦʚʦʨ. ʅʦ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʤʝʩʷʮ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʳʣ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʘʨʝʩʪʦʚʘʥ.

ɺ ɼʝʥʴ ɹʘʩʪʠʣʠʠ, 14 ʠʶʣʷ 1831 ʛʦʜʘ, ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʨʦʰʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʇʘʨʠʞ ʚ ʬʦʨʤʝ ʦʙʲʷʚʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʚʥʝ ʟʘʢʦʥʘ ʘʨʪʠʣʣʝʨʠʠ ʅʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʛʚʘʨʜʠʠ. ɿʘ ʵʪʦ ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʦʩʫʞʜʝʥ ʥʘ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʪʶʨʝʤʥʦʛʦ

ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʚʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ ʚ ʪʶʨʴʤʫ ʉʝʥʪ-ʇʝʣʘʞʠ. ɿʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʭ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʦʢʨʫʞʘʚʰʠʝ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʦʜʦʥʢʠ ʧʨʠʫʯʠʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʢ ʧʴʷʥʩʪʚʫ. ɹʦʪʘʥʠʢ ʠ ʷʨʳʡ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʝʮ ʌʨʘʥʩʫʘ ʈʘʩʧʘʡ, ʦʪʙʳʚʘʚʰʠʡ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʪʶʨʴʤʝ ʟʘ ʦʪʢʘʟ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʦʪ ʃʫʠ-ʌʠʣʠʧʧʘ ʂʨʝʩʪ ʇʦʯʝʪʥʦʛʦ ʃʝʛʠʦʥʘ, ʩʪʘʣ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʝʤ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʘʧʠʣʩʷ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʚ ʞʠʟʥʠ:

çʆʥ ʚʟʷʣ ʚ ʨʫʢʠ ʩʪʘʢʘʥʯʠʢ ʚʠʥʘ ʩ ʪʘʢʠʤ ʚʠʜʦʤ, ʩ ʢʘʢʠʤ ʉʦʢʨʘʪ ʤʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʯʘʰʫ ʩ ʮʠʢʫʪʦʡ; ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚʳʧʠʣ ʚʠʥʦ ʟʘʣʧʦʤ, ʥʝ ʤʦʨʛʥʫʚ ʛʣʘʟʦʤ ʠ ʩʢʦʨʯʠʣ ʟʚʝʨʩʢʫʶ ʤʠʥʫ. ʆʧʫʩʪʦʰʠʪʴ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʩʪʘʢʘʥʯʠʢ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʠʯʫʪʴ ʥʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʝʝ, ʯʝʤ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ, ʟʘ ʚʪʦʨʳʤ ʩʪʘʢʘʥʯʠʢʦʤ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʪʨʝʪʠʡ. ʅʦʚʠʯʦʢ ʫʪʨʘʪʠʣ ʨʘʚʥʦʚʝʩʠʝ. ʊʨʠʫʤʬ! ʏʝʩʪʴ ʠ ʭʚʘʣʘ ɹʘʭʫʩʫ ʪʶʨʴʤʳ ʉʝʥʪ-ʇʝʣʘʞʠ! ʊʳ ʦʪʨʘʚʠʣ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʡ ʨʘʟʫʤ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ, ʩʦ ʩʪʨʘʭʦʤ ʚʟʷʚʰʝʛʦ ʚʠʥʦ ʚ ʨʫʢʠè.

ʏʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʜʝʣʶ ʩʥʘʡʧʝʨ, ʩʪʨʝʣʷʚʰʠʡ ʠʟ ʤʘʥʩʘʨʜʳ ʥʘʧʨʦʪʠʚ ʪʶʨʴʤʳ, ʧʦʧʘʣ ʚ ʩʦʩʝʜʘ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʦ ʢʘʤʝʨʝ. ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʳʣ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥ, ʯʪʦ ʧʫʣʷ ʧʨʝʜʥʘʟʥʘʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʝʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚ ʥʝʛʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʟʘʛʦʚʦʨ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʫʙʠʪʴ. ʄʳʩʣʴ ʦ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʝʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʭ ʥʝ ʧʦʢʠʜʘʣʘ ʝʛʦ ʥʠ ʜʥʝʤ, ʥʠ ʥʦʯʴʶ. ʆʥ ʙʳʣ ʠʟʦʣʠʨʦʚʘʥ ʦʪ ʜʨʫʟʝʡ ʠ ʩʝʤʴʠ, ʝʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠʜʝʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʪʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʳ, � ʚʩʝ ʵʪʦ ʧʦʚʝʨʛʣʦ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʡ ʜʝʧʨʝʩʩʠʠ. ɼʦʧʠʚʰʠʩʴ ʜʦ ʙʝʣʦʡ ʛʦʨʷʯʢʠ, ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʟʘʢʦʣʦʪʴ ʩʝʙʷ ʢʠʥʞʘʣʦʤ, ʥʦ ʈʘʩʧʘʶ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʥʳʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʭʚʘʪʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʠ ʦʙʝʟʦʨʫʞʠʪʴ. ʈʘʩʧʘʡ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʩʣʦʚʘ, ʧʨʦʠʟʥʝʩʝʥʥʳʝ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʝʧʦʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʦʡ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʦ: çɿʥʘʝʪʝ, ʯʝʛʦ ʤʥʝ ʥʝ ʜʦʩʪʘʝʪ? ɼʨʫʛʘ! ʇʨʠʟʥʘʶʩʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʘʤ: ʵʪʦ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʪʴ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʷ ʩʤʦʛʫ ʧʦʣʶʙʠʪʴ ʚʩʝʡ ʜʫʰʦʡ. ʗ ʧʦʪʝʨʷʣ ʦʪʮʘ, ʠ ʥʠʢʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʟʘʤʝʥʠʪ, ʩʣʳʰʠʪʝ?è

ɺ ʤʘʨʪʝ 1832 ʛʦʜʘ, ʟʘ ʤʝʩʷʮ ʜʦ ʠʩʪʝʯʝʥʠʷ ʩʨʦʢʘ, ʢ ʦʪʙʳʚʘʥʠʶ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʙʳʣ ʧʨʠʛʦʚʦʨʝʥ ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞʝ ʚʩʧʳʭʥʫʣʘ ʵʧʠʜʝʤʠʷ ʭʦʣʝʨʳ, ʠ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʪʶʨʴʤʳ ʉʝʥʪ-ʇʝʣʘʞʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʚʳʧʫʱʝʥʳ ʥʘ ʩʚʦʙʦʜʫ. ʆ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʣʫʯʠʣʦʩʴ ʩ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ, ʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʩʣʫʭʠ. ɼʦʩʪʦʚʝʨʥʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ ʣʠʰʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʵʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʥʘʯʘʣʩʷ ʝʛʦ ʨʦʤʘʥ ʩ ʥʝʢʦʝʡ ʪʘʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʦʡ ʧʦ ʠʤʝʥʠ ʉʪʝʬʘʥʠ ʌʝʣʠʮʠʠ ʇʦʪʝʨʠ ʜʶ ʄʦʪʝʣʴ, ʜʦʯʝʨʴʶ ʧʦʯʪʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʧʘʨʠʞʩʢʦʛʦ ʚʨʘʯʘ. ʍʦʪʷ ʥʠʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʜʦʩʪʦʚʝʨʥʦ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʩ ʯʝʛʦ ʥʘʯʘʣʩʷ ʵʪʦʪ ʨʦʢʦʚʦʡ ʨʦʤʘʥ, ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʠ ʝʛʦ ʪʨʘʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʨʘʟʚʷʟʢʠ ʧʨʝʚʦʩʭʦʜʥʦ ʜʦʢʫʤʝʥʪʠʨʦʚʘʥʳ.

ʉʪʝʬʘʥʠ ʫʞʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʧʦʤʦʣʚʣʝʥʘ ʩ ʥʝʢʠʤ ʛʦʩʧʦʜʠʥʦʤ ʧʦ ʠʤʝʥʠ ʇʝʰʦ ʜ'ʕʨʙʝʥʚʠʣʣʴ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʚ ʷʨʦʩʪʴ, ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʚ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʚʝʩʪʘ ʝʤʫ ʥʝ ʚʝʨʥʘ. ɼ'ʕʨʙʝʥʚʠʣʣʴ, ʙʫʜʫʯʠ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʣʫʯʰʠʭ ʩʪʨʝʣʢʦʚ ʌʨʘʥʮʠʠ, ʙʝʟ ʢʦʣʝʙʘʥʠʡ ʧʦʩʣʘʣ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚʳʟʦʚ ʥʘ ʜʫʵʣʴ. ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʳʣ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ ʦʩʚʝʜʦʤʣʝʥ ʦ ʨʝʧʫʪʘʮʠʠ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʠʢʘ. ɺ ʥʦʯʴ ʥʘʢʘʥʫʥʝ ʧʦʝʜʠʥʢʘ, ʧʦʣʘʛʘʷ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʷʷ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʛʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʠʜʝʠ ʥʘ ʙʫʤʘʛʝ, ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʠʰʝʪ ʧʠʩʴʤʘ ʜʨʫʟʴʷʤ, ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʷ ʩʚʦʠ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ:

çʗ ʧʨʦʰʫ ʤʦʠʭ ʜʨʫʟʝʡ ʥʝ ʚʠʥʠʪʴ ʤʝʥʷ ʟʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʫʤʠʨʘʶ ʥʝ ʟʘ ʩʚʦʶ ʩʪʨʘʥʫ. ʗ ʫʤʠʨʘʶ, ʩʪʘʚ ʞʝʨʪʚʦʡ ʙʝʩʯʝʩʪʥʦʡ ʢʦʢʝʪʢʠ ʠ ʜʚʫʭ ʛʣʫʧʮʦʚ, ʦʙʤʘʥʫʪʳʭ ʝʶ. ʗ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʘʶ ʩʚʦʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ, ʢʘʢ ʞʝʨʪʚʘ ʞʘʣʢʦʡ ʢʣʝʚʝʪʳ. ʆ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʷ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʫʤʝʨʝʪʴ ʟʘ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʥʠʯʪʦʞʥʦʝ, ʩʪʦʣʴ ʧʨʝʟʨʝʥʥʦʝ? ʗ ʧʨʠʟʳʚʘʶ ʥʝʙʝʩʘ ʚ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʞʠʤʦʤ, ʫʩʪʫʧʘʷ ʩʠʣʝ, ʷ ʧʦʜʜʘʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʚʦʢʘʮʠʶ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʠʟʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʩʠʣ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʧʨʝʜʦʪʚʨʘʪʠʪʴè.

ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʠʚʝʨʞʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʩʢʠʤ ʠʜʝʷʤ ʠ ʨʦʤʘʥʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʧʨʠʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʝ, ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʩʷ ʚʝʨʝʥ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʫʚʣʝʯʝʥʠʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ. ɹʦʣʝʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʦʥ ʦʧʘʩʘʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʤʝʤʫʘʨ, ʫʞʝ ʦʪʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʳʡ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʝʡ, ʙʫʜʝʪ ʫʪʨʘʯʝʥ ʥʘʚʩʝʛʜʘ. ɺ ʦʪʯʘʷʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʝ ʦʙʨʝʩʪʠ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʠʝ, ʦʥ ʚʩʶ ʥʦʯʴ ʥʘʧʨʦʣʝʪ ʠʟʣʘʛʘʣ ʥʘ ʙʫʤʘʛʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ, ʧʦ ʝʛʦ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʠʶ, ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʣʠ ʟʘʛʘʜʢʫ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʧʷʪʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ. ʅʘ ʨʠʩ. 22 ʚʳ ʚʠʜʠʪʝ ʦʜʥʫ ʠʟ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮ, ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʥʳʭ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚ ʥʦʯʴ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʜʫʵʣʴʶ. ʅʘ ʵʪʠʭ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʘʭ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʣ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʤ ʪʝ ʞʝ ʠʜʝʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʥ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʂʦʰʠ ʠ ʌʫʨʴʝ. ʅʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʨʘʟ ʵʪʠ ʠʜʝʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʢʨʳʪʳ ʟʘ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʚʳʢʣʘʜʢʘʤʠ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʤʝʞʘʣʠʩʴ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʦʪ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʥʠʷʤʠ ʦ çʉʪʝʬʘʥʠè ʠʣʠ ʦ çʪʦʡ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʝè ʠ ʧʨʝʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʦʪʯʘʷʥʠʷ

ʚʦʩʢʣʠʮʘʥʠʷʤʠ: çʋ ʤʝʥʷ ʥʝʪ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ! ʋ ʤʝʥʷ ʥʝʪ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ!è ʅʘ ʠʩʭʦʜʝ ʥʦʯʠ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʠʣ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʩʦʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʜʨʫʛʫ ʆʛʶʩʪʫ ʐʝʚʘʣʴʝ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʴʙʦʡ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʪʴ ʙʫʤʘʛʠ ʚ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʛʠʙʝʣʠ ʝʛʦ, ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʥʘ ʜʫʵʣʠ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ɽʚʨʦʧʳ:

çʄʦʡ ʜʦʨʦʛʦʡ ʜʨʫʛ!ʗ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʡ ʚ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʘ. ʇʝʨʚʦʝ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʩʷ ʢ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʧʷʪʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʬʫʥʢʮʠʡ.

ɺ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʷ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʷ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʠ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʨʘʜʠʢʘʣʘʭ; ʤʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ ʫʛʣʫʙʠʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʠ ʦʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʝ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ, ʜʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʦ ʥʝ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦ ʚ ʨʘʜʠʢʘʣʘʭ. ɺʩʝ ʵʪʦ ʠʟʣʦʞʝʥʦ ʟʜʝʩʴ ʚ ʪʨʝʭ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʘʭ...

ɿʘ ʤʦʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʷ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʦʪʚʘʞʠʚʘʣʩʷ ʚʳʜʚʠʛʘʪʴ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʷ ʩʘʤ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʫʚʝʨʝʥ. ʅʦ ʚʩʝ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʥʦʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʤʥʝ ʷʩʥʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʛʦʜʘ, ʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʥʝ ʚ ʤʦʠʭ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʘʭ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʦʜ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʥʠʝʤ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʷ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʥʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ.

ʇʦʧʨʦʩʠ ʗʢʦʙʠ ʠʣʠ ɻʘʫʩʩʘ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʠʭ ʤʥʝʥʠʝ ʥʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʚʝʨʥʳ ʣʠ ʤʦʠ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ, ʘ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʥʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʥʠ ʚʘʞʥʳ. ʗ ʥʘʜʝʶʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʡʜʫʪʩʷ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʩʦʯʪʫʪ ʧʦʣʝʟʥʳʤ ʨʘʟʦʙʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʤʦʠʭ ʢʘʨʘʢʫʣʷʭ.

ɼʨʫʞʝʩʢʠ ʦʙʥʠʤʘʶ ʪʝʙʷ. ʕ. ɻʘʣʫʘè

ɺ ʥʦʯʴ ʥʘʢʘʥʫʥʝ ʜʫʵʣʠ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʩʚʦʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠʜʝʠ ʚ ʧʠʩʴʤʝʥʥʦʤ ʚʠʜʝ. ɺʧʨʦʯʝʤ, ʚ ʪʝʢʩʪʝ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʠ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʥʠʷ ʥʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʥʠʷ. ʅʘ ʵʪʦʡ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʝ ʩʣʝʚʘ ʠ ʥʠʞʝ ʦʪ ʮʝʥʪʨʘ ʩʪʦʷʪ ʩʣʦʚʘ çUne femmeè (ʥʝʢʘʷ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʘ) ʚʪʦʨʦʝ ʩʣʦʚʦ ʟʘʯʝʨʢʥʫʪʦ. ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʵʪʦ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʡ ʞʝʥʱʠʥʝ ʠʟ-ʟʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʘʩʴ ʜʫʵʣʴ

ʂʦʛʜʘ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚ ʨʦʢʦʚʫʶ ʥʦʯʴ ʦʪʯʘʷʥʥʦ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʘʞʥʳʝ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ, ʝʤʫ ʚʜʨʫʛ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʥʝ ʫʩʧʝʪʴ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʪʴ ʟʘʜʫʤʘʥʥʦʝ. ʉʣʦʚʘ çje n'ai pas le tempsè (ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʥʝʪ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ) ʯʠʪʘʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʜʚʫʭ ʩʪʨʦʢ ʚ ʥʠʞʥʝʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʳ

ʅʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʫʪʨʦ, ʚ ʩʨʝʜʫ 30 ʤʘʷ 1832 ʛʦʜʘ, ɻʘʣʫʘ ʠ ʜ'ʕʨʙʝʥʚʠʣʣʴ ʩʦʰʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʠ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʠ ʧʷʪʠ ʰʘʛʦʚ. ʉʪʨʝʣʷʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʧʠʩʪʦʣʝʪʘʭ. ɼ'ʕʨʙʝʥʚʠʣʣʷ ʩʦʧʨʦʚʦʞʜʘʣʠ ʜʚʘ ʩʝʢʫʥʜʘʥʪʘ, ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʳʣ ʦʜʠʥ. ʆʥ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ ʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʷʱʝʡ ʜʫʵʣʠ. ɺ ʟʘʧʠʩʢʝ, ʧʦʩʣʘʥʥʦʡ ʙʨʘʪʫ ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜʫ, ʦ ʜʫʵʣʠ ʥʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʠ ʩʣʦʚʘ. ʃʠʰʴ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʥʝʡ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʜʦ ʜʨʫʟʝʡ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʜʦʭʦʜʠʪʴ ʧʠʩʴʤʘ, ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʥʳʝ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʚ ʥʦʯʴ ʥʘʢʘʥʫʥʝ ʜʫʵʣʠ, ʦʥʠ ʫʟʥʘʣʠ ʦ ʩʣʫʯʠʚʰʝʤʩʷ.

ʅʦ ʚʦʪ ʧʠʩʪʦʣʝʪʳ ʧʦʜʥʷʪʳ, ʧʨʦʟʚʫʯʘʣʠ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣʳ. ɼ'ʕʨʙʝʥʚʠʣʣʴ ʦʩʪʘʣʩʷ ʩʪʦʷʪʴ, ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʧʫʣʶ ʚ ʞʠʚʦʪ. ʍʠʨʫʨʛʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʨʦʯʥʫʶ ʧʦʤʦʱʴ, ʥʘ ʤʝʩʪʝ ʜʫʵʣʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ, ʠ ʧʦʙʝʜʠʪʝʣʴ ʩʧʦʢʦʡʥʦ ʫʜʘʣʠʣʩʷ, ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʠʚ ʨʘʥʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʠʢʫ ʫʤʠʨʘʪʴ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʯʘʩʦʚ ʥʘ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʜʫʵʣʠ ʧʨʠʙʳʣ ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʠ ʦʪʚʝʟ ʙʨʘʪʘ ʚ ʙʦʣʴʥʠʮʫ ʂʦʰʝʥʘ. ʅʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʦʟʜʥʦ: ʥʘʯʘʣʩʷ ʧʝʨʠʪʦʥʠʪ, ʠ ʥʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʜʝʥʴ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʫʤʝʨ.

ʇʦʭʦʨʦʥʳ ʕʚʘʨʠʩʪʘ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʦʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʥʘ ʬʘʨʩ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʧʦʭʦʨʦʥʳ ʝʛʦ ʦʪʮʘ. ʇʦʣʠʮʠʷ, ʦʧʘʩʘʷʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʭʦʨʦʥʳ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʝʨʝʨʘʩʪʫʪ ʚ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʤʠʪʠʥʛ, ʘʨʝʩʪʦʚʘʣʘ ʥʘʢʘʥʫʥʝ ʥʦʯʴʶ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʪʦʚʘʨʠʱʝʡ. ʊʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ, ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʪʴ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʨʠʰʣʠ ʜʚʝ ʪʳʩʷʯʠ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʮʝʚ, ʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʝʛʦ ʝʜʠʥʦʤʳʰʣʝʥʥʠʢʘʤʠ ʠ ʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʦʬʠʮʠʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʣʠʮʘʤʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʨʠʙʳʣʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʛʣʘʟʘʤʠ ʥʘʙʣʶʜʘʪʴ ʟʘ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʷʱʠʤ, ʚʩʧʳʭʥʫʣʠ ʥʝʠʟʙʝʞʥʳʝ ʧʦʪʘʩʦʚʢʠ.

ʈʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʮʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʚ ʷʨʦʩʪʠ: ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʷʣʦʩʴ ʤʥʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʜ'ʕʨʙʝʥʚʠʣʣʴ ʙʳʣ ʥʝ ʦʙʤʘʥʫʪʳʤ ʞʝʥʠʭʦʤ, ʘ ʧʨʘʚʠʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʘʛʝʥʪʦʤ, ʠ ʯʪʦ ʉʪʝʬʘʥʠ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʣʶʙʦʚʥʠʮʝʡ ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʘ ʢʦʚʘʨʥʦʡ ʩʦʙʣʘʟʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʠʮʝʡ. ʊʘʢʠʝ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʷ, ʢʘʢ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣ, ʧʨʦʟʚʫʯʘʚʰʠʡ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʪʶʨʴʤʝ ʉʝʥʪ-ʇʝʣʘʞʠ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʫʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʫʞʝ ʚ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʧʨʦʪʠʚ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʟʘʛʦʚʦʨ ʩ ʮʝʣʴʶ ʝʛʦ ʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʘ � ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʭʣʦʧʦʪ ʦʥ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʷʣ ʚʣʘʩʪʷʤ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʥʝʫʝʤʥʳʤ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨʦʤ. ʀ ʜʨʫʟʴʷ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʨʝʰʠʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʦʙʤʘʥʥʳʤ ʧʫʪʝʤ ʙʳʣ ʚʦʚʣʝʯʝʥ ʚ ʨʦʤʘʥ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʙʳʣ ʯʘʩʪʴʶ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʚʰʝʛʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚ ʥʝʛʦ ʟʘʛʦʚʦʨʘ. ʀʩʪʦʨʠʢʠ ʠ ʧʦʥʳʥʝ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʶʪ ʩʧʦʨʠʪʴ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʪʦʛʦ, ʙʳʣʘ ʣʠ ʜʫʵʣʴ ʠʩʭʦʜʦʤ ʪʨʘʛʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʨʦʤʘʥʘ, ʠʣʠ ʢʦʨʥʠ ʝʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʠʩʢʘʪʴ ʚ ʧʦʣʠʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʨʘʟʥʦʛʣʘʩʠʷʭ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʨʝʩʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʥʮʘʤʠ ʠ ʤʦʥʘʨʭʠʩʪʘʤʠ. ʅʦ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳ ʪʦ ʥʠ ʙʳʣʦ, ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʪʦʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʙʳʣ ʫʙʠʪ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʝʤʫ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʩʷ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʦʜʠʥ ʛʦʜ ʠ ʦʥ ʫʩʧʝʣ ʧʨʦʫʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ.

ʇʨʝʞʜʝ ʯʝʤ ʨʘʩʩʳʣʘʪʴ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʳ ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʝʛʦ ʙʨʘʪ ʠ ʆʛʶʩʪ ʐʝʚʘʣʴʝ ʧʝʨʝʧʠʩʘʣʠ ʠʭ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʝʥʠʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʥʳʤʠ. ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʧʦ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʦʙʳʢʥʦʚʝʥʠʶ, ʠʟʣʘʛʘʣ ʠʜʝʠ ʪʦʨʦʧʣʠʚʦ, ʦʧʫʩʢʘʷ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʠ. ʕʪʦʪ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʢ ʝʛʦ ʩʪʠʣʷ ʫʩʫʛʫʙʠʣʩʷ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘ ʠʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʚ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʦʥ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʣʝʪ, ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʥʘ ʥʦʯʴ.

ɺʳʧʦʣʥʷʷ ʚʦʣʶ ʕʚʘʨʠʩʪʘ ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʆʛʶʩʪ ʐʝʚʘʣʴʝ ʠ ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʨʘʟʦʩʣʘʣʠ ʢʦʧʠʠ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʂʘʨʣʫ ɻʘʫʩʩʫ, ʂʘʨʣʫ ʗʢʦʙʠ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʤʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ, ʥʦ ʧʨʦʰʣʦ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʜʝʩʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ, ʯʝʤ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʦʮʝʥʝʥʘ ʧʦ ʜʦʩʪʦʠʥʩʪʚʫ. ɺʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʵʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʣʦ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʜʥʫ ʠʟ ʢʦʧʠʡ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʚ 1846 ʛʦʜʫ ɾʦʟʝʬ ʃʠʫʚʠʣʣʴ. ʇʨʦʯʠʪʘʚ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʫʶ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ, ʃʠʫʚʠʣʣʴ ʦʱʫʪʠʣ ʚ ʥʝʡ ʠʩʢʨʫ ʛʝʥʠʷ ʠ

ʧʦʪʨʘʪʠʣ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʨʘʟʦʙʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʵʪʠʭ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʘʭ. ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʃʠʫʚʠʣʣʴ ʦʪʨʝʜʘʢʪʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʳ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʠ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʧʨʝʩʪʠʞʥʦʤ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʝ çJournal de Math¯matiques pures et appliqu®esè. ʄʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʞʠʚʦ ʦʪʢʣʠʢʥʫʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʵʪʫ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʶ, ʧʦʪʦʤʫ ʯʪʦ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʨʦʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʧʦʣʥʦʝ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʧʷʪʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ. ʉʥʘʯʘʣʘ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʣ ʚʩʝ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʷʪʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʥʘ ʜʚʘ ʪʠʧʘ: ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʝ ʠ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʝ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʣ ʨʝʮʝʧʪ, ʢʘʢ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ɻʘʣʫʘ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʣ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʛʦ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʠʝ x6, x7 ʠ ʪ.ʜ., ʠ ʩʤʦʛ ʫʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʢʘʢʠʝ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳ. ɽʛʦ ʪʨʫʜ ʩʪʘʣ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʰʝʜʝʚʨʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ XIX ʚʝʢʘ.

ɺ ʧʨʝʜʠʩʣʦʚʠʠ ʢ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʤ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʃʠʫʚʠʣʣʴ ʧʫʩʪʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʵʪʦʪ ʤʦʣʦʜʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʙʳʣ ʦʪʚʝʨʛʥʫʪ ʩʪʘʨʰʠʤʠ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤʠ ʠ ʢʘʢ ʝʛʦ, ʃʠʫʚʠʣʣʷ, ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʫʩʠʣʠʷʤʠ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʳʣ ʚʦʟʨʦʞʜʝʥ: çɻʠʧʝʨʪʨʦʬʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʝ ʩʪʨʝʤʣʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʦʡ ʪʦʛʦ ʜʝʬʝʢʪʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʚʩʝʤʠ ʩʠʣʘʤʠ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʠʟʙʝʛʘʪʴ ʧʨʠ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʠ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʳʭ ʠ ʟʘʛʘʜʦʯʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ɸʣʛʝʙʨʳ. ʗʩʥʦʩʪʴ ʪʝʤ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʘ, ʯʝʤ ʜʘʣʴʰʝ ʘʚʪʦʨ ʧʳʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʫʚʝʩʪʠ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʷ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʦʨʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʧʫʪʠ ʚʛʣʫʙʴ ʥʝʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʡ ʪʝʨʨʠʪʦʨʠʠ. ʂʘʢ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣ ɼʝʢʘʨʪ, "ʧʨʠ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʠʠ ʪʨʘʥʩʮʝʥʜʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʚ ʥʫʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʪʨʘʥʩʮʝʥʜʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦ ʷʩʥʳʤ".

ɻʘʣʫʘ ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʧʨʝʥʝʙʨʝʛʘʣ ʵʪʠʤ ʧʨʝʜʧʠʩʘʥʠʝʤ, ʠ ʤʳ ʤʦʞʝʤ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʩʫʨʦʚʳʤʠ ʤʫʜʨʳʤʠ ʩʦʚʝʪʘʤʠ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳʡ ʧʫʪʴ ʥʦʚʠʯʢʘ, ʛʝʥʠʘʣʴʥʦ ʦʜʘʨʝʥʥʦʛʦ, ʥʦ ʥʝʦʧʳʪʥʦʛʦ. ɸʚʪʦʨ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʦʥʠ ʦʩʫʜʠʣʠ, ʙʳʣ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʥʠʤʠ, ʧʨʝʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʳʡ ʨʚʝʥʠʷ, ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ; ʦʥ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʠʟʚʣʝʯʴ ʧʦʣʴʟʫ ʠʟ ʜʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʝʤʫ ʩʦʚʝʪʘ.

ʅʦ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʚʩʝ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʣʦʩʴ. ɻʘʣʫʘ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʥʝʪ ʩ ʥʘʤʠ! ʅʝ ʙʫʜʝʤ ʚʜʘʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʙʝʩʧʦʣʝʟʥʫʶ ʢʨʠʪʠʢʫ; ʦʩʪʘʚʠʤ ʞʝ ʝʛʦ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʢʠ ʠ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʤʩʷ ʢ ʜʦʩʪʦʠʥʩʪʚʘʤ...

ʄʦʝ ʫʩʝʨʜʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʦʟʥʘʛʨʘʞʜʝʥʦ, ʠ ʷ ʠʩʧʳʪʘʣ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦʝ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʪʦʪ ʤʦʤʝʥʪ, ʢʦʛʜʘ, ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʚ ʤʝʣʢʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʝʣʳ, ʫʙʝʜʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʤʝʪʦʜʘ, ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʵʪʫ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫè.

ɺʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʢʦʥʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʛʨʫʧʧ � ʠʜʝʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʣ ʚ ʤʦʱʥʦʝ ʦʨʫʞʠʝ, ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʝ ʨʝʰʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʨʘʥʝʝ ʢʘʟʘʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʳʤʠ. ʉ ʪʦʯʢʠ ʟʨʝʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʛʨʫʧʧʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʦʚ, ʥʘʜ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʶ (ʦʙʳʯʥʦ ʝʝ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ ʩʣʦʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʠʣʠ ʫʤʥʦʞʝʥʠʝʤ), ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʶʱʫʶ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʷʤ. ɺʘʞʥʳʤ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦʤ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʝʝ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʦʩʪʴ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʵʪʦʡ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʠ: ʢʦʤʙʠʥʠʨʫʷ ʣʶʙʳʝ ʜʚʘ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʠ, ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪ, ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʱʠʡ ʛʨʫʧʧʝ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʪ ʛʨʫʧʧʫ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʠ ʩʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ. ʂʦʤʙʠʥʠʨʫʷ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʠ ʩʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʦʜʥʦ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ, ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ ʪʨʝʪʴʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ,

4 + 12 = 16.

ɺʩʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ ʩʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʮʝʣʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʦʥʩʪʘʪʠʨʫʷ ʵʪʦ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʛʦʚʦʨʷʪ, ʯʪʦ çʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʳ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʣʦʞʝʥʠʷè, ʠʣʠ çʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʪ ʛʨʫʧʧʫ ʧʦ ʩʣʦʞʝʥʠʶè. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ, ʮʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʝ ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʪ ʛʨʫʧʧʫ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʠ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʧʨʠ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʮʝʣʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ ʥʝ ʦʙʷʟʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʮʝʣʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, 4:12=1/3.

ɼʨʦʙʴ 1/3 � ʥʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʦʥʦ ʚʳʭʦʜʠʪ ʟʘ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʳ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʪʴ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʰʠʨʦʢʦʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʭ ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʪʦ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʦʩʪʴ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʦʧʝʨʘʮʠʠ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ ʚʦʩʩʪʘʥʘʚʣʠʚʘʝʪʩʷ: ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʳ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ. ɼʘʞʝ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʵʪʠ ʩʣʦʚʘ ʧʨʦʠʟʥʝʩʝʥʳ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʩʦʙʣʶʜʘʪʴ ʦʩʪʦʨʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʥʫʣʴ (ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ) ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʢʦʰʤʘʨʘʤ. ʇʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʪʦʯʥʝʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ: ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʙʝʟ ʥʫʣʷ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʳ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʷ. ɺʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷʭ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʦʩʪʴ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʘ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʶ ʧʦʣʥʦʪʳ, ʦʧʠʩʘʥʥʦʤʫ ʚ ʧʨʝʜʳʜʫʱʠʭ ʛʣʘʚʘʭ.

ʎʝʣʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʠ ʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʠʣʠ ʜʨʦʙʠ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʦʚ, ʠ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʯʝʤ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʛʨʫʧʧʘ, ʪʝʤ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʦʥʘ ʚʳʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʢ ʩʝʙʝ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʅʦ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʨʠʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʣʩʷ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʠ çʯʝʤ ʤʝʥʴʰʝ, ʪʝʤ ʣʫʯʰʝè ʠ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʠʝ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʥʳʝ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʪʴ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʙʦʛʘʪʳʤ ʥʘʙʦʨʦʤ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚ. ɺʤʝʩʪʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʤʠ ʛʨʫʧʧʘʤʠ, ɻʘʣʫʘ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʩ ʢʦʥʢʨʝʪʥʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʛʨʫʧʧʫ ʠʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ, ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʥʳʝ ʠʟ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʧʷʪʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʠ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ ʦʙ ʵʪʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷʭ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʧʦʣʪʦʨʘ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʝʡ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʢʘʢ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʦʩʥʦʚ ʜʣʷ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ.

* * *

ʏʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʠʟ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʦ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʩ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʦʡ. ʇʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʮʝʣʘʷ ʤʦʣʝʢʫʣʘ ɼʅʂ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ (E-ʨʷʜ) ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʘ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʮʝʣʦʡ ʤʦʣʝʢʫʣʝ ɼʅʂ (M-ʨʷʜ) ʦʜʥʦʡ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʳ. ʍʦʪʷ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʨʘʟʫʤʝʥ, ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʡ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠʟʙʨʘʣ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ ʢ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ. ɺʤʝʩʪʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʚʩʝʤʠ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʤʠ E-ʨʷʜʘ ʠ ʚʩʝʤʠ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʤʠ M-ʨʷʜʘ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʧʝʨʝʭʦʜʠʪʴ ʢ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʤ ʨʷʜʘʤ, ʦʥ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʯʣʝʥʦʤ E-ʨʷʜʘ ʠ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʯʣʝʥʦʤ M-ʨʷʜʘ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʧʝʨʝʭʦʜʠʪʴ ʢ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʡ ʧʘʨʝ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʦʚ. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʢʘʞʜʳʡ E-ʨʷʜ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʠʟ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʡ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʦʚ, ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʛʝʥʦʚ, ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʱʠʭ ɼʅʂ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʛʝʥ ʚ ʢʘʞʜʦʤ E-ʨʷʜʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʧʝʨʚʦʤʫ ʛʝʥʫ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʪʦ M-ʨʷʜʘ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʦʥ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʯʣʝʥ E-ʨʷʜʘ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʚʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʯʣʝʥʫ M-ʨʷʜʘ, ʠ ʪ.ʜ.

ʇʨʠ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʦʥʥʦʤ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʝ ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʠ ʙʳ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʫʶ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʚʰʫʶ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʚʩʝʤʠ ʯʣʝʥʘʤʠ ʢʘʢʠʭ-ʪʦ ʢʦʥʢʨʝʪʥʳʭ E- ʠ M-ʨʷʜʦʚ, ʪʦ ʠ ʚ ʵʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʦ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʤʠ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ E-ʨʷʜʘʤʠ ʠ M-ʨʷʜʘʤʠ. ʀʟʙʨʘʥʥʘʷ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʪʘʢʪʠʢʘ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʣʘ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʧʨʝʠʤʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʤ.

ʈʝʰʘʶʱʝʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʠʤʝʣʦ ʪʦ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʤʝʪʦʜʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʯʣʝʥʳ ʚ E-ʨʷʜʘʭ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʪ ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʫʧʦʨʷʜʦʯʝʥʠʝʤ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʦ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʧʝʨʚʳʤʠ ʯʣʝʥʘʤʠ (E1 = M1), ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʤ ʰʘʛʦʤ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʷ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʚʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʯʣʝʥʘʤʠ (E2 = M2), ʠ ʪ.ʜ.

ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʧʦʨʷʜʦʢ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ. ʇʨʝʞʜʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪ E-ʨʷʜʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʧʝʨʚʦʤʫ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʫ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ M-ʨʷʜʘ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʝʤʫ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʧʝʨʚʳʤʠ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʤʠ ʨʷʜʦʚ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʦ, ʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʦ ʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʚʪʦʨʳʤʠ, ʪʨʝʪʴʠʤʠ ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘʤʠ. ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʦʧʨʦʢʠʥʫʪʴ ʧʝʨʚʫʶ ʢʦʩʪʴ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʦʧʨʦʢʠʥʫʪʦʝ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʚʳʟʦʚʝʪ ʧʘʜʝʥʠʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ.

ʇʝʨʚʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʚ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʠʠ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʙʳʣ ʩʜʝʣʘʥ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʥʷʣ ʚʩʶ ʤʦʱʴ ʛʨʫʧʧ ɻʘʣʫʘ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʪʘʢʫʶ ʛʨʫʧʧʫ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷʤʠ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ, ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʘ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʫʰʣʦ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʪ ʧʨʠʡʪʠ ʢ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʥʝʩʦʤʥʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ: ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʯʣʝʥ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ E-ʨʷʜʘ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʩ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ ʯʣʝʥʦʤ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ M-ʨʷʜʘ. ɹʣʘʛʦʜʘʨʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ. ʉʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʰʘʛ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣ ʦʪ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʯʣʝʥ E-ʨʷʜʘ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʝʤʫ ʯʣʝʥʫ M-ʨʷʜʘ, ʪʦ ʠ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪ E-ʨʷʜʘ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʤʫ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʫ M-ʨʷʜʘ.

ʅʘ ʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʝʥʠʝ ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ ʵʪʘʧʘ, ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʧʦʥʘʜʦʙʠʣʦʩʴ ʜʚʘ ʛʦʜʘ, ʠ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ ʩʦʟʥʘʚʘʣ, ʢʘʢʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʝʤʫ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʠʪ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ: çɺʳ ʤʦʞʝʪʝ ʩʧʨʦʩʠʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʷ ʤʦʛ ʥʝʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʝʥʥʦ ʪʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʡ. ʆʪʚʝʪ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʥʨʘʚʠʣʦʩʴ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʥʝʡ, ʷ ʙʳʣ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʫʚʣʝʯʝʥ. ʄʥʝ ʥʨʘʚʠʣʦʩʴ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʡ ʨʘʟʫʤ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʷ ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ, ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʷ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʚʘʣʩʷ ʘʪʘʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʪ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʳʡ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ, ʜʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʝʝ ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ʗ ʥʝ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʣʩʷ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʙʝʟʥʘʜʝʞʥʳʤ ʜʝʣʦʤ, ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʥʘ ʚʦʦʨʫʞʝʥʠʠ ʙʳʣʘ ʟʘʚʝʜʦʤʦ ʧʨʝʚʦʩʭʦʜʥʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʘ ʥʝʥʫʣʝʚʘʷ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʩʫʤʝʶ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʷ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʜʫʤʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʧʨʘʩʥʦ ʪʨʘʯʫ ʚʨʝʤʷè.

çɼʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʣʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ?è

ɹʳʣ ʩʜʝʣʘʥ ʣʠʰʴ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʥʘ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʥʦ ʠʟʙʨʘʥʥʘʷ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʷ ʙʳʣʘ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʧʨʦʨʳʚʦʤ, ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʚʘʣ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʠ. ʅʦ ʚ ʩʠʣʫ ʦʙʝʪʘ ʤʦʣʯʘʥʠʷ, ʥʘʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʩʘʤʠʤ ʥʘ ʩʝʙʷ, ʦʥ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʧʦʚʝʜʘʪʴ ʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʤ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ ʠ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʣ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʪʦ ʝʱʝ ʤʦʛ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʞʝ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʩʢʦʤ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʠ ʢ ʣʶʙʦʤʫ ʧʦʪʝʥʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʩʦʧʝʨʥʠʢʫ: çʅʠʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʟʘʭʦʯʝʪ ʟʘʪʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʛʦʜʳ ʥʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʯʝʛʦ-ʪʦ ʠ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʢʦʤʫ-ʪʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤʠ ʥʝʜʝʣʷʤʠ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ. ʅʦ, ʢʘʢ ʥʠ ʩʪʨʘʥʥʦ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʷ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʨʘʟʨʝʰʠʤʦʡ, ʷ ʥʝ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʦʧʘʩʘʣʩʷ ʩʦʧʝʨʥʠʢʦʚ. ʗ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʥʝ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʠʣʠ ʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʜʨʫʛʦʤʫ ʧʨʠʜʝʪ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʠʜʝʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʪ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫè.

8 ʤʘʨʪʘ 1988 ʛʦʜʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠʩʧʳʪʘʣ ʰʦʢ, ʫʚʠʜʝʚ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʧʦʣʦʩʘʭ ʛʘʟʝʪ ʥʘʙʨʘʥʥʳʝ ʢʨʫʧʥʳʤ ʰʨʠʬʪʦʤ ʟʘʛʦʣʦʚʢʠ, ʛʣʘʩʠʚʰʠʝ: çɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘè. ɻʘʟʝʪʳ çWashington Postè ʠ çNew York Timesè ʩʦʦʙʱʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʠʚʦʩʴʤʠʣʝʪʥʠʡ ʀʦʠʯʠ ʄʠʷʦʢʘ ʠʟ ʪʦʢʠʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʄʝʪʨʦʧʦʣʠʪʝʥ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʩʘʤʫʶ ʪʨʫʜʥʫʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ. ʇʦʢʘ ʄʠʷʦʢʘ ʝʱʝ ʥʝ

ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʥʦ ʚ ʦʙʱʠʭ ʯʝʨʪʘʭ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʣ ʝʛʦ ʭʦʜ ʥʘ ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʝ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʄʘʢʩʘ ʇʣʘʥʢʘ ʧʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʚ ɹʦʥʥʝ. ɼʦʥ ʎʘʛʠʨ, ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʚʰʠʡ ʥʘ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʝ ʄʠʷʦʢʠ, ʚʳʨʘʟʠʣ ʦʧʪʠʤʠʟʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʚ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʭ ʩʣʦʚʘʭ: çʇʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʝ ʄʠʷʦʢʦʡ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʦ, ʠ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʶʪ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʩ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʡ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʳʤ. ʇʦʣʥʦʡ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʝʱʝ ʥʝʪ, ʥʦ ʧʦʢʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʚʳʛʣʷʜʠʪ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʦʙʥʘʜʝʞʠʚʘʶʱʠʤè.

ɺʳʩʪʫʧʘʷ ʩ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʦʤ ʥʘ ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʝ ʚ ɹʦʥʥʝ, ʄʠʷʦʢʘ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʝ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʦʥ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʣ ʩ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʠʥʦʡ, ʘʣʛʝʙʨʦ-ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ, ʪʦʯʢʠ ʟʨʝʥʠʷ. ɿʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʷ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʳ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʣʠ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʛʦ ʠ ʪʦʥʢʦʛʦ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʦʚ, ʚ ʯʘʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʝʡ. ɺ 70-ʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʨʦʩʩʠʡʩʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʉ. ɸʨʘʢʝʣʦʚ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʧʘʨʘʣʣʝʣʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘʤʠ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ ʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘʤʠ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʦʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ, ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʠʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ, ʠʟʫʯʘʷ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʝʱʝ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ 1. ʊʘʢʘʷ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʘ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʠ ʧʘʨʘʣʣʝʣʠʟʤʘ 2. ʊʝ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʨʝʰʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʠ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝ çʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʦʚè. ɺ 1983 ʛʦʜʫ ʦʥʠ ʚʦʟʚʝʩʪʠʣʠ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʧʦʙʝʜʝ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ɻʝʨʜ ʌʘʣʪʠʥʛʩ ʠʟ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʘ ʚʳʩʰʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ ʚʥʝʩ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʚ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ 3. ʅʘʧʦʤʥʠʤ, ʯʪʦ, ʧʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ

xn + yn = zn

ʧʨʠ n ʙ·ʣʴʰʠʭ 2 ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʌʘʣʪʠʥʛʩ ʨʝʰʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʷ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʝʡ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʭ ʩ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʤʠ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʤʠ n. ʇʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʠ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʝ ʩ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷʤʠ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʠ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʷʭ n, ʦʪʣʠʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʜʨʫʛ ʦʪ ʜʨʫʛʘ, ʥʦ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʪ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʦʙʱʠʤ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦʤ � ʫ ʥʠʭ ʚʩʝʭ ʠʤʝʶʪʩʷ ʩʢʚʦʟʥʳʝ ʦʪʚʝʨʩʪʠʷ, ʠʣʠ, ʧʦʧʨʦʩʪʫ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʜʳʨʳ. ʕʪʠ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʠ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭʤʝʨʥʳ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʛʨʘʬʠʢʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ. ɼʚʫʤʝʨʥʳʝ ʩʝʯʝʥʠʷ ʜʚʫʭ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʳ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 23. ʇʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʠ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʝ ʩ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʚʳʛʣʷʜʷʪ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦ. ʏʝʤ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ n ʚ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʠ, ʪʝʤ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʜʳʨ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʝʡ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʠ.

ʈʠʩ. 23. ʕʪʠ ʜʚʝ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʳ ʩ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ çMathematicaè. ʂʘʞʜʘʷ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʪʦʯʝʢ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʶʱʠʭ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʶ xn + yn = zn (ʜʣʷ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʣʝʚʘ n=3, ʜʣʷ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʧʨʘʚʘ n=5). ʇʝʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʝ x ʠ y ʟʜʝʩʴ ʩʯʠʪʘʶʪʩʷ ʢʦʤʧʣʝʢʩʥʳʤʠ

ʌʘʣʪʠʥʛʩʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʠ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʳʨ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʦʝ ʩ ʥʠʤʠ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʣʠʰʴ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ. ʏʠʩʣʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʣʶʙʳʤ � ʦʪ ʥʫʣʷ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʣ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʜʦ ʤʠʣʣʠʦʥʘ ʠʣʠ ʤʠʣʣʠʘʨʜʘ. ʊʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ʌʘʣʪʠʥʛʩ ʥʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʦʪʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʴ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʫ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ.

ʇʷʪʴʶ ʛʦʜʘʤʠ ʧʦʟʞʝ ʄʠʷʦʢʘ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʝʱʝ ʥʘ ʦʜʠʥ ʰʘʛ. ɽʤʫ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʩ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʣʝʪ. ʄʠʷʦʢʘ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʥʝʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʘ. ʉʪʘʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʝʛʦ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ, ʘ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʥʫʣʶ 4. ʇʦʜʭʦʜ ʄʠʷʦʢʠ ʙʳʣ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʝʥ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʫ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʦʙʘ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʩʚʷʟʳʚʘʷ ʝʝ ʩ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʋ ʄʠʷʦʢʠ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʷ, ʜʣʷ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʫʪʴ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʣʝʞʘʣ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ. ʂ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʤʫ ʦʛʦʨʯʝʥʠʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʦʥ ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʙʠʣʩʷ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʄʠʷʦʢʘ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʧʦʣʥʳʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʠ, ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʏʝʨʝʟ ʜʚʝ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʣʝʥʠʷ ʚ ɹʦʥʥʝ ʄʠʷʦʢʘ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʧʷʪʴ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ, ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʚʰʠʭ ʩʫʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʠ ʥʘʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʝʡʰʘʷ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʘ. ʉʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʩʪʨʘʥʘʭ ʤʠʨʘ ʠʟʫʯʘʣʠ, ʩʪʨʦʢʘ ʟʘ ʩʪʨʦʢʦʡ, ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʳʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʥʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣʠ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʦʜʥʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʥʝ ʚʳʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʙʝʩʧʦʢʦʡʩʪʚʘ. ʆʜʥʘ ʠʟ ʯʘʩʪʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʄʠʷʦʢʠ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʣʘ ʢ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʠʟ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ, ʧʨʠ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʝ ʥʘ ʷʟʳʢ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ, ʧʦʣʫʯʘʣʦʩʴ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ, ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʚʰʝʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʫ, ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤʠ ʛʦʜʘʤʠ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʵʪʦ ʥʝ ʦʙʷʟʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʦʙʝʩʮʝʥʠʚʘʣʦ ʚʩʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʄʠʷʦʢʠ, ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʥʦʝ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʝ ʥʝ ʚʧʠʩʳʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʚ ʬʠʣʦʩʦʬʠʶ ʧʘʨʘʣʣʝʣʠʟʤʘ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʪʝʦʨʠʝʡ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ.

ɽʱʝ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʜʚʝ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ ɻʝʨʜ ʌʘʣʪʠʥʛʩ, ʧʨʦʣʦʞʠʚʰʠʡ ʧʫʪʴ ʄʠʷʦʢʝ, ʦʙʲʷʚʠʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʪʦʯʥʫʶ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʫ ʢʘʞʫʱʝʛʦʩʷ ʥʘʨʫʰʝʥʠʷ ʧʘʨʘʣʣʝʣʠʟʤʘ � ʧʨʦʙʝʣ ʚ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷʭ. ʗʧʦʥʩʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʙʳʣ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʦʤ ʠ ʧʨʠ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʜʝ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʠʜʝʡ ʥʘ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʟʥʘʢʦʤʫʶ ʪʝʨʨʠʪʦʨʠʶ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦ ʩʪʨʦʛ. ɸʨʤʠʷ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʣʘ ʦʪʯʘʷʥʥʳʝ ʫʩʠʣʠʷ ʟʘʣʘʪʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʨʝʭʫ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʄʠʷʦʢʠ, ʥʦ ʪʱʝʪʥʦ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʜʚʘ ʤʝʩʷʮʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʄʠʷʦʢʘ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʧʦʣʥʳʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʠʰʣʦ ʢ ʝʜʠʥʦʜʫʰʥʦʤʫ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ: ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʄʠʷʦʢʠ ʦʙʨʝʯʝʥʦ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʚʘʣ.

ʂʘʢ ʠ ʚ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʧʨʝʞʥʠʭ ʥʝʩʦʩʪʦʷʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ, ʄʠʷʦʢʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʥʝʤʘʣʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʳʭ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʚ. ʆʪʜʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʬʨʘʛʤʝʥʪʳ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʚʘʣʠ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ ʢʘʢ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʦʩʪʨʦʫʤʥʳʝ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ ʢ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʠ ʚ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʠʤʠ ʜʣʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ, ʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʵʪʠʤ ʧʫʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ.

ʐʫʤʠʭʘ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʩʢʦʨʝ ʫʪʠʭʣʘ, ʠ ʛʘʟʝʪʳ ʧʦʤʝʩʪʠʣʠ ʢʨʘʪʢʠʝ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʠ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʪʨʝʭʩʦʪʣʝʪʥʷʷ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘ ʧʦ-ʧʨʝʞʥʝʤʫ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʦʡ. ʅʘ ʩʪʝʥʝ ʩʪʘʥʮʠʠ ʥʴʶ-ʡʦʨʢʩʢʦʡ ʧʦʜʟʝʤʢʠ ʥʘ ɺʦʩʴʤʦʡ ʩʪʨʠʪ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʘʷ ʥʘʜʧʠʩʴ, ʥʝʩʦʤʥʝʥʥʦ,

ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʣʝʥʥʘʷ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʷʤʠ ʚ ʧʨʝʩʩʝ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ: çʋʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ xn + yn = zn ʥʝ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ. ʗ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʧʦʠʩʪʠʥʝ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʪʘ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʫ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʟʜʝʩʴ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʤʦʡ ʧʦʝʟʜè.

ɺ ʧʦʪʝʤʢʘʭ

ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʤʠʨ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʝʱʝ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʣ, ʩ ʦʙʣʝʛʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʚʟʜʦʭʥʫʣ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʦ-ʧʨʝʞʥʝʤʫ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʧʦʙʝʞʜʝʥʥʦʡ, ʠ ʦʥ ʤʦʛ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʪʴ ʩʨʘʞʘʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʥʝʡ, ʥʘʜʝʷʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʝʝ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. çʄʥʦʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʷ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʣ ʟʘ ʧʠʩʴʤʝʥʥʳʤ ʩʪʦʣʦʤ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʚʝʩʪʠ ʦʙʱʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʢ ʯʝʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʢʦʥʢʨʝʪʥʦʤʫ � ʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʤʥʦʛʦʦʙʝʱʘʶʱʠʡ ʟʘʤʳʩʝʣ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʦʛ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ, ʪʦ ʢʘʢʘʷ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʜʝʪʘʣʴ, ʧʦʢʘʟʘʚʰʘʷʩʷ ʤʥʝ ʩʪʨʘʥʥʦʡ, ʪʦ ʩʪʘʪʴʷ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʨʘʟʦʙʨʘʪʴʩʷ. ɽʩʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʘ ʢʘʢʘʷ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʠʜʝʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʥʝʦʪʩʪʫʧʥʦ ʧʨʝʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʘ ʤʝʥʷ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʥʠ ʧʠʩʘʪʴ, ʥʠ ʯʠʪʘʪʴ, ʥʠ ʜʫʤʘʪʴ ʦ ʯʝʤ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ, ʪʦ ʷ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʣʷʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʛʫʣʢʫ ʢ ʦʟʝʨʫ. ʗ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ, ʛʫʣʷʷ, ʤʦʛʫ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʢʘʢʦʤ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʢʦʥʢʨʝʪʥʦʤ ʘʩʧʝʢʪʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʘʙʩʪʨʘʛʠʨʫʷʩʴ ʦʪ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ. ʋ ʤʝʥʷ ʩ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʛʦʪʦʚʝ ʣʠʩʪʦʢ ʙʫʤʘʛʠ ʠ ʢʘʨʘʥʜʘʰ, ʠ ʝʩʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʘ ʢʘʢʘʷ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʠʜʝʷ, ʪʦ ʷ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʤʦʛ ʩʝʩʪʴ ʥʘ ʩʢʘʤʝʡʢʫ ʠ ʥʝʤʝʜʣʷ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʝʝè.

ʏʝʨʝʟ ʪʨʠ ʛʦʜʘ ʥʝʧʨʝʢʨʘʱʘʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ, ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ ʨʷʜ ʧʨʦʨʳʚʦʚ. ʆʥ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʣ ʢ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʢʨʠʚʳʤ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʷ çʦʙʨʘʟʳè ʵʪʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ ʚ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘʭ ʥʘʜ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʦʡ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʶ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ʊʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ, ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʧʨʦʢʠʥʫʣ ʧʝʨʚʦʝ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ ʠ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʤʝʪʦʜ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʧʦʤʦʯʴ ʦʧʨʦʢʠʥʫʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʜʦʤʠʥʦ. ʅʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ � ʝʩʪʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʧʫʪʴ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ, ʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʝʪʴ ʧʨʦʡʜʝʥʥʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʧʫʪʠ, ʦʪ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʘʷ ʨʝʰʠʤʦʩʪʴ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʜʘʪʴʩʷ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʷʤ ʚ ʧʝʨʠʦʜʳ ʥʝʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʚ ʩʝʙʝ.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʚʘʝʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʩ ʙʣʫʞʜʘʥʠʝʤ ʚʧʦʪʴʤʘʭ ʚ ʥʝʟʥʘʢʦʤʦʤ ʜʦʤʝ. çɺʳ ʚʭʦʜʠʪʝ ʚ ʧʝʨʚʫʶ ʢʦʤʥʘʪʫ. ʊʝʤʥʦ. ʂʨʦʤʝʰʥʘʷ ʪʴʤʘ. ɺʳ ʪʦ ʠ ʜʝʣʦ ʥʘʪʳʢʘʝʪʝʩʴ ʥʘ ʤʝʙʝʣʴ, ʥʦ ʧʦʩʪʝʧʝʥʥʦ ʫʟʥʘʝʪʝ, ʛʜʝ ʯʪʦ ʩʪʦʠʪ. ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʠʣʠ ʦʢʦʣʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʚʳ ʥʘʱʫʧʳʚʘʝʪʝ ʚʳʢʣʶʯʘʪʝʣʴ, ʠ ʚʥʝʟʘʧʥʦ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʩʚʝʪʣʦ. ɺʳ ʦʪʯʝʪʣʠʚʦ ʚʠʜʠʪʝ, ʛʜʝ ʚʳ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʚʳ ʧʝʨʝʭʦʜʠʪʝ ʚ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʫʶ ʢʦʤʥʘʪʫ ʠ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʪʝ ʪʘʤ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʚʧʦʪʴʤʘʭ. ʊʘʢ ʞʝ ʦʙʩʪʦʠʪ ʜʝʣʦ ʠ ʩ ʧʨʦʨʳʚʘʤʠ ʚ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʦʟʘʨʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʷʪ ʤʛʥʦʚʝʥʥʦ, ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʚ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ-ʜʚʫʭ ʜʥʝʡ. ʅʦ ʚ ʣʶʙʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʦʥʠ ʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʢʫʣʴʤʠʥʘʮʠʝʡ ʧʨʝʜʰʝʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʭ ʠʤ ʤʥʦʛʦʤʝʩʷʯʥʳʭ ʙʣʫʞʜʘʥʠʡ ʚʧʦʪʴʤʘʭ. ɹʝʟ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʙʣʫʞʜʘʥʠʡ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʦʟʘʨʝʥʠʡ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳè.

ɺ 1990 ʛʦʜʫ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʪʝʤʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʢʦʤʥʘʪ. ʅʘ ʝʝ ʦʙʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʫʰʣʦ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʜʚʘ ʛʦʜʘ. ʇʝʨʝʧʨʦʙʦʚʘʚ ʚʩʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʝ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʠ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʳ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʦʩʴ ʚ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʳʭ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʭ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʦʥʠ ʥʝ ʛʦʜʷʪʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. çʗ ʙʳʣ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥ, ʯʪʦ ʩʪʦʶ ʥʘ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʤ ʧʫʪʠ, ʭʦʪʷ ʵʪʦ ʦʪʥʶʜʴ ʥʝ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʥʝʧʨʝʤʝʥʥʦ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʜʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʮʝʣʠ. ʄʝʪʦʜʳ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳʝ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʚʰʝʡ ʤʝʥʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʤʦʛʣʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʣʝʞʘʱʠʤʠ ʟʘ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʘʤʠ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʄʦʛʣʦ ʩʣʫʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʠ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳʝ ʤʥʝ ʜʣʷ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʝʥʠʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʙʫʜʫʪ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʳ ʣʝʪ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʩʪʦ. ʆʜʥʠʤ ʩʣʦʚʦʤ, ʜʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʷ ʙʳʣ ʥʘ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʤ ʧʫʪʠ, ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʦʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʞʠʚʫ ʥʝ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʠè.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʝ ʧʘʣ ʜʫʭʦʤ ʠ ʫʧʦʨʥʦ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʠ ʚʝʩʴ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʛʦʜ. ʆʥ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʠʟʫʯʘʪʴ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ, ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ çʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʀʚʘʩʘʚʳè. ʕʪʘ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʘ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʤʝʪʦʜ

ʘʥʘʣʠʟʘ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠʟʫʯʘʣ ʚ ʩʚʦʠ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʩʢʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʚ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʝ ʧʦʜ ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʩʪʚʦʤ ɼʞʦʥʘ ʂʦʫʪʩʘ. ʍʦʪʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʀʚʘʩʘʚʳ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʚʠʜʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʝʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʤʘ ʢ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʚʰʝʡ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ, ʥʦ ʦʥ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʥʫʞʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʤʦʜʠʬʠʮʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʝʝ.

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʨʳʚʘ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʛʨʫʧʧ ɻʘʣʫʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʪʘʣ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʝ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʩʧʘʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʚʳʭʦʜ ʠʟ ʩʦʟʜʘʚʰʝʛʦʩʷ ʟʘʪʨʫʜʥʝʥʠʷ ʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʜʘʣʝʢʠʤ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʯʝʨʧʘʣ ʩʠʣʳ ʠʟ ʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʩ ʩʝʤʴʝʡ. ʉ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʢʘʢ ʦʥ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ 1986 ʛʦʜʫ, ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʜʚʦʝ ʜʝʪʝʡ. çʗ ʦʪʜʳʭʘʣ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʢʨʫʛʫ ʤʦʠʭ ʜʝʪʝʡ. ʄʘʣʝʥʴʢʠʝ ʜʝʪʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʶʪ ʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʦʥʘ ʠʤ ʥʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʘ, ʦʥʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʭʦʪʷʪ ʫʩʣʳʰʘʪʴ ʦʪ ʚʘʩ ʩʢʘʟʢʫ ʠ ʥʝ ʜʘʜʫʪ ʚʘʤ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʠʯʝʤ ʜʨʫʛʠʤè.

ʄʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ

ʂ ʣʝʪʫ 1991 ʛʦʜʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʦʠʛʨʘʣ ʩʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ: ʪʝʦʨʠʶ ʀʚʘʩʘʚʳ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʠʩʧʦʩʦʙʠʪʴ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʆʥ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʩʷ ʢ ʥʘʫʯʥʳʤ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘʤ ʠ ʤʦʥʦʛʨʘʬʠʷʤ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʛ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʘʣʴʪʝʨʥʘʪʠʚʥʳʡ ʤʝʪʦʜ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣ ʙʳ ʝʤʫ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʪʴ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳʡ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ. ʇʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʧʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʞʠʣ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʝ ʢʘʢ ʦʪʰʝʣʴʥʠʢ, ʥʦ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʦʥ ʨʝʰʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʩʪʘʣʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʚʝʨʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʢʨʫʛʦʚʦʨʦʪ ʥʘʫʯʥʦʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʠ ʧʦʟʥʘʢʦʤʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʤʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʩʣʫʭʘʤʠ. ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʢʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʛʜʝ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʝʪ ʥʘʜ ʢʘʢʠʤ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʥʦʚʳʤ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʦ ʪʝʤ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʳʤ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʘʤ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʚ ɹʦʩʪʦʥ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʠ ʧʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʢʨʠʚʳʤ, ʛʜʝ ʦʥ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʩʷ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʴ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʳʭ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʭ ʣʠʮ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʵʪʘʧʘ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʷ ʵʪʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ.

ʂʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʤʠʨʘ ʙʳʣʠ ʨʘʜʳ ʧʨʠʚʝʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʜʦʣʛʦʛʦ ʦʪʩʫʪʩʪʚʠʷ (ʥʘʧʦʤʥʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʚʦʣʝ ʚʦʟʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʣʩʷ ʦʪ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʷ ʚ ʥʝʧʨʝʢʨʘʱʘʶʱʝʡʩʷ ʯʝʨʝʜʝ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʡ, ʩʝʤʠʥʘʨʦʚ ʠ ʩʠʤʧʦʟʠʫʤʦʚ). ʅʠʢʪʦ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʝʪ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʦʙʣʶʜʘʣ ʢʦʥʩʧʠʨʘʮʠʶ ʠ ʥʝ ʚʳʜʘʣ ʩʝʙʷ ʥʠ ʝʜʠʥʳʤ ʩʣʦʚʦʤ. ʋʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʠ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʠ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʚʘʣʠ ʦʙ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳʭ ʤʦʪʠʚʘʭ ʝʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʨʘʩʩʧʨʘʰʠʚʘʣ ʠʭ ʦ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʥʦʚʦʩʪʷʭ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ. ʇʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦ ʨʘʩʩʧʨʦʩʳ ʥʝ ʜʘʚʘʣʠ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʛʦ, ʥʦ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʩ ʝʛʦ ʙʳʚʰʠʤ ʥʘʫʯʥʳʤ ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʠʪʝʣʝʤ ɼʞʦʥʦʤ ʂʦʫʪʩʦʤ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʧʣʦʜʦʪʚʦʨʥʦʡ: çɺ ʙʝʩʝʜʝ ʩʦ ʤʥʦʡ ʂʦʫʪʩ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʝʛʦ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʠʤʝʥʠ ʄʘʪʠʫʩ ʌʣʘʭ ʧʠʰʝʪ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʫʶ ʩʪʘʪʴʶ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʠʨʫʝʪ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ. ʉʚʦʶ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʌʣʘʭ ʦʩʥʦʚʳʚʘʣ ʥʘ ʤʝʪʦʜʝ, ʥʝʜʘʚʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʤ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʳʤ. ʄʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ ʙʳʣ ʩʣʦʚʥʦ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʥ ʜʣʷ ʤʦʝʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʂʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʥʫʞʥʦ, ʭʦʪʷ ʧʦ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʤʫ ʦʧʳʪʫ ʷ ʫʞʝ ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʡ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʧʨʠʜʝʪʩʷ ʫʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ. ʗ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʦʪʣʦʞʠʣ ʚ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʫ ʩʪʘʨʳʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ ʠ ʩʪʘʣ ʜʝʥʴ ʠ ʥʦʯʴ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʫʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʤʝʪʦʜʘè.

ʇʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥ ʠ ʄʘʪʠʫʩ ʌʣʘʭ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʘʣʠ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʤʦʱʥʳʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʤʝʪʦʜ, ʥʦ ʥʠ ʪʦʪ, ʥʠ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʥʝ ʧʦʥʷʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚʦʟʥʘʤʝʨʠʣʩʷ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʠʭ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʧʨʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʚ ʤʠʨʝ.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥ ʠ ʚʩʢʦʨʝ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ɺʩʢʦʨʝ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ ʜʣʷ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʢʦʥʢʨʝʪʥʦʡ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ. ʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʦʥ ʧʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ, ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʚʰʠʡ ʜʣʷ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʢʦʥʢʨʝʪʥʦʡ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ, ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʤ ʢ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ. ʀ ʪʫʪ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʧʦʜʨʘʟʜʝʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ

ʩʝʤʝʡʩʪʚʘ. ɽʩʣʠ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʤʦʜʠʬʠʮʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʥ ʩʪʘʣ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʳʤ ʜʣʷ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ, ʪʦ ʦʥ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʤ ʠ ʢʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʢʨʠʚʳʤ ʪʦʛʦ ʞʝ ʩʝʤʝʡʩʪʚʘ. ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʩʚʦʜʠʣʘʩʴ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʨʠʩʧʦʩʦʙʠʪʴ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʢ ʢʘʞʜʦʤʫ ʠʟ ʩʝʤʝʡʩʪʚ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʩʝʤʝʡʩʪʚ ʤʦʜʠʬʠʮʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʪʨʫʜʥʝʝ, ʯʝʤ ʜʣʷ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʫʚʝʨʝʥ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʩʪʝʧʝʥʥʦ ʩʫʤʝʝʪ ʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʝʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʠ.

ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʧʦʩʣʝ ʰʝʩʪʠ ʣʝʪ ʫʧʦʨʥʦʛʦ ʪʨʫʜʘ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʫʚʠʜʝʣ ʩʚʝʪ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʪʫʥʥʝʣʷ. ʅʝʜʝʣʷ ʟʘ ʥʝʜʝʣʝʡ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʛʘʣʩʷ ʚʧʝʨʝʜ, ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʷ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʙʰʠʨʥʳʝ ʩʝʤʝʡʩʪʚʘ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ. ʂʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʣʛʦʞʜʘʥʥʘʷ ʧʦʙʝʜʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʣʠʰʴ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʤ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ. ʅʘ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʪʘʜʠʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʤʦʛ ʧʦ ʜʦʩʪʦʠʥʩʪʚʫ ʦʮʝʥʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʧʠʨʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʦʥ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʜʣʷ ʩʝʙʷ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʥʘʟʘʜ. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʪʴ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʣʠ ʩʪʨʦʛʦ ʦʥ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ.

çɺ ʪʦʪ ʛʦʜ ʷ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʫʧʦʨʥʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ, ʧʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʫʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ, ʥʦ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦʪ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʩʦʧʨʷʞʝʥ ʩ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʪʦʥʢʦʡ ʪʝʭʥʠʢʦʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʷ ʧʦ-ʥʘʩʪʦʷʱʝʤʫ ʥʝ ʚʣʘʜʝʣ. ɹʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʧʨʦʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʢʦʣʦʩʩʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʦʙʲʝʤ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʭ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ, ʜʣʷ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʤʥʝ ʥʫʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʳʫʯʠʪʴ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʥʦʚʦʛʦ.

ɺ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ ʷʥʚʘʨʷ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ ʷ ʨʝʰʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʜʦʚʝʨʠʪʴʩʷ ʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ, ʢʪʦ ʨʘʟʙʠʨʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʡ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʪʝʭʥʠʢʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʷ ʠʟʦʙʨʝʣ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʩʯʝʪʦʚ. ʕʢʩʧʝʨʪʘ ʷ ʚʳʙʠʨʘʣ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ: ʚʝʜʴ ʤʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʜʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʝʤʫ ʩʚʦʶ ʪʘʡʥʫ, ʠ ʷ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʙʳʪʴ ʫʚʝʨʝʥ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʥʝ ʨʘʟʛʣʘʩʠʪ ʝʝ. ʗ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʦʙʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʅʠʢʫ ʂʘʪʮʫè.

ʇʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʅʠʢ ʂʘʪʮ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʥʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʝ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʠ ʟʥʘʣ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʣʝʪ. ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʠʭ ʙʣʠʟʢʦʝ ʩʦʩʝʜʩʪʚʦ, ʂʘʪʮ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʣʦ ʙʫʢʚʘʣʴʥʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʞʝ ʢʦʨʠʜʦʨʝ. ʆʥ ʚ ʤʝʣʴʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʜʝʪʘʣʷʭ ʧʦʤʥʠʪ ʪʦʪ ʤʦʤʝʥʪ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʝʤʫ ʩʚʦʶ ʪʘʡʥʫ: çʆʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʟʘʛʣʷʥʫʣ ʢʦ ʤʥʝ ʥʘ ʯʘʡ ʠ ʧʦʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʤʝʥʷ ʟʘʡʪʠ ʢ ʥʝʤʫ ʚ ʢʘʙʠʥʝʪ. ɽʤʫ ʭʦʪʝʣʦʩʴ ʦʙʩʫʜʠʪʴ ʩʦ ʤʥʦʡ ʢʦʝ-ʯʪʦ. ʗ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʣ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ, ʦ ʯʝʤ ʧʦʡʜʝʪ ʨʝʯʴ, ʥʦ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʢ ʥʝʤʫ ʚ ʢʘʙʠʥʝʪ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʤʳ ʚʦʰʣʠ, ʕʥʜʨʶ ʟʘʧʝʨ ʜʚʝʨʴ ʥʘ ʢʣʶʯ ʠ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ ʤʥʝ, ʯʪʦ, ʢʘʢ ʝʤʫ ʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ, ʦʥ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ... ʗ ʙʳʣ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʚʥʝ ʩʝʙʷ ʦʪ ʠʟʫʤʣʝʥʠʷ, ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʬʘʥʪʘʩʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʟʚʫʯʘʣʦ ʝʛʦ ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʠʝ.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʷʩʥʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʦʥ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣ ʨʘʟʨʘʙʦʪʘʥʥʦʝ ʠʤ ʦʙʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʘ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʵʪʘ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʚʳʟʳʚʘʣʘ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʴʰʠʝ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʷ, ʠ ʦʥ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʨʦʩʤʦʪʨʝʪʴ ʝʝ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩ ʢʝʤ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʚ ʥʝʡ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦ. ʇʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʷ ʙʳʣ ʪʝʤ

ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʧʦʤʦʯʴ ʝʤʫ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʩʦʤʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ, ʥʦ ʤʥʝ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʧʦʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʤʝʥʷ ʧʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʝ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʫʚʝʨʝʥ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʙʫʜʫ ʜʝʨʞʘʪʴ ʷʟʳʢ ʟʘ ʟʫʙʘʤʠ ʠ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʞʫ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʦ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʝè. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʰʝʩʪʠ ʣʝʪ, ʧʨʦʚʝʜʝʥʥʳʭ ʚ ʜʦʙʨʦʚʦʣʴʥʦʡ ʠʟʦʣʷʮʠʠ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʪʘʡʥʫ. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʂʘʪʮʫ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʝʪʴ ʚʥʫʰʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʛʦʨʫ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ, ʚʳʧʦʣʥʝʥʥʳʭ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ. ɺʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʙʳʣʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝʤ, ʠ ʂʘʪʮʫ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʦʜʫʤʘʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʪʝʤ, ʢʘʢ ʣʫʯʰʝ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʫ: çʊʦ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʣʩʷ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʤʥʝ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʙʳʣʦ

ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʚʝʣʠʢʦ ʧʦ ʦʙʲʝʤʫ. ʅʝ ʩʪʦʠʣʦ ʠ ʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʟʘ ʦʜʥʫ ʥʝʬʦʨʤʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʙʝʩʝʜʫ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʢʘʙʠʥʝʪʝ. ɼʣʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʛʦ ʦʙʲʝʤʘ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤ ʮʠʢʣ ʝʞʝʥʝʜʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ, ʚ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʨʘʟʦʙʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʩʫʪʠ ʜʝʣʘ. ʀ ʤʳ ʨʝʰʠʣʠ ʫʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʢʫʨʩ ʣʝʢʮʠʡè.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠ ʂʘʪʮ ʧʨʠʰʣʠ ʢ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ʦʧʪʠʤʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʝʡ ʙʳʣ ʙʳ ʢʫʨʩ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ ʜʣʷ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ, ʘ ʂʘʪʮ ʙʳʪʴ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʩʣʫʰʘʪʝʣʝʡ. ʂʫʨʩ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʦʭʚʘʪʠʪʴ ʪʫ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʥʫʞʜʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʝ, ʥʦ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʘʤ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʤ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ. ʀʟʷʱʥʦʩʪʴ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʘ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʣ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʰʘʛ ʟʘ ʰʘʛʦʤ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʚʝʩʴ ʭʦʜ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ, ʥʝ ʚʳʟʚʘʚ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʥʠʡ ʥʘ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʝ. ɼʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʢʫʨʩ ʜʣʷ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʚ.

çʀʪʘʢ, ʕʥʜʨʶ ʦʙʲʷʚʠʣ ʢʫʨʩ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ ʧʦʜ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ "ɺʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ", � ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʂʘʪʮ ʩ ʣʫʢʘʚʦʡ ʫʣʳʙʢʦʡ. � ʅʘʟʚʘʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʙʝʟʦʙʠʜʥʳʤ ʠ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʪʴ ʯʪʦ ʫʛʦʜʥʦ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʠ ʩʣʦʚʦʤ ʥʝ ʦʙʤʦʣʚʠʣʩʷ ʥʠ ʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʠ ʦ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʝ ʠ ʐʠʤʫʨʝ, ʘ ʩʨʘʟʫ ʫʛʣʫʙʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʪʝʭʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ. ʅʠ ʟʘ ʯʪʦ ʥʘ ʩʚʝʪʝ ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʦʛʘʜʘʪʴʩʷ, ʦ ʯʝʤ ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʰʣʘ ʨʝʯʴ. ɺʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʣ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʚʳ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʣʠ, ʨʘʜʠ ʯʝʛʦ ʚʩʝ ʜʝʣʘʣʦʩʴ, ʪʦ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʝʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʤʠ ʠ ʪʝʭʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ. ɸ ʝʩʣʠ ʚʳ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʝʪʝ, ʜʣʷ ʯʝʛʦ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ, ʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʣʝʜʠʪʴ ʟʘ ʥʠʤʠ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ɹʦʣʝʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʩʣʝʜʠʪʴ ʟʘ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʤʠ ʚʳʢʣʘʜʢʘʤʠ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʚʘʤ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʢʫʜʘ ʦʥʠ ʚʝʜʫʪ. ʂʘʢ ʙʳ ʪʦ ʥʠ ʙʳʣʦ, ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʳ ʦʜʠʥ ʟʘ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʧʝʨʝʩʪʘʚʘʣʠ ʭʦʜʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ, ʠ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʷ ʦʩʪʘʣʩʷ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʩʣʫʰʘʪʝʣʝʤ ʚ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠè.

ʂʘʪʮ ʩʠʜʝʣ ʚ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ ʠ ʚʥʠʤʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʣʝʜʠʣ ʟʘ ʢʘʞʜʳʤ ʰʘʛʦʤ ʚ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷʭ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ. ʇʨʦʩʣʫʰʘʚ ʢʫʨʩ, ʂʘʪʮ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʝʪ ʧʨʝʚʦʩʭʦʜʥʦ. ʅʠʢʪʦ ʠʟ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʢʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʚʘʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ. ʅʠʢʪʦ ʠ ʥʝ ʜʫʤʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʙʣʠʞʘʡʰʝʤ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʟʘʷʚʠʪʴ ʦ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʧʨʠʪʷʟʘʥʠʷʭ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʳʡ ʚʘʞʥʳʡ ʧʨʠʟ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʇʣʘʥ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʠ ʂʘʪʮʘ ʫʜʘʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʩʣʘʚʫ.

ʇʦ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʝʥʠʠ ʢʫʨʩʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʣ ʚʩʝ ʩʚʦʠ ʫʩʠʣʠʷ ʥʘ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʝʥʠʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʆʥ ʫʩʧʝʰʥʦ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʷʣ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʢ ʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʩʝʤʝʡʩʪʚʫ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ, ʠ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʡ ʩʪʘʜʠʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʥʦ ʩʝʤʝʡʩʪʚʦ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʝʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʥʳʤ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʝʪ, ʢʘʢ ʦʥ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʡ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ: çʆʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʫʪʨʦʤ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʤʘʷ ʅʘʜʘ ʛʫʣʷʣʘ ʩ ʜʝʪʴʤʠ, ʘ ʷ ʩʠʜʝʣ ʟʘ ʧʠʩʴʤʝʥʥʳʤ ʩʪʦʣʦʤ ʠ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʣ ʦ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʤ ʩʝʤʝʡʩʪʚʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ. ʗ ʧʨʦʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʣ ʩʪʘʪʴʶ ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨʘ, ʢʘʢ ʚʜʨʫʛ ʤʦʝ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʣʘ ʦʜʥʘ ʬʨʘʟʘ. ɺ ʥʝʡ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʢʘʷ ʢʦʥʩʪʨʫʢʮʠʷ XIX ʚʝʢʘ, ʠ ʷ ʚʥʝʟʘʧʥʦ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʥʫʞʥʦ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʢʦʥʩʪʨʫʢʮʠʶ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʤ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʠ ʚ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʛʦ ʩʝʤʝʡʩʪʚʘ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ. ʗ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʦʙʜʫʤʳʚʘʪʴ ʤʝʣʴʢʥʫʚʰʫʶ ʠʜʝʶ ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʧʦʣʫʜʥʷ ʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʟʘʙʳʣ ʩʧʫʩʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʢ ʣʝʥʯʫ. ʏʘʩʘʤ ʢ ʪʨʝʤ-ʯʝʪʳʨʝʤ ʜʥʷ ʷ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʫʙʝʜʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʶʶ ʦʩʪʘʚʰʫʶʩʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ. ɺʨʝʤʷ ʙʣʠʟʠʣʦʩʴ ʢ ʯʘʝʧʠʪʠʶ. ʗ ʩʧʫʩʪʠʣʩʷ ʚʥʠʟ, ʦʯʝʥʴ ʫʜʠʚʠʚ ʅʘʜʫ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʦʧʦʟʜʘʥʠʝʤ. "ʗ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ", � ʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʷ ʚ ʩʚʦʝ ʦʧʨʘʚʜʘʥʠʝè.

ʃʝʢʮʠʷ ʚʝʢʘ

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʩʝʤʠ ʣʝʪ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʚ ʦʜʠʥʦʯʢʫ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʠʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʤʝʯʪʘ � ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ � ʧʦʯʪʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʘʩʴ.

çʀʪʘʢ, ʢ ʤʘʶ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ ʷ ʧʨʝʙʳʚʘʣ ʚ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʠʠ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ ʤʦʠʭ ʨʫʢʘʭ, �

ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʋʘʡʣʩ. � ʄʥʝ ʭʦʪʝʣʦʩʴ ʝʱʝ ʨʘʟ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʘ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʠʶʥʷ ʚ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʪʴʩʷ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʷ, ʠ ʷ ʧʦʜʫʤʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʣʫʯʰʝʛʦ ʤʝʩʪʘ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʪʴ ʦ ʤʦʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ, ʥʝ ʥʘʡʪʠ, ʚʝʜʴ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞ � ʤʦʡ ʨʦʜʥʦʡ ʛʦʨʦʜ, ʠ ʷ ʫʯʠʣʩʷ ʪʘʤ ʚ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʫʨʝè.

ʂʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʷ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʩʵʨʘ ʀʩʘʘʢʘ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ. ʅʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʨʘʟ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪ ʧʣʘʥʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʧʨʦʚʝʩʪʠ ʩʠʤʧʦʟʠʫʤ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʦʜ ʥʝ ʩʦʚʩʝʤ ʷʩʥʳʤ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝʤ çL-ʬʫʥʢʮʠʠ ʠ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘè. ʆʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʦʨʛʘʥʠʟʘʪʦʨʦʚ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʠ ʙʳʣ ʙʳʚʰʠʡ ʥʘʫʯʥʳʡ ʨʫʢʦʚʦʜʠʪʝʣʴ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ɼʞʦʥ ʂʦʫʪʩ: çʄʳ ʩʦʙʨʘʣʠ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʟʝʤʥʦʛʦ ʰʘʨʘ, ʨʘʙʦʪʘʚʰʠʭ ʥʘʜ ʵʪʠʤ ʦʙʰʠʨʥʳʤ ʢʨʫʛʦʤ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʠ, ʨʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʙʳʣ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʰʝʥʥʳʭ. ʄʳ ʧʣʘʥʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ ʯʪʝʥʠʝ ʫʩʠʣʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʢʫʨʩʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ ʚ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ, ʠ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦ, ʠʟ-ʟʘ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʢʘ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʦʪʚʦʜʠʤʦʛʦ ʥʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ, ʷ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʦʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʜʚʝ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ. ʅʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʚʳʷʩʥʠʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʘ ʪʨʝʪʴʷ ʣʝʢʮʠʷ, ʷ ʦʪʜʘʣ ʝʤʫ ʩʚʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ. ʄʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʢʨʫʧʥʳʡ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ, ʭʦʪʷ ʷ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʣ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ, ʦ ʯʝʤ ʠʜʝʪ ʨʝʯʴè.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʠʙʳʣ ʚ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞ ʟʘ ʜʚʝ ʩ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʦʡ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ ʜʦ ʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʝʛʦ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ, ʠ ʦʥ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʢʘʢ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʣʫʯʰʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʠʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʠ: çʗ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʪʫ ʝʝ ʯʘʩʪʴ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʪ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ, ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ-ʜʚʫʭ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʪʦʚ. ʇʝʨʚʳʤ, ʢʦʤʫ ʷ ʜʘʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʫ, ʙʳʣ ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨ. ʅʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʥʝ ʧʦʤʥʠʪʩʷ, ʷ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʝʤʫ: "ʋ ʤʝʥʷ ʩ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʝʩʪʴ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ." ɹʘʨʨʠ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʫʜʠʚʠʣʩʷ, ʥʦ ʷ ʥʘʩʪʘʠʚʘʣ: "ʇʦʞʘʣʫʡʩʪʘ, ʧʦʩʤʦʪʨʠʪʝ, ʚʩʝ ʣʠ ʚ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝ". ʂʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʫʰʣʦ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʙʝʛʣʦ ʧʨʦʩʤʦʪʨʝʪʴ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ. ɹʘʨʨʠ ʙʳʣ ʠʟʫʤʣʝʥ. ʗ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʙʫʜʫ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʚ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʣʝʢʮʠʷʭ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʭʦʪʝʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʣ, ʚʩʝ ʣʠ ʚ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝè.

ʆʜʠʥ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ ʥʘʯʘʣʠ ʧʨʠʙʳʚʘʪʴ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʳ. ʉʨʝʜʠ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʦʚ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʠ ʙʳʣ ʠ ʂʝʥ ʈʠʙʝʪ, ʯʴʠ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʚ 1986 ʛʦʜʫ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʠʣʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʘ ʩʝʤʠʣʝʪʥʠʝ ʧʦʠʩʢʠ. ʆʥ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ: çʗ ʧʨʠʙʳʣ ʥʘ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʶ ʧʦ L-ʬʫʥʢʮʠʷʤ ʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʢʨʠʚʳʤ. ɺʩʝ ʰʣʦ ʢʘʢ ʦʙʳʯʥʦ, ʧʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʥʘʯʘʣʠ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʷʪʴʩʷ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʧʨʠʯʫʜʣʠʚʳʝ ʩʣʫʭʠ ʦ ʣʝʢʮʠʷʭ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʧʨʦʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ. ʉʦʛʣʘʩʥʦ ʵʪʠʤ ʩʣʫʭʘʤ, ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʗ ʜʫʤʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʵʪʦ ʯʝʧʫʭʘ. ʅʝ ʚʝʨʠʣ ʚ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ɹʳʣʦ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʚ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʣʠ ʮʠʨʢʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʣʫʭʠ, ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ. ʂʘʢ ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʦʧʳʪ, ʜʦʚʝʨʷʪʴ ʪʘʢʠʤ ʩʣʫʭʘʤ ʥʝ ʩʪʦʠʪ. ʄʝʞʜʫ ʪʝʤ ʩʣʫʭʠ ʥʘ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʠ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʱʘʣʠʩʴ. ʕʥʜʨʶ ʦʪʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʩʷ ʦʪʚʝʯʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʳ ʠ ʚʦʦʙʱʝ ʚʝʣ ʩʝʙʷ ʩʪʨʘʥʥʦ. ʂʦʫʪʩ ʩʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʙʝʟ ʦʙʠʥʷʢʦʚ: "ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʯʪʦ ɺʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣʠ? ʄʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ, ʥʘʤ ʥʫʞʥʦ ʩʦʟʚʘʪʴ ʧʨʝʩʩ-ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʶ?" ʕʥʜʨʶ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʢʘʯʘʣ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʡ ʠ ʧʨʦʤʦʣʯʘʣ. ʆʥ ʛʦʪʦʚʠʣʩʷ ʨʘʟʳʛʨʘʪʴ ʩʧʝʢʪʘʢʣʴ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʘʤ.

ʆʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʧʦʜʦʰʝʣ ʢʦ ʤʥʝ ʠ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʩʷ ʨʘʩʩʧʨʘʰʠʚʘʪʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʚ 1986 ʛʦʜʫ, ʠ ʦ ʢʘʢʠʭ-ʪʦ ʜʝʪʘʣʷʭ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʩ ʠʜʝʷʤʠ ʌʨʝʷ. ʗ ʝʱʝ ʧʦʜʫʤʘʣ ʧʨʦ ʩʝʙʷ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʚʨʷʜ ʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʠʥʘʯʝ ʦʥ ʥʝ ʩʪʘʣ ʙʳ ʨʘʩʩʧʨʘʰʠʚʘʪʴ ʤʝʥʷ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʤ. ʗ ʥʝ ʩʪʘʣ ʥʘʧʨʷʤʫʶ ʩʧʨʘʰʠʚʘʪʴ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʚʝʨʥʳ ʣʠ ʩʣʫʭʠ, ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʚʝʣ ʦʥ ʩʝʙʷ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʭʠʪʨʦ, ʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʦʥʷʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʯʝʩʪʥʦʛʦ ʦʪʚʝʪʘ ʷ ʥʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʫ. ʇʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʷ ʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʠʣʩʷ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ: "ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʝʩʣʠ ɺʳ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʝʪʝʩʴ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʡ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ, ʪʦ ʟʥʘʡʪʝ, ʯʪʦ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ʥʝʝ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ". ʗ ʩʤʦʪʨʝʣ ʥʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʪʘʢ, ʢʘʢ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʤʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʯʪʦ-ʪʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʥʦ ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʷ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ. ʗ ʪʝʨʷʣʩʷ ʚ ʜʦʛʘʜʢʘʭè.

ʈʝʘʢʮʠʷ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʘ ʩʣʫʭʠ ʠ ʚʩʝ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʘʚʰʝʝ ʜʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ: çʄʝʥʷ ʩʧʨʘʰʠʚʘʶʪ ʦ ʤʦʠʭ ʣʝʢʮʠʷʭ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʷ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʶʩʴ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʥʠʭ. ʗ ʦʪʚʝʯʘʶ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʵʪʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʦ, ʪʦ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʪʝ ʥʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ, ʠ ʚʳ ʚʩʝ ʫʟʥʘʝʪʝè.

ɺ 1920 ʛʦʜʫ ɼʘʚʠʜ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʷʪʴʜʝʩʷʪ ʚʦʩʝʤʴ ʣʝʪ, ʧʨʦʯʠʪʘʣ ʚ ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥʝ

ʧʫʙʣʠʯʥʫʶ ʣʝʢʮʠʶ ʥʘ ʪʝʤʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʅʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʙʫʜʝʪ ʣʠ ʵʪʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʨʝʰʝʥʘ, ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘ ʝʛʦ ʚʝʢʫ ʵʪʦ ʚʨʷʜ ʣʠ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʡʜʝʪ, ʥʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʤʦʣʦʜʳʝ ʩʣʫʰʘʪʝʣʠ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʩʪʘʥʫʪ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʷʤʠ ʝʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ. ʇʨʝʜʩʢʘʟʘʥʠʝ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʜʘʪʳ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʦʯʥʳʤ. [ʂʦʥʩʪʘʥʩ ʈʠʜ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʢʥʠʛʝ çɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪè (ʄ., ʅʘʫʢʘ, 1977) ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʤ ʪʘʢ: "ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʩʣʫʰʘʪʝʣʷʤ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨʥʳʝ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʳ ʪʝʦʨʝʪʠʢʦ-ʯʠʩʣʦʚʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʩʦʚʩʝʤ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤʠ, ʥʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʤ. ʆʥ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫʣ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʪʠʧʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʈʠʤʘʥʘ, ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʪʨʘʥʩʮʝʥʜʝʥʪʥʦʩʪʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ 2ã2 (ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʱʫʶ ʩʝʜʴʤʫʶ ʠʟ ʝʛʦ ʧʘʨʠʞʩʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ). ɿʘʪʝʤ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʣ, ʩʢʘʟʘʚ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʜʘʚʥʦ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣʩʷ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʝʩʩ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʡ ʩ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʈʠʤʘʥʘ, ʠ ʦʥ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʥʘʜʝʝʪʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʩʘʤ ʜʦʞʠʚʝʪ ʜʦ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʫʞʝ ʜʘʚʥʦ ʠ ʷʚʥʦ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʜʣʷ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ, � ʙʳʪʴ ʤʦʞʝʪ, ʩʘʤʦʤʫ ʤʦʣʦʜʦʤʫ ʩʣʫʰʘʪʝʣʶ ʚ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʜʦʞʠʪʴ ʜʦ ʝʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ. ʏʪʦ ʞʝ ʢʘʩʘʝʪʩʷ ʯʠʩʣʘ 2ã2, ʪʦ ʥʠ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʭ ʥʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ ʥʝ ʜʦʞʠʚʝʪ ʜʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʝʛʦ ʪʨʘʥʩʮʝʥʜʝʥʪʥʦʩʪʠ!

ɼʚʝ ʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʠʟ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫʪʳʭ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʦʤ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʥʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʳ ʜʦ ʩʠʭ ʧʦʨ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ ʜʝʩʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʩʧʫʩʪʷ ʦʜʠʥ ʤʦʣʦʜʦʡ ʨʫʩʩʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʧʦ ʬʘʤʠʣʠʠ ɻʝʣʴʬʦʥʜ ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣ ʪʨʘʥʩʮʝʥʜʝʥʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʘ 2ã(�2). ʆʩʥʦʚʳʚʘʷʩʴ ʥʘ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ, ʂ. ʃ. ɿʠʛʝʣʴ ʚʩʢʦʨʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʤʫʶ ʪʨʘʥʩʮʝʥʜʝʥʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʘ 2ã2.

ɿʠʛʝʣʴ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʫ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ. ʆʥ ʥʘʧʦʤʥʠʣ ʝʤʫ ʩʣʦʚʘ, ʩʢʘʟʘʥʥʳʝ ʥʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ ʚ 1920 ʛʦʜʫ, ʠ ʧʦʜʯʝʨʢʥʫʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚʘʞʥʝʡʰʠʤ ʤʦʤʝʥʪʦʤ ʟʜʝʩʴ ʙʳʣʘ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ɻʝʣʴʬʦʥʜʘ. ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʢʨʠʪʠʢʦʚʘʣʠ ʟʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ çʦʥ ʚʝʜʝʪ ʩʝʙʷ ʪʘʢ, ʢʘʢ ʙʫʜʪʦ ʚʩʸ ʩʜʝʣʘʥʦ ʚ ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥʝè. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʦʥ ʩ ʢʨʘʡʥʠʤ ʚʦʩʪʦʨʛʦʤ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣ ʥʘ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ ɿʠʛʝʣʷ, ʜʘʞʝ ʥʝ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫʚ ʦ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʠ ʤʦʣʦʜʦʛʦ ʨʫʩʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ. ʆʥ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ɿʠʛʝʣʷ. ʅʦ ʪʦʪ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ, ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʳʡ, ʯʪʦ ɻʝʣʴʬʦʥʜ ʩʘʤ, ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ, ʨʝʰʠʪ ʠ ʵʪʫ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʪʦʞʝ. ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ ʩʨʘʟʫ ʧʦʪʝʨʷʣ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʢ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʜʝʣʫ". ʎʠʪʘʪʘ ʭʦʪʴ ʠ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʘ, ʥʦ ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʢʘʟʘʥʠʷ ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ ʥʝ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʙʳʚʘʣʠ "ʠʩʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʦʯʥʳ". :) � E.G.A.] ʃʝʢʮʠʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʪʴʩʷ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʚʦʚʨʝʤʷ, ʝʩʣʠ ʚʩʧʦʤʥʠʪʴ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʷ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ. ɺ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʟʘʚʝʱʘʥʠʠ ʇʘʫʣʴ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ ʫʢʘʟʘʣ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʶʶ ʜʘʪʫ: 13 ʩʝʥʪʷʙʨʷ 2007 ʛʦʜʘ.

ʉʝʨʠʷ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʣʘʩʴ çʄʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ, ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ɻʘʣʫʘè. ʂʘʢ ʠ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝ ʪʝʭ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʥ ʦʙʲʷʚʠʣ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʝ ʜʣʷ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʚ, ʘ ʧʦ ʩʫʪʠ ʜʝʣʘ ʯʠʪʘʣ ʜʣʷ ʅʠʢʘ ʂʘʪʮʘ, ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʤ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʣʦ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʫʢʘʟʘʥʠʡ ʥʘ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʳʝ ʥʘʤʝʨʝʥʠʷ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ.

ʇʝʨʚʘʷ ʣʝʢʮʠʷ ʙʳʣʘ, ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ, ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʟʝʤʥʦʡ. ɺ ʥʝʡ ʟʘʢʣʘʜʳʚʘʣʩʷ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪ ʘʪʘʢʠ ʥʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʷʪʫʶ ʚʦ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʠ ʪʨʝʪʴʝʡ ʣʝʢʮʠʷʭ. ɹʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʚʰʠʝ ʦ ʩʣʫʭʘʭ. ʆʥʠ ʥʝ ʦʮʝʥʠʣʠ ʦʙʱʫʶ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ ʠ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʣʠ ʤʘʣʦ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʜʝʪʘʣʠ. ʊʝ ʞʝ, ʢʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʦʩʚʝʜʦʤʣʝʥ ʦ ʩʣʫʭʘʭ, ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʠʡ ʥʘʤʝʢ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʩʣʫʞʠʪʴ ʦʧʨʘʚʜʘʥʠʝʤ ʩʣʫʭʦʚ.

ʉʨʘʟʫ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʥʠʷ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ ʤʝʣʴʥʠʮʘ ʩʣʫʭʦʚ ʟʘʨʘʙʦʪʘʣʘ ʩ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʩʠʣʦʡ, ʘ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʘʷ ʧʦʯʪʘ ʨʘʟʥʝʩʣʘ ʥʦʚʦʩʪʴ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʤʫ ʩʚʝʪʫ. ɹʳʚʰʠʡ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʂʘʨʣ ʈʫʙʠʥ ʩʦʦʙʱʘʣ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʝ ʠʟ ɸʤʝʨʠʢʠ:

: 21 1993 13:33:06

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ʅʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʜʝʥʴ ʩʣʫʭ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʣʩʷ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʰʠʨʦʢʦʛʦ ʢʨʫʛʘ ʣʶʜʝʡ, ʠ ʥʘ ʚʪʦʨʫʶ ʣʝʢʮʠʶ ʥʘʨʦʜʫ ʧʨʠʰʣʦ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ. ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʧʦʜʜʨʘʟʥʠʚʘʷ ʩʦʙʨʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ, ʧʨʠʚʝʣ ʧʨʦʤʝʞʫʪʦʯʥʦʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʝ, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ ʚʠʜʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʧʳʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʥʦ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʷ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʘ ʛʘʜʘʪʴ, ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʣʠ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ, ʢʘʢ ʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʝ, ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʇʦʩʪʫʧʠʣʘ ʥʦʚʘʷ ʧʦʨʮʠʷ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʳ.

: 22 1993 13:10:39

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ç23 ʠʶʥʷ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʪʨʝʪʴʶ, ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʶʶ, ʣʝʢʮʠʶ, � ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ɼʞʦʥ ʂʦʫʪʩ. � ʉʘʤʦʝ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʚʩʝ, ʢʪʦ ʪʘʢ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʘʯʝ ʚʥʝʩ ʩʚʦʶ ʣʝʧʪʫ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ: ʄʘʟʫʨ, ʈʠʙʝʪ, ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥ ʠ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ-ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʝè. ʂ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʤʦʤʝʥʪʫ ʩʣʫʭʠ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʤʠ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʘ ʩʦʙʨʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʶʶ ʣʝʢʮʠʶ. ʊʝ, ʢʦʤʫ ʧʦʚʝʟʣʦ, ʥʘʙʠʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʶ. ʆʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʪʦʣʧʠʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʢʦʨʠʜʦʨʝ, ʦʪʢʫʜʘ, ʩʪʦʷ ʥʘ ʮʳʧʦʯʢʘʭ, ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʟʘʛʣʷʥʫʪʴ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʦʢʥʦ ʚ ʟʘʣ. ʂʝʥ ʈʠʙʝʪ ʧʦʟʘʙʦʪʠʣʩʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʧʫʩʪʠʪʴ ʥʠ ʩʣʦʚʘ ʠʟ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʚʘʞʥʦʛʦ ʚ XX ʚʝʢʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʪʝʤʫ: çʗ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʨʘʥʦ ʠ ʩʝʣ ʚ ʧʝʨʚʦʤ ʨʷʜʫ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ ʩ ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨʦʤ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʟʘʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʪʴ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʝ, ʷ ʧʨʠʭʚʘʪʠʣ ʩ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʢʘʤʝʨʫ. ɸʪʤʦʩʬʝʨʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʘʢʘʣʝʥʘ, ʠ ʣʶʜʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʚʦʟʙʫʞʜʝʥʳ. ʋ ʥʘʩ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʦʱʫʱʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʤʳ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʫʝʤ ʧʨʠ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʤʦʤʝʥʪʝ. ʀ ʜʦ, ʠ ʚʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʘ ʩ ʣʠʮ ʥʝ ʩʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʠʨʦʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʫʣʳʙʢʠ. ɿʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʥʝʡ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʠʝ ʚʦʟʨʦʩʣʦ ʥʝʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦ. ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ-ʪʦ ʥʘʩʪʘʣ ʤʦʤʝʥʪ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʤʳ ʚʧʣʦʪʥʫʶ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʟʠʣʠʩʴ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘè.

ʋ ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨʘ ʫʞʝ ʙʳʣ ʵʢʟʝʤʧʣʷʨ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʧʝʨʝʜʘʥʥʳʡ ʝʤʫ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ, ʥʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥ ʪʝʤ, ʢʘʢ ʪʘʣʘʥʪʣʠʚʦ ʙʳʣ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥ ʩʮʝʥʘʨʠʡ. çʄʥʝ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʩʣʳʰʘʪʴ ʩʪʦʣʴ

ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʘ, ʧʦʣʥʦʛʦ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʭ ʠʜʝʡ, ʩ ʪʘʢʠʤ ʜʨʘʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʩʶʞʝʪʦʤ ʠ ʚ ʪʘʢʦʤ ʙʣʠʩʪʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʠ. ʂʘʞʜʳʡ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʥʦʡ ʰʘʛ ʩ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʩʪʴʶ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʠʟ ʧʨʝʜʳʜʫʱʝʛʦè.

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʩʝʤʠ ʣʝʪ ʪʠʪʘʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʛʦʪʦʚ ʦʙʲʷʚʠʪʴ ʦ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʚʩʝʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ. ʀʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʦ ʦʪʤʝʪʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʚʩʧʦʤʥʠʪʴ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʷʭ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʤʦʤʝʥʪʳ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʘ. çʍʦʪʷ ʧʨʝʩʩʘ ʫʞʝ ʧʨʦʩʣʳʰʘʣʘ ʦ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʝ, ʢ ʩʯʘʩʪʴʶ, ʞʫʨʥʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ ʚ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ. ʅʦ ʢ ʢʦʥʮʫ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʘ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʚʰʠʝ ʚ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʱʝʣʢʘʪʴ ʬʦʪʦʘʧʧʘʨʘʪʘʤʠ, ʠ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʩʷ ʜʠʨʝʢʪʦʨ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʘ ʩ ʙʫʪʳʣʢʦʡ ʰʘʤʧʘʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʚ ʨʫʢʘʭ. ʆʩʦʙʘʷ ʧʦʯʪʠʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ ʪʠʰʠʥʘ ʥʘʩʪʫʧʠʣʘ ʚ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʢʦʥʯʠʣ ʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʜʦʢʣʘʜ ʠ, ʧʦʚʝʨʥʫʚʰʠʩʴ ʢ ʜʦʩʢʝ, ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʢʫ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. "ɼʫʤʘʶ, ʥʘ ʵʪʦʤ ʤʥʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴʩʷ", � ʧʨʦʠʟʥʝʩ ʷ, ʠ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʧʘʫʟʳ ʨʘʟʜʘʣʠʩʴ ʘʧʣʦʜʠʩʤʝʥʪʳè.

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ

ʂʘʢ ʥʠ ʩʪʨʘʥʥʦ, ʩʘʤ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʣ ʧʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʶ ʢ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʫ ʩʤʝʰʘʥʥʳʝ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʘ: çʉʣʫʯʘʡ ʜʣʷ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʣʝʥʠʷ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʙʨʘʥ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʫʜʘʯʥʦ, ʥʦ ʩʘʤʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʷ ʚʳʟʚʘʣʘ ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʩʤʝʰʘʥʥʳʝ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʘ. ʈʘʙʦʪʘ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʝʦʪʲʝʤʣʝʤʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʴʶ ʤʦʝʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʩʝʤʠ ʣʝʪ; ʚʩʷ ʤʦʷ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʝʥʘ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ. ʗ ʩ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʡ ʫʰʝʣ ʚ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʠ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʤʦʷ, ʘ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʤʥʝ ʥʫʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʩʝ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ. ʋ ʤʝʥʷ ʙʳʣʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʩʝʙʷè. ʂʦʣʣʝʛʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʂʝʥ ʈʠʙʝʪ ʥʝ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʣ ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦʡ ʨʘʩʪʝʨʷʥʥʦʩʪʠ: çʉʦʙʳʪʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ. ʇʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʴʪʝ ʩʝʙʝ. ɺʳ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʣʷʝʪʝʩʴ ʥʘ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʶ. ʊʘʤ, ʢʘʢ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ, ʯʘʩʪʴ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʦʚ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʟʘʫʨʷʜʥʳʭ, ʯʘʩʪʴ ʭʦʨʦʰʠʭ, ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ, ʥʦ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʨʘʟ ʚ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʚʘʤ ʧʦʩʯʘʩʪʣʠʚʠʪʩʷ ʧʦʧʘʩʪʴ ʥʘ ʜʦʢʣʘʜ, ʘʚʪʦʨ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʧʨʦʩʪʦʷʚʰʫʶ 350 ʣʝʪ. ʊʝ, ʢʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʚ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ, ʩʤʦʪʨʝʣʠ ʜʨʫʛ ʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʘ ʠ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʠ: "ɺʝʣʠʢʠʡ ɹʦʞʝ! ʄʳ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʫʝʤ ʧʨʠ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʠ". ʇʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʚʰʠʝ ʟʘʜʘʣʠ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʯʠʢʫ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʚ ʪʝʭʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʭʘʨʘʢʪʝʨʘ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ ʝʛʦ ʢ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʷʤ, ʠ ʥʘʩʪʫʧʠʣʘ ʪʠʰʠʥʘ, ʚʟʦʨʚʘʚʰʘʷʩʷ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʚʦʣʥʦʡ ʘʧʣʦʜʠʩʤʝʥʪʦʚ. ʉʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʤ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʠʪʴ ʚʘʰ ʧʦʢʦʨʥʳʡ ʩʣʫʛʘ. ʗ ʧʨʦʯʠʪʘʣ ʩʚʦʡ ʜʦʢʣʘʜ, ʩʠʜʝʚʰʠʝ ʚ ʘʫʜʠʪʦʨʠʠ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʯʪʦ-ʪʦ ʟʘʧʠʩʳʚʘʣʠ ʚ ʙʣʦʢʥʦʪʘʭ, ʤʥʝ ʘʧʣʦʜʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ, ʥʦ ʥʠʢʪʦ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʠ ʷ ʩʘʤ, ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʦ ʯʝʤ, ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ, ʙʳʣ ʤʦʡ ʜʦʢʣʘʜè.

ʇʦʢʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʠʩʴ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʝʥʠʝʤ ʩʝʥʩʘʮʠʠ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ, ʚʝʩʴ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʤʠʨ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʞʜʘʪʴ ʚʝʯʝʨʥʠʭ ʥʦʚʦʩʪʝʡ ʚ ʪʝʣʝʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʘʭ ʠʣʠ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʫʪʨʝʥʥʠʭ ʛʘʟʝʪʘʭ. ɹʨʠʛʘʜʳ ʪʝʣʝʚʠʟʠʦʥʱʠʢʦʚ ʠ ʥʘʫʯʥʳʝ ʦʙʦʟʨʝʚʘʪʝʣʠ ʛʘʟʝʪ ʚʳʩʘʜʠʣʠ ʜʝʩʘʥʪ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ, ʠ ʚʩʝ ʢʘʢ ʦʜʠʥ ʥʝʧʨʝʤʝʥʥʦ ʭʦʪʝʣʠ ʚʟʷʪʴ ʠʥʪʝʨʚʴʶ ʫ çʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʝʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ XX ʚʝʢʘè. ɻʘʟʝʪʘ çGuardianè ʚʦʩʢʣʠʮʘʣʘ: çʇʦʩʣʝʜʥʷʷ ʟʘʛʘʜʢʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʨʘʟʛʘʜʘʥʘ!è ɿʘʛʦʣʦʚʦʢ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʧʦʣʦʩʝ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʡ ʛʘʟʝʪʳ çLe Mondè ʛʣʘʩʠʣ: çʊʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘè. ɾʫʨʥʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʧʦʚʩʶʜʫ ʨʘʩʩʧʨʘʰʠʚʘʣʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʧʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʫʟʥʘʪʴ ʠʭ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʤʥʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʠ ʧʦʯʪʝʥʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʘ, ʝʱʝ ʥʝ ʫʩʧʝʚʰʠʝ ʧʨʠʡʪʠ ʚ ʩʝʙʷ ʦʪ ʧʝʨʝʞʠʪʦʛʦ ʰʦʢʘ, ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʣʠ ʢʨʘʪʢʦ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʪʴ ʥʝʧʦʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʳʤ ʩʫʪʴ ʩʣʦʞʥʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʠʣʠ ʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʦ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʪʴ, ʚ ʯʝʤ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ.

ʉʨʘʟʫ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʛʘʟʝʪʳ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ ʨʘʟʥʝʩʣʠ ʚʝʩʪʴ ʦ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʦʤ ʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ

ʇʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʫʟʥʘʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ, ʯʠʪʘʷ ʧʝʨʚʫʶ ʧʦʣʦʩʫ ʛʘʟʝʪʳ çNew York Timesè: çʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ-ʪʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʢʨʠʢʥʫʪʴ "ʕʚʨʠʢʘ!". ɺʝʢʦʚʘʷ ʪʘʡʥʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪʘè. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʴ ʧʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʜʨʫʛ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʘ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʖʪʘʢʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʣ ʩʘʤʦʫʙʠʡʩʪʚʦ, ʩʦʟʜʘʥʥʘʷ ʠʤʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʦʙʨʝʣʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ɼʣʷ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ-ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʦʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʩʨʘʚʥʝʥʥʦ ʚʘʞʥʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʠʟ ʵʪʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʥʝʤʘʣʦ ʚʘʞʥʳʭ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʡ. ʏʪʦ ʞʝ ʢʘʩʘʝʪʩʷ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ, ʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʚʩʷʯʝʩʢʠ ʨʘʩʮʚʝʯʠʚʘʣʠ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʣʠ ʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʚʩʢʦʣʴʟʴ, ʝʩʣʠ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʣʠ ʚʦʦʙʱʝ.

ʐʠʤʫʨʘ, ʩʢʨʦʤʥʝʡʰʠʡ ʠ ʦʙʘʷʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ, ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʯʨʝʟʤʝʨʥʦ ʦʙʝʩʧʦʢʦʝʥ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʢʦʤ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ ʢ ʝʛʦ ʨʦʣʠ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʟʘʙʦʪʠʣʩʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʠ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ, ʥʠ ʩʘʤ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ çʥʝ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʣʠʩʴ ʠʟ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʚ ʧʨʠʣʘʛʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭè. çɺʝʩʴʤʘ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʣʶʜʠ ʧʠʰʫʪ ʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʥʦ ʥʠʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʧʠʰʝʪ ʦ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʝ ʠ ʐʠʤʫʨʝè.

ʉ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʢʘʢ ʀʦʠʯʠ ʄʠʷʦʢʘ ʚ 1988 ʛʦʜʫ ʚʦʟʚʝʩʪʠʣ ʦ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʚʳʰʣʘ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʧʦʣʦʩʳ ʛʘʟʝʪ. ʈʘʟʣʠʯʠʝ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʧʠʩʘʣʠ ʚʜʚʦʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ, ʠ ʥʠʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʩʦʤʥʝʚʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ. ɿʘ ʦʜʠʥ ʚʝʯʝʨ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʪʘʣ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʳʤ, ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʳʤ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʤ ʤʠʨʘ, ʘ ʞʫʨʥʘʣ çPeopleè ʜʘʞʝ ʧʨʠʯʠʩʣʠʣ ʝʛʦ ʢ ç25 ʩʘʤʳʤ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʤʩʷ ʣʶʜʷʤ ʛʦʜʘè ʥʘʨʷʜʫ ʩ ʧʨʠʥʮʝʩʩʦʡ ɼʠʘʥʦʡ ʠ ʆʧʨʦʡ ʋʠʥʬʨʠ. ʉʚʦʝʦʙʨʘʟʥʳʤ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʝʤ ʝʛʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʩʴʙʫ ʦʪ ʤʝʞʜʫʥʘʨʦʜʥʦʡ ʢʦʤʧʘʥʠʠ ʧʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʩʪʚʫ ʦʜʝʞʜʳ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʴ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʝ ʚ ʨʝʢʣʘʤʝ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʤʦʜʝʣʝʡ ʤʫʞʩʢʦʡ ʦʜʝʞʜʳ.

ʇʦʢʘ ʚ ʧʝʯʘʪʠ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʘʩʴ ʰʫʤʠʭʘ, ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʮʝʥʪʨʝ ʚʩʝʦʙʱʝʛʦ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʷ, ʥʘʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʘʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʧʦ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʂʘʢ ʠ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʷʭ ʥʘʫʢʠ, ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʬʨʘʛʤʝʥʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʪʴ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʠʟʫʯʝʥ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ, ʯʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ

ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʦ ʩʪʨʦʛʠʤ ʠ ʪʦʯʥʳʤ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʣ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʶʱʠʤ ʩʥʠʩʭʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʩʫʜʦʤ ʧʨʠʩʷʞʥʳʭ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʠʟ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʦʚ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ ʤʠʨ ʫʟʥʘʣ ʦʙ ʦʙʱʝʤ ʭʦʜʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʜʣʷ ʩʢʨʫʧʫʣʝʟʥʦʛʦ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʘ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ. ʇʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʱʝʤʫ ʚ ʫʯʝʥʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʫ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʝʥʥʫʶ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ ʚ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʨʝʩʧʝʢʪʘʙʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʞʫʨʥʘʣ, ʨʝʜʘʢʪʦʨ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʝʪ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʘʤ. ɺ ʠʭ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ ʚʭʦʜʠʪ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ � ʩʪʨʦʢʘ ʟʘ ʩʪʨʦʢʦʡ � ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʚʰʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʦʚʝʣ ʙʝʩʧʦʢʦʡʥʦʝ ʣʝʪʦ ʚ ʦʞʠʜʘʥʠʠ ʙʝʩʧʨʠʩʪʨʘʩʪʥʳʭ ʦʪʟʳʚʦʚ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʦʚ, ʥʘʜʝʷʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʠʭ ʦʜʦʙʨʝʥʠʝ.

ʇʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʷ1. ʈʘʙʦʪʳ ʉ. ʖ. ɸʨʘʢʝʣʦʚʘ ʥʝ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ ʢ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʝ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ. � ʇʨʠʤ. ʨʝʜ. ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

2. ɿʜʝʩʴ ʠʤʝʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʚʠʜʫ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʷ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʪʝʦʨʠʝʡ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʠ ʪʝʦʨʠʝʡ ʬʫʥʢʮʠʡ, ʚʦʩʭʦʜʷʱʘʷ ʢ ʃ. ʂʨʦʥʝʢʝʨʫ, ʠ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʘʷ ʚ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʭ ɼ. ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪʘ. � ʇʨʠʤ. ʨʝʜ. ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

3. ʆʪʤʝʪʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ɻ. ʌʘʣʪʠʥʛʩ ʥʝ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʴʥʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʆ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ɻ. ʌʘʣʪʠʥʛʩʘ ʠ ʧʨʝʜʰʝʩʪʚʫʶʱʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʷʭ ʩʤ. ʇʘʨʰʠʥ ɸ. ʅ., ɿʘʨʭʠʥ ʖ. ɻ. ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʚ ʜʠʦʬʘʥʪʦʚʦʡ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ. � ɺ ʢʥ.: ʃʝʥʛ ʉ. ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʦʚʘ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʷ. � ʄ.: ʄʠʨ, 1986. ʉ. 369�438. � ʇʨʠʤ. ʨʝʜ. ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

4. ʕʪʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʳ. ɼʣʷ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʧʦʚʝʨʭʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʥʝʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʦ ʄʠʷʦʢʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʤ ʞʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ (ʦʙʦʙʱʘʷ ʧʨʝʜʰʝʩʪʚʫʶʱʝʝ ʥʝʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʦ ʌ. ɸ. ɹʦʛʦʤʦʣʦʚʘ). ʊʦ, ʯʪʦ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʘʥʘʣʦʛ ʥʝʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʘ ʄʠʷʦʢʠ ʚʣʝʯʝʪ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ ɸ. ʅ. ʇʘʨʰʠʥʳʤ. ɹʦʣʝʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦ ʩʤ. ʇʘʨʰʠʥ ɸ. ʅ. ɼʦʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʝ ʨʝʜʘʢʪʦʨʘ ʢ ʢʥʠʛʝ çɸʣʛʝʙʨʘ ʠ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʯʠʩʝʣ (ʩ ʧʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʷʤʠ)è. � ʄ.: ʄʠʨ, 1987. ʉ. 267�271. � ʇʨʠʤ. ʨʝʜ. ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

ɻʣʘʚʘ 7ʅʝʙʦʣʴʰʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ

ɺ ʟʘʜʘʯʘʭ ʪʝʭ ʠʱʠ ʫʜʘʯʠ,ɻʜʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʨʠʩʢʫʝʰʴ ʩʜʘʯʠ.

ʇʠʪ ʍʝʡʥ

ɽʜʚʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʠʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʣʝʢʮʠʶ ʚ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʝ, ʢʘʢ ʢʦʤʠʩʩʠʶ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʠʣʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ. ʇʨʝʤʠʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʨʫʯʝʥʘ ʥʝʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ, ʧʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʘʤ ʢʦʥʢʫʨʩʘ, ʷʩʥʳʤ ʠ ʯʝʪʢʠʤ, ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦʜʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʩʦ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʠ ʦʬʠʮʠʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʂʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʦʝ ʥʘʫʯʥʦʝ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʚ ɻʸʪʪʠʥʛʝʥʝ ʚ ʩʚʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʦʬʠʮʠʘʣʴʥʦ ʫʚʝʜʦʤʠʣʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ çʢ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʠʶ ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʶʪʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʳ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʝ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʩʪʘʪʝʡ ʚ ʧʝʨʠʦʜʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʠʟʜʘʥʠʷʭ ʠʣʠ ʠʤʝʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʚ ʢʥʠʞʥʳʭ ʣʘʚʢʘʭ... ʇʨʝʤʠʷ ʧʨʠʩʫʞʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʆʙʱʝʩʪʚʦʤ ʥʝ ʨʘʥʝʝ, ʯʝʤ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʜʚʘ ʛʦʜʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʤʝʤʫʘʨʘ, ʫʜʦʩʪʦʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ. ɼʚʫʭʣʝʪʥʠʡ ʧʨʦʤʝʞʫʪʦʢ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʠʝ ʠ ʠʥʦʩʪʨʘʥʥʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʤʝʣʠ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʝ ʤʥʝʥʠʝ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷè.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʠʣ ʩʚʦʶ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ ʚ ʨʝʜʘʢʮʠʶ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘ çInventiones Mathematicalè, ʧʦʩʣʝ ʯʝʛʦ ʨʝʜʘʢʪʦʨ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘ ɹʘʨʨʠ ʄʘʟʫʨ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʠʣ ʢ ʧʦʜʙʦʨʫ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʦʚ. ɺ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ, ʢʘʢ ʩʪʘʨʳʝ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʝ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʜʨʝʚʥʠʝ, ʪʘʢ ʠ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʝ, ʠ ʄʘʟʫʨ, ʚ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʷ, ʨʝʰʠʣ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʯʴ ʢ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʶ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʝ ʜʚʫʭ-ʪʨʝʭ ʵʢʩʧʝʨʪʦʚ, ʢʘʢ ʦʙʳʯʥʦ, ʘ ʰʝʩʪʝʨʳʭ. ʂʘʞʜʳʡ ʛʦʜ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʳ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʫʶʪ ʦʢʦʣʦ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʠ ʪʳʩʷʯ ʩʪʘʪʝʡ, ʥʦ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʳʡ ʦʙʲʝʤ ʠ ʟʥʘʯʠʤʦʩʪʴ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʠ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʝʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʥʘ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʤ ʫʨʦʚʥʝ. ɼʣʷ ʫʧʨʦʱʝʥʠʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʚʩʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʟʘʥʠʤʘʚʰʝʝ 200 ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮ, ʙʳʣʦ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʝʥʦ ʥʘ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʯʘʩʪʝʡ, ʠ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʘ ʚʦʟʣʘʛʘʣʘʩʴ ʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʟʘ ʦʜʥʫ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʯʘʩʪʝʡ-ʛʣʘʚ.

ʈʝʮʝʥʟʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʛʣʘʚʳ 3 ʙʳʣʦ ʧʦʨʫʯʝʥʦ ʅʠʢʫ ʂʘʪʮʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʛʦʜʫ ʫʞʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʠʟʫʯʘʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ: çʃʝʪʦʤ ʷ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʧʦʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞʩʢʠʡ ʠʥʩʪʠʪʫʪ ʚʳʩʰʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ (IHES) ʠ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʣ ʩ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʧʦʣʥʦʝ 200-ʩʪʨʘʥʠʯʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ � ʤʦʷ ʛʣʘʚʘ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʘ ʩʝʤʴʜʝʩʷʪ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮ. ʇʨʠʙʳʚ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞ, ʷ ʨʝʰʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʧʦʥʘʜʦʙʠʪʩʷ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʘʷ ʪʝʭʥʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʧʦʤʦʱʴ, ʠ ʷ ʥʘʩʪʦʷʣ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʃʶʢ ʀʣʣʶʟʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʚ ʇʘʨʠʞʝ, ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʣ ʩʦ ʤʥʦʡ ʦʙʷʟʘʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʘ. ɺʩʝ ʣʝʪʦ ʤʳ ʩ ʃʶʢʦʤ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʘʟ ʚ ʥʝʜʝʣʶ � ʛʣʘʚʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʜʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʫ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ ʠ ʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʩʦʚʤʝʩʪʥʳʤʠ ʫʩʠʣʠʷʤʠ ʜʦ ʢʦʥʮʘ ʨʘʟʦʙʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʵʪʦʡ ʛʣʘʚʝ. ɺʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʤʳ ʜʝʣʘʣʠ, ʩʚʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʢ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤʫ, ʩʪʨʦʢʘ ʟʘ ʩʪʨʦʢʦʡ, ʧʨʦʯʪʝʥʠʶ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʥʝʪ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʤʳ ʟʘʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʚ ʪʫʧʠʢ � ʵʪʦ ʙʳʚʘʣʦ ʨʘʟ ʠʣʠ ʜʚʘ ʨʘʟʘ ʚ ʜʝʥʴ, ʠ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʣʷʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʥʦ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʥʠʷ: "ʗ ʥʝ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʶ, ʯʪʦ ɺʳ ʧʠʰʝʪʝ ʥʘ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʝ ʪʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ". ʀʣʠ: "ʄʥʝ ʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʩʪʨʦʢʝ ʪʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʫ ɺʘʩ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ". ʂʘʢ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʦ, ʷ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʣ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʚ ʪʦʪ ʞʝ ʜʝʥʴ ʠʣʠ ʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʜʝʥʴ, ʥʝʜʦʨʘʟʫʤʝʥʠʝ ʚʳʷʩʥʷʣʦʩʴ, ʠ ʤʳ ʩ ʃʶʢʦʤ ʧʝʨʝʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʢ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝè.

ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʦ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʛʠʛʘʥʪʩʢʫʶ ʮʝʧʦʯʢʫ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ, ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʭʠʪʨʦʫʤʥʦ

ʚʳʩʪʨʦʝʥʥʳʭ ʠʟ ʩʦʪʝʥ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ, ʩʢʣʝʝʥʥʳʭ ʚʦʝʜʠʥʦ ʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʩʚʷʟʷʤʠ. ɽʩʣʠ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʜʥʦ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʝ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʦʰʠʙʦʯʥʳʤ, ʠʣʠ ʦʜʥʦ ʟʚʝʥʦ ʨʘʟʦʨʚʘʣʦʩʴ, ʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʦʙʝʩʮʝʥʠʪʴʩʷ. ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʚʝʨʥʫʚʰʠʡʩʷ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥ, ʩ ʙʝʩʧʦʢʦʡʩʪʚʦʤ ʞʜʘʣ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʳ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʘʪ ʩʚʦʶ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ. çʄʥʝ ʥʝ ʭʦʪʝʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʘʟʜʥʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʙʝʜʫ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʘ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʝʥʘ. ʗ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ, ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʤ, ʦʪʚʝʪʘʤʠ ʥʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʣ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ ʦʪ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʦʚ. ʋ ʤʝʥʷ ʙʳʣʘ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʥʠ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʚ ʥʝ ʜʦʩʪʘʚʠʪ ʤʥʝ ʦʩʦʙʳʭ ʭʣʦʧʦʪè. ʇʨʝʞʜʝ ʯʝʤ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʨʝʬʝʨʝʥʪʘʤ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʣ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʣ ʝʛʦ ʩʘʤ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʙʳʣ ʫʚʝʨʝʥ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝ ʚʨʷʜ ʣʠ ʩʫʤʝʶʪ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʯʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪʘ ʛʨʘʤʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ ʠʣʠ ʦʧʝʯʘʪʦʢ � ʪʨʠʚʠʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʥ ʩʤʦʞʝʪ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ.

çɺʦʧʨʦʩʳ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʣʠ ʚʧʣʦʪʴ ʜʦ ʘʚʛʫʩʪʘ, � ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʂʘʪʮ, � ʧʦʢʘ ʷ ʥʝ ʥʘʪʢʥʫʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʥʝʯʪʦ, ʧʦʢʘʟʘʚʰʝʝʩʷ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ. ɻʜʝ-ʪʦ ʦʢʦʣʦ 23 ʘʚʛʫʩʪʘ ʷ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʟʘʧʨʦʩ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ. ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʣʦʞʥʦʡ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʧʨʠʩʣʘʣ ʧʦ ʬʘʢʩʫ. ʄʝʥʷ ʵʪʦʪ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʥʝ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʠʣ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʷ ʝʱʝ ʨʘʟ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʠʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʟʘʧʨʦʩ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ ʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʝʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʧʦ ʬʘʢʩʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʝʥʷ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʥʝ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʠʣè.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʥʘʯʘʣʫ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʥʘʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʞʝ ʥʝʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʘ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ʧʨʝʜʳʜʫʱʠʝ, ʥʦ ʥʘʩʪʦʡʯʠʚʦʩʪʴ ʂʘʪʮʘ ʚʳʥʫʜʠʣʘ ʦʪʥʝʩʪʠʩʴ ʢ ʥʝʡ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʝʝ: çʗ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʥʝʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʟʘʜʘʥʥʳʡ ʤʥʝ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚʳʛʣʷʜʝʣ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʥʝʚʠʥʥʦ. ʄʥʝ ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʪʦʛʦ ʞʝ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʘ, ʯʪʦ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ, ʥʦ ʛʜʝ-ʪʦ ʚ ʩʝʥʪʷʙʨʝ ʷ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʨʝʯʴ ʰʣʘ ʥʝ ʦ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʥʝʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʠ, ʘ ʦ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʧʨʦʙʝʣʝ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣʘ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ ʚ ʨʝʰʘʶʱʝʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʩ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʤʝʪʦʜʘ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ, ʥʦ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʪʦʥʢʘʷ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ ʝʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʤʥʝ ʝʝ ʫʢʘʟʘʣʠ. ʆʧʠʩʘʪʴ, ʚ ʯʝʤ ʩʫʪʴ ʦʰʠʙʢʠ ʚ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʪʝʨʤʠʥʘʭ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ: ʜʣʷ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʦʥʘ ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʪʥʘ. ɼʘʞʝ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʝʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ, ʦʪ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʛʦ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʙʳ ʛʦʪʦʚʥʦʩʪʴ ʟʘʪʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʜʚʘ-ʪʨʠ ʤʝʩʷʮʘ ʜʣʷ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʷ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤè.

ʇʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ, ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʩʚʦʜʠʣʘʩʴ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʤʦʛ ʥʝ ʩʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʪʘʢ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ. ʇʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʜʣʷ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʦʚ E-ʨʷʜʦʚ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ, ʠ M-ʨʷʜʦʚ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ, ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʝʪ ʦʙʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʚʩʝ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʳ E- ʠ M-ʨʷʜʦʚ, ʯʪʦ ʠ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʣʦ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʷʪʴ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ. ʇʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʙʳʣ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʤ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʠ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʦʛʨʘʥʠʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʷʭ, ʥʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʫʩʠʣʠʪʴ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʦʪ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʣ ʚʩʝʤ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳʤ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʥʠʷʤ. ʇʦ ʩʣʦʚʘʤ ʂʘʪʮʘ, ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝ ʪʘʢ, ʠ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʷ ʙʳʣʠ ʜʨʘʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʠ ʦʧʫʩʪʦʰʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤʠ. ʆʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ ʥʝ ʦʙʷʟʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʘ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʩʧʘʩʪʠ, ʥʦ ʦʜʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʩʦʤʥʝʥʥʦ: ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ. ɸʙʩʦʣʶʪʠʟʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʜʘʣ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʱʝʝ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʠʭ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʡ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʡ ʠʤ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʤ ʢ ʢʘʞʜʦʤʫ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʫ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ E-ʨʷʜʘ ʠ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ M-ʨʷʜʘ.

ʄʝʣʢʠʡ ʨʝʤʦʥʪ ʢʦʚʨʦʚ

ʂʦʛʜʘ ʂʘʪʮ ʦʩʦʟʥʘʣ ʚʩʶ ʚʘʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʥʦʡ ʠʤ ʦʰʠʙʢʠ, ʦʥ ʩʪʘʣ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʪʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʧʨʦʧʫʱʝʥʘ ʠʤ ʚʝʩʥʦʡ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʯʠʪʘʣ ʝʤʫ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ ʩ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʮʝʣʴʶ � ʚʳʷʚʠʪʴ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʝ ʦʰʠʙʢʠ. çʗ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʶ, ʦʪʚʝʪ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʤ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʚʳ ʩʣʫʰʘʝʪʝ ʯʴʶ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʣʝʢʮʠʶ, ʧʝʨʝʜ ʚʘʤʠ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʝʪ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʡ ʚʳʙʦʨ: ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʜʦ ʤʝʣʴʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʜʝʪʘʣʝʡ ʠʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʣʝʢʪʦʨʫ ʠʟʣʘʛʘʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣ ʪʘʢ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʤ ʟʘʜʫʤʘʥʦ. ɽʩʣʠ ʚʳ ʩʪʘʥʝʪʝ ʧʝʨʝʙʠʚʘʪʴ ʣʝʢʪʦʨʘ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʤ ʩʣʦʚʝ (ʷ ʥʝ ʧʦʥʷʣ ʵʪʦ, ʥʝ ʧʦʥʷʣ ʪʦ), ʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʭʦʪʝʣ, ʠ ʚʳ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʝʪʝ. ʉ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ, ʝʩʣʠ ʚʳ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪʝ ʧʨʝʨʳʚʘʪʴ ʣʝʢʪʦʨʘ, ʪʦ ʚʳ ʩʢʦʨʦ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʞʝʪʝ ʩʣʝʜʠʪʴ ʟʘ ʭʦʜʦʤ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʡ ʠ ʙʫʜʝʪʝ ʣʠʰʴ ʢʠʚʘʪʴ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʡ ʠʟ ʚʝʞʣʠʚʦʩʪʠ, ʥʦ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʫʪʨʘʪʠʪʝ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʜʝʪʘʣʝʡ. ʂʘʞʜʳʡ, ʢʪʦ ʩʣʫʰʘʝʪ ʣʝʢʮʠʶ, ʩʪʦʠʪ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʚʳʙʦʨʦʤ � ʟʘʜʘʚʘʪʴ ʣʠ ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʚ ʠʣʠ ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʤʘʣʦ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʚ. ʇʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʢ ʢʦʥʮʫ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʤʝʩʪʝ, ʛʜʝ ʧʨʦʩʢʦʣʴʟʥʫʣʘ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʚʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʠ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ, ʷ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʯʝʣ ʟʘʜʘʚʘʪʴ ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʤʘʣʦ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʚè.

ɺʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʤʠ ʥʝʜʝʣʷʤʠ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ ʛʘʟʝʪʳ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʟʝʤʥʦʛʦ ʰʘʨʘ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʣʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʠʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʤ ʥʘ ɿʝʤʣʝ, ʠ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʦʩʣʝ 350 ʣʝʪ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʫʚʝʨʦʚʘʣʠ ʚ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʦʜʝʨʞʘʪʴ ʚʝʨʭ ʥʘʜ ʇʴʝʨʦʤ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʞʝ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʫʥʠʟʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʠʝ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʦʥ ʜʦʧʫʩʪʠʣ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ. ʅʦ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ, ʯʝʤ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʚʘʪʴ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʩʦʙʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʜʫʭʦʤ ʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ. çʗ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʪʘʢ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʩʜʘʪʴʩʷ. ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʣʘ ʚʩʝ ʤʦʠ ʧʦʤʳʩʣʳ, ʠ ʷ ʚʩʝ ʝʱʝ ʚʝʨʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʣʠʰʴ ʝʱʝ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʦ ʧʦʨʘʟʤʳʩʣʠʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʤ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ, ʢʘʢ ʚʩʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʩʷ. ʅʫʞʥʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʦ ʤʦʜʠʬʠʮʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʤʝʪʦʜ, ʠ ʦʥ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʣʝʧʥʦ ʟʘʨʘʙʦʪʘʝʪ. ʗ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʚʝʨʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʢ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʩʪʘʨʦʤʫ ʦʙʨʘʟʫ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʠ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʢʦʥʪʘʢʪʦʚ ʩ ʚʥʝʰʥʠʤ ʤʠʨʦʤ. ʄʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʚʩʝʮʝʣʦ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ, ʥʦ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʨʘʟ ʧʨʠ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʭ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʭ. ɼʦʣʛʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʷ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʧʘʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʘʷ ʠʜʝʷ ʛʜʝ-ʪʦ ʨʷʜʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʥʝ ʜʦʩʪʘʝʪ ʯʝʛʦ-ʪʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʛʦ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʩʝʛʦʜʥʷ-ʟʘʚʪʨʘ ʚʩʝ ʚʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʥʘ ʩʚʦʝ ʤʝʩʪʦ. ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʪʘʢ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʩʣʫʯʠʪʴʩʷ, ʥʦ ʧʦ ʤʝʨʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʰʣʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ, ʷ ʚʠʜʝʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʩʣʦʞʥʦʡè.

ɾʝʥʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʥʘʙʣʶʜʘʚʰʘʷ ʟʘ ʝʛʦ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʥʦʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʦʡ ʚʩʝ ʩʝʤʴ ʣʝʪ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʫʰʣʠ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʴʥʠʮʝʡ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʝʝ ʤʫʞ ʠʟ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʩʠʣ ʧʳʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʙʦʨʦʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʦʰʠʙʢʦʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʛʨʦʟʠʪ ʨʘʟʨʫʰʠʪʴ ʚʩʝ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʝʝ ʦʧʪʠʤʠʟʤ: çɺ ʩʝʥʪʷʙʨʝ ʅʘʜʘ ʩʢʘʟʘʣʘ ʤʥʝ, ʯʪʦ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʧʦʜʘʨʦʢ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʦʥʘ ʭʦʪʝʣʘ ʙʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʥʘ ʜʝʥʴ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ � ʵʪʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ɽʝ ʜʝʥʴ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ � ʰʝʩʪʦʝ ʦʢʪʷʙʨʷ. ʋ ʤʝʥʷ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʚʝ ʥʝʜʝʣʠ, ʥʦ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ ʷ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʩʫʤʝʣè.

ɼʣʷ ʅʠʢʘ ʂʘʪʮʘ ʵʪʦ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʥʳʡ ʧʝʨʠʦʜ: çʂ ʦʢʪʷʙʨʶ ʦʙ ʦʰʠʙʢʝ ʟʥʘʣʠ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʷ ʩʘʤ, ʀʣʣʶʟʠ, ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʳ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʛʣʘʚ ʠ ʕʥʜʨʶ. ʕʪʠʤ ʢʨʫʛ ʦʩʚʝʜʦʤʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʠʩʯʝʨʧʳʚʘʣʩʷ. ʗ ʧʨʠʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʣʩʷ ʪʦʛʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʷ, ʯʪʦ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʭʨʘʥʠʪʴ ʪʘʡʥʫ. ʇʦ ʤʦʝʤʫ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʤʫ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʠʶ, ʤʥʝ ʥʝ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʪʴ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʰʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʩ ʢʝʤ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʧʦʤʠʤʦ ʕʥʜʨʶ, ʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʷ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʨʦʥʠʣ ʥʠ ʩʣʦʚʘ. ɼʫʤʘʶ, ʯʪʦ ʚʥʝʰʥʝ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʚʳʛʣʷʜʝʣ ʥʦʨʤʘʣʴʥʦ, ʥʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʩʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʦʥ ʭʨʘʥʠʣ ʦʪ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ ʪʘʡʥʫ. ʗ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʶ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʩʝʙʷ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʥʝʫʶʪʥʦ. ʕʥʜʨʶ ʚʩʝ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʜʝʥʴ-ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʝʪʴ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ, ʥʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʰʣʦ, ʘ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʡ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʚ ʨʝʜʘʢʮʠʶ ʚʩʝ ʥʝ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʘʣ. ʇʦʰʣʠ ʩʣʫʭʠ, ʯʪʦ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ

ʚʦʟʥʠʢʣʘ ʢʘʢʘʷ-ʪʦ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘè.

ɼʨʫʛʦʡ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪ, ʂʝʥ ʈʠʙʝʪ, ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʭʨʘʥʠʪʴ ʪʘʡʥʫ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʦʩʴ ʚʩʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʝʝ: çʇʦ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʯʠʩʪʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʡʥʦʡ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʝ ʤʝʥʷ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ "ʩʣʫʞʙʦʡ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʠ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ". ɺ "New York Times" ʧʦʷʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʩʪʘʪʴʷ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʧʨʦʯʝʛʦ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʦʩʴ: "ʈʠʙʝʪ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʘʝʪ ʚ ʨʦʣʠ ʧʨʝʩʩ-ʘʪʪʘʰʝ ʧʨʠ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʝ..." � ʠʣʠ ʯʪʦ-ʪʦ ʚ ʵʪʦʤ ʨʦʜʝ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʠ ʷ ʩʪʘʣ ʤʘʛʥʠʪʦʤ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ, ʢʪʦ ʪʘʢ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʘʯʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʫʝʪʩʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʢʘʢ ʠʟʥʫʪʨʠ, ʪʘʢ ʠ ʠʟʚʥʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ. ɾʫʨʥʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʩʚʝʪʘ ʦʙʨʳʚʘʣʠ ʤʦʠ ʪʝʣʝʬʦʥʳ, ʠ ʟʘ ʜʚʘ-ʪʨʠ ʤʝʩʷʮʘ ʤʥʝ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʥʝʦʜʥʦʢʨʘʪʥʦ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʘʪʴ ʩ ʣʝʢʮʠʷʤʠ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɺ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʣʝʢʮʠʷʭ ʷ ʧʦʜʯʝʨʢʠʚʘʣ, ʢʘʢʠʤ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʤ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʠʟʣʘʛʘʣ ʦʙʱʠʡ ʭʦʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦ ʪʝ ʝʛʦ ʯʘʩʪʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʟʥʘʣ ʣʫʯʰʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ, ʥʦ ʩʣʫʰʘʪʝʣʠ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʩʢʦʨʦ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʣʠ ʪʝʨʷʪʴ ʪʝʨʧʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʣʠ ʟʘʜʘʚʘʪʴ ʥʝʧʨʠʷʪʥʳʝ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʳ...

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʫʩʣʳʰʘʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʥʠʢʪʦ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʫʟʢʦʡ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʦʚ, ʥʝ ʚʠʜʝʣ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʩ ʠʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʳ ʦʞʠʜʘʥʠʷ: ʕʥʜʨʶ ʦʙʝʱʘʣ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʣʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʠʶʥʝ. ʃʶʜʠ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʠ: "ʅʫ ʭʦʨʦʰʦ, ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʦ. ʅʦ ʢʘʢ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ? ʇʦʯʝʤʫ ʥʘʤ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʘʶʪ?" ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʣʠ ʣʝʛʢʦʝ ʙʝʩʧʦʢʦʡʩʪʚʦ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʠʭ ʜʝʨʞʘʣʠ ʚ ʥʝʚʝʜʝʥʠʠ, ʠ ʦʥʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʭʦʪʝʣʠ ʟʥʘʪʴ, ʚ ʯʝʤ ʜʝʣʦ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʷ ʫʭʫʜʰʠʣʘʩʴ: ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʩʛʫʱʘʪʴʩʷ ʪʫʯʠ, ʠ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʠ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʠ ʠ ʜʝʣʠʣʠʩʴ ʩʦ ʤʥʦʡ ʩʣʫʭʘʤʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʛʣʘʚʝ 3 ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ. ʀʤ ʭʦʪʝʣʦʩʴ ʟʥʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ ʧʦ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ, ʘ ʷ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴè.

ʇʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʳ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤ ʯʪʦ-ʣʠʙʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ ʦ ʧʨʦʙʝʣʝ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ, ʠʣʠ ʚʦʚʩʝ ʦʪʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʦʪ ʢʦʤʤʝʥʪʘʨʠʝʚ ʥʘ ʵʪʫ ʪʝʤʫ, ʩʪʘʣʠ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʴʩʷ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʜʠʢʠʝ ʩʣʫʭʠ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʙʤʝʥʠʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ ʩʘʤʳʤʠ ʥʝʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʳʤʠ ʜʦʛʘʜʢʘʤʠ ʚ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʝ ʜʦʢʦʧʘʪʴʩʷ ʜʦ ʩʫʪʠ ʜʝʣʘ.

: 18 1993 21:04:49

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ɺ ʯʘʡʥʦʡ ʢʦʤʥʘʪʝ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ ʩʣʫʭʠ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʨʦʩʣʠ ʩ ʢʘʞʜʳʤ ʜʥʝʤ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʫʩʧʦʢʦʠʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ

ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ:

: 19 1993 15:42:20

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ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʠʟʳʚʳ ʢ ʩʧʦʢʦʡʩʪʚʠʶ, ʜʝʙʘʪʳ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʠʩʴ ʚʩʝ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʥʝʝ.

: 24 93 12:00:34

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: 22 93 20:16

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ɸʞʠʦʪʘʞ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ʥʝʫʣʦʚʠʤʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʫʩʠʣʠʚʘʣʩʷ, ʥʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʫʧʦʨʥʦ ʜʝʨʞʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʝ ʦʪ ʜʝʙʘʪʦʚ ʠ ʠʛʥʦʨʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʚʩʷʢʠʝ ʠʟʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʷ. çʗ ʙʳʣ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʜʘʣʝʢ ʦʪ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʵʪʦʛʦ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʥʝ ʞʝʣʘʣ ʟʥʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʛʦʚʦʨʷʪ ʦʙʦ ʤʥʝ. ʗ ʚʝʣ ʫʝʜʠʥʝʥʥʳʡ ʦʙʨʘʟ ʞʠʟʥʠ, ʥʦ ʧʝʨʠʦʜʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʣʩʷ ʩ ʤʦʠʤ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʦʡ ʇʠʪʝʨʦʤ ʉʘʨʥʘʢʦʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʩʦʦʙʱʘʣ ʤʥʝ: "ɿʥʘʝʪʝ, ʪʘʤ ʨʘʟʳʛʨʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʘʩʪʦʷʱʘʷ ʙʫʨʷ!" ʗ ʚʳʩʣʫʰʠʚʘʣ ʝʛʦ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʣ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʠʭ ʧʦʧʳʪʦʢ ʚʥʝʩʪʠ ʷʩʥʦʩʪʴ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʩʦʩʨʝʜʦʪʦʯʠʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝè.

ʇʠʪʝʨ ʉʘʨʥʘʢ ʩʪʘʣ ʩʦʪʨʫʜʥʠʢʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʚ ʪʦ ʞʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ, ʯʪʦ ʠ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʠ ʟʘ ʧʨʦʰʝʜʰʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ ʦʥʠ ʫʩʧʝʣʠ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʙʣʠʟʢʠʤʠ ʜʨʫʟʴʷʤʠ. ɺ ʧʝʨʠʦʜ ʢʠʧʝʥʠʷ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʝʡ, ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʚʰʠʡ ʟʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʷʤʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ, ʉʘʨʥʘʢ ʙʳʣ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʪʝʭ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʠʭ, ʩ ʢʝʤ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʜʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʣ ʜʦʚʝʨʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʷ. çʗ ʥʝ ʟʥʘʣ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʝʡ, ʥʦ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʳʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʩʝʨʴʝʟʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ. ɺʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʪʦ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ, ʢʘʢʘʷ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʜʨʫʛʘʷ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʴ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʣʘ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ɼʝʣʦ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʪʘʢ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʳʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʨʘʩʩʪʝʣʠʪʴ ʚ ʢʦʤʥʘʪʝ ʢʦʚʝʨ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʢʦʤʥʘʪʳ: ʩʪʦʠʣʦ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʜʦʙʠʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʨʘʩʩʪʝʣʠʪʴ ʢʦʚʝʨ ʨʦʚʥʦ ʚ ʦʜʥʦʤ ʫʛʣʫ, ʢʘʢ ʚ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ ʫʛʣʫ ʪʦʪʯʘʩ ʞʝ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʣʠ ʩʢʣʘʜʢʠ. ʅʦ ʨʘʩʩʪʝʣʠʪʴ ʢʦʚʝʨ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʥ ʣʝʛ ʙʝʟ ʩʢʣʘʜʦʢ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʡ ʢʦʤʥʘʪʝ, ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʥʠʢʘʢ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ. ʅʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʟʘʙʳʚʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʛʠʛʘʥʪʩʢʠʡ ʰʘʛ ʚʧʝʨʝʜ. ʅʠʢʦʤʫ ʜʦ ʥʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʥʠʢʘʢʦʛʦ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʘ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʦʜʝʤʦʥʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʥʘʤ ʪʘʢ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʩʚʝʞʠʭ ʠʜʝʡ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʧʨʠʰʣʠ ʚ ʥʝʦʧʠʩʫʝʤʳʡ ʚʦʩʪʦʨʛ. ɽʱʝ ʙʳ! ɽʛʦ ʠʜʝʠ ʙʳʣʠ ʥʦʚʳ, ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳ, ʠ ʥʠʢʪʦ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʥʝ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦʛʦ. ʀ ʝʩʣʠ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ, ʪʦ ʠ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʝʩʩ ʙʳʣ ʙʳ ʥʘʣʠʮʦ � ʥʦ, ʨʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʩʪʘʣʘʩʴ ʙʳ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʦʡè.

ɺ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʯʫʚʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʤʦʣʯʘʪʴ ʚʝʯʥʦ. ʀʩʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦʰʠʙʢʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʘʣʝʢʦ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤ ʜʝʣʦʤ, ʠ ʥʘʩʪʘʣʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʢʦʥʝʮ ʜʦʤʳʩʣʘʤ. ʀ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʛʥʝʪʫʱʠʭ ʥʝʫʜʘʯ, ʧʨʝʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʚʰʠʭ ʝʛʦ ʚʩʶ ʦʩʝʥʴ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʠʣ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ ʚ ʨʝʜʘʢʮʠʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʙʶʣʣʝʪʝʥʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ:

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ʆʧʪʠʤʠʟʤ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʫʙʝʜʠʣ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʠʭ. ʇʨʦʰʣʦ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ, ʘ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʘ, ʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʧʨʠʯʠʥ ʦʞʠʜʘʪʴ ʢʘʢʠʭ-ʣʠʙʦ ʠʟʤʝʥʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʙʣʠʞʘʡʰʠʝ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ. ɺʦ ʚʩʷʢʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʨʘʩʩʯʠʪʳʚʘʣ çʚ ʙʣʠʞʘʡʰʝʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʝʣè, ʪʦ ʟʘʯʝʤ ʝʤʫ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʝʩʧʦʢʦʠʪʴʩʷ ʠ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʣʷʪʴ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ? ʇʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʙʳ ʩʝʙʝ ʭʨʘʥʠʪʴ ʤʦʣʯʘʥʠʝ ʝʱʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ, ʘ ʧʦʪʦʤ ʚʟʷʣ ʙʳ ʠ ʚʳʧʫʩʪʠʣ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʝʥʥʫʶ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ. ʌʝʚʨʘʣʴʩʢʠʡ ʢʫʨʩ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫʣ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʠ, ʨʘʟʦʩʣʘʥʥʦʤ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ, ʥʝ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʣ ʦʙʝʱʘʥʥʦʡ ʜʝʪʘʣʠ, ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʟʘʧʦʜʦʟʨʠʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʧʳʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚʳʠʛʨʘʪʴ ʚʨʝʤʷ.

ʆ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʷʱʝʤ ʧʨʦʥʶʭʘʣʠ ʛʘʟʝʪʳ ʠ ʥʘʧʦʤʥʠʣʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʦ ʧʨʦʚʘʣʠʚʰʝʡʩʷ ʩʝʥʩʘʮʠʠ 1986 ʛʦʜʘ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʄʠʷʦʢʦʡ. ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʷʣʘʩʴ. ʉʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʦʞʠʜʘʣʠ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʥʦʛʦ ʧʦʩʣʘʥʠʷ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ ʩ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝʤ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥ ʥʝʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʤʳʡ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʳʨʘʟʠʣʠ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʦ ʟʘ ʣʝʪʦ, ʠ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʠʭ ʧʝʩʩʠʤʠʟʤ ʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʦʧʨʘʚʜʘʥʥʳʤ. ʈʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ɸʣʘʥ ɹʝʡʢʝʨ ʠʟ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʣ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʴ ʧʘʨʠ ʥʘ ʩʪʦ ʙʫʪʳʣʦʢ ʧʨʦʪʠʚ ʦʜʥʦʡ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʛʦʜʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʦ. ɹʝʡʢʝʨ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʝʪ ʵʪʫ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ, ʥʦ ʛʦʨʜʦ ʟʘʷʚʣʷʝʪ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚʳʨʘʞʘʣ çʟʜʦʨʦʚʳʡ ʩʢʝʧʪʠʮʠʟʤè.

ʄʝʥʝʝ ʯʝʤ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʣʝʥʠʷ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʦʚʝʨʞʝʥʦ ʚ ʧʨʘʭ. ʋʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʣ ʦʪ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʚ ʪʘʡʥʝ ʦʪ ʚʩʝʭ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʠʤ ʜʚʠʛʘʣʘ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʴ ʠ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʘ, ʩʤʝʥʠʣʠʩʴ

ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʠ ʦʪʯʘʷʥʠʝʤ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʤʝʯʪʘ ʝʛʦ ʜʝʪʩʪʚʘ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʢʦʰʤʘʨ: çʇʝʨʚʳʝ ʩʝʤʴ ʣʝʪ ʤʦʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʷ ʥʘʩʣʘʞʜʘʣʩʷ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʙʦʨʩʪʚʦʤ ʩ ʪʨʫʜʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʝʡ ʦʜʠʥ ʥʘ ʦʜʠʥ. ʂʘʢʦʡ ʙʳ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʡ ʦʥʘ ʥʠ ʙʳʣʘ, ʩʢʦʣʴ ʙʳ ʥʝʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʠʤʳʤʠ ʥʠ ʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʝʧʷʪʩʪʚʠʷ, ʷ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʣʩʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʣʶʙʠʤʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ. ʆʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʪʨʘʩʪʴʶ ʤʦʝʛʦ ʜʝʪʩʪʚʘ, ʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʦʪʜʝʣʘʪʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʥʝʝ, ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʥʠ ʥʘ ʤʠʛ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʤʥʝ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ ʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʫʙʣʠʯʥʦ � ʠ ʵʪʦ ʚʳʟʚʘʣʦ ʫ ʤʝʥʷ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦ ʧʦʪʝʨʠ. ʗ ʠʩʧʳʪʳʚʘʣ ʩʤʝʰʘʥʥʳʝ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʘ. ɹʳʣʦ ʯʫʜʝʩʥʦ ʚʠʜʝʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʣʶʜʠ ʨʝʘʛʠʨʫʶʪ ʥʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʤʳʝ ʘʨʛʫʤʝʥʪʳ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʠʟʤʝʥʷʶʪ ʚʩʝ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʦ ʚ ʪʦ ʞʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʫʪʨʘʪʠʣʘ ʜʣʷ ʤʝʥʷ çʣʠʯʥʦʝè ʦʙʘʷʥʠʝ. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʘ ʚʩʝʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ, ʠ ʷ ʣʠʰʠʣʩʷ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʧʨʠʚʘʪʥʦ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʥʝʡ. ʀ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʣʠ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʠ, ʜʝʩʷʪʢʠ, ʩʦʪʥʠ, ʪʳʩʷʯʠ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʞʘʞʜʘʣʠ ʦʪʚʣʝʯʴ ʤʝʥʷ ʦʪ ʜʝʣʘ. ɿʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʡ ʥʘ ʚʠʜʫ ʫ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ ʥʝ ʚ ʤʦʝʤ ʚʢʫʩʝ, ʠ ʧʫʙʣʠʯʥʘʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʥʘʜ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʥʝ ʜʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʘ ʤʥʝ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʫʜʦʚʦʣʴʩʪʚʠʷè.

ʉʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʤʠʨʝ ʩʦʯʫʚʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ, ʦʢʘʟʘʚʰʝʤʫʩʷ ʚ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʟʘʪʨʫʜʥʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʤ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ. ʂʝʥ ʈʠʙʝʪ ʩʘʤ ʧʝʨʝʞʠʣ ʧʦʜʦʙʥʳʡ ʢʦʰʤʘʨ ʚʦʩʝʤʴʶ ʛʦʜʘʤʠ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʩʚʷʟʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ. çʗ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʘʣ ʩ ʜʦʢʣʘʜʦʤ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʡ ʚ ɹʝʨʢʣʠ, ʠ ʢʪʦ-ʪʦ ʠʟ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʚʰʠʭ ʩʧʨʦʩʠʣ: çʄʠʥʫʪʢʫ, ʘ ʦʪʢʫʜʘ ɺʘʤ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʦ-ʪʦ ʠ ʪʦ-ʪʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦ?è ʗ ʥʝʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣ, ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʚ ʩʚʦʝ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʝ, ʥʦ ʤʥʝ ʚʦʟʨʘʟʠʣʠ, ʩʦʩʣʘʚʰʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʳʝ ʤʥʦʡ ʜʦʚʦʜʳ ʚ ʜʘʥʥʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʤʳ. ʄʝʥʷ ʦʭʚʘʪʠʣ ʧʘʥʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʩʪʨʘʭ. ʗ ʧʦʢʨʳʣʩʷ ʭʦʣʦʜʥʳʤ ʧʦʪʦʤ ʠ ʧʦʯʫʚʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʩʝʙʷ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʥʝʫʶʪʥʦ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʤʥʝ ʧʨʠʰʣʦ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ, ʢʘʢ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʶ ʧʨʘʚʦʪʫ: ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʘʷ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʘ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʙʨʘʪʠʪʴʩʷ ʢ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʧʦ ʜʘʥʥʦʤʫ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʫ ʠ ʧʦʩʤʦʪʨʝʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʘʚʪʦʨ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʘʝʪ ʚ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦʡ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʠ. ʗ ʟʘʛʣʷʥʫʣ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʫʶ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʠ ʫʙʝʜʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʦʡ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʤ ʚ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʝʤʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʠ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʜʝʥʴ-ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʚʩʝ ʚʩʪʘʣʦ ʥʘ ʤʝʩʪʦ. ɺ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʡ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ ʷ ʩʤʦʛ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʪʦʛʦ ʤʝʩʪʘ ʚ ʧʨʝʜʳʜʫʱʝʡ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʚʳʟʚʘʣʦ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʝ. ʅʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʙʘʚʠʪʴʩʷ ʦʪ ʩʪʨʘʭʘ, ʯʪʦ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʦʙʲʷʚʠʪʴ ʦ ʯʝʤ-ʪʦ ʚʘʞʥʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʩʨʘʟʫ ʞʝ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʩʷ ʢʘʢʘʷ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ.

ɽʩʣʠ ʚʳ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣʠ ʚ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ, ʪʦ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʠʝ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʷ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʨʘʟʚʠʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʦ ʜʚʫʤ ʩʮʝʥʘʨʠʷʤ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʚʘʩ ʥʝ ʧʦʢʠʜʘʝʪ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʤ ʚʩʝ ʩʜʝʣʘʥʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦ ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʣʝʛʢʦ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʦ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʝʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʧʦʣʦʞʥʘʷ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʷ. ʋ ʚʘʩ ʧʦʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʪʨʝʚʦʞʥʦʝ ʛʫʙʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʚʳ ʦʩʦʟʥʘʝʪʝ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʧʫʩʪʠʣʠ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʫʶ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ, ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ɹʳʚʘʝʪ ʠ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʧʨʦʨʝʭʘ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʰʠʨʦʢʦʡ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʨʘʩʧʘʜʘʝʪʩʷ, ʠ ʯʝʤ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʚʳ ʧʳʪʘʝʪʝʩʴ ʟʘʣʘʪʘʪʴ ʦʪʚʝʨʩʪʠʝ, ʪʝʤ ʩʠʣʴʥʝʝ ʫʚʷʟʘʝʪʝ. ʅʦ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʛʣʘʚʘ ʩʘʤʘ ʧʦ ʩʝʙʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ. ʈʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ ʷʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʤ ʩʝʤʠʣʝʪʥʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʠ, ʧʦ ʩʫʪʠ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʘ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʘʞʥʳʭ ʩʪʘʪʝʡ, ʩʰʠʪʳʭ ʚ ʝʜʠʥʦʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ, ʠ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʩʪʘʪʝʡ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʘ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʳʡ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ. ʆʰʠʙʢʘ ʚʢʨʘʣʘʩʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʦʜʥʫ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʩʪʘʪʝʡ � ʚ ʛʣʘʚʫ 3, ʥʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʠʟʲʷʪʴ ʛʣʘʚʫ 3, ʪʦ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʣʝʧʥʘè.

ʅʦ ʙʝʟ ʛʣʘʚʳ 3 ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ, ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ,

ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʝʨʝʞʠʚʘʣʦ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʝ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ: ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʚʫʭ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʙʳʣʦ ʚ ʦʧʘʩʥʦʩʪʠ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʟʘ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʦʞʠʜʘʥʠʷ ʥʠʢʪʦ, ʢʨʦʤʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʠ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʦʚ, ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʜʦʩʪʫʧʘ ʢ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ. ɺʩʝ ʛʨʦʤʯʝ ʨʘʟʜʘʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʠʟʳʚʳ ʢ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʡ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʦʩʪʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʞʝʣʘʶʱʠʡ ʤʦʛ ʩʘʤ ʫʚʠʜʝʪʴ ʜʝʪʘʣʠ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ. ɺʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʘ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʪʴ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʫʩʢʦʣʴʟʥʫʣʦ ʦʪ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʠ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʙʦʣʴʰʫʶ ʮʝʥʥʦʩʪʴ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʚ ʨʫʢʘʭ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ. ʉʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʤʠʰʝʥʴʶ ʥʘʩʤʝʰʝʢ ʩʦ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʩʘʨʢʘʩʪʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʦʩʚʝʜʦʤʣʷʣʠʩʴ ʫ ʥʠʭ, ʟʥʘʶʪ ʣʠ ʦʥʠ ʚʦʦʙʱʝ ʯʪʦ-ʣʠʙʦ ʦ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ. ʊʦ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʤʦʤʝʥʪʦʤ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʝʛʦ ʪʦʨʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʛʦʨʜʦʩʪʠ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʣʦʩʴ ʚ ʧʨʝʜʤʝʪ ʥʘʩʤʝʰʝʢ.

ʅʦ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʠ ʥʘ ʯʪʦ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʪʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʩʷ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʶ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʩʝʤʠ ʣʝʪ ʫʧʦʨʥʳʭ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ, ʝʤʫ ʚʦʚʩʝ ʥʝ ʫʣʳʙʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʪʦʡʪʠ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʠ ʥʘʙʣʶʜʘʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʢʪʦ-ʪʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʠʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʠ ʧʦʭʠʪʠʪ ʝʛʦ ʩʣʘʚʫ. ʇʦʙʝʜʠʪʝʣʝʤ ʩʪʘʥʝʪ ʥʝ ʪʦʪ, ʢʪʦ ʧʨʦʜʝʣʘʣ ʙʦʣʴʰʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ, ʘ ʪʦʪ, ʢʪʦ ʩʜʝʣʘʝʪ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʠ ʜʘʩʪ ʤʠʨʫ ʟʘʢʦʥʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʘ ʩ ʦʰʠʙʢʦʡ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ, ʪʦ ʦʥ ʥʝʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʦʛʨʝʙʝʥ ʧʦʜ ʚʦʨʦʭʦʤ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʚ ʠ ʧʨʦʩʴʙ ʧʦʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʪʫ ʠʣʠ ʠʥʫʶ ʜʝʪʘʣʴ, ʠ ʵʪʦ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʦʪʚʣʝʯʝʪ ʝʛʦ ʦʪ ʜʝʣʘ ʠ ʨʘʟʨʫʰʠʪ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʳ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʩʘʤʦʤʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʚʝʨʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʪʦ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ ʠʟʦʣʷʮʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʦ ʝʤʫ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʴ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʆʥ ʚʦʟʦʙʥʦʚʠʣ ʠʥʪʝʥʩʠʚʥʳʝ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʷ ʚ ʢʘʙʠʥʝʪʝ ʥʘ ʤʘʥʩʘʨʜʝ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʜʦʤʘ. ɺʨʝʤʷ ʦʪ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʦʥ, ʢʘʢ ʚ ʜʦʙʨʳʝ ʩʪʘʨʳʝ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʘ, ʩʦʚʝʨʰʘʣ ʧʝʰʠʝ ʧʨʦʛʫʣʢʠ ʢ ʦʟʝʨʫ. ʅʦ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʠ ʙʝʛʘ ʪʨʫʩʮʦʡ, ʚʝʣʦʩʠʧʝʜʠʩʪʳ ʠ ʛʨʝʙʮʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ ʧʨʠʚʝʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʢʦʨʦʪʢʠʤ ʚʟʤʘʭʦʤ ʨʫʢʠ, ʦʩʪʘʥʘʚʣʠʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʠ ʩʧʨʘʰʠʚʘʣʠ, ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʣʠ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʠ ʧʨʦʙʝʣʘ. ʇʦʨʪʨʝʪʳ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʧʦʣʦʩʘʭ ʛʘʟʝʪ, ʩʪʘʪʴʷ ʦ ʥʝʤ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʘʧʝʯʘʪʘʥʘ ʚ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʝ çPeopleè, ʠʥʪʝʨʚʴʶ ʩ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʧʝʨʝʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʦ CNN. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʟʘ ʧʨʦʰʝʜʰʝʝ ʣʝʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʪʘʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʩʪʴʶ ʤʠʨʦʚʦʛʦ ʤʘʩʰʪʘʙʘ, ʝʛʦ ʠʤʠʜʞ ʫʞʝ ʧʦʤʝʨʢ.

ʄʝʞʜʫ ʪʝʤ ʧʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤʫ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʫ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʠ ʮʠʨʢʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʣʫʭʠ. ʇʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ɼʞʦʥ ʂʦʥʚʝʡ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʘʪʤʦʩʬʝʨʫ, ʮʘʨʠʚʰʫʶ ʪʦʛʜʘ ʚ ʯʘʡʥʦʡ ʢʦʤʥʘʪʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʘ: çɺ ʪʨʠ ʯʘʩʘ ʤʳ ʩʦʙʠʨʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʯʘʡ ʠ ʥʘʣʝʛʘʣʠ ʥʘ ʙʫʣʦʯʢʠ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ ʤʳ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʣʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʠʥʦʛʜʘ � ʩʫʜ ʥʘʜ ʆ. ɼʞ. ʉʠʤʧʩʦʥʦʤ, ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʩʫʜʘʯʠʣʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʛʘʣʘʩʴ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʫ ʕʥʜʨʶ. ʇʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʠʟ ʥʘʩ ʠ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦ ʧʦʡʪʠ ʠ ʩʧʨʦʩʠʪʴ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʠʜʫʪ ʜʝʣʘ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʤʳ ʚʝʣʠ ʩʝʙʷ, ʢʘʢ ʢʨʝʤʣʠʥʦʣʦʛʠ. ʂʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʟʘʷʚʣʷʣ: "ʉʝʛʦʜʥʷ ʫʪʨʦʤ ʷ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʣ ʕʥʜʨʶ". "ʆʥ ʫʣʳʙʘʣʩʷ?" � ʩʧʨʘʰʠʚʘʣ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘ. "ʋʣʳʙʘʣʩʷ, ʥʦ ʚʠʜ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʙʳʣ ʥʝ ʩʣʠʰʢʦʤ ʨʘʜʦʩʪʥʳʡ". ʆ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʛʘʝʪʩʷ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʤʳ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʩʫʜʠʪʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦ ʚʳʨʘʞʝʥʠʶ ʣʠʮʘ ʕʥʜʨʶè.

ʂʦʰʤʘʨʥʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ

ɿʠʤʘ ʚʩʪʫʧʠʣʘ ʚ ʩʚʦʠ ʧʨʘʚʘ. ʅʘʜʝʞʜʳ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʫʛʘʩʘʣʠ, ʠ ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʠ ʤʥʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ. ʉʣʫʭʠ ʥʝ ʩʪʠʭʘʣʠ, ʠ ʚ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʛʘʟʝʪʥʳʭ ʩʪʘʪʝʡ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʦʪ ʧʦʧʳʪʦʢ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʠ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʥʝʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʤʳʤ ʜʝʬʝʢʪʦʤ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʘʚʪʦʨ ʟʘʤʝʪʢʠ ʟʘʚʝʜʦʤʦ ʧʨʝʫʚʝʣʠʯʠʣ, ʥʝ ʧʦʜʣʝʞʘʣʦ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠʩʧʨʦʙʦʚʘʣ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʚ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʝ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʟʘʤʝʯʝʥʥʫʶ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ ʠ ʧʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʚʠʜʝʣ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭ ʧʫʪʝʡ, ʚʝʜʫʱʠʭ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʣʩʷ ʇʠʪʝʨʫ ʉʘʨʥʘʢʫ, ʯʪʦ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʷ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʩʷ ʦʪʯʘʷʥʥʦʡ ʠ ʦʥ ʛʦʪʦʚ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ. ʉʘʨʥʘʢ ʙʳʣ ʩʢʣʦʥʝʥ ʜʫʤʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʩʪʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʦʪʯʘʩʪʠ ʦʙʫʩʣʦʚʣʝʥʳ ʝʛʦ ʦʜʠʥʦʯʝʩʪʚʦʤ: ʫ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʘʜʝʞʥʦʛʦ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢʘ, ʩ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʦʥ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ çʧʝʨʝʙʨʘʩʳʚʘʪʴʩʷè ʠʜʝʷʤʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʣʷʣ ʙʳ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʴ ʥʝ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʧʨʷʤʳʝ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʳ. ʉʘʨʥʘʢ ʧʦʩʦʚʝʪʦʚʘʣ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʜʦʚʝʨʠʪʴʩʷ ʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʝʱʝ ʨʘʟ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ. ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪ, ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʦ ʚʣʘʜʝʶʱʠʡ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʤ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʳʡ, ʢ ʪʦʤʫ ʞʝ, ʭʨʘʥʠʪʴ ʪʘʡʥʫ. ʇʦ ʟʨʝʣʦʤ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʠ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʩʠʪʴ ʢ ʩʝʙʝ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥ ʜʣʷ ʩʦʚʤʝʩʪʥʦʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʈʠʯʘʨʜʘ ʊʝʡʣʦʨʘ, ʫʯʝʥʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ.

ʊʝʡʣʦʨ ʙʳʣ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʝʥʪʦʚ, ʧʨʦʚʝʨʷʚʰʠʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʦʥ ʙʳʣ ʙʳʚʰʠʤ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʤ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʠʪʘʣ ʢ ʥʝʤʫ ʜʚʦʡʥʦʝ ʜʦʚʝʨʠʝ. ɺ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʤ ʛʦʜʫ ʊʝʡʣʦʨ ʧʨʠʩʫʪʩʪʚʦʚʘʣ ʥʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʚ ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʝ ʩʵʨʘ ʀʩʘʘʢʘ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʝʤʫ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʧʦʤʦʯʴ ʚ ʩʧʘʩʝʥʠʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʝʙʝʟʫʧʨʝʯʥʳʤ.

ɺ ʷʥʚʘʨʝ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʊʝʡʣʦʨʘ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʙʝʟ ʫʩʪʘʣʠ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ, ʧʳʪʘʷʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʚʳʭʦʜ ʠʟ ʩʦʟʜʘʚʰʝʛʦʩʷ ʟʘʪʨʫʜʥʝʥʠʷ. ʀʥʦʛʜʘ, ʧʦʩʣʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʜʥʝʡ ʫʧʦʨʥʝʡʰʠʭ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠ ʊʝʡʣʦʨ ʚʩʪʫʧʘʣʠ ʥʘ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʪʝʨʨʠʪʦʨʠʶ, ʥʦ ʥʝʠʟʙʝʞʥʦ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʘʣʠʩʴ ʢ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʤʫ ʧʫʥʢʪʫ. ʇʨʦʥʠʢʘʷ ʚʩʝ ʜʘʣʴʰʝ ʠ ʜʘʣʴʰʝ ʚʛʣʫʙʴ ʥʝʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʡ ʪʝʨʨʠʪʦʨʠʠ ʠ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʘʷʩʴ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʨʘʟ ʪʫʜʘ, ʦʪʢʫʜʘ ʦʥʠ ʚʳʭʦʜʠʣʠ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʠ ʊʝʡʣʦʨ ʦʩʦʟʥʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʭʦʜʷʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʮʝʥʪʨʝ ʥʝʚʦʦʙʨʘʟʠʤʦ ʦʛʨʦʤʥʦʛʦ ʣʘʙʠʨʠʥʪʘ. ɹʦʣʴʰʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʦʥʠ ʙʦʷʣʠʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦʪ ʣʘʙʠʨʠʥʪ

ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʝʥ, ʯʪʦ ʠʟ ʥʝʛʦ ʥʝʪ ʚʳʭʦʜʘ ʠ ʦʥʠ ʦʙʨʝʯʝʥʳ ʙʝʩʮʝʣʴʥʦ ʙʣʫʞʜʘʪʴ ʜʦ ʩʢʦʥʯʘʥʠʷ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ.

ɺʝʩʥʦʡ 1994 ʛʦʜʘ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʭʫʞʝ, ʥʘ ʵʢʨʘʥʳ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʦʚ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʣʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ:

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ʅʘʫʤ ʕʣʴʢʠʩ, ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨ ɻʘʨʚʘʨʜʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ʚ 1988 ʛʦʜʫ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨ ʢ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʝ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ (ʩʤ. ʩ. 158). ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʕʣʴʢʠʩ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʥʘʰʝʣ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʦʧʨʦʚʝʨʛʘʶʱʠʡ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɼʣʷ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʫʜʘʨ: ʧʨʠʯʠʥʘ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʝʤʫ ʥʠʢʘʢ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʣʘʩʴ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʘʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʧʨʷʤʳʤ ʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʝʤ ʣʦʞʥʦʩʪʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ɼʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʚ ʮʝʣʦʤ ʫʜʘʨ ʙʳʣ ʝʱʝ ʩʠʣʴʥʝʝ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʝʩʣʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʘ, ʪʦ, ʢʘʢ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʌʨʝʡ, ʵʪʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʦ ʙʳ ʢ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʨʠʚʦʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʥʝ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʥʠʢʘʢʘʷ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʘʷ ʬʦʨʤʘ, ʘ ʵʪʦ ʧʨʷʤʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʪ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ʊʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʕʣʴʢʠʩ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʠ ʢ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʝ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ.

ʂʦʥʯʠʥʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠʤʝʣʘ ʙʳ ʨʘʟʨʫʰʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʡ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʜʚʫʭ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʤʦʣʯʘʣʠʚʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʚʝʨʥʘ. ɺ ʛʣʘʚʝ 5 ʤʳ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʣʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣʠ ʜʝʩʷʪʢʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ, ʥʘʯʠʥʘʚʰʠʭʩʷ ʩʦ ʩʣʦʚ: çʇʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʚʝʨʥʘ...è, ʥʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʕʣʴʢʠʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʚʝʨʥʦ, ʵʪʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʦ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʦʧʠʨʘʚʰʠʝʩʷ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʨʫʭʥʫʣʠ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʝʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʪʴ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʡ ʠʥʬʦʨʤʘʮʠʠ ʠ ʟʘʙʨʦʩʘʣʠ ʕʣʴʢʠʩʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʘʤʠ, ʥʦ ʦʪʚʝʪʦʚ ʠ ʨʘʟʲʷʩʥʝʥʠʡ ʥʝ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ. ʅʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʷʢʦʙʳ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʠʤ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨʘ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʨʘʟʫʟʥʘʪʴ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ.

ʏʝʨʝʟ ʜʝʥʴ ʠʣʠ ʜʚʘ ʚʩʝʦʙʱʝʡ ʩʫʤʷʪʠʮʳ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʟʛʣʷʥʫʣʠ ʥʘ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʦ

ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨʝ ʕʣʴʢʠʩʘ ʝʱʝ ʨʘʟ ʠ ʧʦʥʷʣʠ, ʯʪʦ, ʭʦʪʷ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʘʪʠʨʦʚʘʥʦ 2 ʠʣʠ 3 ʘʧʨʝʣʷ, ʦʙʲʷʩʥʷʣʦʩʴ ʵʪʦ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʘʷ ʧʦʯʪʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʘ ʠʟ ʚʪʦʨʳʭ ʠʣʠ ʪʨʝʪʴʠʭ ʨʫʢ. ʇʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʘʪʠʨʦʚʘʥʦ 1 ʘʧʨʝʣʷ: ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʰʫʪʢʦʡ ʢʘʥʘʜʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʘ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ɸʥʨʠ ɼʘʨʤʘʥʘ. ʈʦʟʳʛʨʳʰ ʩʪʘʣ ʫʨʦʢʦʤ ʜʣʷ ʪʝʭ, ʢʪʦ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʷʣ ʩʣʫʭʠ ʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʠ ʥʘ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʊʝʡʣʦʨʘ ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʩ ʚʢʨʘʚʰʝʡʩʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʦʡ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʣʠ ʚ ʧʦʢʦʝ.

ɺ ʪʦ ʣʝʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʠ ʊʝʡʣʦʨʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʥʠ ʥʘ ʰʘʛ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʚʦʩʴʤʠ ʣʝʪ ʥʝʧʨʝʩʪʘʥʥʳʭ ʫʩʠʣʠʡ � ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʠʩʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʩʪʘʣ ʜʝʣʦʤ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʠ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʙʳʣ ʥʘ ʛʨʘʥʠ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʝ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ. ʆʥ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ ʊʝʡʣʦʨʫ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʚʠʜʠʪ ʩʤʳʩʣʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʪʴ ʠʭ ʩʦʚʤʝʩʪʥʳʝ ʫʩʠʣʠʷ ʧʦ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ʊʝʡʣʦʨ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʫʞʝ ʧʨʠʥʷʣ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʚʝʩʪʠ ʩʝʥʪʷʙʨʴ ʚ ʇʨʠʥʩʪʦʥʝ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ, ʯʝʤ ʚʦʟʚʨʘʱʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʘʣ ʜʫʭʦʤ, ʊʝʡʣʦʨ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʣ ʧʦʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʝʱʝ ʤʝʩʷʮ. ɽʩʣʠ ʢ ʢʦʥʮʫ ʩʝʥʪʷʙʨʷ ʚʳʷʩʥʠʪʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʢʦʚ ʫʩʧʝʭʘ ʥʝʪ, ʦʥʠ ʧʫʙʣʠʯʥʦ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʶʪ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ ʠ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʫʶʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʪʦʤ ʚʠʜʝ, ʚ ʢʘʢʦʤ ʦʥʦ ʝʩʪʴ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʠ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʚʢʨʘʚʰʫʶʩʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ.

ʇʦʜʘʨʦʢ ʢʦ ʜʥʶ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ

ʍʦʪʷ ʩʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʚʝʣ ʩ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʪʨʫʜʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʤʠʨʘ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʙʳʣʦ ʦʙʨʝʯʝʥʦ ʥʘ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ, ʦʥ ʤʦʛ, ʦʛʣʷʥʫʚʰʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʩʝʤʴ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʣʝʪ, ʫʪʝʰʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʷ ʩʦʟʥʘʥʠʝʤ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʦʥ ʜʦʩʪʠʛ ʥʝʧʣʦʭʠʭ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʚ.

ɽʩʣʠ ʥʝ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʦʡ ʩ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʝʤ ʤʝʪʦʜʘ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ, ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʡ ʥʝ ʚʳʟʳʚʘʣʘ. ɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʝʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʳʤʠ, ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʙʦʛʘʪʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʮʝʣʦʡ ʩʝʨʠʝʡ ʥʦʚʳʭ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʠ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʡ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʜʣʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʪʝʦʨʝʤ. ɺ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʫ, ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʧʦʩʪʳʜʥʦʛʦ, ʠ ʦʥ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʧʨʠʚʳʢʘʪʴ ʢ ʪʘʢʦʤʫ ʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʶ ʜʝʣ.

ɺ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʩʣʘʙʦʛʦ ʫʪʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʦʥ ʧʦʪʝʨʧʝʣ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ. ʇʦʢʘ ʊʝʡʣʦʨ ʝʱʝ ʠ ʝʱʝ ʨʘʟ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʘʣ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʫ ʘʣʴʪʝʨʥʘʪʠʚʥʳʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʧʦʩʚʷʪʠʪʴ ʩʝʥʪʷʙʨʴ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʶ ʤʝʪʦʜʘ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʦʥ ʥʝ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʝʪ. ʆʥ ʞʠʚʦ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʪʝ ʨʦʢʦʚʳʝ ʜʥʠ: çɺ ʧʦʥʝʜʝʣʴʥʠʢ 19 ʩʝʥʪʷʙʨʷ ʷ ʩ ʫʪʨʘ ʩʠʜʝʣ ʫ ʩʝʙʷ ʚ ʢʘʙʠʥʝʪʝ, ʠʟʫʯʘʷ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ. ʗ ʥʝ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʟʘʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʟʘʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ, ʥʦ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʚʳʷʩʥʠʪʴ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʵʪʦʪ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʥʝ ʩʨʘʙʘʪʳʚʘʝʪ. ʗ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʭʚʘʪʘʶʩʴ ʟʘ ʩʦʣʦʤʠʥʢʫ, ʥʦ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʜʦ ʢʦʥʮʘ ʨʘʟʦʙʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʘʭ ʧʦʩʪʠʛʰʝʡ ʤʝʥʷ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʠ. ɺʥʝʟʘʧʥʦ, ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʥʝʦʞʠʜʘʥʥʦ, ʥʘ ʤʝʥʷ ʩʥʠʟʦʰʣʦ ʦʟʘʨʝʥʠʝ. ʗ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʭʦʪʷ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʥʝ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʥʫʶ ʤʦʱʥʦʩʪʴ, ʚ ʥʝʤ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʜʣʷ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʝʥʠʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʀʚʘʩʘʚʳ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʷ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦ ʦʧʠʨʘʣʩʷ. ʄʥʝ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʪ ʤʝʪʦʜʘ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʷ ʤʦʛʫ ʚʟʷʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦʝ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʳʤ ʤʦʡ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ ʪʨʝʭʣʝʪʥʝʡ ʜʘʚʥʦʩʪʠ. ʊʘʢ ʠʟ ʨʫʠʥ ʠ ʧʝʧʣʘ ʤʝʪʦʜʘ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʣʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳè.

ʊʝʦʨʠʷ ʀʚʘʩʘʚʳ ʩʘʤʘ ʧʦ ʩʝʙʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʘ. ʄʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ ʩʘʤ ʧʦ ʩʝʙʝ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʝʥ. ʅʦ ʚʟʷʪʳʝ ʚʤʝʩʪʝ, ʦʥʠ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʦ ʜʦʧʦʣʥʷʣʠ ʜʨʫʛ ʜʨʫʛʘ. ʕʪʦʪ ʤʦʤʝʥʪ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ ʩʥʠʟʦʰʣʦ ʧʨʦʟʨʝʥʠʝ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʝ ʟʘʙʫʜʝʪ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʝʪ ʪʝ ʤʛʥʦʚʝʥʠʷ, ʢʘʨʪʠʥʳ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʛʦ ʦʞʠʚʘʶʪ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʷʨʢʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʝʜʚʘ ʫʜʝʨʞʠʚʘʝʪ ʩʣʝʟʳ: çʈʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʧʠʩʫʝʤʦ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʩʥʦ, ʪʘʢʦʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʠ ʠʟʷʱʥʦʝ. ʗ ʥʠʢʘʢ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʚʟʷʪʴ ʚ ʪʦʣʢ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʦʥʦ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦ ʤʥʝ ʚ ʛʦʣʦʚʫ ʨʘʥʴʰʝ. ʅʝ ʚʝʨʷ ʩʘʤʦʤʫ ʩʝʙʝ, ʷ ʤʠʥʫʪ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʤʦʣʯʘ ʪʘʨʘʱʠʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʥʝʛʦ. ʅʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʜʝʥʴ ʷ ʦʙʦʰʝʣ ʤʦʠʭ ʢʦʣʣʝʛ ʧʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤʫ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʫ ʠ ʧʨʠʛʣʘʩʠʣ ʠʭ ʟʘʛʣʷʥʫʪʴ ʢʦ ʤʥʝ ʚ ʢʘʙʠʥʝʪ ʠ ʧʦʩʤʦʪʨʝʪʴ, ʚʩʝ ʣʠ ʚ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝ ʩ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʳʤ ʤʥʦʡ ʥʘʢʘʥʫʥʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ. ʉ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʚʩʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʚ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝ. ʗ ʙʳʣ ʚʥʝ ʩʝʙʷ ʦʪ ʚʦʟʙʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ. ʕʪʦ ʙʳʣ ʩʘʤʳʡ ʚʘʞʥʳʡ ʤʦʤʝʥʪ ʟʘ ʚʩʶ ʤʦʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʫ. ʅʠʯʪʦ ʠʟ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʩʫʞʜʝʥʦ ʩʚʝʨʰʠʪʴ, ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʧʝʨʝʞʠʚʘʝʤʳʤ ʤʦʤʝʥʪʦʤè.

ʄʦʤʝʥʪ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʙʳʣ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʚʘʞʥʳʤ: ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʣʘʩʴ ʤʝʯʪʘ ʜʝʪʩʪʚʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʘ ʢʫʣʴʤʠʥʘʮʠʷ ʚʦʩʴʤʠ ʣʝʪ ʥʘʧʨʷʞʝʥʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ, ʥʦ ʠ ʩʘʤ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʥʘʭʦʜʠʚʰʠʡʩʷ ʥʘ ʛʨʘʥʠ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʷ, ʝʱʝ ʨʘʟ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ ʦ ʩʝʙʝ ʢʘʢ ʦ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʝʤʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʇʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʯʝʪʳʨʥʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʤʫʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ, ʫʥʠʟʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤ ʠ ʦʪʯʘʷʥʥʳʤ ʧʝʨʠʦʜʦʤ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʝ. ʀ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʝʝ ʦʟʘʨʝʥʠʝ ʧʦʣʦʞʠʣʦ ʢʦʥʝʮ ʚʩʝʤ ʩʪʨʘʜʘʥʠʷʤ.

çɺ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʝʯʝʨ ʷ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʜʦʤʦʡ ʠ ʟʘʩʥʫʣ ʫ ʩʝʙʷ ʚ ʢʘʙʠʥʝʪʝ ʥʘʜ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʳʤ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ. ʅʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʫʪʨʦ ʢ 11 ʯʘʩʘʤ ʷ ʫʙʝʜʠʣʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʚ ʧʦʨʷʜʢʝ. ʊʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʩʧʫʩʪʠʣʩʷ ʚʥʠʟ ʠ ʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʞʝʥʝ: "ʗ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʝʛʦ! ɼʫʤʘʶ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʝʛʦ". ʄʦʝ ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʟʚʫʯʘʣʦ ʪʘʢ ʥʝʦʞʠʜʘʥʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʞʝʥʘ ʨʝʰʠʣʘ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʷ ʛʦʚʦʨʶ ʦ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʜʝʪʩʢʦʡ ʠʛʨʫʰʢʝ. ʊʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʠʩʧʨʘʚʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦè.

ʇʝʨʚʘʷ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ

ɺ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʤ ʤʝʩʷʮʝ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʩʤʦʛ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʦʙʝʱʘʥʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʝʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʠʩʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʚ ʧʨʦʰʣʦʤ ʛʦʜʫ. çʇʨʠʙʣʠʞʘʣʩʷ ʜʝʥʴ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʅʘʜʳ, ʠ ʷ ʚʩʧʦʤʥʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʧʨʦʰʣʳʡ ʨʘʟ ʷ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʛ ʧʦʜʘʨʠʪʴ ʝʡ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʭʦʪʝʣʘ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʚ ʧʦʜʘʨʦʢ. ʅʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʨʘʟ, ʯʝʨʝʟ ʧʦʣʤʠʥʫʪʳ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʧʨʘʟʜʥʠʯʥʦʛʦ ʦʙʝʜʘ ʧʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʶ ʝʝ ʜʥʷ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʷ ʧʦʜʘʨʠʣ ʅʘʜʝ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ ʧʦʣʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. ɼʫʤʘʶ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʦʜʘʨʢʫ ʦʥʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʨʘʜʘ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ, ʯʝʤ ʣʶʙʦʤʫ ʜʨʫʛʦʤʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʷ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʣʠʙʦ ʜʘʨʠʣ ʝʡè.

: 25 1994 11:04:11

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ɻʣʘʚʘ 8ɺʝʣʠʢʦʝ ʆʙʲʝʜʠʥʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ

ɹʳʣ ʤʘʣʳʡ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʤʘʭ, ʘ ʩʪʘʣ, ʢʘʢ ʯʫʤʘ.

ɺʠʥʦʶ ʚʩʝʤʫ � ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ:

ʅʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʥʠʢʘʢ ʦʥ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ,

ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʨʠʤʝʨ ʥʝ ʜʘʝʪ ʝʤʫ ʩʧʘʪʴ.

ʌʝʨʥʘʥʜʦ ɻʫʚʝʘ

ʅʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʨʘʟ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʭ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ. ɼʚʝ ʩʪʘʪʴʠ ʦʙʱʠʤ ʦʙʲʝʤʦʤ ʚ 130 ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮ ʙʳʣʠ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʳ ʩʘʤʦʤʫ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʣʠʙʦ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʘʣʠʩʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ ʟʘ ʚʩʶ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʪʚʘ, ʠ ʚ ʤʘʝ 1995 ʛʦʜʘ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʳ ʚ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʝ çAnnals of Mathematicsè.

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʧʦʣʦʩʝ çNew York Timesè, ʥʦ ʟʘʛʦʣʦʚʦʢ çʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʢʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʘè ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʪʝʥʠ ʟʘʛʦʣʦʚʢʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʘʪʴʠ: çʅʦʚʳʝ ʜʘʥʥʳʝ ʦ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ ɺʩʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʩʪʘʚʷʪ ʧʝʨʝʜ ʫʯʝʥʳʤʠ ʥʦʚʫʶ ʢʦʩʤʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫè. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʨʘʟ ʧʨʦʷʚʠʣʠ ʧʦ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʶ ʢ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʝʥʴʰʠʡ ʵʥʪʫʟʠʘʟʤ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʦ ʜʦʩʪʦʠʥʩʪʚʫ ʦʮʝʥʠʣʠ ʠʩʪʠʥʥʦʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ. çɼʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʦʢʦʥʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪʝʥ ʧʦ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʶ ʨʘʩʱʝʧʣʝʥʠʶ ʘʪʦʤʘ ʠʣʠ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʶ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʳ ɼʅʂ, � ʟʘʷʚʠʣ ɼʞʦʥ ʂʦʫʪʩ. � ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʡ ʪʨʠʫʤʬ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʣʣʝʢʪʘ, ʠ ʥʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʫʧʫʩʢʘʪʴ ʠʟ ʚʠʜʫ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʝʜʠʥʳʤ ʤʘʭʦʤ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʣʦ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʨʦʪ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɼʣʷ ʤʝʥʷ ʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʠ ʢʨʘʩʦʪʘ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʛʠʛʘʥʪʩʢʠʤ ʰʘʛʦʤ ʚʧʝʨʝʜ ʚ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʠ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʘʣʛʝʙʨʘʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣè.

ɿʘ ʚʦʩʝʤʴ ʣʝʪ ʫʧʦʨʥʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʪʨʫʜʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʧʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ, ʩʚʝʣ ʚʦʝʜʠʥʦ ʚʩʝ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ XX ʚʝʢʘ, ʚʳʩʪʨʦʠʚ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʦʜʥʦ ʩʚʝʨʭʤʦʱʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ʇʨʝʩʣʝʜʫʷ ʩʚʦʶ ʛʣʘʚʥʫʶ ʮʝʣʴ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʧʫʪʥʦ ʩʦʟʜʘʚʘʣ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣ ʠʭ ʚ ʥʝʤʳʩʣʠʤʳʭ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʩʦʯʝʪʘʥʠʷʭ ʩ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʦʥʥʳʤʠ ʤʝʪʦʜʘʤʠ.

ʕʪʠʤ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʘʪʘʢ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ. ʇʦ ʩʣʦʚʘʤ ʂʝʥʘ ʈʠʙʝʪʘ, ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʠʜʝʘʣʴʥʳʡ ʩʠʥʪʝʟ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʠ ʩʣʫʞʠʪ ʠʩʪʦʯʥʠʢʦʤ ʚʜʦʭʥʦʚʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʙʫʜʫʱʝʝ: çʗ ʜʫʤʘʶ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʚʳ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʥʝʦʙʠʪʘʝʤʦʤ ʦʩʪʨʦʚʝ ʠ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʣʠ ʩ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʴ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʪʦ ʫ ʚʘʩ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʧʠʱʠ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʡ. ʇʝʨʝʜ ʚʘʤʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʣʠ ʙʳ ʚʩʝ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʷ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʳʩʣʠ ʚ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʅʘ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʝ ʚʳ ʚʩʪʨʝʪʠʪʝ ʢʨʘʪʢʦʝ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʥʠʝ ʦ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ɼʝʣʠʥʷ, ʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ

ʥʘʡʜʝʪʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʝʦʞʠʜʘʥʥʫʶ ʩʩʳʣʢʫ ʥʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʍʝʣʣʝʛʫʘʨʢʘ � ʠ ʚʩʝ ʵʪʦ ʚʚʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʚ ʠʛʨʫ ʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʪʩʷ ʩ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʤʛʥʦʚʝʥʴʝ ʫʩʪʫʧʠʪʴ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʡ ʠʜʝʝè.

ɹʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ ʧʨʝʚʦʟʥʦʩʠʣʠ ʥʘ ʚʩʝ ʣʘʜʳ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʦʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʢʦʤʤʝʥʪʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ ʥʝʨʘʟʜʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʦʝ ʩ ʥʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ʃʠʰʴ ʥʝʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʫʜʦʩʫʞʠʣʠʩʴ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫʪʴ ʦ ʚʢʣʘʜʝ ʖʪʘʢʠ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ ʠ ɻʦʨʦ ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʜʚʫʭ ʷʧʦʥʩʢʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʝʱʝ ʚ 50-ʝ ʛʦʜʳ XX ʚʝʢʘ ʧʦʩʝʷʣʠ ʩʝʤʝʥʘ, ʧʨʝʜʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʠʚʰʠʝ ʫʩʧʝʭ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ. ʍʦʪʷ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ ʫʤʝʨ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʪʨʠʜʮʘʪʠ ʣʝʪ ʥʘʟʘʜ, ʝʛʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘ � ɻʦʨʦ ʐʠʤʫʨʘ � ʩʪʘʣ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʝʛʦ ʩʧʨʦʩʠʣʠ ʦ ʝʛʦ ʚʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʥʠʠ ʦʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʦʥ ʤʷʛʢʦ ʫʣʳʙʥʫʣʩʷ ʠ ʩʜʝʨʞʘʥʥʦ, ʩ ʜʦʩʪʦʠʥʩʪʚʦʤ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣ: çʗ ʞʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣ ʚʘʤè.

ʇʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʤ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤ, ʂʝʥ ʈʠʙʝʪ ʩʯʠʪʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʣʦ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʨʦʪ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ: çɺʘʞʥʳʤ ʧʩʠʭʦʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʦʪʟʚʫʢʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʷʚʠʣʦʩʴ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʩʤʝʣʦ ʙʨʘʪʴʩʷ ʟʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ ʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʠʤ ʥʝʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʥʳʤʠ. ʅʳʥʝ ʢʘʨʪʠʥʘ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʠʟʤʝʥʠʣʘʩʴ. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʢʨʠʚʳʝ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳ, ʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʚʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʝ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʜʣʷ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ, ʚʳ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ, ʠ ʥʘʦʙʦʨʦʪ. ʋ ʚʘʩ ʧʦʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʠʥʦʝ ʚʠʜʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʷʱʝʛʦ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʠ ʤʳʩʣʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʚʘʤ ʧʨʠʜʝʪʩʷ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʩ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ ʬʦʨʤʘʤʠ ʧʫʛʘʝʪ ʚʘʩ ʤʝʥʴʰʝ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʚʳ, ʧʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ, ʨʘʙʦʪʘʝʪʝ ʩ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʢʨʠʚʳʤʠ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ ʧʨʠʭʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʩʪʘʪʴʶ ʦʙ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ, ʤʳ ʚʤʝʩʪʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʦ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʤ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʜʝʣʘʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ: "ʇʫʩʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ", � ʠ ʩʤʦʪʨʝʣʠ, ʢʘʢʠʝ ʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʷ ʧʨʦʠʩʪʝʢʘʶʪ ʠʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʥʘʤ ʜʦʩʪʦʚʝʨʥʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʚʝʨʥʘ, ʠ ʤʳ ʩʤʝʣʦ ʤʦʞʝʤ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʠʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ. ʅʫʞʥʦ ʣʠ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʧʨʠʷʪʥʝʝè.

ʉ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʦʙʲʝʜʠʥʠʣ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʡ ʤʠʨʳ ʠ, ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ, ʧʨʦʣʦʞʠʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʧʫʪʠ ʢʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʤ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘʤ: ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʩʪʦʷʱʠʝ ʚ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ, ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʨʝʰʝʥʳ ʧʦ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʠ ʩ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘʤʠ ʠʟ ʧʘʨʘʣʣʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ. ʂʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʢʨʠʚʳʭ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʤ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʴ ʧʝʨʝʩʤʦʪʨʫ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʚʩʝ ʠʤʝʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʭ ʬʦʨʤ.

ʏʪʦ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʘʞʥʦ, ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʜʝʣʘʣ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʢ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʛʨʘʥʜʠʦʟʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʈʦʙʝʨʪʘ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʫʩʧʝʭʘ, ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʦʛʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ, ʩʪʘʣʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʩ ʥʦʚʳʤʠ ʩʠʣʘʤʠ ʧʳʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ, ʦʙʲʝʜʠʥʷʶʱʠʝ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ɺ ʤʘʨʪʝ 1996 ʛʦʜʘ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʣ ʩ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʦʤ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ ɺʦʣʴʬʘ (ʥʝ ʧʫʪʘʪʴ ʩ ʧʨʝʤʠʝʡ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ) ʨʘʟʤʝʨʦʤ ʚ 100 000 ʜʦʣʣʘʨʦʚ. ʂʦʤʠʪʝʪ ʧʦ ʧʨʠʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʘ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʩʘʤʦ ʧʦ ʩʝʙʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʝʝʩʷ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʝ, ʢ ʪʦʤʫ ʞʝ ʦʥʦ ʚʜʦʭʥʫʣʦ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʚ ʘʤʙʠʮʠʦʟʥʫʶ ʩʭʝʤʫ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʣ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʚ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʟʦʣʦʪʦʡ ʚʝʢ.

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʛʦʜʘ ʩʫʤʷʪʠʮʳ ʠ ʥʝʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʤʦʛʣʦ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʫʩʧʦʢʦʠʪʴʩʷ. ʅʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʤ ʩʠʤʧʦʟʠʫʤʝ, ʢʦʣʣʦʢʚʠʫʤʝ, ʥʘ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʠ ʦʜʥʦ ʟʘʩʝʜʘʥʠʝ ʧʦʩʚʷʱʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʘ ʙʦʩʪʦʥʩʢʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʫʩʪʨʦʠʣʠ ʩʦʨʝʚʥʦʚʘʥʠʝ: ʢʪʦ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʩʫʤʝʝʪ ʟʘʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʪʴ ʧʘʤʷʪʥʦʝ ʩʦʙʳʪʠʝ, ʢʘʢʠʤ, ʥʝʩʦʤʥʝʥʥʦ, ʩʪʘʣʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʚ ʰʫʪʣʠʚʦʤ ʩʪʠʭʦʪʚʦʨʝʥʠʠ. ɺʩʝʦʙʱʝʝ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʣʠ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʚʠʨʰʠ-ʣʠʤʝʨʠʢ:

� ɻʘʨʩʦʥ, ʢʥʠʛʫ ʞʘʣʦʙ ʧʨʦʰʫ ʷ ʜʘʚʥʦ:ʅʝʩʚʝʞʘʷ ʩʢʘʪʝʨʪʴ, ʧʨʦʢʠʩʣʦ ʚʠʥʦ.� ʏʪʦ ʢʥʠʛʘ! ɽʝ ʷ ʤʦʛʫ ɺʘʤ ʧʦʜʘʪʴ, ʅʦ ʫʟʢʠ ʧʦʣʷ, ʠ ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ,ʂʘʢ ɺʳ ʥʠ ʩʪʘʨʘʡʪʝʩʴ, ʥʘ ʥʠʭ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ.

ʕ.ʍʦʫʚ, ʍ.ʃʝʥʩʪʨʘ, ɼ.ʄʦʫʣʪʦʥ.

ɺʝʣʠʢʠʝ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ

ʋʘʡʣʩ ʩʦʟʥʘʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ, ʜʘʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʦʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ, ʦʥ ʣʠʰʠʣ ʝʝ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʟʘʛʘʜʦʢ: çʃʶʜʠ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣʠ ʤʥʝ, ʯʪʦ ʷ ʦʪʥʷʣ ʫ ʥʠʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʠ ʧʨʦʩʠʣʠ ʜʘʪʴ ʠʤ ʚʟʘʤʝʥ ʯʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʝʱʝ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʧʘʣʠ ʚ ʤʝʣʘʥʭʦʣʠʶ. ʄʳ ʫʪʨʘʪʠʣʠ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʝ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʩ ʥʘʤʠ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʜʦʣʛʦʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʠ ʯʪʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʠʟ ʥʘʩ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʣʦ ʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ. ʉ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘʤʠ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʪʘʢ. ʅʘʤ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʴ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʣʠ ʙʳ ʥʘʰʝ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝè.

ʅʦ ʭʦʪʷ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʨʘʟʛʘʜʘʣ ʩʘʤʫʶ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʫʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʣʶʙʠʪʝʣʷʤ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ ʥʝ ʩʪʦʠʪ ʪʝʨʷʪʴ ʥʘʜʝʞʜʫ. ʅʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʝʱʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʝʚʝʣʠʢʦʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ. ʄʥʦʛʠʝ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ, ʢʘʢ ʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʫʭʦʜʷʪ ʢʦʨʥʷʤʠ ʚ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ, ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʠʭ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʰʢʦʣʴʥʠʢ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʟʘʛʘʜʦʢ ʠ ʧʦʥʳʥʝ ʩʚʷʟʘʥʦ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ. ɺ ʛʣʘʚʝ 1 ʤʳ ʫʞʝ ʫʧʦʤʠʥʘʣʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʤ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʩʫʤʤʘ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʘʝʪ ʩ ʩʘʤʠʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, 6 ʠ 28 � ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ

1, 2, 3 ʜʝʣʷʪ 6, ʠ 6 = 1 + 2 + 3,

1, 2, 4, 7, 14 ʜʝʣʷʪ 28, ʠ 28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14.

ʈʝʥʝ ɼʝʢʘʨʪ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʣ, ʯʪʦ çʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʧʦʜʦʙʥʦ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʤ ʣʶʜʷʤ, ʚʩʪʨʝʯʘʶʪʩʷ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʨʝʜʢʦè. ʉʘʤʦʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʝ ʠʟ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʠʪ ʚ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʯʥʦʡ ʟʘʧʠʩʠ 130000 ʮʠʬʨ ʠ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʧʦ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʝ

2216090Ā(2216091 � 1).

ʆʙʱʝʝ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʯʝʪʥʳ. ʇʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʧʦʜʤʳʚʘʝʪ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʯʝʪʥʳ. ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ, ʫʚʳ, ʧʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʜʘʶʱʘʷʩʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ, ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʵʪʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ.

ɼʨʫʛʘʷ ʩʣʦʞʥʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʘʷ ʩ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʚ ʚʳʷʩʥʝʥʠʠ ʦʪʚʝʪʘ ʥʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʣʠ ʠʩʯʝʨʧʘʪʴ ʟʘʧʘʩ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʟʘ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʰʘʛʦʚ. ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʚʝʢʦʚ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʟʘʥʠʤʘʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʝʡ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʚʳʷʩʥʠʪʴ, ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʠʣʠ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʥʦ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ ʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʫ. ɺʩʷʢʦʤʫ, ʢʦʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʜʘʪʴ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳʡ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʵʪʦʪ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʫʛʦʪʦʚʘʥʦ ʧʦʯʝʪʥʦʝ ʤʝʩʪʦ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ɽʱʝ ʦʜʥʘ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʴ ʙʦʛʘʪʘ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʡʰʠʤʠ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘʤʠ � ʪʝʦʨʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʇʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʦʜʯʠʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʧʣʦʭʦ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʠʤʦʡ ʟʘʢʦʥʦʤʝʨʥʦʩʪʠ, ʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʞʠʚʫʪ ʧʦ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʘʤ. ʀʭ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʚʘʶʪ ʩ ʩʦʨʥʦʡ ʪʨʘʚʦʡ, ʩʣʫʯʘʡʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʨʘʩʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʇʝʨʝʙʠʨʘʷ ʦʜʥʦ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʥʘʙʨʝʩʪʠ ʥʘ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ, ʙʦʛʘʪʳʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ, ʥʦ, ʧʦ ʥʝʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʡ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʝ, ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʪʩʷ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʧʫʩʪʳʤʠ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʚʝʢʘʤʠ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʨʘʟʛʘʜʘʪʴ ʟʘʢʦʥ, ʧʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʨʘʩʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʳ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʠ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ ʪʝʨʧʝʣʠ ʧʦʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ. ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʥʠʢʘʢʦʛʦ ʟʘʢʦʥʘ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ, ʠ ʨʘʩʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩʣʫʯʘʡʥʦ ʧʦ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʝ. ɺ ʵʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʧʦʨʝʢʦʤʝʥʜʦʚʘʪʴ ʟʘʥʷʪʴʩʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʘʤʙʠʮʠʦʟʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʩʚʷʟʘʥʥʳʭ ʩ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʜʚʝ ʪʳʩʷʯʠ ʣʝʪ ʥʘʟʘʜ ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʟʘʧʘʩ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʝʠʩʯʝʨʧʘʝʤ (ʩʤ. ʛʣ. 2). ʇʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʜʚʘ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʟʘʧʘʩ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ-ʙʣʠʟʥʝʮʦʚ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʥʝʠʩʯʝʨʧʘʝʤ. ɹʣʠʟʥʝʮʘʤʠ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ ʧʘʨʳ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʦʪʣʠʯʘʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʥʘ 2, ʪ.ʝ. ʷʚʣʷʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʙʣʠʞʘʡʰʠʤʠ ʩʦʩʝʜʥʠʤʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤʠ ʯʠʩʣʘʤʠ (ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ 1, ʠʥʘʯʝ ʦʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʯʝʪʥʳʤ). ʇʨʠʤʝʨʘʤʠ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʠʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ-ʙʣʠʟʥʝʮʦʚ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʩʣʫʞʠʪʴ (5, 7), (11, 13) ʠ (17, 19), ʧʨʠʤʝʨʘʤʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ-ʙʣʠʟʥʝʮʦʚ � (22271, 22273) ʠ (1 000 000 000 061, 1 000 000 000 063). ʉʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʚʝʩʢʠʝ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ-ʙʣʠʟʥʝʮʦʚ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ, ʥʦ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʧʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʪʘʢ.

ʉʘʤʳʡ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʨʦʠʟʦʰʝʣ

ʚ 1966 ʛʦʜʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʢʠʪʘʡʩʢʦʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʏʝʥʫ ɼʞʠʥʛʨʘʥʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʘʨ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʠ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʋ ʥʘʩʪʦʷʱʠʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʥʝʪ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʝʡ (ʦʪʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʦʪ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʠ ʝʜʠʥʠʮʳ), ʘ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʫʩʪʫʧʘʶʪ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʤ ʩʘʤʫʶ ʤʘʣʦʩʪʴ: ʫ ʥʠʭ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʶʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʚʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʜʝʣʠʪʝʣʷ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʯʠʩʣʦ 17 ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ, ʘ ʯʠʩʣʦ 21 (=3Ā7) � ʧʦʯʪʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ. ʏʪʦ ʞʝ ʢʘʩʘʝʪʩʷ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʢʘʢ 120 (=2Ā3Ā4Ā5), ʪʦ ʦʥʠ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʠ ʥʝ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʝ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʠʭ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʠʷ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʝʡ. ʏʝʥ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʚ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʙʣʠʟʥʝʮʘ ʣʠʙʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʣʠʙʦ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ. ʊʦʪ, ʢʦʤʫ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʝʱʝ ʥʘ ʦʜʠʥ ʰʘʛ ʠ ʩʥʷʪʴ ʦʛʦʚʦʨʢʫ çʧʦʯʪʠè, ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʪ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʡ ʧʨʦʨʳʚ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʩʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ.

ɽʱʝ ʦʜʥʘ ʟʘʛʘʜʢʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʚʦʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʢ 1742 ʛʦʜʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʍʨʠʩʪʠʘʥ ɻʦʣʴʜʙʘʭ, ʫʯʠʪʝʣʴ ʤʘʣʦʣʝʪʥʝʛʦ ʮʘʨʷ ʇʝʪʨʘ I, ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʧʠʩʴʤʦ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜʫ ʕʡʣʝʨʫ (ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʙʳʣ ʨʦʜʦʤ ʠʟ ʐʚʝʡʮʘʨʠʠ, ʥʦ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʚʩʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ ʧʨʦʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʚ ʇʝʪʝʨʙʫʨʛʝ). ʈʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʚ ʜʝʩʷʪʢʠ ʯʝʪʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ɻʦʣʴʜʙʘʭ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʦʥʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʳ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʩʫʤʤʳ ʜʚʫʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ:

4 = 2 + 2,6 = 3 + 3,8 = 3 + 5,10 = 5 + 5,50 = 19 + 31,100 = 47 + 53,

21000 = 17 + 20983,. . . . . . . . . . .

ɻʦʣʴʜʙʘʭ ʩʧʨʘʰʠʚʘʣ ʫ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ, ʤʦʞʝʪ ʣʠ ʪʦʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʯʝʪʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʩʫʤʤʳ ʜʚʫʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʛʦʣʝʪʥʠʝ ʫʩʠʣʠʷ, ʕʡʣʝʨʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʣʠ çʞʠʚʳʤ ʚʦʧʣʦʱʝʥʠʝʤ ʘʥʘʣʠʟʘè, ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ɻʦʣʴʜʙʘʭʘ. ʅʳʥʝ, ʚ ʚʝʢ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʦʚ, ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ɻʦʣʴʜʙʘʭʘ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʣʠ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʝ. ʆʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʯʝʪʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʜʦ 100 000 000, ʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʯʝʪʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʧʦʢʘ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʫʤʝʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʯʝʪʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʩʫʤʤʳ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ, ʯʝʤ 800 000 ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ [ʯʝʨʝʩʯʫʨ ʟʘʚʳʰʝʥʥʘʷ ʦʮʝʥʢʘ; ʝʱʝ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʥʘʟʘʜ ʙʳʣʦ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴ ʚ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʐʥʠʨʝʣʴʤʘʥʘ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʚʳʰʘʝʪ 20. � E.G.A.], ʥʦ ʵʪʦʪ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʜʘʣʝʢ ʦʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ɻʦʣʴʜʙʘʭʘ. ʅʦ ʜʘʞʝ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʩʣʘʙʳʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʠ ʧʨʦʣʠʪʴ ʩʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʧʨʠʨʦʜʫ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʠ ʚ 1941 ʛʦʜʫ ʨʦʩʩʠʡʩʢʦʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʀʚʘʥʫ ʄʘʪʚʝʝʚʠʯʫ ɺʠʥʦʛʨʘʜʦʚʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ɻʦʣʴʜʙʘʭʘ, ʙʳʣʘ ʧʨʠʩʫʞʜʝʥʘ ʉʪʘʣʠʥʩʢʘʷ ʧʨʝʤʠʷ ʚ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʝ 100 000 ʨʫʙʣʝʡ.

ʀʟ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ, ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʳʭ ʩ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʡ ʠʣʠ ʤʝʥʴʰʝʡ ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʟʘʥʷʪʴ ʤʝʩʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʘʠʙʦʣʴʰʠʝ ʰʘʥʩʳ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʧʣʦʪʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ. ɺ 1609 ʛʦʜʫ ʥʝʤʝʮʢʠʡ ʫʯʝʥʳʡ ʀʦʛʘʥʥ ʂʝʧʣʝʨ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʣʘʥʝʪʳ ʜʚʠʞʫʪʩʷ ʥʝ ʧʦ ʢʨʫʛʦʚʳʤ, ʘ ʧʦ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʦʨʙʠʪʘʤ. ʕʪʦ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʠʝ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʠʣʦ ʧʝʨʝʚʦʨʦʪ ʚ ʘʩʪʨʦʥʦʤʠʠ ʠ ʧʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʧʦʤʦʛʣʦ ʀʩʘʘʢʫ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʫ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʟʘʢʦʥ ʚʩʝʤʠʨʥʦʛʦ ʪʷʛʦʪʝʥʠʷ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʥʘʩʣʝʜʠʝ

ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʥʝ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʛʨʘʥʜʠʦʟʥʦ ʧʦ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʤʘʩʰʪʘʙʘʤ, ʢʘʢ ʥʘʩʣʝʜʠʝ ʅʴʶʪʦʥʘ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʦ. ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʧʣʦʪʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʢʘʢ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʵʢʦʥʦʤʥʦ ʩʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʠʟ ʘʧʝʣʴʩʠʥʦʚ ʧʠʨʘʤʠʜʫ.

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʨʦʜʠʣʘʩʴ ʚ 1611 ʛʦʜʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʂʝʧʣʝʨ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʥʝʙʦʣʴʰʦʝ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʝ çʆ ʰʝʩʪʠʫʛʦʣʴʥʳʭ ʩʥʝʞʠʥʢʘʭè, ʧʨʝʜʥʘʟʥʘʯʝʥʥʦʝ ʚ ʜʘʨ ʝʛʦ ʧʦʢʨʦʚʠʪʝʣʶ ʀʦʛʘʥʥʫ ɺʘʢʛʝʨʫ ʬʦʥ ɺʘʢʝʥʬʝʣʴʩʫ. ɺ ʵʪʦʤ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʠ ʂʝʧʣʝʨ ʫʩʧʝʰʥʦ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʣ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʩʥʝʞʠʥʢʠ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʰʝʩʪʠʫʛʦʣʴʥʫʶ ʬʦʨʤʫ, ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʚ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʨʦʩʪ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʩʥʝʞʠʥʢʠ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʝʪʩʷ ʩ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʱʝʛʦ ʛʝʢʩʘʛʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ ʟʘʨʦʜʳʰʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ, ʧʘʜʘʷ ʚ ʘʪʤʦʩʬʝʨʝ, ʫʚʝʣʠʯʠʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʘʭ. ʅʝʧʨʝʨʳʚʥʦ ʠʟʤʝʥʷʶʱʠʝʩʷ ʚʝʪʝʨ, ʪʝʤʧʝʨʘʪʫʨʘ ʠ ʚʣʘʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʪ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʩʥʝʞʠʥʢʝ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʷʪʴ ʠʥʜʠʚʠʜʫʘʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ, ʘ ʤʘʣʳʝ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʳ ʟʘʨʦʜʳʰʘ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʷʪ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʷ, ʦʪ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʟʘʚʠʩʠʪ ʝʛʦ ʨʦʩʪ, ʦʩʪʘʶʪʩʷ ʦʜʠʥʘʢʦʚʳʤʠ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʭ ʰʝʩʪʠ ʩʪʦʨʦʥ, ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʫʷ ʩʦʭʨʘʥʝʥʠʶ ʩʠʤʤʝʪʨʠʠ. ɺ ʵʪʦʤ, ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʣʝʛʢʦʤʳʩʣʝʥʥʦʤ, ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʠ ʧʨʦʷʚʠʣʩʷ ʧʨʠʩʫʱʠʡ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʫ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʪʘʣʘʥʪ ʠʟʚʣʝʢʘʪʴ ʛʣʫʙʦʢʠʝ ʠ ʜʘʣʝʢʦ ʠʜʫʱʠʝ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʳ ʠʟ ʧʨʦʩʪʝʡʰʠʭ ʥʘʙʣʶʜʝʥʠʡ. ɺʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʠ ʂʝʧʣʝʨ ʩʪʘʣ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʦʩʥʦʚʦʧʦʣʦʞʥʠʢʦʚ ʢʨʠʩʪʘʣʣʦʛʨʘʬʠʠ.

ʀʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʢ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʶ ʠ ʩʘʤʦʦʨʛʘʥʠʟʘʮʠʠ ʯʘʩʪʠʮ ʚʝʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʧʨʠʚʝʣ ʝʛʦ ʢ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʶ ʜʨʫʛʦʛʦ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʘ � ʦ ʧʣʦʪʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʝ ʯʘʩʪʠʮ, ʧʨʠ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʦʥʠ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʶʪ ʥʘʠʤʝʥʴʰʠʡ ʦʙʲʝʤ. ɽʩʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʯʘʩʪʠʮʳ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʬʦʨʤʫ ʰʘʨʦʚ, ʪʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʢ ʙʳ ʦʥʠ ʥʠ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʝ, ʤʝʞʜʫ ʥʠʤʠ ʥʝʠʟʙʝʞʥʦ ʦʩʪʘʥʫʪʩʷ ʟʘʟʦʨʳ, ʠ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʦʙʲʝʤ ʟʘʟʦʨʦʚ ʩʚʝʩʪʠ ʢ ʤʠʥʠʤʫʤʫ. ʂʝʧʣʝʨ ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʣ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʠ ʜʣʷ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʘ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʣ ʢʦʵʬʬʠʮʠʝʥʪ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ.

ʆʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʰʘʨʦʚ, ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʥʳʭ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʦʤ, ʩʝʡʯʘʩ ʧʨʠʥʷʪʦ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʦʡ. ɽʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ, ʚʳʣʦʞʠʚ ʩʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʥʠʞʥʠʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʰʘʨ ʙʳʣ ʦʢʨʫʞʝʥ ʰʝʩʪʴʶ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʰʘʨʘʤʠ. ɺʪʦʨʦʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʦʙʨʘʟʫʶʪ ʰʘʨʳ, ʫʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʝ ʚ çʷʤʢʠè ʧʦʚʝʨʭ ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ ʩʣʦʷ, ʢʘʢ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 24. ʇʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ, ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʷʝʪ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ, ʥʦ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʣʝʛʢʘ ʩʤʝʱʝʥ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʰʘʨʳ ʚʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʩʣʦʷ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʠʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʷʤʢʘʭ ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ ʩʣʦʷ. ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʪʘʢ ʦʙʳʯʥʦ ʫʢʣʘʜʳʚʘʶʪ ʘʧʝʣʴʩʠʥʳ ʪʦʨʛʦʚʮʳ ʬʨʫʢʪʘʤʠ. ʂʦʵʬʬʠʮʠʝʥʪ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʫʢʣʘʜʢʠ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ 74%. ʕʪʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʠ ʫʢʣʘʜʢʝ ʘʧʝʣʴʩʠʥʦʚ ʚ ʢʘʨʪʦʥʥʳʡ ʷʱʠʢ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʘʷ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʷ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ 74% ʦʙʲʝʤʘ ʷʱʠʢʘ ʘʧʝʣʴʩʠʥʘʤʠ.

ʈʠʩ. 24. ɺ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʝ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʠʟ ʩʬʝʨ ʫʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʭ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʦʢʨʫʞʝʥʳ ʰʝʩʪʴʶ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʩʬʝʨʘʤʠ. ʇʦʚʝʨʭ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʩʣʦʷ ʛʦʨʠʟʦʥʪʘʣʴʥʦ ʥʘʢʣʘʜʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʠʟ ʝʛʦ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʝ ʥʘ ʰʘʨʝ ʠʟ ʧʨʝʜʳʜʫʱʝʛʦ ʩʣʦʷ, ʘ ʚ ʷʤʢʝ. ʏʘʩʪʥʦʡ ʨʘʟʥʦʚʠʜʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ ʩʣʫʞʘʪ ʧʠʨʘʤʠʜʳ ʠʟ ʘʧʝʣʴʩʠʥʦʚ ʚ ʚʠʪʨʠʥʘʭ ʦʚʦʱʥʳʭ ʤʘʛʘʟʠʥʦʚ

ɻʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʫʶ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʫ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʨʘʚʥʠʪʴ ʩ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʘʤʠ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʩ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʦʡ. ɺ ʵʪʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʠʟ ʰʘʨʦʚ, ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʭ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʦʡ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʠ, ʘ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥ ʚ ʪʦʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʧʦʚʝʨʭ ʧʨʝʜʳʜʫʱʝʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 25. ʇʨʦʩʪʘʷ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʘ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʢʦʵʬʬʠʮʠʝʥʪ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ 53%.

ʈʠʩ. 25. ɺ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʝ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʠʟ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʭ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʥʦʡ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʠ. ʇʦʚʝʨʭ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʩʣʦʷ ʛʦʨʠʟʦʥʪʘʣʴʥʦ ʥʘʢʣʘʜʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʝʛʦ ʰʘʨ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪʩʷ ʩʪʨʦʛʦ ʥʘʜ ʰʘʨʦʤ ʧʨʝʜʳʜʫʱʝʛʦ ʩʣʦʷ

ɽʱʝ ʦʜʠʥ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʰʘʨʦʚ � ʛʝʢʩʘʛʦʥʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʘ � ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʝʥ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʝ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʠʟ ʰʘʨʦʚ, ʦʢʨʫʞʝʥʥʳʭ ʰʝʩʪʴʶ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʰʘʨʘʤʠ, ʥʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʥʝ ʩʜʚʠʥʫʪ ʦʪʥʦʩʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʳʜʫʱʝʛʦ, ʘ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥ ʧʨʷʤʦ ʧʦʚʝʨʭ ʥʝʛʦ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʰʘʨ ʦʧʠʨʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʫʶ ʚʝʨʭʥʶʶ ʪʦʯʢʫ ʰʘʨʘ, ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʧʦʜ ʥʠʤ, ʢʘʢ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 26. ʋ ʛʝʢʩʘʛʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʠ ʢʦʵʬʬʠʮʠʝʥʪ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ 60%.

ʈʠʩ. 26. ɺ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʝ ʩ ʛʝʢʩʘʛʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʦʡ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʠʟ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʭ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʦʢʨʫʞʝʥ ʰʝʩʪʴʶ ʜʨʫʛʠʤʠ ʰʘʨʘʤʠ. ʇʦʚʝʨʭ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʩʣʦʷ ʛʦʨʠʟʦʥʪʘʣʴʥʦ ʥʘʢʣʘʜʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʩʣʦʡ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʰʘʨ ʚʝʨʭʥʝʛʦ ʩʣʦʷ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʧʦʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ ʥʘʜ ʰʘʨʦʤ ʧʨʝʜʳʜʫʱʝʛʦ ʩʣʦʷ

ʂʝʧʣʝʨ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʢʦʥʬʠʛʫʨʘʮʠʡ ʠ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʩʦʯʠʥʝʥʠʝ çʆ ʰʝʩʪʠʫʛʦʣʴʥʳʭ ʩʥʝʞʠʥʢʘʭè ʩʪʦʠʪ ʚʢʣʶʯʠʪʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʥʫ, ʘ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʪʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʚ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʘ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʝ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʠ, ʠʙʦ ʫ ʥʝʝ çʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʘ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʣʦʪʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʠʟ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭè. ʋʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʨʘʟʫʤʥʳʤ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʢʦʵʬʬʠʮʠʝʥʪ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ ʜʣʷ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʠ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʴʰʠʡ ʠʟ ʚʩʝʭ ʪʝʭ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʠʤ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʳ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ ʵʪʦ ʥʝ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʘʝʪ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʪʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʛʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʰʘʨʦʚ, ʩ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʤ ʢʦʵʬʬʠʮʠʝʥʪʦʤ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʂʝʧʣʝʨ ʧʦʧʨʦʩʪʫ ʧʨʦʛʣʷʜʝʣ.

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʧʣʦʪʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪ ʦʪ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʘʷ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʳʡ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ ʰʘʨʦʚ. ʕʪʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʚʝʢʘ ʩʪʘʨʰʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ, ʢʘʢ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʥʝʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʥʘ.

ʂʘʢ ʠ ʚ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʩʚʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ, ʦʭʚʘʪʳʚʘʶʱʝʤʫ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ. ɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʩʨʝʜʠ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʥʝʪ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ, ʫ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʢʦʵʬʬʠʮʠʝʥʪ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ ʙʳʣ ʙʳ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ, ʯʝʤ ʫ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʠ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʠʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʛʫʣʷʨʥʦʛʦ, ʥʦ ʠ ʜʣʷ ʩʣʫʯʘʡʥʦʛʦ, ʭʘʦʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ, ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʘ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʰʘʨʦʚ.

ɿʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ 380 ʣʝʪ ʥʠʢʦʤʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʘʷ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʘ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʩʣʫʞʠʪ ʦʧʪʠʤʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʝʡ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ. ʅʦ ʥʠʢʪʦ ʧʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʦʪʢʨʳʣ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ ʤʝʪʦʜʘ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ. ʆʪʩʫʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨʘ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʮʝʣʝʡ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʤʦ, ʥʦ ʚ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦʤ ʤʠʨʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʩʪʨʦʛʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ɹʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʠʡ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪ ʧʦ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʝ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʂ. ɸ. ʈʦʜʞʝʨʩ ʛʦʚʦʨʠʪ, ʯʪʦ çʙʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʚʝʨʷʪ, ʘ ʚʩʝ ʬʠʟʠʢʠ ʚ ʝʝ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʪʚʝʨʜʦ ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʳ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʵʪʦ ʟʥʘʶʪè.

ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʦʪʩʫʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʧʦʣʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʟʘ ʧʨʦʰʝʜʰʠʝ ʩʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʷ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʨʦʡʜʝʥʦ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʝʭ ʥʘ ʧʫʪʠ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ. ɺ 1892 ʛʦʜʫ ʩʢʘʥʜʠʥʘʚʩʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ɸʢʩʝʣʴ ʊʫʵ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʣʷ ʜʚʫʤʝʨʥʦʛʦ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʘ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ, ʪ.ʝ. ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʵʬʬʝʢʪʠʚʥʦʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʚ ʦʜʥʦʤ-ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʤ ʩʣʦʝ, ʠʣʠ, ʠʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʫʢʣʘʜʢʠ ʘʧʝʣʴʩʠʥʦʚ ʥʝ ʚ ʷʱʠʢʝ, ʘ ʥʘ ʧʦʜʥʦʩʝ. ʈʝʰʝʥʠʝʤ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʛʝʢʩʘʛʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʰʘʨʦʚ. ɺʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʝ ʊʦʪ, ʉʝʛʨʵ ʠ ʄʘʣʝʨ ʧʨʠʰʣʠ ʢ ʪʦʤʫ ʞʝ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ, ʥʦ ʥʠ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʥʳʭ ʚ ʜʚʫʤʝʨʥʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʤʝʥʠʤ ʢ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʡ ʪʨʝʭʤʝʨʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ.

ɺ ʥʘʰʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦʜʦʡʪʠ ʢ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʩ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ, ʘ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ � ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʴ ʚʝʨʭʥʠʡ ʧʨʝʜʝʣ ʢʦʵʬʬʠʮʠʝʥʪʘ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ. ɺ 1958 ʛʦʜʫ ʂ. ɸ. ʈʦʜʞʝʨʩ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʣ ʝʛʦ ʚʝʨʭʥʠʡ ʧʨʝʜʝʣ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʨʘʚʥʳʤ 77,97%. ʕʪʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʰʘʨʳ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʢʦʵʬʬʠʮʠʝʥʪ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ ʙʳʣ ʚʳʰʝ 77,97%. ʊʘʢʦʝ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʢʦʵʬʬʠʮʠʝʥʪʘ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ ʥʝ ʥʘʤʥʦʛʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ, ʯʝʤ ʝʛʦ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʝ ʜʣʷ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ

ʨʝʰʝʪʢʠ, ʨʘʚʥʦʝ 74,04%. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʝʩʣʠ ʫ ʢʘʢʦʛʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʢʦʵʬʬʠʮʠʝʥʪ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʙʳ ʚʳʰʝ, ʯʝʤ ʫ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʠ, ʪʦ ʧʨʝʚʳʰʝʥʠʝ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʠʣʦ ʙʳ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʦʮʝʥʪʦʚ. ʆʩʪʘʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʫʟʢʦʝ ʦʢʥʦ ʚ 3,93%, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ çʚʪʠʩʥʫʪʴʩʷè ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʜʠʢʦʝ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʰʘʨʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʙʳ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨʦʤ, ʦʧʨʦʚʝʨʛʘʶʱʠʤ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʈʦʜʞʝʨʩʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʟʘʢʨʳʪʴ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʚʰʝʝʩʷ ʦʢʥʦ, ʧʦʥʠʟʠʚ ʚʝʨʭʥʠʡ ʧʨʝʜʝʣ ʜʦ 74,04%. ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʵʪʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʫʜʘʯʥʳʤʠ, ʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʡ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʤʝʩʪʘ, ʦʥʠ ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʙʳ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʳʩʦʢʠʡ ʢʦʵʬʬʠʮʠʝʥʪ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʩʪʚʘ, ʯʝʤ ʛʨʘʥʝʮʝʥʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʘʷ ʢʫʙʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʨʝʰʝʪʢʘ, ʠ ʪʝʤ ʩʘʤʳʤ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʙʳ çʦʧʨʘʚʜʘʥʥʦʡ ʚʚʠʜʫ ʥʝʷʚʢʠ ʧʦʜʦʟʨʝʚʘʝʤʦʡè. ʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ, ʩʥʠʞʝʥʠʝ ʚʝʨʭʥʝʛʦ ʧʨʝʜʝʣʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩʦʤ ʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʠ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʤ, ʠ ʢ 1988 ʛʦʜʫ ʚʝʨʭʥʠʡ ʧʨʝʜʝʣ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʫʤʝʥʴʰʠʪʴ ʣʠʰʴ ʜʦ 77,84%, ʯʪʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʥʝʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʫʣʫʯʰʘʝʪ ʦʮʝʥʢʫ ʈʦʜʞʝʨʩʘ.

ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʝʩʩ, ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʧʣʦʪʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ ʰʘʨʦʚ ʣʝʪʦʤ 1990 ʛʦʜʘ ʥʝʦʞʠʜʘʥʥʦ ʧʦʧʘʣʘ ʚ ʟʘʛʦʣʦʚʢʠ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʧʦʣʦʩʘʭ ʛʘʟʝʪ. ɺʫ-ʀ ʍʟʷʥʴ ʠʟ ʂʘʣʠʬʦʨʥʠʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʚ ɹʝʨʢʣʠ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ, ʧʦ ʝʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʶ, ʙʳʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ. ʇʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦ ʨʝʘʢʮʠʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʦʧʪʠʤʠʩʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ, ʥʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʨʘʙʦʪʘ ɺʫ-ʀ ʍʟʷʥʷ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʣʘʩʴ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʶ, ʚ ʥʝʡ ʙʳʣ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥ ʨʷʜ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ, ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʨʫʭʥʫʣʦ.

ʂʘʢ ʠ ʚ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʍʟʷʥʴ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʛʦʜ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʧʝʨʝʩʤʦʪʨʝʥʥʳʡ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʦʥ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣ, ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʦʙʦʡʪʠ ʪʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʳ ʚ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʝ ʨʫʢʦʧʠʩʠ. ʂ ʩʦʞʘʣʝʥʠʶ ʜʣʷ ʍʟʷʥʷ, ʝʛʦ ʢʨʠʪʠʢʠ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣʠ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʣʦʛʠʢʝ ʦʩʪʘʶʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʙʝʣʳ. ɺ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ʢ ʍʟʷʥʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʊʦʤʘʩ ʍʝʡʣʠʩ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʠ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʷ: çʆʜʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ, ʩʜʝʣʘʥʥʦʝ ʚ ɺʘʰʝʡ ʚʪʦʨʦʡ ʩʪʘʪʴʝ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʤʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʠ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʪʨʫʜʥʳʤ ʜʣʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʯʝʤ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ... ɺʘʰʠ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʠ ʧʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ ʦʧʠʨʘʶʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʵʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ, ʦʜʥʘʢʦ ʥʠʛʜʝ ʥʝʪ ʠ ʥʘʤʝʢʘ ʥʘ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦè.

ʉ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʢʘʢ ʍʟʷʥʴ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʫʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʥʳʡ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʤʝʞʜʫ ʥʠʤ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʢʨʠʪʠʢʘʤʠ ʰʣʘ ʥʝʧʨʝʢʨʘʱʘʶʱʘʷʩʷ ʙʦʨʴʙʘ. ʇʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʲʷʚʣʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʍʟʷʥʝʤ ʫʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʦʜ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʦʤ. ɺʦ ʚʩʷʢʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʪʦ ʭʦʯʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ, ʜʚʝʨʴ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʦʡ. ɺ 1996 ʛʦʜʫ ɼʫʛ ʄʫʜʝʨ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʣ ʩʚʦʝ ʚʠӢʜʝʥʠʝ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʠ ʚʦʢʨʫʛ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʍʟʷʥʷ, ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʚ ʥʝʢʫʶ ʠʥʪʨʠʛʫ:

çʅʝʜʘʚʥʦ ʷ ʚʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ ʩ ʉʦʚʤʝʩʪʥʦʡ ʣʝʪʥʝʡ ʥʘʫʯʥʦ-ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʩʢʦʡ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʠ ʧʦ ʜʠʩʢʨʝʪʥʦʡ ʠ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʚʰʝʡʩʷ ʚ ʄʘʫʥʪ ʍʦʣʠʦʢʝ ʧʦʜ ʵʛʠʜʦʡ ɸʤʝʨʠʢʘʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ, ʀʥʩʪʠʪʫʪʘ ʫʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʥʘʫʢ ʠ ʆʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʧʨʦʤʳʰʣʝʥʥʦʡ ʠ ʧʨʠʢʣʘʜʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʊʘʢʠʝ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʠ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʷʪʩʷ ʨʘʟ ʚ ʜʝʩʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʘʢʮʝʥʪ ʜʝʣʘʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʛʨʝʩʩʝ, ʜʦʩʪʠʛʥʫʪʦʤ ʟʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ. ʍʟʷʥʴ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʝʤʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʰʝʩʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʥʘʟʘʜ. ʗ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʠʰʣʦ ʢ ʩʦʛʣʘʩʠʶ ʧʦ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ: ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ "ʥʠʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʧʦʢʫʧʘʝʪ".

ʅʘ ʧʣʝʥʘʨʥʳʭ ʣʝʢʮʠʷʭ ʠ ʚʦ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʥʝʬʦʨʤʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʜʠʩʢʫʩʩʠʡ ʥʝʦʜʥʦʢʨʘʪʥʦ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʣʠʩʴ

ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʳ.

1. ɺ ʩʪʘʪʴʝ ʍʟʷʥʷ (ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʚ "International Journal of Mathematics" ʚ 1993 ʛʦʜʫ) ʥʝ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʠʪʩʷ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ. ɺ ʣʫʯʰʝʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʵʪʦ ʥʘʙʨʦʩʦʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ (ʥʘ 100 ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮ!), ʝʛʦ ʦʙʱʠʡ ʭʦʜ. ʊʘʢʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳ ʙʳʪʴ.

2. ʕʪʘ ʩʪʘʪʴʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʜʘʞʝ ʥʘʙʨʦʩʢʦʤ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʢ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʝʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷʤ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʳ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨʳ.

3. ʉʪʦʣʴ ʞʝ ʥʝʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʍʟʷʥʷ ʦ ʷʢʦʙʳ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʦʤ ʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʦ ʜʦʜʝʢʘʵʜʨʝ (ʠ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʥʝʜʦʢʘʟʫʝʤʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ ʰʘʨʦʚ).

4. ʈʘʙʦʪʘ ʥʘʜ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʦ ʜʦʜʝʢʘʵʜʨʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʪʴʩʷ ʪʘʢ, ʢʘʢ ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʩʪʘʪʴʠ ʍʟʷʥʷ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʣʠ.

ɺ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʣʝʢʮʠʡ ɻʘʙʦʨ ʌʝʡʝʰ-ʊʦʪ ʠʟ ʚʝʥʛʝʨʩʢʦʡ ɸʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʥʘʫʢ ʪʘʢ ʦʪʦʟʚʘʣʩʷ ʦ ʩʪʘʪʴʝ ʍʟʷʥʷ: "ʕʪʫ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʪʴ ʢʘʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʧʦ-ʧʨʝʞʥʝʤʫ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʪʢʨʳʪʦʡ." ɽʤʫ ʚʪʦʨʠʣ ʊʦʤʘʩ ʍʝʡʣʠʩ ʠʟ ʄʠʯʠʛʘʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ: "ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʦʡ. ʗ ʥʝ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʝʝ. ʍʟʷʥʴ ʥʝ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʝʝ. ʅʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʥʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʥʠʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʨʝʰʠʣ ʝʝ." (ʍʝʡʣʠʩ ʧʨʝʜʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʝʛʦ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʪ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ "ʯʝʨʝʟ ʛʦʜ-ʜʨʫʛʦʡ".)

ʉʘʤʦʝ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʥʦʝ ʚ ʵʪʦʡ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ � ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʩʦʝʜʠʥʠʣʩʷ ʢ ʦʙʱʝʤʫ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ, ʘ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʩʘʤ ʍʟʷʥʴ (ʦʥ ʥʝ ʙʳʣ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʦʤ ʢʦʥʬʝʨʝʥʮʠʠ). ʍʟʷʥʴ ʙʳʣ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʣʝʧʥʦ ʦʩʚʝʜʦʤʣʝʥ ʦ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨʘʭ ʠ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʳ ʥʝ ʚʝʨʷʪ ʝʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷʤ, ʥʦ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʘʣ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʘʪʴ ʩ ʣʝʢʮʠʷʤʠ ʧʦ ʚʩʝʤʫ ʤʠʨʫ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʥʝ ʫʩʪʘʚʘʣ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʷʪʴ ʵʪʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ. ʊʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʜʦʚʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʣʠʯʥʦ ʦʙʱʘʪʴʩʷ ʩ ʍʟʷʥʝʤ (ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʍʝʡʣʠʩ ʠ ɹʝʟʜʝʢ), ʩʯʠʪʘʶʪ, ʯʪʦ ʍʟʷʥʴ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʚʘʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʩʪʘʪʴʝ ʠʤʝʶʪʩʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʠ.

ʀʤʝʥʥʦ ʧʦ ʵʪʦʡ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʝ "ʧʳʣʴ" ʦʩʝʜʘʣʘ ʪʘʢ ʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ. ʍʟʷʥʴ ʚʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʂʝʧʣʝʨʘ ʚ 1990 ʛʦʜʫ, ʪ.ʝ. ʰʝʩʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʥʘʟʘʜ. ʇʫʙʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʚʳʩʪʫʧʣʝʥʠʷ ʍʟʷʥʷ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʨʘʩʧʣʳʚʯʘʪʳ ʠ ʥʝʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʳ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʧʨʘʚʜʦʧʦʜʦʙʥʳʤʠ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʝʩʷʮʝʚ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʠʡ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʩʷ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʧʨʝʧʨʠʥʪ, ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʩʨʘʟʫ ʞʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʳ ʧʨʦʙʝʣʳ, ʘ ʚʩʢʦʨʝ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʠ ʠ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨʳ. ʅʦ ʍʟʷʥʴ ʫʧʦʨʥʦ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʢʨʘʱʘʣ ʣʝʢʮʠʦʥʥʫʶ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ, ʠ ʵʪʦ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʩʦʟʜʘʚʘʣʦ ʚʧʝʯʘʪʣʝʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ, ʧʦ-ʚʠʜʠʤʦʤʫ, ʩʧʨʘʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʩ ʪʝʤʠ ʚʦʟʨʘʞʝʥʠʷʤʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʚʦʟʥʠʢʘʶʪ. ʆʙʲʝʤ ʝʛʦ ʩʪʘʪʴʠ ʠ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʢʩʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʧʨʝʪʝʨʧʝʣ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʝʨʝʨʘʙʦʪʦʢ ʜʦ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʠ, ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʫʩʠʣʠʚʘʣʠ ʨʘʟʥʦʛʦʣʦʩʠʮʫ ʠ ʥʝʨʘʟʙʝʨʠʭʫ.

ʉʣʫʯʘʡ ʩ ʍʟʷʥʝʤ ʧʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪ, ʜʦ ʢʘʢʦʡ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʶʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʯʝʩʪʠ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʠʩʭʦʜʠʪ ʠʟ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʯʪʝʥʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʘ ʠʟ ʩʘʤʳʭ ʧʨʝʩʪʠʞʥʳʭ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʦʚ ʥʝ ʩʪʘʥʫʪ ʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʩʢʦʨʦʧʘʣʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ, ʙʝʟʦʩʥʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʟʘʷʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʦʪʢʘʞʫʪʩʷ ʦʪ ʦʰʠʙʦʯʥʳʭ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʡ, ʝʜʚʘ ʚ ʥʠʭ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥ ʧʨʦʙʝʣ. ʊʦʪ, ʢʪʦ ʥʘʨʫʰʠʪ ʩʣʦʞʠʚʰʫʶʩʷ ʩʠʩʪʝʤʫ, ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʥʫʶ ʥʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷʭ ʦ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʯʝʩʪʥʦʩʪʠ, ʧʦʨʦʜʠʪ ʩʤʷʪʝʥʠʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʜʣʠʪʴʩʷ ʜʦʣʛʦ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʥʠ ʫ ʢʦʛʦ ʥʝʪ ʥʠ ʞʝʣʘʥʠʷ, ʥʠ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʚʩʶʜʫ ʟʘ ʥʘʨʫʰʠʪʝʣʝʤ ʠ ʦʧʨʦʚʝʨʛʘʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʚʩʷʢʠʡ ʨʘʟ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʦʥ ʙʫʜʝʪ

ʚʳʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʪʴ ʣʦʞʥʳʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ. (ʇʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʴʪʝ ʩʝʙʝ, ʢʘʢʦʡ ʦʙʲʝʤ ʨʘʙʦʪʳ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʍʝʡʣʠʩʫ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʶ ʨʘʟʦʙʣʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʫʶ ʩʪʘʪʴʶ, ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʫʶ ʚ 1993 ʛʦʜʫ ʥʘ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʘʭ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘ "Mathematical Intelligencer", ʠ ʧʨʠʤʠʪʝ ʚʦ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʥʝ ʜʘʣʘ ʜʣʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʢʘʨʴʝʨʳ ʩʘʤʦʛʦ ʍʝʡʣʠʩʘ, � ʠ ʚʳ ʧʦʡʤʝʪʝ ʵʪʫ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ. ʍʟʷʥʴ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʩʪʘʪʴʶ ʍʝʡʣʠʩʘ, ʥʦ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʚʦʜʳ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʥʝʩʦʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʥʳʤʠ. ʍʝʡʣʠʩ ʩʯʝʣ, ʯʪʦ ʢʨʠʪʠʢʘ ʦʪʚʝʪʘ ʍʟʷʥʷ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʙʳ ʚʭʦʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʥʝʩʢʦʥʯʘʝʤʳʡ ʮʠʢʣ, ʥʘ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʝʥʠʝ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʥʝʪ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ.)

ʍʟʷʥʴ ʤʦʛ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʚʘʪʴ ʩʚʦʠʭ ʦʰʠʙʦʢ, ʥʦ ʢʘʢ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʩ ʨʝʜʢʦʣʣʝʛʠʝʡ "International Journal"? ʗʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʯʣʝʥʳ ʨʝʜʢʦʣʣʝʛʠʠ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʚʦʚʣʝʯʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʚ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʦʰʝʣ ʥʝ ʪʘʢ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʘʛʘʣʦʩʴ. ʉʪʘʪʴʷ ʍʟʷʥʷ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʧʨʦʨʝʮʝʥʟʠʨʦʚʘʥʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʳʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ʝʩʣʠ ʚʦʦʙʱʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʧʨʦʨʝʮʝʥʟʠʨʦʚʘʥʘ. ʈʘʥʝʝ "Journal" ʥʝ ʧʨʦʷʚʣʷʣ ʥʠ ʤʘʣʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʘ ʢ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ ʧʣʦʪʥʝʡʰʝʡ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ ʰʘʨʦʚ. ɹʳʣʦ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʍʟʷʥʴ ʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣ ʩʚʦʡ ʚʳʙʦʨ ʥʘ "International Journal" ʥʝ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʷʱʝʝ ʧʝʨʠʦʜʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʠʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʜʣʷ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʠ ʝʛʦ ʩʪʘʪʴʠ, ʘ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦʪ ʞʫʨʥʘʣ ʠʟʜʘʚʘʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʜʨʫʟʴʷ.

ʂʘʨʦʣʴ ɹʝʟʜʝʢ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʛʦʜʘ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʚ ʢʦʥʪʘʢʪʝ ʩ ʍʟʷʥʝʤ, ʧʳʪʘʣʩʷ ʟʘʧʦʣʥʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʝʣʳ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ, ʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʚ "Journal" ʩʪʘʪʴʶ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʫʶ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʣʝʤʤ ʍʟʷʥʷ. ʇʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʷ ʩʪʘʪʴʠ ɹʝʟʜʝʢʘ ʟʘʪʷʥʫʣʘʩʴ ʥʘʜʦʣʛʦ � ʩ ʜʝʢʘʙʨʷ. ʉʪʦʣʴ ʜʦʣʛʠʡ ʩʨʦʢ ʙʳʚʘʝʪ ʠʥʦʛʜʘ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʩʪʘʪʴʠ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʩʦʚʩʝʤ ʦʙʳʯʝʥ ʜʣʷ ʢʦʥʪʨʧʨʠʤʝʨʘ ʢ ʩʘʤʦʡ ʨʘʟʨʝʢʣʘʤʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʩʪʘʪʴʝ, ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʥʦʡ ʚ "Journal" ʟʘ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʛʦʜʳè.

ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʥʘ ʯʠʧʘʭ

ɺ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʩʭʚʘʪʢʝ ʩ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʦʡ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʤ ʦʨʫʞʠʝʤ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʙʳʣʠ ʢʘʨʘʥʜʘʰ, ʙʫʤʘʛʘ ʠ ʯʠʩʪʘʷ ʣʦʛʠʢʘ. ʀ ʭʦʪʷ ʝʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʪ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʳʝ ʤʝʪʦʜʳ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʦʥʦ ʚʳʜʝʨʞʘʥʦ ʚ ʣʫʯʰʠʭ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʷʭ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʠ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ. ʅʦ ʥʝʜʘʚʥʦ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʠʩʴ ʟʣʦʚʝʱʠʝ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʢʠ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʩʪʘʣʦ ʦʜʥʠʤ ʠʟ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʠʭ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʦʚ ʢʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʠ ʙʫʜʫʱʠʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʩʣʦʞʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʙʫʜʫʪ ʧʦʣʘʛʘʪʴʩʷ ʥʝ ʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘ ʠʟʷʱʥʳʝ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘ ʛʨʫʙʫʶ ʩʠʣʫ.

ʇʝʨʚʳʝ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʢʠ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ ʫʧʘʜʢʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʧʦʷʚʠʣʠʩʴ ʚ ʦʢʪʷʙʨʝ 1852 ʛʦʜʘ ʚ ɸʥʛʣʠʠ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʌʨʵʥʩʠʩ ɻʘʪʨʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʦʛ ʫʜʝʣʷʪʴ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʣʠʰʴ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʣ ʦʜʥʫ, ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ, ʙʝʟʦʙʠʜʥʫʶ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ. ʆʜʥʘʞʜʳ, ʨʘʩʢʨʘʰʠʚʘʷ ʦʪ ʥʝʯʝʛʦ ʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʢʘʨʪʫ ʛʨʘʬʩʪʚ ɹʨʠʪʘʥʠʠ, ɻʘʪʨʠ ʥʘʪʢʥʫʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʝʤʫ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ, ʭʦʪʷ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʝʝ ʦʥ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʩʫʤʝʣ. ɻʘʪʨʠ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʫʟʥʘʪʴ, ʢʘʢʦʚʦ ʤʠʥʠʤʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʚʟʷʪʴ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʩʢʠ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʤʳʩʣʠʤʦʡ ʢʘʨʪʳ ʧʨʠ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʠ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʝ ʜʚʝ ʩʤʝʞʥʳʝ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ (ʠʤʝʶʱʠʝ ʦʙʱʫʶ ʛʨʘʥʠʮʫ) ʥʝ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʦʢʨʘʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʚ ʦʜʠʥ ʠ ʪʦʪ ʞʝ ʮʚʝʪ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʜʣʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʰʠʚʘʥʠʷ ʢʘʨʪʳ, ʠʟʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʥʦʡ ʥʘ ʨʠʩʫʥʢʝ ʩʧʨʘʚʘ, ʪʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʜʣʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʰʠʚʘʥʠʷ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʢʘʨʪ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʢʨʘʩʢʠ. ɻʘʪʨʠ ʭʦʪʝʣ ʫʟʥʘʪʴ, ʦʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʣʠ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʰʠʚʘʥʠʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʢʘʨʪ, ʠʣʠ ʜʣʷ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʢʘʨʪ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʪʴʩʷ ʧʷʪʴ, ʰʝʩʪʴ ʠʣʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ.

ʈʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥʥʳʡ ʥʝʫʜʘʯʝʡ, ʥʦ ʟʘʠʥʪʨʠʛʦʚʘʥʥʳʡ, ɻʘʪʨʠ ʫʧʦʤʷʥʫʣ ʦʙ ʵʪʦʡ ʟʘʜʘʯʝ ʚ ʙʝʩʝʜʝ ʩʦ ʩʚʦʠʤ ʙʨʘʪʦʤ ʌʨʝʜʝʨʠʢʦʤ, ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʦʤ ʋʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʩʢʦʛʦ ʢʦʣʣʝʜʞʘ ʚ ʃʦʥʜʦʥʝ. ʊʦʪ, ʚ ʩʚʦʶ ʦʯʝʨʝʜʴ, ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʦ ʥʝʡ ʩʚʦʝʤʫ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʫ, ʟʥʘʤʝʥʠʪʦʤʫ ɸʚʛʫʩʪʫ ɼʝ ʄʦʨʛʘʥʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʚ ʧʠʩʴʤʝ ʦʪ 23 ʦʢʪʷʙʨʷ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʤʫ ʠʨʣʘʥʜʩʢʦʤʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʫ ʠ ʬʠʟʠʢʫ ʋʠʣʴʷʤʫ ʈʦʵʥʫ ɻʘʤʠʣʴʪʦʥʫ: çʄʦʡ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪ ʧʦʧʨʦʩʠʣ ʤʝʥʷ ʩʝʛʦʜʥʷ ʦʙʲʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʦʜʥʫ ʟʘʜʘʯʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʤʥʝ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʘ ʠ ʧʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʥʘ ʜʦ ʢʦʥʮʘ. ʆʥ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʣʶʙʫʶ ʬʠʛʫʨʫ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʪʴ ʣʶʙʳʤ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʦʤ ʥʘ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʠ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʩʠʪʴ ʠʭ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʤʠ ʢʨʘʩʢʘʤʠ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʬʠʛʫʨʳ, ʠʤʝʶʱʠʝ ʦʙʱʠʡ ʦʪʨʝʟʦʢ ʛʨʘʥʠʯʥʦʡ ʣʠʥʠʠ, ʙʳʣʠ ʦʢʨʘʰʝʥʳ ʚ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʮʚʝʪʘ, ʪʦ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʫʶʪʩʷ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʢʨʘʩʢʠ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ. ʄʥʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʝʥ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʢʨʘʩʢʠ. ɺʦʧʨʦʩ: ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʣʠ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʪʴ ʩʣʫʯʘʡ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʳ ʧʷʪʴ ʠʣʠ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ?.. ɽʩʣʠ ɺʳ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʝʪʝ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʦʢʘʞʝʪ, ʥʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʷ ʛʣʫʧ, ʪʦ, ʜʫʤʘʝʪʩʷ, ʤʥʝ ʥʘʜʦ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʦʩʪʫʧʠʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʉʬʠʥʢʩʫè 1.

ɻʘʤʠʣʴʪʦʥʫ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʠʜʫʤʘʪʴ ʢʘʨʪʫ, ʜʣʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʩʢʠ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʧʦʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʧʷʪʴ ʮʚʝʪʦʚ, ʥʦ ʦʥ ʥʝ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʢʘʨʪʳ ʥʝ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ. ɺʝʩʪʴ ʦ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʝ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ ʙʳʩʪʨʦ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʣʘʩʴ ʧʦ ɽʚʨʦʧʝ, ʥʦ, ʥʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʚʩʝ ʫʩʠʣʠʷ, ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʫʧʦʨʥʦ ʥʝ ʧʦʜʜʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ, ʭʦʪʷ ʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ. ɻʝʨʤʘʥ ʄʠʥʢʦʚʩʢʠʡ ʦʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʥʘ ʣʝʢʮʠʠ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʘ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʪʨʝʪʴʝʨʘʟʨʷʜʥʳʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ. ʅʦ ʠ ʝʛʦ ʩʦʙʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʝ ʫʩʠʣʠʷ ʚ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʥʝʜʝʣʴ ʥʝ ʫʚʝʥʯʘʣʠʩʴ ʫʩʧʝʭʦʤ. çʅʝʙʝʩʘ ʨʘʟʛʥʝʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʤʝʥʷ ʟʘ ʤʦʝ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʤʝʨʠʝ, � ʚʳʥʫʞʜʝʥ ʙʳʣ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ ʄʠʥʢʦʚʩʢʠʡ. � ʄʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʩ ʠʟʲʷʥʦʤè.

ɸʚʪʦʨ ʟʘʜʘʯʠ ʦ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʢʘʭ ʌʨʵʥʩʠʩ ɻʘʪʨʠ ʚʩʢʦʨʝ ʧʦʢʠʥʫʣ ɸʥʛʣʠʶ ʠ ʦʪʧʨʘʚʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʖʞʥʫʶ ɸʬʨʠʢʫ, ʛʜʝ ʟʘʥʷʣʩʷ ʘʜʚʦʢʘʪʩʢʦʡ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴʶ. ʅʦ ʚ ʢʦʥʮʝ ʢʦʥʮʦʚ ʦʥ ʚʝʨʥʫʣʩʷ ʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʩʪʘʚ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʦʨʦʤ ʂʝʡʧʪʘʫʥʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ. ɺʧʨʦʯʝʤ, ɻʘʪʨʠ ʧʨʦʚʦʜʠʣ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ ʥʘ ʙʦʪʘʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪʝ, ʯʝʤ ʩʦ ʩʚʦʠʤʠ ʢʦʣʣʝʛʘʤʠ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʤʠ. ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ ʝʛʦ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʟʘʷʚʢʦʡ ʥʘ ʩʣʘʚʫ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʝ ʚʝʨʝʩʢʘ, ʥʘʟʚʘʥʦʛʦ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʯʝʩʪʴ Erica guthriei.

ʌʨʵʥʩʠʩ ɻʘʪʨʠ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʨʪʫ ʛʨʘʬʩʪʚ ɹʨʠʪʘʥʠʠ ʦʥ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʩʠʪʴ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʚ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʮʚʝʪʘ, ʧʨʠʯʝʤ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʝ ʜʚʘ ʩʦʩʝʜʥʠʭ ʛʨʘʬʩʪʚʘ ʥʝ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʙʳ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʰʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʚ ʦʜʠʥ ʠ ʪʦʪ ʞʝ ʮʚʝʪ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʦʥ ʩʪʘʣ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʷʪʴ ʥʘʜ ʪʝʤ, ʭʚʘʪʠʪ ʣʠ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʮʚʝʪʦʚ ʜʣʷ ʘʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦʡ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʩʢʠ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʢʘʨʪʳ

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʦʡ ʯʝʪʚʝʨʪʴ ʚʝʢʘ. ʅʘʜʝʞʜʘ ʥʘ ʫʩʧʝʭ ʧʦʷʚʠʣʘʩʴ ʚ 1879 ʛʦʜʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʙʨʠʪʘʥʩʢʠʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜ ɹʨʝʡ ʂʝʤʧʝ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʚ çAmerican Journal of Mathematicsè ʩʪʘʪʴʶ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ, ʧʦ ʝʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʶ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʠ ɻʘʪʨʠ. ʂʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʂʝʤʧʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʩʢʠ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʢʘʨʪʳ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʝ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʢʨʘʩʢʠ, ʠ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʚʨʦʜʝ ʙʳ ʧʦʜʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʣʦ ʝʛʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ. ʂʝʤʧʝ ʙʳʣ ʪʦʪʯʘʩ ʞʝ ʠʟʙʨʘʥ ʯʣʝʥʦʤ ʂʦʨʦʣʝʚʩʢʦʛʦ ʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ, ʘ ʧʦʟʜʥʝʝ ʚʦʟʚʝʜʝʥ ʚ ʨʳʮʘʨʩʢʦʝ ʟʚʘʥʠʝ ʟʘ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʚ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ʅʦ ʚ 1890 ʛʦʜʫ ʣʝʢʪʦʨ ɼʫʨʭʵʤʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ ʇʝʨʩʠ ɼʞʦʥ ʍʠʚʫʜ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ, ʧʦʪʨʷʩʰʫʶ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʤʠʨ. ʏʝʨʝʟ ʜʝʩʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʂʝʤʧʝ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ, ʨʝʰʠʣ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ, ʍʠʚʫʜ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʚʠʣ ʦʪ ʝʛʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʢʘʤʥʷ ʥʘ ʢʘʤʥʝ, ʧʦʢʘʟʘʚ, ʛʜʝ ʚ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʠ ʂʝʤʧʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʜʦʧʫʱʝʥʘ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧʠʘʣʴʥʘʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ. ɽʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʡ ʭʦʨʦʰʝʡ ʥʦʚʦʩʪʴʶ ʙʳʣʦ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʍʠʚʫʜʫ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʦʮʝʥʢʫ ʜʣʷ ʤʘʢʩʠʤʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ: ʦʥʦ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʨʘʚʥʦ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʤ ʠʣʠ ʧʷʪʠ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ.

ʍʦʪʷ ʂʝʤʧʝ, ʍʠʚʫʜʫ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʪʘʢ ʠ ʥʝ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ, ʠʭ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʠ ʚʥʝʩʣʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʡ ʚʢʣʘʜ ʚ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʨʘʟʜʝʣ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ � ʪʦʧʦʣʦʛʠʶ. ɺ ʦʪʣʠʯʠʝ ʦʪ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʠ,

ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʝʪʩʷ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʪʦʯʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʳ ʠ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʦʚ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘ, ʪʦʧʦʣʦʛʠʶ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʫʶʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʩʘʤʳʝ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʘ, ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʱʠʝ ʝʛʦ ʩʫʪʴ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨ ʠʟʫʯʘʝʪ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ, ʝʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʫʶʪ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ, ʢʘʢ ʨʘʚʥʘʷ ʜʣʠʥʘ ʩʪʦʨʦʥ ʠ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʚʥʫʪʨʝʥʥʠʝ ʫʛʣʳ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ ʧʨʷʤʳʝ. ʂʦʛʜʘ ʞʝ ʪʦʧʦʣʦʛ ʠʟʫʯʘʝʪ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ, ʝʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩʫʝʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʪʦ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʯʪʦ ʢʦʥʪʫʨ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʦʜʥʫ ʩʧʣʦʰʥʫʶ ʟʘʤʢʥʫʪʫʶ ʣʠʥʠʶ, ʪ.ʝ. ʧʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ � ʧʝʪʣʶ. ʇʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʜʣʷ ʪʦʧʦʣʦʛʘ ʦʢʨʫʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʝʦʪʣʠʯʠʤʘ ʦʪ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ, ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʦʢʨʫʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʙʦʡ ʦʜʥʫ ʧʝʪʣʶ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ɼʞʦʥ ʂʝʣʣʠ ʢʘʢ-ʪʦ ʨʘʟ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ: çʊʦʧʦʣʦʛ � ʵʪʦ ʪʦʪ, ʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʝʪ ʙʫʙʣʠʢ ʦʪ ʢʦʬʝʡʥʦʡ ʯʘʰʢʠè.

ʊʦʧʦʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ ʠ ʦʢʨʫʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʥʘʛʣʷʜʥʦ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʩʝʙʝ ʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʦʤ, ʚʦʦʙʨʘʟʠʚ, ʯʪʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʠʣʠ ʦʢʨʫʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʥʘʯʝʨʯʝʥʳ ʥʘ ʨʝʟʠʥʦʚʦʤ ʣʠʩʪʝ. ɽʩʣʠ ʚʳʙʨʘʪʴ ʟʘ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʫʶ ʬʠʛʫʨʫ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ, ʪʦ, ʨʘʩʪʷʛʠʚʘʷ, ʩʞʠʤʘʷ, ʠʟʛʠʙʘʷ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʢʨʫʯʠʚʘʷ ʨʝʟʠʥʦʚʳʡ ʣʠʩʪ (ʥʦ ʥʝ ʨʘʟʨʳʚʘʷ ʝʛʦ ʠ ʥʝ ʩʢʣʝʠʚʘʷ ʥʠʢʘʢʠʝ ʪʦʯʢʠ), ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʚ ʦʢʨʫʞʥʦʩʪʴ. ʉ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ, ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʚ ʢʨʝʩʪ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳ ʤʳ ʥʠ ʜʝʬʦʨʤʠʨʦʚʘʣʠ ʨʝʟʠʥʦʚʳʡ ʣʠʩʪ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʠ ʢʨʝʩʪ ʪʦʧʦʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠ ʥʝ ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪʥʳ. ʀʟ-ʟʘ ʪʘʢʦʛʦ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʘ ʢ ʥʘʛʣʷʜʥʦʤʫ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʶ ʪʦʧʦʣʦʛʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚ ʬʠʛʫʨ ʪʦʧʦʣʦʛʠʶ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʶʪ çʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʝʡ ʥʘ ʨʝʟʠʥʦʚʦʤ ʣʠʩʪʝè.

ʆʪʢʘʟʘʚʰʠʩʴ ʦʪ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʡ, ʢʘʢ ʜʣʠʥʘ ʠ ʫʛʦʣ, ʪʦʧʦʣʦʛʠ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʪʴ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʳ ʧʦ ʪʘʢʠʤ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘʤ, ʢʘʢ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʪʦʯʝʢ ʧʝʨʝʩʝʯʝʥʠʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʝʪ ʦʙʲʝʢʪ. ʇʦ ʪʦʯʢʘʤ ʧʝʨʝʩʝʯʝʥʠʷ ʚʦʩʴʤʝʨʢʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʪ ʦʢʨʫʞʥʦʩʪʠ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʫ ʚʦʩʴʤʝʨʢʠ ʠʤʝʝʪʩʷ ʪʦʯʢʘ, ʛʜʝ ʧʝʨʝʩʝʢʘʶʪʩʷ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʣʠʥʠʠ, ʪʦʛʜʘ ʢʘʢ ʫ ʦʢʨʫʞʥʦʩʪʠ ʪʦʯʝʢ ʧʝʨʝʩʝʯʝʥʠʷ ʥʝʪ ʚʦʦʙʱʝ. ʉʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʙʳ ʤʳ ʥʠ ʨʘʩʪʷʛʠʚʘʣʠ ʠ ʥʠ ʠʟʛʠʙʘʣʠ ʚʦʩʴʤʝʨʢʫ, ʝʝ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʝʚʨʘʪʠʪʴ ʚ ʦʢʨʫʞʥʦʩʪʴ. ʊʦʧʦʣʦʛʠ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʶʪʩʷ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʠʟʫʯʝʥʠʝʤ ʪʨʝʭʤʝʨʥʳʭ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʦʚ (ʠ ʜʘʞʝ ʦʙʲʝʢʪʦʚ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʡ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʥʦʩʪʠ), ʫ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʠʭ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʢʘʶʪ ʪʘʢʠʝ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘ, ʢʘʢ ʜʳʨʳ, ʧʝʪʣʠ ʠ ʫʟʣʳ.

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʘʜʝʷʣʠʩʴ, ʯʪʦ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʷ ʢʘʨʪʳ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʫʧʨʦʱʘʶʱʠʝ ʣʠʥʟʳ ʪʦʧʦʣʦʛʠʠ, ʦʥʠ ʩʫʤʝʶʪ ʧʦʩʪʠʯʴ ʩʘʤʫʶ ʩʫʪʴ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ. ʇʝʨʚʳʡ ʫʩʧʝʭ ʧʨʠʰʝʣ ʚ 1925 ʛʦʜʫ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʌʠʣʠʧ ʌʨʘʥʢʣʠʥ, ʦʩʪʘʚʠʚ ʚ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʝ ʦʙʱʫʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ, ʩʫʤʝʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʰʠʚʘʥʠʷ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʢʘʨʪʳ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʝʡ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ 25 ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ, ʪʨʝʙʫʶʪʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʢʨʘʩʢʠ. ɼʨʫʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʣʠʩʴ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʌʨʘʥʢʣʠʥʘ, ʠ ʚ 1926 ʛʦʜʫ ʈʝʡʥʦʣʴʜʩ ʦʙʦʙʱʠʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʌʨʘʥʢʣʠʥʘ, ʩʫʤʝʚ ʜʦʚʝʩʪʠ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ ʜʦ 27. ɺ 1940 ʛʦʜʫ ɺʠʥʥ ʨʘʩʧʨʦʩʪʨʘʥʠʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʥʘ ʢʘʨʪʳ ʩ 35 ʦʙʣʘʩʪʷʤʠ, ʘ ʚ 1970 ʛʦʜʫ ʆʨʝ ʠ ʉʪʝʤʧʣ ʫʚʝʣʠʯʠʣʠ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ ʜʦ 39. ʂʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ, ʠʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʷʝʪ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʶ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ: ʧʨʦʜʚʠʞʝʥʠʝ ʢ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʠʤ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʷʤ ʧʨʦʠʩʭʦʜʠʣʦ ʤʝʜʣʝʥʥʦ. ɺ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʡ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ɻʘʪʨʠ ʧʦʯʪʠ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʡ, ʥʦ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʥʝ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʣʷ ʦʙʱʝʛʦ ʩʣʫʯʘʷ, ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʦʩʪʘʚʘʣʘʩʴ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʚʩʝ ʞʝ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʥʘʯʝʨʪʠʪʴ ʢʘʨʪʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʦʧʨʦʚʝʨʛʥʝʪ ʵʪʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʫ. ʀ, ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʚ 1975 ʛʦʜʫ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʡ ʧʦʧʫʣʷʨʠʟʘʪʦʨ ʥʘʫʢʠ ʠ ʤʥʦʛʦʣʝʪʥʠʡ ʚʝʜʫʱʠʡ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʘ çʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠʛʨʳè ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘ çScientific Americanè ʄʘʨʪʠʥ ɻʘʨʜʥʝʨ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʣ ʢʘʨʪʫ, ʜʣʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʰʠʚʘʥʠʷ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʷʢʦʙʳ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʷʪʴ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ ʥʦʤʝʨ ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘ çScientific Americanè ʚʳʰʝʣ 1 ʘʧʨʝʣʷ, ʘ ɻʘʨʜʥʝʨ ʙʳʣ ʚʝʣʠʢʦʣʝʧʥʦ ʦʩʚʝʜʦʤʣʝʥ ʦ ʪʦʤ,

ʯʪʦ ʭʦʪʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʩʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʢʘʨʪʫ ʯʝʪʳʨʴʤʷ ʢʨʘʩʢʘʤʠ ʜʦʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʪʨʫʜʥʦ, ʥʦ ʦʪʥʶʜʴ ʥʝ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʚʳ ʟʘʭʦʪʠʪʝ ʧʦʧʨʦʙʦʚʘʪʴ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʵʪʦ ʩʘʤʠ. ʂʘʨʪʘ, ʦ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʠʜʝʪ ʨʝʯʴ, ʠʟʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʘ ʥʘ ʨʠʩ. 28.

ʈʠʩ. 28.ʆʜʥʦ ʠʟ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭ

ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ. ʉʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʝʤ ʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʣʦʩʴ ʷʩʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʦʥʥʳʝ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʳ ʥʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʪ ʧʨʝʦʜʦʣʝʪʴ ʧʨʦʧʘʩʪʴ, ʦʪʜʝʣʷʶʱʫʶ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʝ ʆʨʝ ʠ ʉʪʝʤʧʣʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʣʷ ʢʘʨʪ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʠʭ ʥʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ 39 ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ, ʦʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʳʭ ʢʘʨʪ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʱʠʭ ʠʟ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ. ʀ ʚʦʪ ʚ 1976 ʛʦʜʫ ʜʚʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʠʟ ʀʣʣʠʥʦʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʘ, ɺʦʣʴʬʛʘʥʛ ʍʘʢʝʥ ʠ ʂʝʥʥʝʪ ɸʧʧʝʣʴ, ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʣʠ ʥʦʚʳʡ ʤʝʪʦʜ, ʧʝʨʝʚʝʨʥʫʚʰʠʡ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʦʥʥʳʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ.

ʍʘʢʝʥ ʠ ɸʧʧʝʣʴ ʠʟʫʯʠʣʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ɻʝʥʨʠʭʘ ʍʝʝʰʘ, ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʚʰʝʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʠʟ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʢʘʨʪ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʠʭ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʝʡ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʦ ʨʘʟʥʦʦʙʨʘʟʥʝʡʰʠʭ ʢʘʨʪ. ʀʟʫʯʝʥʠʝ ʢʘʨʪ, ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʭ ʠʟ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʩʪʨʦʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʙʣʦʢʦʚ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʠʩʢʘʪʴ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʳ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʦʙʱʝʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ. ʆʩʥʦʚʥʳʝ ʢʘʨʪʳ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʪʴ ʢʘʢ ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪʳ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʘ, ʧʨʦʪʦʥʘ ʠ ʥʝʡʪʨʦʥʘ � ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʳʭ çʢʠʨʧʠʯʠʢʦʚè, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʝʥʦ ʚʩʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʦʝ. ʍʘʢʝʥʫ ʠ ɸʧʧʝʣʶ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʚʝʩʪʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ çʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴè ʢ 1482 ʢʦʥʬʠʛʫʨʘʮʠʷʤ, ʩʣʫʞʘʱʠʤ ʪʝʤʠ ʩʪʨʦʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʙʣʦʢʘʤʠ, ʠʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʣʶʙʫʶ ʢʘʨʪʫ. ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʍʘʢʝʥ ʠ ɸʧʧʝʣʴ ʩʤʦʛʣʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʩʪʨʦʠʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ

ʙʣʦʢʦʚ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʰʝʥ ʯʝʪʳʨʴʤʷ ʢʨʘʩʢʘʤʠ, ʪʦ ʠʟ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣʦ ʙʳ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʢʘʨʪʳ ʪʘʢʞʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʰʝʥʳ ʚ ʯʝʪʳʨʝ ʢʨʘʩʢʠ.

ʈʘʟʫʤʝʝʪʩʷ, ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʘ ʚʩʝʭ 1482 ʢʘʨʪ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʙʦʨ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʡ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʩʢʠ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ � ʟʘʜʘʯʘ ʥʝʦʙʳʯʘʡʥʦ ʛʨʦʤʦʟʜʢʘʷ ʠ ʪʨʫʜʦʝʤʢʘʷ, ʟʘʚʝʜʦʤʦ ʚʳʭʦʜʷʱʘʷ ʟʘ ʨʘʤʢʠ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ɼʘʞʝ ʧʨʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ ʧʝʨʝʙʦʨ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʭ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʤʦʛ ʙʳ ʟʘʪʷʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʥʘ ʩʪʦʣʝʪʠʝ. ʅʦ ʍʘʢʝʥ ʠ ɸʧʧʝʣʴ ʥʝ ʧʘʣʠ ʜʫʭʦʤ ʠ ʧʨʠʥʷʣʠʩʴ ʨʘʟʳʩʢʠʚʘʪʴ ʫʜʘʯʥʳʝ ʭʦʜʳ ʠ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʠ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʠʣʦ ʙʳ ʫʩʢʦʨʠʪʴ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʫ ʢʘʨʪ ʠ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʦʚ ʠʭ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʰʠʚʘʥʠʷ. ɺ 1975 ʛʦʜʫ, ʯʝʨʝʟ ʧʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ ʢʘʢ ʦʥʠ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʠʣʠ ʢ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʥʘʜ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʦʡ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ, ʍʘʢʝʥ ʠ ɸʧʧʝʣʴ ʩʪʘʣʠ ʩʚʠʜʝʪʝʣʷʤʠ, ʯʪʦ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚʳʧʦʣʥʷʝʪ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ, ʥʦ ʠ ʜʝʣʘʝʪ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʝ, ʘ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʧʨʠʚʥʦʩʠʪ ʚ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʠʜʝʠ. ʍʘʢʝʥ ʠ ɸʧʧʝʣʴ ʚʩʧʦʤʠʥʘʶʪ ʧʦʚʦʨʦʪʥʳʡ ʧʫʥʢʪ ʚ ʠʭ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʠ: çʂʦʛʜʘ ʤʳ ʜʦʰʣʠ ʜʦ ʵʪʦʛʦ ʧʫʥʢʪʘ, ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʘ ʥʘʯʘʣʘ ʫʜʠʚʣʷʪʴ ʥʘʩ. ʇʝʨʚʦʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʤʳ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʷʣʠ ʦʪ ʨʫʢʠ ʚʩʝ ʝʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʧʨʝʜʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʢʘʢ ʦʥʘ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʪʴ ʚ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʠ; ʥʦ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʦʥʘ ʥʝʦʞʠʜʘʥʥʦ ʧʦʚʝʣʘ ʩʝʙʷ, ʢʘʢ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʘʷ ʤʘʰʠʥʘ. ʇʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʚʳʜʘʚʘʪʴ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʥʳʝ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʠ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʚʩʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʝ ʪʨʶʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤ ʦʥʘ "ʥʘʫʯʠʣʘʩʴ", ʠ ʯʘʩʪʦ ʧʨʝʜʣʘʛʘʝʤʳʝ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʦʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜʳ ʦʢʘʟʳʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʫʤʥʳʤʠ, ʯʝʤ ʪʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʤʳ ʩʘʤʠ. ʊʘʢ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʘ ʩʪʘʣʘ ʫʯʠʪʴ ʥʘʩ, ʢʘʢ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ, ʯʝʛʦ ʤʳ ʦʪ ʥʝʝ ʥʠʢʘʢ ʥʝ ʦʞʠʜʘʣʠ. ɺ ʢʘʢʦʤ-ʪʦ ʩʤʳʩʣʝ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʘ ʧʨʝʚʟʦʰʣʘ ʥʘʩ, ʝʝ ʩʦʟʜʘʪʝʣʝʡ, ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʤʝʭʘʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ, ʥʦ ʠ ʚ "ʠʥʪʝʣʣʝʢʪʫʘʣʴʥʦʡ" ʯʘʩʪʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʳè.

ɺ ʠʶʥʝ 1976 ʛʦʜʘ, ʟʘʪʨʘʪʠʚ 1200 ʯʘʩʦʚ ʤʘʰʠʥʥʦʛʦ ʚʨʝʤʝʥʠ, ʍʘʢʝʥ ʠ ɸʧʧʝʣʴ ʟʘʷʚʠʣʠ ʚʦ ʚʩʝʫʩʣʳʰʘʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʦʘʥʘʣʠʟʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ 1482 ʢʘʨʪʳ ʠ ʜʣʷ ʨʘʩʢʨʘʰʠʚʘʥʠʷ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʥʝ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ. ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ ɻʘʪʨʠ ʙʳʣʘ ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ ʨʝʰʝʥʘ. ʉʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʧʦʜʯʝʨʢʥʫʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ ʩʪʘʣʦ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʤ ʨʦʣʴ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ ʥʝ ʩʚʦʜʠʣʘʩʴ ʢ ʫʩʢʦʨʝʥʠʶ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʡ, � ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨ ʧʨʠʚʥʝʩ ʚ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʥʝʯʪʦ ʛʦʨʘʟʜʦ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʝ: ʝʛʦ ʨʦʣʴ ʙʳʣʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʟʥʘʯʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʡ, ʯʪʦ ʙʝʟ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ. ʈʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ ʙʳʣʦ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʤʩʷ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʝʤ, ʥʦ ʚ ʪʦ ʞʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʦʥʦ ʚʳʟʚʘʣʦ ʫ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦ ʪʨʝʚʦʛʠ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʢʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʚ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʦʥʥʦʤ ʩʤʳʩʣʝ ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʣʘʩʴ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʡ.

ʇʨʝʞʜʝ, ʯʝʤ ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʪʴ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʍʘʢʝʥʘ ʠ ɸʧʧʝʣʷ ʥʘ ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮʘʭ çIllinois Journal of Mathematicsè, ʨʝʜʘʢʪʦʨʘʤ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʧʦʜʚʝʨʛʥʫʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʤʫ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʶ ʚ ʢʘʢʦʤ-ʪʦ ʥʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʤ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʩʤʳʩʣʝ. ʊʨʘʜʠʮʠʦʥʥʦʝ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʙʳʣʦ ʨʝʰʝʥʦ ʚʚʝʩʪʠ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʫ ʍʘʢʝʥʘ ʠ ɸʧʧʝʣʷ ʚ ʥʝʟʘʚʠʩʠʤʳʡ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨ ʩ ʪʝʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʪʝʤ ʞʝ.

ʊʘʢʦʝ ʥʝʩʪʘʥʜʘʨʪʥʦʝ ʨʝʮʝʥʟʠʨʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʦ ʚ ʷʨʦʩʪʴ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʚʰʠʭ, ʙʫʜʪʦ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʥʘʷ ʧʦʚʝʨʢʘ ʥʝʘʜʝʢʚʘʪʥʘ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʥʝ ʜʘʝʪ ʛʘʨʘʥʪʠʠ ʦʪ ʚʥʝʟʘʧʥʦʛʦ ʦʪʢʘʟʘ ʚ ʥʝʜʨʘʭ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʪʘʪʴ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʦʡ ʩʙʦʷ ʚ ʣʦʛʠʢʝ. X. ʇ. ʌ. ʉʫʠʥʥʝʨʪʦʥ-ɼʘʡʝʨ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʝ ʟʘʤʝʯʘʥʠʝ ʧʦ ʧʦʚʦʜʫ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʥʳʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ: çʂʦʛʜʘ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʩ ʧʦʤʦʱʴʶ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ, ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʠʟʣʦʞʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʠ ʩ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʦʥʥʳʤ ʢʨʠʪʝʨʠʝʤ � ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʦ ʪʝʨʧʝʣʠʚʳʡ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʴ ʩʤʦʛ ʰʘʛ ʟʘ ʰʘʛʦʤ ʧʦʚʪʦʨʠʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʠ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʦ ʚʝʨʥʦ. ɼʘʞʝ

ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʢʪʦ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʚʟʷʣ ʥʘ ʩʝʙʷ ʪʨʫʜ ʨʘʩʧʝʯʘʪʘʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʠ ʚʩʝ ʜʘʥʥʳʝ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʥʳʝ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ, ʥʝʣʴʟʷ ʙʳʪʴ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʥʳʤ ʚ ʘʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʡ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʫ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ ʧʦ ʢʘʢʠʤ-ʪʦ ʥʝʷʩʥʳʤ ʧʨʠʯʠʥʘʤ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʣʘʙʳʝ ʤʝʩʪʘ ʢʘʢ ʚ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʥʦʤ ʦʙʝʩʧʝʯʝʥʠʠ, ʪʘʢ ʠ ʚ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʤ ʦʙʦʨʫʜʦʚʘʥʠʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪʴ ʢ ʩʙʦʷʤ ʪʘʢ ʨʝʜʢʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʩʪʘʶʪʩʷ ʥʝʦʙʥʘʨʫʞʝʥʥʳʤʠ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʠʭ ʣʝʪ, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʚ ʨʘʙʦʪʝ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʘ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʥʝʟʘʤʝʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʦʰʠʙʢʠè.

ɼʦ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʩʪʝʧʝʥʠ ʧʦʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʘ, ʧʨʝʜʧʦʯʠʪʘʚʰʝʛʦ ʠʟʙʝʛʘʪʴ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʦʚ ʚʤʝʩʪʦ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʠʭ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʨʘʩʩʤʘʪʨʠʚʘʪʴ ʢʘʢ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʧʘʨʘʥʦʡʶ. ɼʞʦʟʝʬ ʂʝʣʣʝʨ ʢʘʢ-ʪʦ ʟʘʤʝʪʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʚ ʝʛʦ ʫʥʠʚʝʨʩʠʪʝʪʝ (ʉʪʵʥʬʦʨʜʝ) ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪ ʠʤʝʣ ʤʝʥʴʰʝ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʦʚ, ʯʝʤ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʬʘʢʫʣʴʪʝʪ ʬʨʘʥʮʫʟʩʢʦʡ ʣʠʪʝʨʘʪʫʨʳ. ʊʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʪʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʪʴ ʨʘʙʦʪʫ ʍʘʢʝʥʘ ʠ ɸʧʧʝʣʷ, ʥʝ ʤʦʛʣʠ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʩʦʛʣʘʰʘʣʠʩʴ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʪʴ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʦʥʥʳʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʜʘʞʝ ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥʠ ʩʘʤʠ ʥʝ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʷʣʠ ʠʭ. ɺ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ, ʤʝʥʝʝ 10% ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ ʧʦ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ, ʥʦ ʚʩʝ 100% ʩʦʯʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʝ. ʊʝ, ʢʪʦ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʛ ʜʦ ʢʦʥʮʘ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʚʩʝ ʪʦʥʢʦʩʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʧʨʠʥʷʣʠ ʝʛʦ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʣʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ�ʪʝ, ʢʪʦ ʚʩʝ ʧʦʥʷʣ, ʰʘʛ ʟʘ ʰʘʛʦʤ ʧʨʦʩʣʝʜʠʣ ʚʝʩʴ ʭʦʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʠ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʣ ʢʘʞʜʫʶ ʜʝʪʘʣʴ.

ɽʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʷʨʢʠʤ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʦʤ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʣʫʞʠʪʴ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʢʣʘʩʩʠʬʠʢʘʮʠʠ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʛʨʫʧʧ, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʱʝʝ ʠʟ 500 ʦʪʜʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʨʘʙʦʪ, ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʥʳʭ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʯʝʤ ʩʦʪʥʝʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ɻʦʚʦʨʷʪ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʨʘʟʦʙʨʘʣʩʷ ʚ ʵʪʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ (ʦʙʱʠʤ ʦʙʲʝʤʦʤ ʚ 15000 ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮ) ʦʜʠʥ-ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ ʥʘ ʩʚʝʪʝ � ʩʢʦʥʯʘʚʰʠʡʩʷ ʚ 1992 ʛʦʜʫ ɼʵʥʠʵʣ ɻʦʨʝʥʩʪʝʡʥ. ʊʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ, ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʮʝʣʦʤ ʤʦʛʣʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʩʧʦʢʦʡʥʳʤ: ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʬʨʘʛʤʝʥʪ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʙʳʣ ʠʟʫʯʝʥ ʛʨʫʧʧʦʡ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ, ʠ ʢʘʞʜʘʷ ʩʪʨʦʢʘ ʠʟ 15000 ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮ ʙʳʣʘ ʜʝʩʷʪʢʠ ʨʘʟ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʝʥʘ ʠ ʧʝʨʝʧʨʦʚʝʨʝʥʘ. ʏʪʦ ʞʝ ʢʘʩʘʝʪʩʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ, ʪʦ ʩ ʥʝʡ ʜʝʣʦ ʦʙʩʪʦʷʣʦ ʠʥʘʯʝ: ʦʥʘ ʥʠʢʝʤ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʘ ʠ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʝʥʘ.

ɿʘ ʜʚʘʜʮʘʪʴ ʣʝʪ, ʧʨʦʰʝʜʰʠʭ ʩ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʢʘʢ ʍʘʢʝʥ ʠ ɸʧʧʝʣʴ ʩʦʦʙʱʠʣʠ ʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʦ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʢʘʭ, ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʳ ʥʝʦʜʥʦʢʨʘʪʥʦ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ, ʤʝʥʝʝ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳʭ, ʥʦ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʞʝ ʚʘʞʥʳʭ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ. ɺ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ � ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ, ʥʝ ʚʝʜʘʚʰʝʡ ʨʘʥʝʝ ʚʤʝʰʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʩʪʦʣʴ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʪʝʭʥʦʣʦʛʠʠ, ʢʘʢ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʳ, � ʚʩʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʠ ʙʦʣʴʰʝ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʦʚ ʥʝʦʭʦʪʥʦ ʦʩʚʘʠʚʘʣʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ ʢʨʝʤʥʠʝʚʦʡ ʣʦʛʠʢʠ ʠ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʷʣʠ ʤʥʝʥʠʝ ɺʦʣʴʬʛʘʥʛʘ ʍʘʢʝʥʘ: çɺʩʷʢʠʡ, ʚ ʣʶʙʦʤ ʤʝʩʪʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ, ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʣʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʚʥʠʢʥʫʪʴ ʚ ʜʝʪʘʣʠ ʠ ʧʨʦʚʝʨʠʪʴ ʠʭ. ʊʦ, ʯʪʦ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʟʘ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʯʘʩʦʚ çʧʨʦʩʤʦʪʨʝʪʴè ʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʝʪʘʣʝʡ, ʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʯʝʣʦʚʝʢ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʨʦʩʤʦʪʨʝʪʴ ʟʘ ʚʩʶ ʩʚʦʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ, ʥʝ ʤʝʥʷʝʪ ʚ ʧʨʠʥʮʠʧʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ. ʄʝʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʥʝ ʪʝʦʨʠʷ, ʘ ʧʨʘʢʪʠʢʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘè.

ʃʠʰʴ ʩʦʚʩʝʤ ʥʝʜʘʚʥʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʘʜʝʣʠʣʠ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʳ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʡ ʚʣʘʩʪʴʶ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʪʘʢ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʤʳʝ ʛʝʥʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʘʣʛʦʨʠʪʤʳ. ʕʪʦ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ, ʦʙʱʘʷ ʩʪʨʫʢʪʫʨʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʘ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʤ, ʥʦ ʪʦʥʢʠʝ ʜʝʪʘʣʠ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʩʘʤʠʤ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʦʤ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʘʧʨʘʚʣʝʥʠʷ, ʠʣʠ çʣʠʥʠʠè, ʚ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʝ ʦʙʣʘʜʘʶʪ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʩʪʴʶ ʤʫʪʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʠ ʵʚʦʣʶʮʠʦʥʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʥʘʧʦʜʦʙʠʝ ʠʥʜʠʚʠʜʫʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʛʝʥʦʚ ʚ ʦʨʛʘʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ɼʅʂ. ʆʪʧʨʘʚʣʷʷʩʴ ʦʪ

ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʥʩʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ, ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʪʴ ʩʦʪʥʠ ʜʦʯʝʨʥʠʭ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤ, ʩʣʝʛʢʘ ʦʪʣʠʯʘʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʠʟ-ʟʘ ʚʚʝʜʝʥʥʳʭ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʡʥʳʭ ʤʫʪʘʮʠʡ. ɼʦʯʝʨʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʶʪʩʷ ʚ ʧʦʧʳʪʢʘʭ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ɹʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʦ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤ ʙʝʩʩʣʘʚʥʦ ʥʝ ʩʨʘʙʘʪʳʚʘʶʪ, ʘ ʪʘ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʫʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʜʘʣʴʰʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʧʨʦʜʚʠʥʫʪʴʩʷ ʢ ʞʝʣʘʥʥʦʤʫ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʫ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʢʘʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʥʩʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ, ʧʦʨʦʞʜʘʶʱʝʡ ʥʦʚʳʝ ʧʦʢʦʣʝʥʠʝ ʜʦʯʝʨʥʠʭ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤ. ɺʳʞʠʚʘʥʠʝ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʠʩʧʦʩʦʙʣʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʠʥʪʝʨʧʨʝʪʠʨʫʝʪʩʷ ʢʘʢ ʚʳʜʝʣʝʥʠʝ ʪʦʡ ʠʟ ʜʦʯʝʨʥʠʭ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʦʩʦʙʝʥʥʦ ʙʣʠʟʢʦ ʧʦʜʦʡʪʠ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʥʘʜʝʶʪʩʷ, ʯʪʦ, ʧʦʚʪʦʨʷʷ ʵʪʦʪ ʧʨʦʮʝʩʩ, ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʘ ʙʝʟ ʚʤʝʰʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʠʟʚʥʝ ʧʨʠʙʣʠʟʠʪʩʷ ʢ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʶ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ɺ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷʭ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʧʦʜʭʦʜ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʩʷ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʫʩʧʝʰʥʳʤ.

ʉʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪ ʚ ʦʙʣʘʩʪʠ çcomputer scienceè ʕʜʚʘʨʜ ʌʨʝʥʢʠʥ ʜʘʞʝ ʟʘʷʚʠʣ, ʯʪʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨ ʥʘʡʜʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʚʘʞʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʙʝʟ ʧʦʤʦʱʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ. ɼʝʩʷʪʴ ʣʝʪ ʥʘʟʘʜ ʌʨʝʥʢʠʥ ʫʯʨʝʜʠʣ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ ʃʝʡʙʥʠʮʘ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʦʤ ʚ 100000 ʜʦʣʣʘʨʦʚ. ʇʨʝʤʠʷ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʨʠʩʫʞʜʝʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʝ, ʩʧʦʩʦʙʥʦʡ ʩʬʦʨʤʫʣʠʨʦʚʘʪʴ ʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʦʢʘʞʝʪ çʛʣʫʙʦʢʦʝ ʚʣʠʷʥʠʝ ʥʘ ʨʘʟʚʠʪʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠè. ɹʫʜʝʪ ʣʠ ʢʦʛʜʘ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʧʨʠʩʫʞʜʝʥʘ ʧʨʝʤʠʷ ʃʝʡʙʥʠʮʘ � ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʩʧʦʨʥʳʡ, ʥʦ ʦʜʥʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʡ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʥʦʩʪʴʶ: ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʝ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʘʪʴ ʧʨʦʟʨʘʯʥʦʩʪʠ ʪʨʘʜʠʮʠʦʥʥʳʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ, ʠ ʚ ʩʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʠ ʩ ʥʠʤʠ ʦʥʘ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʧʨʦʠʛʨʳʚʘʪʴ, ʫʩʪʫʧʘʷ ʠʤ ʚ ʛʣʫʙʠʥʝ. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʘʚʘʪʴ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʧʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʳʡ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ, ʥʦ ʠ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʶ, ʧʦʯʝʤʫ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʪʘʢʦʚ, ʢʘʢʦʚ ʦʥ ʝʩʪʴ, ʠ ʚ ʯʝʤ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʝʛʦ ʩʫʪʴ. ɿʘʜʘʚʘʷ ʚʦʧʨʦʩ ʥʘ ʚʭʦʜʝ ʚ ʯʝʨʥʳʡ ʷʱʠʢ ʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʷ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʥʘ ʚʳʭʦʜʝ ʠʟ ʥʝʛʦ, ʤʳ ʫʚʝʣʠʯʠʚʘʝʤ ʟʥʘʥʠʝ, ʥʦ ʥʝ ʧʦʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ. ʀʟ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʳ ʫʟʥʘʣʠ, ʯʪʦ ʫʨʘʚʥʝʥʠʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʜʦʧʫʩʢʘʝʪ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʡ ʚ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʧʦʪʦʤʫ, ʯʪʦ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʦ ʙʳ ʢ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʶ ʩ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ. ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʪʚʝʪʠʣ ʥʘ ʚʳʟʦʚ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʦ ʠ ʦʙʦʩʥʦʚʘʣ ʩʚʦʡ ʦʪʚʝʪ, ʫʢʘʟʘʚ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʙʳʪʴ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ ʪʘʢʠʤ, ʘ ʥʝ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʝ ʥʘʨʫʰʠʪʴ ʬʫʥʜʘʤʝʥʪʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʠʝ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʵʣʣʠʧʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʢʨʠʚʳʤʠ ʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʤʠ ʬʦʨʤʘʤʠ.

ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʈʦʥʘʣʴʜ ɻʨʵʭʝʤ ʦʧʠʩʳʚʘʝʪ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʯʥʫʶ ʛʣʫʙʠʥʫ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʥʳʭ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚ ʥʘ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʝ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʟ ʚʝʣʠʢʠʭ ʥʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʳʭ ʧʦ ʩʝʡ ʜʝʥʴ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟ � ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʈʠʤʘʥʘ: çʗ ʙʳʣ ʙʳ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʠ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʨʘʟʦʯʘʨʦʚʘʥ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʦʜʢʣʶʯʠʪʴʩʷ ʢ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʫ, ʩʧʨʦʩʠʪʴ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ, ʚʝʨʥʘ ʣʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʈʠʤʘʥʘ, ʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʚ ʦʪʚʝʪ: "ɼʘ, ʚʝʨʥʘ, ʥʦ ɺʳ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʞʝʪʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ"è. ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ ʌʠʣʠʧ ɼʵʚʠʩ, ʧʦʭʦʞʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ ʦʪʨʝʘʛʠʨʦʚʘʣ ʥʘ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ: çʄʦʝʡ ʧʝʨʚʦʡ ʨʝʘʢʮʠʝʡ ʙʳʣʦ: "ʇʦʪʨʷʩʘʶʱʝ! ʂʘʢ ʠʤ ʫʜʘʣʦʩʴ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʵʪʫ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ?". ʗ ʦʞʠʜʘʣ ʢʘʢʦʡ-ʪʦ ʙʣʝʩʪʷʱʝʡ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʠʜʝʠ, ʢʨʘʩʦʪʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʧʝʨʝʚʝʨʥʫʣʘ ʙʳ ʚʩʶ ʤʦʶ ʞʠʟʥʴ. ʅʦ ʢʦʛʜʘ ʷ ʫʩʣʳʰʘʣ ʚ ʦʪʚʝʪ: "ʆʥʠ ʨʝʰʠʣʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʫ, ʧʝʨʝʙʨʘʚ ʪʳʩʷʯʠ ʩʣʫʯʘʝʚ ʠ ʧʨʦʧʫʩʪʠʚ ʚʩʝ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʳ ʦʜʠʥ ʟʘ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨ", � ʤʝʥʷ ʦʭʚʘʪʠʣʦ ʛʣʫʙʦʯʘʡʰʝʝ ʫʥʳʥʠʝ. ʗ ʧʦʜʫʤʘʣ: "ɿʥʘʯʠʪ, ʚʩʝ ʩʚʦʜʠʣʦʩʴ ʢ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʤʫ ʧʝʨʝʙʦʨʫ, ʠ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ ʚʦʚʩʝ ʥʝ ʟʘʩʣʫʞʠʚʘʣʘ ʥʘʟʚʘʥʠʷ ʭʦʨʦʰʝʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ"è.

ɿʘʩʣʫʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʥʘʛʨʘʜʘ

ʇʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʦʧʠʨʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ, ʨʦʜʠʚʰʝʡʩʷ ʚ 50-ʝ ʛʦʜʳ XX ʚʝʢʘ. ɽʛʦ ʨʘʩʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʶʪ ʨʷʜ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ

ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ, ʩʦʟʜʘʥʥʳʭ ʟʘ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʝ ʜʝʩʷʪʠʣʝʪʠʝ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʠʤ ʩʘʤʠʤ. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ � ʰʝʜʝʚʨ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʠʟʙʝʞʥʦ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʝʥʠʶ: ʦʥʦ ʥʝ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʘʝʪ ʩ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ʌʝʨʤʘ. ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ ʩʚʦʝʛʦ ʵʢʟʝʤʧʣʷʨʘ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʜʦʩʪʘʪʦʢ ʤʝʩʪʘ ʥʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʝʤʫ ʧʨʠʚʝʩʪʠ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʝʪ 100 ʩʪʨʘʥʠʮ ʫʙʦʨʠʩʪʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʪʝʢʩʪʘ ʠ ʟʘʚʝʜʦʤʦ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʝʪ ʢʨʠʪʝʨʠʶ ʌʝʨʤʘ (ʵʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʚʦʩʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʩʪʠ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè), ʥʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʠ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʳ ʥʠ ʤʦʜʫʣʷʨʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʳ, ʥʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ, ʥʠ ʛʨʫʧʧʳ ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʥʠ ʤʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ.

ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʥʝ ʙʳʣʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʪʦ ʯʪʦ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʙʳʣʦ? ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʣʠʩʴ ʥʘ ʜʚʘ ʣʘʛʝʨʷ. ʊʚʝʨʜʦʣʦʙʳʝ ʩʢʝʧʪʠʢʠ ʩʢʣʦʥʷʶʪʩʷ ʢ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʦʤ ʨʝʜʢʦʛʦ ʤʦʤʝʥʪʘ ʩʣʘʙʦʩʪʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʛʝʥʠʷ XVII ʚʝʢʘ. ʆʥʠ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʶʪ, ʯʪʦ ʭʦʪʷ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʣ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ çɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠè ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ: çʗ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʧʦʠʩʪʠʥʝ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦè, � ʚ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʦʥ ʥʘʰʝʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʚʰʝʝ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ. ɺʧʦʣʥʝ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʩʪʨʦʠʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʠʤʝʨʥʦ ʪʘʢ ʞʝ, ʢʘʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʂʦʰʠ ʠ ʃʘʤʝ.

ɼʨʫʛʠʝ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʥʘʟʦʚʝʤ ʠʭ ʨʦʤʘʥʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʤʠ ʦʧʪʠʤʠʩʪʘʤʠ, ʫʙʝʞʜʝʥʳ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʤʦʛ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʢʘʢʦʝ-ʪʦ ʛʝʥʠʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ. ʂʘʢʠʤ ʙʳ ʥʠ ʙʳʣʦ ʵʪʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ, ʦʥʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʦʩʥʦʚʘʥʦ ʥʘ ʤʝʪʦʜʘʭ XVII ʚʝʢʘ ʠ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʪʴ ʘʨʛʫʤʝʥʪ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʪʦʥʢʠʡ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʫʩʢʦʣʴʟʥʫʣ ʚʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʠ ʦʪ ʚʩʝʭ � ʦʪ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʜʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ. ʅʝʩʤʦʪʨʷ ʥʘ ʧʫʙʣʠʢʘʮʠʶ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʫʚʝʨʝʥʳ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʠʤ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʜʦʙʠʪʴʩʷ ʰʠʨʦʢʦʛʦ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʠʷ ʠ ʩʣʘʚʳ, ʦʪʢʨʳʚ ʧʝʨʚʦʥʘʯʘʣʴʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʍʦʪʷ ʜʣʷ ʨʝʰʝʥʠʷ ʟʘʛʘʜʢʠ XVII ʚʝʢʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʫ ʧʨʠʰʣʦʩʴ ʧʨʠʙʝʛʥʫʪʴ ʢ ʤʝʪʦʜʘʤ XX ʚʝʢʘ, ʪʝʤ ʥʝ ʤʝʥʝʝ ʥʘʡʜʝʥʥʦʝ ʠʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʫʜʦʚʣʝʪʚʦʨʷʣʦ ʚʩʝʤ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʘʤ, ʫʩʪʘʥʦʚʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʢʦʤʠʩʩʠʝʡ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ. 27 ʠʶʥʷ 1997 ʛʦʜʘ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣ ʧʨʝʤʠʶ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ ʚ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʝ 50000 ʜʦʣʣʘʨʦʚ. ʀ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʠ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʧʦʧʘʣʠ ʥʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʝ ʧʦʣʦʩʳ ʛʘʟʝʪʥʳʭ ʠʟʜʘʥʠʡ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʤʠʨʘ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʦʬʠʮʠʘʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʠʟʥʘʥʘ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʡ.

ʂʘʢʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʪʝʧʝʨʴ ʧʨʠʚʣʝʯʝʪ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ? ɺ ʪʝʯʝʥʠʝ ʩʝʤʠ ʣʝʪ ʦʥ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ ʥʘʜ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ ʦʙʩʪʘʥʦʚʢʝ ʧʦʣʥʦʡ ʩʝʢʨʝʪʥʦʩʪʠ. ʅʝʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥ ʦʪʢʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʦʪʚʝʯʘʪʴ ʥʘ ʚʦʧʨʦʩʳ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʥʘʜ ʯʝʤ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʝʪ ʩʝʡʯʘʩ, ʥʦ ʥʘʜ ʯʝʤ ʙʳ ʋʘʡʣʩ ʥʠ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʣ, ʥʝ ʧʦʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʩʦʤʥʝʥʠʶ, ʯʪʦ ʥʦʚʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʥʠʢʦʛʜʘ ʥʝ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʪ ʝʛʦ ʩ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʧʦʣʥʦʪʦʡ, ʢʘʢ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ. çʅʠ ʦʜʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʥʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʪʴ ʜʣʷ ʤʝʥʷ ʪʘʢ ʤʥʦʛʦ. ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʙʳʣʘ ʤʦʝʡ ʜʝʪʩʢʦʡ ʤʝʯʪʦʡ. ɿʘʤʝʥʠʪʴ ʝʝ ʥʝ ʩʤʦʞʝʪ ʥʠʯʪʦ. ʗ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʣ ʝʝ. ʋʚʝʨʝʥ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʧʳʪʘʶʩʴ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʢʘʢʠʝ-ʪʦ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʟ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʪʨʫʜʥʳ, ʠ ʝʩʣʠ ʤʥʝ ʫʜʘʩʪʩʷ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʢʘʢʫʶ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ, ʪʦ ʵʪʦ, ʥʝʩʦʤʥʝʥʥʦ, ʩʥʦʚʘ ʜʘʩʪ ʤʥʝ ʦʱʫʱʝʥʠʝ ʜʦʩʪʠʞʝʥʠʷ. ʅʦ ʥʝʪ ʥʠ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʤʦʛʣʘ ʙʳ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʪʴ ʤʝʥʷ ʪʘʢ, ʢʘʢ ʟʘʭʚʘʪʠʣʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ʄʥʝ ʚʳʧʘʣʦ ʩʯʘʩʪʴʝ ʦʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʠʪʴ ʚ ʤʦʝʡ ʚʟʨʦʩʣʦʡ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʙʳʣʦ ʤʝʯʪʦʡ ʤʦʝʛʦ ʜʝʪʩʪʚʘ. ʗ ʟʥʘʶ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʨʝʜʢʘʷ ʫʜʘʯʘ, ʥʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʚʦ ʚʟʨʦʩʣʦʤ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʥʠʠ ʚʘʤ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦʩʪʴ ʟʘʥʠʤʘʪʴʩʷ ʯʝʤ-ʪʦ ʪʘʢʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʟʥʘʯʠʪ ʜʣʷ ʚʘʩ ʪʘʢ ʤʥʦʛʦ, ʪʦ ʵʪʦ ʟʘʥʷʪʠʝ ʩʣʫʞʠʪ ʜʣʷ ʚʘʩ

ʥʘʛʨʘʜʦʡ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʳʩʦʢʦʡ, ʯʝʤ ʯʪʦ-ʣʠʙʦ ʝʱʝ. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʚ ɺʝʣʠʢʫʶ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʫ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʷ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʥʝ ʦʱʫʪʠʪʴ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦ ʧʦʪʝʨʠ, ʥʦ ʚ ʪʦ ʞʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ ʤʝʥʷ ʦʭʚʘʪʠʣʦ ʯʫʚʩʪʚʦ ʙʝʩʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʩʚʦʙʦʜʳ. ʅʘ ʧʨʦʪʷʞʝʥʠʠ ʚʦʩʴʤʠ ʣʝʪ ʷ ʙʳʣ ʥʘʩʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʦʛʣʦʱʝʥ ʝʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝ ʤʦʛ ʜʫʤʘʪʴ ʥʠ ʦ ʯʝʤ ʜʨʫʛʦʤ. ʗ ʜʫʤʘʣ ʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚʩʝ ʚʨʝʤʷ � ʩ ʫʪʨʘ ʜʦ ʥʦʯʠ. ɼʣʷ ʨʘʟʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʡ ʦʙ ʦʜʥʦʤ ʠ ʪʦʤ ʞʝ � ʩʨʦʢ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʜʦʣʛʠʡ. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʵʪʘ ʦʜʠʩʩʝʷ ʧʦʜʦʰʣʘ ʢ ʢʦʥʮʫ. ʄʦʡ ʨʘʟʫʤ ʦʙʨʝʣ ʧʦʢʦʡè.

ʇʨʠʤʝʯʘʥʠʝ ʨʝʜʘʢʮʠʠ1. ʀʤʝʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʚʠʜʫ ʜʨʝʚʥʝʛʨʝʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʤʠʬ ʦ ʮʘʨʝ ʕʜʠʧʝ. ʇʦʩʣʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʕʜʠʧ ʨʘʟʛʘʜʘʣ ʟʘʛʘʜʢʫ, ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʫʶ ʝʤʫ ʉʬʠʥʢʩʦʤ, ʉʬʠʥʢʩ ʙʨʦʩʠʣʩʷ ʚ ʧʨʦʧʘʩʪʴ ʩʦ ʩʢʘʣʳ. ʥʘʟʘʜ ʢ ʪʝʢʩʪʫ

ʇʈʀʃʆɾɽʅʀʗ

ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ 1.ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ

ʎʝʣʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ � ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʜʣʷ ʚʩʝʭ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʳʭ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʦʚ. ʊʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢ, ʠʟʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʥʳʡ ʥʘ ʨʠʩʫʥʢʝ ʩʣʝʚʘ, ʤʦʞʝʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʣʶʙʳʤ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʳʤ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʦʤ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʜʣʠʥʳ ʝʛʦ ʩʪʦʨʦʥ ʥʝ ʫʢʘʟʘʥʳ, ʘ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʝʥʳ ʙʫʢʚʘʤʠ x, y ʠ z. ʉʧʨʘʚʘ ʠʟ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʦʜʠʥʘʢʦʚʳʭ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʳʭ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʦʚ ʠ ʥʘʢʣʦʥʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʝʥ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʭ ʨʘʟʤʝʨʦʚ. ʇʣʦʱʘʜʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʝʛʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ � ʢʣʶʯ ʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ.

ʇʣʦʱʘʜʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʛʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʠʪʴ ʜʚʫʤʷ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʘʤʠ.

1-ʡ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ. ʀʟʤʝʨʷʝʤ ʧʣʦʱʘʜʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʛʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ ʢʘʢ ʝʜʠʥʦʡ ʬʠʛʫʨʳ. ɼʣʠʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʩʪʦʨʦʥʳ ʨʘʚʥʘ x+y. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʧʣʦʱʘʜʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʛʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ ʨʘʚʥʘ (x+y)2.

2-ʡ ʩʧʦʩʦʙ. ʀʟʤʝʨʷʝʤ ʧʣʦʱʘʜʴ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʵʣʝʤʝʥʪʘ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʛʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ. ʇʣʦʱʘʜʴ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ ʨʘʚʥʘ xy/2. ʇʣʦʱʘʜʴ ʥʘʢʣʦʥʥʦʛʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ ʨʘʚʥʘ z2. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʧʣʦʱʘʜʴ ʙʦʣʴʰʦʛʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ ʨʘʚʥʘ 4 Ĭ (ʧʣʦʱʘʜʴ ʢʘʞʜʦʛʦ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ) + (ʧʣʦʱʘʜʴ ʥʘʢʣʦʥʥʦʛʦ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘ) = 4Āxy/2 + z2. 1-ʡ ʠ 2-ʡ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʳ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʷʪ ʢ ʜʚʫʤ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʤ ʚʳʨʘʞʝʥʠʷʤ. ʆʙʘ ʚʳʨʘʞʝʥʠʷ ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʙʳʪʴ ʨʘʚʥʳ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʦʥʠ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʪ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʟʘʧʠʩʠ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠ ʪʦʡ ʞʝ ʧʣʦʱʘʜʠ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ,

(x + y)2 = 4Āxy/2 + z2.

ʈʘʩʢʨʦʝʤ ʩʢʦʙʢʠ ʠ ʫʧʨʦʩʪʠʤ ʧʦʣʫʯʝʥʥʳʝ ʚʳʨʘʞʝʥʠʷ:

x2 + 2xy + y2 = 2xy + z2.

ʏʣʝʥʳ 2xy, ʩʪʦʷʱʠʝ ʚ ʣʝʚʦʡ ʠ ʧʨʘʚʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʷʭ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʘ, ʚʟʘʠʤʥʦ ʫʥʠʯʪʦʞʘʶʪʩʷ, ʠ ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ

x2 + y2 = z2.

ʕʪʦ ʠ ʝʩʪʴ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ!

ʇʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʠʣʝ ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʳʭ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʳʭ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʦʚ. ɼʣʠʥʳ ʩʪʦʨʦʥ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ ʚ ʥʘʰʝʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʦʙʦʟʥʘʯʝʥʳ ʙʫʢʚʘʤʠ x, y ʠ z, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʙʳʪʴ ʜʣʠʥʘʤʠ ʩʪʦʨʦʥ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʧʨʷʤʦʫʛʦʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʪʨʝʫʛʦʣʴʥʠʢʘ.

ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ 2.ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ ã2

ʎʝʣʴ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣʘ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ã2 ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʜʨʦʙʠ. ʇʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ, ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʩʦʩʪʦʷʣ ʚ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ, ʯʪʦ ʚʝʨʥʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʧʦʣʦʞʥʦʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ, ʪ.ʝ. ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ã2 ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʥʝʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʠ. ɿʘʧʠʰʝʤ ʵʪʫ ʜʨʦʙʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ p/q, ʛʜʝ p ʠ q � ʜʚʘ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʣʘ.

ʇʨʝʞʜʝ ʯʝʤ ʧʨʠʩʪʫʧʘʪʴ ʢ ʩʘʤʦʤʫ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʫ, ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʥʘʧʦʤʥʠʪʴ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʳʝ ʩʚʦʡʩʪʚʘ ʜʨʦʙʝʡ ʠ ʯʝʪʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ.

1) ɽʩʣʠ ʚʟʷʪʴ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʠ ʫʤʥʦʞʠʪʴ ʝʛʦ ʥʘ 2, ʪʦ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʯʝʪʥʳʤ. ʇʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫ, ʵʪʦ ʦʧʨʝʜʝʣʝʥʠʝ ʯʝʪʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ.

2) ɽʩʣʠ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʯʝʪʝʥ, ʪʦ ʠ ʩʘʤʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʯʝʪʥʳʤ.3) ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʜʨʦʙʠ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʦʢʨʘʱʘʪʴ: 16/24 ʵʪʦ ʪʦ ʞʝ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ, ʯʪʦ ʠ 8/12. ʏʪʦʙʳ

ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʵʪʦʤ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʪʝ ʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴ ʠ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʘʪʝʣʴ ʜʨʦʙʠ 16/24 ʥʘ ʦʙʱʠʡ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʴ 2. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʯʠʩʣʦ 8/12 ʵʪʦ ʞʝ ʩʘʤʦʝ, ʯʪʦ ʠ 4/6, ʘ 4/6 ʵʪʦ ʞʝ ʩʘʤʦʝ, ʯʪʦ ʠ 2/3. ɼʨʦʙʴ 2/3 ʥʝ ʧʦʜʣʝʞʠʪ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʤʫ ʩʦʢʨʘʱʝʥʠʶ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ 2 ʠ 3 ʥʝ ʠʤʝʶʪ ʦʙʱʠʭ ʤʥʦʞʠʪʝʣʝʡ. ɼʨʦʙʴ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʦʢʨʘʱʘʪʴ ʜʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ.

ʅʘʧʦʤʥʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʯʠʩʣʦ ã2 ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʜʨʦʙʠ. ʅʦ ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ, ʦʥ ʥʘʯʘʣ ʩ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ, ʯʪʦ ʜʨʦʙʴ p/q, ʨʘʚʥʘʷ ʯʠʩʣʫ ã2, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ, ʘ ʟʘʪʝʤ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʣ, ʢ ʢʘʢʠʤ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʩʪʚʠʷʤ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪ ʪʘʢʦʝ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ:

ã2 = p/q.

ɺʦʟʚʦʜʷ ʦʙʝ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʘ ʚ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ, ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ

2 = p2/q2.

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʥʝʩʣʦʞʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʟʘʧʠʰʝʤ ʵʪʦ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ

2q2 = p2.

ʀʟ 1) ʤʳ ʟʥʘʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ p2 ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʯʝʪʥʳʤ. ʂʨʦʤʝ ʪʦʛʦ, ʠʟ 2) ʥʘʤ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ p ʪʘʢʞʝ ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʯʝʪʥʳʤ. ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ p ʯʝʪʥʦ, ʪʦ, ʢʘʢ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʠʟ 1), ʝʛʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ 2m, ʛʜʝ m � ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʜʨʫʛʦʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ. ʇʦʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʷ p = 2m ʚ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʦ ʜʣʷ p2, ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ

2q2 = (2m)2 = 4m2.

ʉʦʢʨʘʱʘʝʤ ʧʨʘʚʫʶ ʠ ʣʝʚʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʘ ʥʘ 2:

q2 = 2m2.

ʈʘʩʩʫʞʜʘʷ ʪʘʢ ʞʝ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ, ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ q2 ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʯʝʪʥʳʤ. ɿʥʘʯʠʪ, ʠ ʩʘʤʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ q ʜʦʣʞʥʦ ʙʳʪʴ ʯʝʪʥʳʤ. ʅʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʵʪʦ ʪʘʢ, ʪʦ q ʤʦʞʥʦ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ q = 2n, ʛʜʝ n � ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʜʨʫʛʦʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ. ɺʦʟʚʨʘʱʘʷʩʴ ʢ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʡ ʟʘʧʠʩʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ ã2, ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ:

ã2 = p/q = 2m/2n.

ɼʨʦʙʴ 2m/2n ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʦʢʨʘʪʠʪʴ, ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʚ ʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴ ʠ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʘʪʝʣʴ ʥʘ 2:

ã2 = m/n.

ʄʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ ʜʨʦʙʴ m/n, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʧʨʦʱʝ, ʯʝʤ p/q (ʠʤʝʝʪ ʤʝʥʴʰʠʡ ʯʠʩʣʠʪʝʣʴ ʠ ʟʥʘʤʝʥʘʪʝʣʴ). ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʤʳ ʢʘʢ ʙʳ ʩʥʦʚʘ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʠʩʴ ʥʘʭʦʜʠʤʩʷ ʥʘ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʡ ʧʦʟʠʮʠʠ, ʠ, ʧʨʦʜʝʣʘʚ ʩ ʜʨʦʙʴʶ m/n ʚʩʝ, ʯʪʦ ʤʳ ʧʨʦʜʝʣʘʣʠ ʩ ʜʨʦʙʴʶ p/qn, ʧʦʣʫʯʠʤ ʚ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪʝ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʫʶ ʜʨʦʙʴ, ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, g/h. ʇʨʦʜʝʣʘʚ ʩ ʵʪʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʴʶ ʪʦʞʝ ʩʘʤʦʝ, ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʤ ʝʝ ʢ ʝʱʝ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʡ ʜʨʦʙʠ t/f, ʠ ʪ.ʜ. ɸʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʫʶ ʧʨʦʮʝʜʫʨʫ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʦʜʝʣʳʚʘʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʨʘʟ. ʅʦ ʠʟ 3) ʤʳ ʟʥʘʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʜʨʦʙʴ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʫʧʨʦʱʘʪʴ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ � ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʧʨʦʩʪʝʡʰʘʷ ʜʨʦʙʴ. ʅʦ ʥʘʰʘ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʘʷ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʪʠʯʝʩʢʘʷ ʜʨʦʙʴ p/q, ʥʘʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʩʫʜʠʪʴ, ʥʝ ʧʦʜʯʠʥʷʝʪʩʷ ʵʪʦʤʫ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʫ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʣʠ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʝ. ʀʪʘʢ, ʤʳ ʤʦʞʝʤ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʯʠʩʣʦ ã2 ʥʝ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʤʦ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʜʨʦʙʠ, ʘ ʵʪʦ ʦʟʥʘʯʘʝʪ ʦʥʦ ʷʚʣʷʝʪʩʷ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʤ ʯʠʩʣʦʤ.

ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ 3.ɿʘʛʘʜʢʘ ʦ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ

ʆʙʦʟʥʘʯʠʤ ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʞʠʟʥʠ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ ʯʝʨʝʟ L. ʀʟ ʟʘʛʘʜʢʠ ʥʘʤ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʢʘʢ ʧʨʦʪʝʢʘʣʘ ʞʠʟʥʴ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ: 1/6 ʞʠʟʥʠ, ʪ.ʝ. L/6, ʧʨʠʰʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ ʝʛʦ ʜʝʪʩʪʚʦ; L/12 � ʥʘ ʶʥʦʰʝʩʢʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ; L/7 ʧʨʦʰʣʘ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ, ʯʝʤ ʦʥ ʞʝʥʠʣʩʷ; ʯʝʨʝʟ 5 ʣʝʪ ʫ ʥʝʛʦ ʨʦʜʠʣʩʷ ʩʳʥ; ʩʳʥ ʧʨʦʞʠʣ L/2 ʞʠʟʥʠ ʦʪʮʘ; 4 ʛʦʜʘ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ ʦʧʣʘʢʠʚʘʣ ʩʤʝʨʪʴ ʩʳʥʘ ʧʨʝʞʜʝ, ʯʝʤ ʫʤʝʨ.

ʊʘʢʠʤ ʦʙʨʘʟʦʤ, ʧʨʦʜʦʣʞʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʴ ʞʠʟʥʠ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ L ʤʦʞʥʦ ʟʘʧʠʩʘʪʴ ʚ ʚʠʜʝ ʩʫʤʤʳ:

L = L/6 + L/12 + L/7 + 5 + L/2 + 4.

ʆʪʩʶʜʘ L = 84. ʀʪʘʢ, ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ ʫʤʝʨ ʚ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ 84 ʣʝʪ.

ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ 4.ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ɹʘʰʝ ʦ ʥʘʙʦʨʝ ʛʠʨʴ

ʏʪʦʙʳ ʚʟʚʝʩʠʪʴ ʣʶʙʦʝ ʮʝʣʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ ʢʠʣʦʛʨʘʤʤʦʚ ʦʪ 1 ʜʦ 40, ʧʦ ʤʥʝʥʠʶ ʙʦʣʴʰʠʥʩʪʚʘ ʣʶʜʝʡ ʥʝʦʙʭʦʜʠʤʦ ʠʤʝʪʴ 6 ʛʠʨʴ: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 ʠ 32 ʢʛ. ɼʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʪʘʢʦʡ ʥʘʙʦʨ ʛʠʨʴ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ

ʚʟʚʝʩʠʪʴ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʛʨʫʟ ʦʪ 1 ʜʦ 40 ʢʛ, ʧʦʤʝʱʘʷ ʝʛʦ ʥʘ ʦʜʥʫ ʯʘʰʫ ʚʝʩʦʚ ʠ ʩʪʘʚʷ ʥʘ ʜʨʫʛʫʶ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʠ ʛʠʨʴ:

1 ʢʛ = 1, 2 ʢʛ = 2, 3 ʢʛ = 2 + 1, 4 ʢʛ = 4, ..., 5 ʢʛ = 4 + 1, ..., 40 ʢʛ = 32 + 8.

ʅʦ ʛʨʫʟʳ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʚʟʚʝʰʠʚʘʪʴ ʠ ʧʦ-ʜʨʫʛʦʤʫ, ʘ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ: ʨʘʩʧʦʣʘʛʘʷ ʛʠʨʠ ʥʘ ʦʙʝʠʭ ʯʘʰʘʭ ʚʝʩʦʚ, ʪ.ʝ. ʥʝ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʥʘ ʯʘʰʝ, ʩʚʦʙʦʜʥʦʡ ʚ ʥʘʯʘʣʝ ʚʟʚʝʰʠʚʘʥʠʷ, ʥʦ ʠ ʥʘ ʯʘʰʝ ʩ ʛʨʫʟʦʤ. ʇʨʠ ʪʘʢʦʤ ʩʧʦʩʦʙʝ ʚʟʚʝʰʠʚʘʥʠʷ ɹʘʰʝ ʧʦʥʘʜʦʙʠʣʠʩʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ 4 ʛʠʨʠ: 1, 3, 9 ʠ 27 ʢʛ. ɻʠʨʷ, ʧʦʤʝʱʘʝʤʘʷ ʥʘ ʦʜʥʫ ʯʘʰʫ ʩ ʛʨʫʟʦʤ, ʢʘʢ ʙʳ ʧʨʠʦʙʨʝʪʘʝʪ ʦʪʨʠʮʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʡ ʚʝʩ. ʉʧʦʩʦʙ ɹʘʰʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʚʟʚʝʩʠʪʴ ʣʶʙʦʡ ʛʨʫʟ ʦʪ 1 ʜʦ 40 ʢʛ, ʩʪʘʚʷ ʛʠʨʠ ʥʘ ʦʙʝ ʯʘʰʠ ʚʝʩʦʚ ʚ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʭ ʢʦʤʙʠʥʘʮʠʷʭ:

1 ʢʛ = 1, 2 ʢʛ = 3 � 1, 3 ʢʛ = 3, 4 ʢʛ = 3 + 1, 5 ʢʛ = 9 � 3 � 1, ..., 40 ʢʛ = 27 + 9 + 3 + 1.

ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ 5.ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ

ʪʨʦʝʢ

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʦʡ ʪʨʦʡʢʦʡ ʥʘʟʳʚʘʝʪʩʷ ʪʘʢʦʡ ʥʘʙʦʨ ʠʟ ʪʨʝʭ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʯʪʦ ʩʫʤʤʘ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʚ ʜʚʫʭ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ ʨʘʚʥʘ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʫ ʪʨʝʪʴʝʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ. ɽʚʢʣʠʜ ʩʫʤʝʣ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʪʘʢʠʭ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ.

ʇʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʝ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʝʪʩʷ ʩ ʥʘʙʣʶʜʝʥʠʷ: ʨʘʟʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʚ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʭ ʮʝʣʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʨʘʚʥʘ ʢʘʢʦʤʫ-ʥʠʙʫʜʴ ʥʝʯʝʪʥʦʤʫ ʯʠʩʣʫ:

121224329

4216

5225

6236

7249

8264

9281

102100

...

...\ /3

\ /5

\ /7

\ /9

\ /11

\ /13

\ /15

\ /17

\ /19

...

ʇʨʠʙʘʚʠʚ ʢʘʞʜʦʝ ʠʟ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʤʥʦʞʝʩʪʚʘ ʥʝʯʝʪʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ ʢ ʩʦʦʪʚʝʪʩʪʚʫʶʱʝʤʫ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʫ, ʤʳ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʤ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ. ʅʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʥʝʯʝʪʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ, ʩʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʶʱʠʝ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʚʩʝʭ ʥʝʯʝʪʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʩʘʤʠ ʷʚʣʷʶʪʩʷ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʘʤʠ (ʥʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, 32, 52, 72 ʠ ʪ.ʜ.). ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʥʝʯʝʪʥʳʭ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʨʠʙʘʚʠʪʴ ʢ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪʫ ʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʜʨʫʛʦʡ ʢʚʘʜʨʘʪ. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦ ʤʥʦʛʦ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ.

ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ 6.ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʦ ʪʨʝʭ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ

ɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʦ ʪʨʝʭ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʪʦʯʥʫʶ ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʫ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʙʳʣʦ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʪʨʠ ʪʦʯʢʠ. ʍʦʪʷ ʵʪʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪ ʤʠʥʠʤʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʧʦʟʥʘʥʠʡ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ, ʦʥʦ ʦʧʠʨʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʛʝʦʤʝʪʨʠʯʝʩʢʫʶ çʛʠʤʥʘʩʪʠʢʫè, ʠ ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʪʱʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʧʨʦʜʫʤʘʪʴ ʢʘʞʜʳʡ ʝʛʦ ʰʘʛ.

ʅʘʯʥʝʤ ʩ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʣʴʥʦ ʨʘʩʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʥʳʭ ʪʦʯʝʢ. ʇʨʦʚʝʜʝʤ ʯʝʨʝʟ ʢʘʞʜʫʶ ʪʦʯʢʫ ʧʨʷʤʳʝ,

ʩʦʝʜʠʥʷʶʱʠʝ ʝʝ ʩʦ ʚʩʝʤʠ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʤʠ ʪʦʯʢʘʤʠ. ɿʘʪʝʤ ʜʣʷ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʪʦʯʢʠ ʠʟʤʝʨʠʤ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ, ʦʪʜʝʣʷʶʱʠʝ ʝʝ ʦʪ ʙʣʠʞʘʡʰʝʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ, ʠ ʥʘʡʜʝʤ ʪʫ ʠʟ ʪʦʯʝʢ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʙʣʠʞʝ, ʯʝʤ ʚʩʝ ʦʩʪʘʣʴʥʳʝ, ʥʘʭʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʦʪ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ.

ʅʘ ʨʠʩʫʥʢʝ ʚʥʠʟʫ ʠʟʦʙʨʘʞʝʥʘ ʪʘʢʘʷ ʪʦʯʢʘ D, ʢʦʪʦʨʫʶ ʦʪ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ L ʦʪʜʝʣʷʝʪ ʩʘʤʦʝ ʢʦʨʦʪʢʦʝ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ. ʅʘ ʨʠʩʫʥʢʝ ʵʪʦ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʦ ʰʪʨʠʭʦʚʦʡ ʣʠʥʠʝʡ. ʆʥʦ ʢʦʨʦʯʝ, ʯʝʤ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ, ʦʪʜʝʣʷʶʱʝʝ ʣʶʙʫʶ ʜʨʫʛʫʶ ʪʦʯʢʫ ʦʪ ʙʣʠʞʘʡʰʝʡ ʢ ʥʝʡ ʣʠʥʠʠ. ʊʝʧʝʨʴ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ L ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʣʝʞʘʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʚʝ ʪʦʯʢʠ ʠ ʯʪʦ, ʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ, ʪ.ʝ. ʥʝʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ ʧʦʩʪʨʦʠʪʴ ʪʦʯʝʯʥʫʶ ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʫ ʪʘʢ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʥʘ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʣʝʞʘʣʠ ʪʨʠ ʪʦʯʢʠ.

ʏʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʥʘ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ L ʜʦʣʞʥʳ ʣʝʞʘʪʴ ʜʚʝ ʪʦʯʢʠ, ʨʘʩʩʤʦʪʨʠʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʣʫʯʠʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʥʘ ʥʝʡ ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʪʨʝʪʴʷ ʪʦʯʢʘ. ɽʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʪʨʝʪʴʷ ʪʦʯʢʘ DA ʣʝʞʘʣʘ ʥʘ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ L ʚʥʝ ʜʚʫʭ ʪʦʯʝʢ, ʯʝʨʝʟ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʥʘ ʧʨʦʭʦʜʠʪ, ʪʦ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ, ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʝ ʧʫʥʢʪʠʨʥʦʡ ʣʠʥʠʝʡ, ʙʳʣʦ ʙʳ ʢʦʨʦʯʝ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʷ, ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʰʪʨʠʭʦʚʦʡ ʣʠʥʠʝʡ. ʄʝʞʜʫ ʪʝʤ ʵʪʦ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ ʧʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʶ, ʥʘʠʤʝʥʴʰʝʝ ʠʟ ʚʩʝʭ ʢʨʘʪʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʡ, ʦʪʜʝʣʷʶʱʠʭ ʪʦʯʢʫ ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʦʪ ʣʠʥʠʠ. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʪʦʯʢʘ DA ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʪʴ ʥʝ ʤʦʞʝʪ.

ɸʥʘʣʦʛʠʯʥʦ, ʝʩʣʠ ʙʳ ʪʨʝʪʴʷ ʪʦʯʢʘ DB ʦʢʘʟʘʣʘʩʴ ʥʘ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʜʚʫʤʷ ʪʦʯʢʘʤʠ, ʪʦ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʝ, ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʝ ʧʫʥʢʪʠʨʦʤ, ʦʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ ʢʦʨʦʯʝ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʷ, ʧʦʢʘʟʘʥʥʦʛʦ ʰʪʨʠʭʦʤ, ʧʦ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʶ ʥʘʠʤʝʥʴʰʝʛʦ ʠʟ ʢʨʘʪʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʨʘʩʩʪʦʷʥʠʡ ʦʪ ʪʦʯʢʠ ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʜʦ ʧʨʷʤʦʡ.

ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʜʣʷ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʢʦʥʬʠʛʫʨʘʮʠʠ ʚʩʝʛʜʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʧʦ ʢʨʘʡʥʝʡ ʤʝʨʝ ʵʪʘ ʧʨʷʤʘʷ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʧʨʠʥʘʜʣʝʞʘʪ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʜʚʝ ʪʦʯʢʠ ʜʠʘʛʨʘʤʤʳ, ʠ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ.

ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ 7.ʇʨʠʤʝʨ ʥʝʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ

ʇʨʠʚʝʜʝʤ ʢʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʧʨʠʤʝʨ ʪʦʛʦ, ʢʘʢ ʣʝʛʢʦ, ʥʘʯʘʚ ʩ ʦʯʝʥʴ ʧʨʦʩʪʦʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʠ ʩʜʝʣʘʚ ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʥʝʩʢʦʣʴʢʦ, ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʙʳ, ʧʨʷʤʳʭ ʠ ʚʧʦʣʥʝ ʣʦʛʠʯʥʳʭ ʰʘʛʦʚ, ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, 2=1.

ʅʘʯʥʝʤ ʩ ʥʝʚʠʥʥʦʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ

a = b.

ʋʤʥʦʞʠʚ ʦʙʝ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʘ ʥʘ a, ʧʦʣʫʯʠʤ:

a2 = ab.

ɼʦʙʘʚʠʚ ʢ ʦʙʝʠʤ ʯʘʩʪʷʤ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʘ ʧʦ a2 � 2ab:

a2 + a2 � 2ab = ab + a2 � 2ab.

ʕʪʦ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʦ ʤʦʞʥʦ ʫʧʨʦʩʪʠʪʴ:

2(a2 � ab) = a2 � ab.

ʅʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʩʦʢʨʘʱʘʷ ʵʪʦ ʚʳʨʘʞʝʥʠʝ ʥʘ a2 � ab ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʤʦʝ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʦ 2=1.

ʀʩʭʦʜʥʦʝ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʢʘʟʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʦ ʙʝʟʚʨʝʜʥʳʤ (ʠ ʥʘ ʩʘʤʦʤ ʜʝʣʝ ʦʥʦ ʥʝ ʪʘʠʪ ʚ ʩʝʙʝ ʥʠʯʝʛʦ ʧʣʦʭʦʛʦ), ʥʦ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʷ ʰʘʛ ʟʘ ʰʘʛʦʤ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʘ a=b, ʤʳ ʜʦʧʫʩʪʠʣʠ ʤʘʣʝʥʴʢʫʶ, ʥʦ ʨʦʢʦʚʫʶ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ, ʢʦʪʦʨʘʷ ʠ ʧʨʠʚʝʣʘ ʥʘʩ ʢ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʦʨʝʯʠʶ. ʕʪʫ ʦʰʠʙʢʫ ʤʳ ʜʦʧʫʩʪʠʣʠ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʷ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʝʝ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʝ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʠʣʠ ʦʙʝ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʨʘʚʝʥʩʪʚʘ ʥʘ a2 � ab. ʀʟ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʝʥʠʷ ʥʘʤ ʠʟʚʝʩʪʥʦ, ʯʪʦ a=b. ʉʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦ, ʜʝʣʝʥʠʝ ʥʘ a2 � ab ʵʢʚʠʚʘʣʝʥʪʥʦ ʜʝʣʝʥʠʶ ʥʘ ʥʫʣʴ.

ʊʘʢʦʛʦ ʨʦʜʘ ʪʦʥʢʘʷ ʦʰʠʙʢʘ ʪʠʧʠʯʥʘ ʜʣʷ ʧʨʦʩʯʝʪʦʚ, ʜʦʧʫʱʝʥʥʳʭ ʤʥʦʛʠʤʠ ʩʦʠʩʢʘʪʝʣʷʤʠ ʧʨʝʤʠʠ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʷ.

ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ 8.ɸʢʩʠʦʤʳ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠ

ɺʝʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʝ ʟʜʘʥʠʝ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠ ʦʧʠʨʘʝʪʩʷ ʥʘ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʝ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʳ.

1. ɼʣʷ ʣʶʙʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ m ʠ nm + n = n + m ʠ mn = nm.

2. ɼʣʷ ʣʶʙʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ m, n ʠ k(m + n) + k = m + (n + k) ʠ (mn)k = m(nk).

3. ɼʣʷ ʣʶʙʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ m, n ʠ km(n + k) = mn + mk.

4. ʉʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʯʠʩʣʦ 0, ʪʘʢʦʝ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ nn + 0 = n.

5. ʉʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʯʠʩʣʦ 1, ʪʘʢʦʝ, ʯʪʦ ʜʣʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ nnĀ1 = n.

6. ɼʣʷ ʣʶʙʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ n ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʜʨʫʛʦʝ ʯʠʩʣʦ k, ʪʘʢʦʝ, ʯʪʦn + k = 0.

7. ɼʣʷ ʣʶʙʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ m, n ʠ kʝʩʣʠ k Í 0 ʠ kn = km, ʪʦ m = n.

ʀʩʭʦʜʷ ʠʟ ʵʪʠʭ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ, ʤʦʞʥʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʜʨʫʛʠʝ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʘ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠ. ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʫʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʳʝ ʚʳʰʝ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʳ ʠ ʥʝ ʧʨʠʙʝʛʘʷ ʥʠ ʢ ʢʘʢʠʤ ʜʨʫʛʠʤ ʜʦʧʫʱʝʥʠʷʤ, ʤʳ ʤʦʞʝʤ ʩʪʨʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʦ, ʢʦʪʦʨʦʝ ʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ ʦʯʝʚʠʜʥʳʤ ʠ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʤ:

ʝʩʣʠ m + k = n + k, ʪʦ m = n.

ʇʨʝʞʜʝ ʚʩʝʛʦ, ʧʫʩʪʴ

m + k = n + k.

ɸʢʩʠʦʤʘ 6 ʛʘʨʘʥʪʠʨʫʝʪ, ʯʪʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʯʠʩʣʦ l, ʪʘʢʦʝ, ʯʪʦ k+l=0, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ

(m + k) + l = (n + k) + l.

ʅʦ ʧʦ ʘʢʩʠʦʤʝ 2

m + (k + l) = n + (k + l).

ʇʨʠʥʠʤʘʷ ʚʦ ʚʥʠʤʘʥʠʝ, ʯʪʦ k+l=0, ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ:

m + 0 = n + 0.

ɸʢʩʠʦʤʘ 4 ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʥʘʤ ʫʪʚʝʨʞʜʘʪʴ ʪʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʨʝʙʦʚʘʣʦʩʴ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʘ ʠʤʝʥʥʦ:

m = n.

ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ 9.ʊʝʦʨʠʷ ʠʛʨ ʠ ʪʨʫʵʣʴ

ʆʜʥʘʞʜʳ ʫʪʨʦʤ ʤ-ʨ ɹʣʵʢ, ʤ-ʨ ɻʨʝʡ ʠ ʤ-ʨ ʋʘʡʪ ʚʟʜʫʤʘʣʠ ʨʝʰʠʪʴ ʢʦʥʬʣʠʢʪ ʪʨʫʵʣʴʶ ʥʘ ʧʠʩʪʦʣʝʪʘʭ. ʉʪʨʝʣʷʪʴ ʫʩʣʦʚʠʣʠʩʴ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʚ ʞʠʚʳʭ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʦʚ. ʄ-ʨ ɹʣʵʢ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʣ ʭʫʞʝ ʚʩʝʭ. ɺ ʮʝʣʴ ʦʥ ʧʦʧʘʜʘʣ ʚ ʩʨʝʜʥʝʤ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʜʠʥ ʨʘʟ ʠʟ ʪʨʝʭ. ʄ-ʨ ʋʘʡʪ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʣ ʣʫʯʰʝ ʚʩʝʭ � ʙʝʟ ʧʨʦʤʘʭʘ. ʏʪʦʙʳ ʫʨʘʚʥʷʪʴ ʰʘʥʩʳ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʦʚ ʪʨʫʵʣʠ, ʤ-ʨʫ ɹʣʵʢʫ ʨʘʟʨʝʰʝʥʦ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʪʴ ʧʝʨʚʳʤ, ʟʘ ʥʠʤ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʪʴ ʤ-ʨ ɻʨʝʡ (ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʞʠʚʳʭ), ʟʘʪʝʤ ʤʦʛ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʪʴ ʤ-ʨ ʋʘʡʪ (ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥ ʝʱʝ ʙʫʜʝʪ ʞʠʚ). ɼʘʣʝʝ ʚʩʝ ʥʘʯʠʥʘʣʦʩʴ ʩʥʦʚʘ, ʠ ʪʘʢ ʜʦ ʪʝʭ ʧʦʨ, ʧʦʢʘ ʚ ʞʠʚʳʭ ʥʝ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʦʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʫʯʘʩʪʥʠʢʦʚ ʪʨʫʵʣʠ. ɺʦʧʨʦʩ: ʚ ʢʦʛʦ ʜʦʣʞʝʥ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣʠʪʴ ʤ-ʨ ɹʣʵʢ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʷ ʩʚʦʡ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣ?

ʇʨʦʘʥʘʣʠʟʠʨʫʝʤ ʚʳʙʦʨ ʮʝʣʠ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʦʠʪ ʩʜʝʣʘʪʴ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʫ ɹʣʵʢʫ. ɺʦ-ʧʝʨʚʳʭ, ʝʩʣʠ ʤʠʩʪʝʨ ɹʣʵʢ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʝʪ ʚ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʘ ɻʨʝʷ ʠ ʧʦʧʘʜʘʝʪ ʚ ʮʝʣʴ, ʪʦ ʧʨʘʚʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣʘ ʧʝʨʝʡʜʝʪ ʢ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʫ ʋʘʡʪʫ. ʋ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʘ ʋʘʡʪʘ ʦʩʪʘʥʝʪʩʷ ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʡ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʠʢ � ʤʠʩʪʝʨ ɹʣʵʢ, ʘ ʧʦʩʢʦʣʴʢʫ ʤʠʩʪʝʨ ʋʘʡʪ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʝʪ ʙʝʟ ʧʨʦʤʘʭʘ, ʪʦ ʤʠʩʪʝʨ ɹʣʵʢ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʩʯʠʪʘʪʴ ʩʝʙʷ ʧʦʢʦʡʥʠʢʦʤ.

ɼʣʷ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʘ ɹʣʵʢʘ ʣʫʯʰʝ, ʝʩʣʠ ʦʥ ʧʨʠʮʝʣʠʪʩʷ ʚ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʘ ʋʘʡʪʘ. ɽʩʣʠ ʤʠʩʪʝʨ ɹʣʵʢ ʧʦʧʘʜʘʝʪ ʚ ʮʝʣʴ, ʪʦ ʧʨʘʚʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣʘ ʧʝʨʝʡʜʝʪ ʢ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʫ ɻʨʝʶ. ʄʠʩʪʝʨ ɻʨʝʡ ʧʦʧʘʜʘʝʪ ʚ ʮʝʣʴ ʪʦʣʴʢʦ ʚ ʜʚʫʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷʭ ʠʟ ʪʨʝʭ, ʧʦʵʪʦʤʫ ʫ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʘ ɹʣʵʢʘ ʝʩʪʴ ʰʘʥʩ ʦʩʪʘʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʞʠʚʳʭ, ʧʨʦʠʟʚʝʩʪʠ ʦʪʚʝʪʥʳʡ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣ ʚ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʘ ɻʨʝʷ ʠ, ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʚʳʠʛʨʘʪʴ ʪʨʫʵʣʴ.

ʅʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʟʛʣʷʜ ʢʘʞʝʪʩʷ, ʯʪʦ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʫ ɹʣʵʢʫ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ ʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴ ʩʚʦʡ ʚʳʙʦʨ ʥʘ ʚʪʦʨʦʤ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʝ ʪʨʫʵʣʠ. ʆʜʥʘʢʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʫʝʪ ʪʨʝʪʠʡ, ʝʱʝ ʣʫʯʰʠʡ ʚʳʙʦʨ. ʄʠʩʪʝʨ ɹʣʵʢ ʤʦʞʝʪ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣʠʪʴ ʚ ʚʦʟʜʫʭ. ʇʨʘʚʦ ʩʣʝʜʫʶʱʝʛʦ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣʘ ʧʝʨʝʭʦʜʠʪ ʢ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʫ ɻʨʝʶ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʡ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʝʪ ʚ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʘ ʋʘʡʪʘ ʢʘʢ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʧʘʩʥʦʛʦ ʦʧʧʦʥʝʥʪʘ. ɽʩʣʠ ʤʠʩʪʝʨ ʋʘʡʪ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʞʠʚʳʭ, ʪʦ ʦʥ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʝʪ ʚ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʘ ɻʨʝʷ ʢʘʢ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʦʧʘʩʥʦʛʦ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʠʢʘ. ʉʪʨʝʣʷʷ ʚ ʚʦʟʜʫʭ, ʤʠʩʪʝʨ ɹʣʵʢ ʧʨʝʜʦʩʪʘʚʣʷʝʪ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʫ ɻʨʝʶ ʠʩʢʣʶʯʠʪʴ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʘ ʋʘʡʪʘ.

ʊʨʝʪʠʡ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪ � ʥʘʠʣʫʯʰʘʷ ʩʪʨʘʪʝʛʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʤʠʩʪʝʨʘ ɹʣʵʢʘ. ʄʠʩʪʝʨ ɻʨʝʡ ʠʣʠ ʤʠʩʪʝʨ ʋʘʡʪ ʚ ʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʤ ʩʯʝʪʝ ʧʦʛʠʙʘʝʪ, ʧʦʩʣʝ ʯʝʛʦ ʤʠʩʪʝʨ ɹʣʵʢ ʩʪʨʝʣʷʝʪ ʚ ʪʦʛʦ ʠʟ ʥʠʭ, ʢʪʦ ʦʩʪʘʝʪʩʷ ʞʠʚ. ɺʳʩʪʨʝʣʦʤ ʚ ʚʦʟʜʫʭ ʤʠʩʪʝʨ ɹʣʵʢ ʠʟʤʝʥʷʝʪ ʩʠʪʫʘʮʠʶ: ʚʤʝʩʪʦ ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣʘ ʚ ʪʨʫʵʣʠ ʦʥ ʧʨʦʠʟʚʦʜʠʪ ʧʝʨʚʳʡ ʚʳʩʪʨʝʣ ʚ ʜʫʵʣʠ.

ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ 10.ʇʨʠʤʝʨ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ

ɺ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʚʘʞʥʦ ʠʤʝʪʴ ʪʦʯʥʳʝ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʳ, ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʶʱʠʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʷʪʴ ʩʫʤʤʫ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʝʡ ʯʠʩʝʣ. ɺ ʜʘʥʥʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ ʤʳ ʭʦʪʠʤ ʚʳʚʝʩʪʠ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʫ, ʜʘʶʱʫʶ ʩʫʤʤʫ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ n ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ.

ʅʘʧʨʠʤʝʨ, çʩʫʤʤʘè ʚʩʝʛʦ ʣʠʰʴ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ ʧʝʨʚʦʛʦ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ 1 ʨʘʚʥʘ 1; ʩʫʤʤʘ ʜʚʫʭ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ 1+2 ʨʘʚʥʘ 3, ʩʫʤʤʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʪʨʝʭ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ 1+2+3 ʨʘʚʥʘ 6, ʩʫʤʤʘ ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʯʝʪʳʨʝʭ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ 1+2+3+4 ʨʘʚʥʘ 10 ʠ ʪ.ʜ.

ɺʦʟʤʦʞʥʦ, ʯʪʦ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʤʘʷ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʚʠʜ

Ɇ(n) = İĀn(n + 1).

ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʝʩʣʠ ʪʨʝʙʫʝʪʩʷ ʥʘʡʪʠ ʩʫʤʤʫ n ʧʝʨʚʳʭ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ, ʪʦ ʥʫʞʥʦ ʧʨʦʩʪʦ ʧʦʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦ n ʚ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥʥʫʶ ʚʳʰʝ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʫ ʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʠʪʴ ʦʪʚʝʪ.

ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʵʪʘ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʜʘʝʪ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʳʡ ʦʪʚʝʪ ʧʨʠ ʣʶʙʦʤ ʥʘʪʫʨʘʣʴʥʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʦʪ 1 ʜʦ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʠ. ʇʝʨʚʳʡ ʰʘʛ ʩʦʩʪʦʠʪ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʨʘʙʦʪʘʝʪ ʚ ʧʝʨʚʦʤ ʩʣʫʯʘʝ, ʧʨʠ n=1. ɺ ʵʪʦʤ ʥʝʪʨʫʜʥʦ ʫʙʝʜʠʪʴʩʷ ʥʝʧʦʩʨʝʜʩʪʚʝʥʥʦ, ʪʘʢ ʢʘʢ ʤʳ ʟʥʘʝʤ, ʯʪʦ ʩʫʤʤʘ, ʩʦʩʪʦʷʱʘʷ ʠʟ ʦʜʥʦʛʦ-ʝʜʠʥʩʪʚʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʩʣʘʛʘʝʤʦʛʦ, ʯʠʩʣʘ 1, ʨʘʚʥʘ 1. ʇʦʜʩʪʘʚʣʷʷ n=1 ʚ ʥʘʰʫ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʫ ʫʙʝʞʜʘʝʤʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʜʘʝʪ ʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʳʡ ʨʝʟʫʣʴʪʘʪ:

Ɇ(1) = İĀ1Ā(1 + 1).

ʉʣʝʜʫʶʱʠʡ ʰʘʛ ʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʝ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ ʟʘʢʣʶʯʘʝʪʩʷ ʚ ʪʦʤ, ʯʪʦʙʳ ʧʦʢʘʟʘʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʝʩʣʠ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʧʨʠ ʢʘʢʦʤ-ʪʦ ʟʥʘʯʝʥʠʠ n, ʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʠ ʧʨʠ n+1. ɽʩʣʠ

Ɇ(n) = İĀn(n + 1).

ʪʦ

Ɇ(n + 1) = Ɇ(n) + (n + 1) = İĀn(n + 1) + (n + 1).

ʇʦʩʣʝ ʧʨʝʦʙʨʘʟʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʯʣʝʥʦʚ ʚ ʧʨʘʚʦʡ ʯʘʩʪʠ ʧʦʣʫʯʘʝʤ

Ɇ(n + 1) = İĀ(n + 1)[(n + 1) + 1].

ɺʘʞʥʦ ʦʪʤʝʪʠʪʴ, ʯʪʦ ʧʦʩʣʝʜʥʷʷ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ çʫʩʪʨʦʝʥʘè ʪʦʯʥʦ ʪʘʢ ʞʝ, ʢʘʢ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʘʷ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʩ ʪʦʡ ʣʠʰʴ ʨʘʟʥʠʮʝʡ, ʯʪʦ ʪʘʤ, ʛʜʝ ʚ ʠʩʭʦʜʥʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʝ ʩʪʦʠʪ n, ʚ ʥʦʚʦʡ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʝ ʩʪʦʠʪ n+1. ʀʥʘʯʝ ʛʦʚʦʨʷ, ʝʩʣʠ ʬʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʜʣʷ n, ʪʦ ʦʥʘ ʜʦʣʞʥʘ ʙʳʪʴ ʚʝʨʥʘ ʠ ʜʣʷ n+1. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ ʟʘʚʝʨʰʝʥʦ.

ʋʢʘʟʘʥʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʯʪʝʥʠʷ

ʇʨʠ ʩʦʟʜʘʥʠʠ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʷ ʦʧʠʨʘʣʩʷ ʥʘ ʤʥʦʛʠʝ ʢʥʠʛʠ ʠ ʩʪʘʪʴʠ. ʇʦʤʠʤʦ ʪʝʭ ʠʩʪʦʯʥʠʢʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʤʠ ʷ ʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʩʷ ʧʨʠ ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʠʠ ʢʘʞʜʦʡ ʛʣʘʚʳ, ʤʥʦʶ ʫʢʘʟʘʥʳ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʳ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʤʦʛʫʪ ʧʨʝʜʩʪʘʚʠʪʴ ʠʥʪʝʨʝʩ ʢʘʢ ʜʣʷ ʦʙʳʯʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʪʘʪʝʣʷ, ʪʘʢ ʠ ʜʣʷ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʠʩʪʘ. ɺ ʪʝʭ ʩʣʫʯʘʷʭ, ʢʦʛʜʘ ʟʘʛʦʣʦʚʦʢ ʠʩʪʦʯʥʠʢʘ ʥʝ ʧʦʟʚʦʣʷʝʪ ʩʫʜʠʪʴ ʦ ʪʦʤ, ʢʘʢʦʝ ʦʪʥʦʰʝʥʠʝ ʜʘʥʥʳʡ ʠʩʪʦʯʥʠʢ ʠʤʝʝʪ ʢ ʪʝʤʝ ʢʥʠʛʠ, ʷ ʩʯʝʣ ʚʦʟʤʦʞʥʳʤ ʧʦʷʩʥʠʪʴ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʥʠʝ ʠʩʪʦʯʥʠʢʘ ʦʜʥʦʡ ʠʣʠ ʜʚʫʤʷ ʬʨʘʟʘʤʠ.

ɻʃɸɺɸ 1 1 Bell ɽ. ʊ. The Last Problem. � Mathematical Association of America, 1990.

ʀʩʪʦʨʠʷ ʢʣʘʩʩʠʯʝʩʢʦʛʦ ʧʝʨʠʦʜʘ ʧʦʠʩʢʦʚ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ ʚ ʧʦʧʫʣʷʨʥʦʤ ʠʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʠ.

2 Ralph L. Pythagoras � A Short Account of His Life and Philosophy. � Krikos, 1961.3 German P. Pythagoras � A Life. � Routledge and Paul Kegan, 1979.4 Heath Th. A History of Greek Mathematics. Vol. 1, 2. � Dover, 1981.5 Gardner M. Mathematical Magic Show. � Knopf, 1977.

ʉʙʦʨʥʠʢ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʟʘʜʘʯ-ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ ʧʦ ʤʘʪʝʨʠʘʣʘʤ ʨʘʟʜʝʣʘ çʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʠʛʨʳè ʞʫʨʥʘʣʘ çScientific Americanè.

6 Stollum H.-H. River meandering as a self-organization process // Science, 1996. Vol. 271, P. 1710�1713.

ɻʃɸɺɸ 2 1 Mahoney M. The Mathematical Career of Pierre de Fermat. � Princeton University Press, 1994.

ʇʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʝ ʠʩʩʣʝʜʦʚʘʥʠʝ, ʧʦʩʚʷʱʝʥʥʦʝ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʠ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʇʴʝʨʘ ʜʝ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

2 Huffman P. Archimedes' Revenge. � Penguin, 1988.ʋʚʣʝʢʘʪʝʣʴʥʳʝ ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳ ʦ ʨʘʜʦʩʪʷʭ ʠ ʛʦʨʝʩʪʷʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

ɻʃɸɺɸ 3 1 Bell ɽ. ʊ. Men of Mathematics. � Simon and Schuster, 1937.

ɹʠʦʛʨʘʬʠʠ ʚʝʣʠʯʘʡʰʠʭ ʛʝʥʠʝʚ ʚ ʠʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ: ʕʡʣʝʨʘ, ʌʝʨʤʘ, ɻʘʫʩʩʘ, ʂʦʰʠ ʠ ʂʫʤʤʝʨʘ.

2 Lloyd M., Dybas H. S. The periodical cicada problem // Evolution, 1966. Vol. 20, P. 466�505.3 Osen L. M. Women in Mathematics. � MIT Press, 1994.

ɺ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʦʤ, ʵʪʦ ʥʝʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʡ ʪʝʢʩʪ ʩ ʙʠʦʛʨʘʬʠʷʤʠ ʤʥʦʛʠʭ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ-ʞʝʥʱʠʥ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ.

4 Peri ʊ. Math Equals: Biographies of Women Mathematicians + Related Activities. � Addison-Wesley, 1978.

5 Mozans H.J. Women in Science. � D.Appleton and Co, 1913.6 Dahan D. A. Sophie Germain // Scientific American, December 1991.

ʂʨʘʪʢʘʷ ʩʪʘʪʴʷ ʦ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʠ ʪʨʫʜʘʭ ʉʦʬʠ ɾʝʨʤʝʥ.

7 Edwards H. M. Fermat's Last Theorem. A Genetic Introduction to Algebraic Number Theory. � Springer, 1977.ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʝ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʚʢʣʶʯʘʶʱʝʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʝ ʠʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʥʝʢʦʪʦʨʳʭ ʨʘʥʥʠʭ ʧʦʧʳʪʦʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ.

8 Burton D. Elementary Number Theory. � Allyn & Bacon, 1980.ʈʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʷ ʆ. ʂʦʰʠ ʇʘʨʠʞʩʢʦʡ ʘʢʘʜʝʤʠʠ ʥʘʫʢ. In: ʉ. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1847. Vol. 24, P. 407�416, 469�483.

9 Lame G. Note au sujet de la demonstration du theoreme de Fermat // C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1847. Vol. 24, P. 352.

10 Kummer ɽ. ɽ. Extrait d'une lettre de M. Kummer a M. Liouville // J. Math. Pures et Appl., 1847. Vol. 12, P. 136. ʊʘʢʞʝ ʩʤ. Kummer ɽ. ɽ. Collected Papers. Vol. 1 (Ed. by A. Weil) � Springer, 1975.

11 Lines M. ɽ. A Number for Your Thoughts. � Adam Hilger, 1986.ʌʘʢʪʳ ʠ ʠʟʤʳʰʣʝʥʠʷ ʦ ʯʠʩʣʘʭ ʦʪ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʜʦ ʥʦʚʝʡʰʠʭ ʢʦʤʧʴʶʪʝʨʦʚ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʯʫʪʴ ʙʦʣʝʝ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʦʝ ʠʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʦ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ.

ɻʃɸɺɸ 4 1 Davis P. J., Chinn W. ʆ. 3,1415 and All That. � Birkhªuser, 1985.

ʀʩʪʦʨʠʠ ʦ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ ʠ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘʭ, ʚ ʪʦʤ ʯʠʩʣʝ ʛʣʘʚʘ ʦ ʇʘʫʣʝ ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʝ.

2 Wells D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. � Penguin, 1986.3 Wells D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Puzzles. � Penguin, 1982.4 Loyd S. Ju. Sam Loyd and his Puzzles. � Barse and Co, 1928.5 Loyd S. Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd. Ed. By Martin Gardner. � Dover, 1959.6 Northropp ɽ. P. Riddles in Mathematics. � Van Nostrand, 1944.7 Lodge D. The Picturgoers. � Penguin, 1993.8 Ribenboim P. 13 Lectures on Fermat's Last Theorem. � Springer, 1980.

ʆʙʟʦʨ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʧʦʧʳʪʦʢ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʥʳʡ ʜʦ ʨʘʙʦʪ ʕʥʜʨʶ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ. ʈʘʩʩʯʠʪʘʥ ʥʘ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʚ-ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ.

9 Devlin ʂ. Mathematics: The Science of Patterns. � Scientific American Library, 1994.ɺʝʣʠʢʦʣʝʧʥʦ ʠʣʣʶʩʪʨʠʨʦʚʘʥʥʘʷ ʢʥʠʛʘ, ʧʦʷʩʥʷʶʱʘʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʝ ʧʦʥʷʪʠʷ ʥʘ ʫʜʠʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦ ʥʘʛʣʷʜʥʳʭ ʦʙʨʘʟʘʭ.

10 Devlin ʂ. Mathematics: The New Golden Age. � Penguin, 1990.ʆʙʱʝʜʦʩʪʫʧʥʳʡ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʳʡ ʦʙʟʦʨ ʩʦʚʨʝʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ, ʩʦʜʝʨʞʘʱʠʡ ʧʦʤʠʤʦ ʧʨʦʯʝʛʦ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʘʢʩʠʦʤ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ.

11 Stewart I. The Concepts of Modern Mathematics. � Penguin, 1995.12 Russell ɺ., Whitehead A. N. Principia Mathematica. 3 Vols. � Cambridge University Press,

1910�1913.13 Kreisel G. Kurt Gºdel. In: Biographical Memoirs of the Fellows of the Royal Society, 1980.14 Hardy G. H. A Mathematician's Apology. � Cambridge University Press, 1940.

ʆʜʠʥ ʠʟ ʥʘʠʙʦʣʝʝ ʚʳʜʘʶʱʠʭʩʷ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ XX ʚʝʢʘ ʠʟʣʘʛʘʝʪ ʩʚʦʶ ʪʦʯʢʫ ʟʨʝʥʠʷ ʥʘ ʤʦʪʠʚʳ ʩʚʦʝʡ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʡ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʠ ʜʝʷʪʝʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʜʨʫʛʠʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ.

15 Hodges A. Alan Turing: The Enigma of Intelligence. � Unwin Paperbacks, 1983.ʆʯʝʨʢ ʞʠʟʥʠ ɸʣʘʥʘ ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛʘ, ʨʘʩʩʢʘʟʳʚʘʶʱʠʡ ʦ ʝʛʦ ʞʠʟʥʠ; ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʤ ʪʚʦʨʯʝʩʪʚʝ ʠ ʫʯʘʩʪʠʠ ʚ ʨʘʩʢʨʳʪʠʠ ʢʦʜʘ çʕʥʠʛʤʘè.

ɻʃɸɺɸ 5 1 Shimura G. Yutaka Taniyama and his time. � Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society,

1989. Vol. 21, P. 186�196.ʆʯʝʨʢ ʞʠʟʥʠ ʠ ʪʚʦʨʯʝʩʪʚʘ ʖʪʘʢʠ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ, ʥʘʧʠʩʘʥʥʳʡ ʩ ʚʝʩʴʤʘ ʣʠʯʥʦʡ ʪʦʯʢʠ ʟʨʝʥʠʷ.

2 Frey G. Links between stable elliptic curves and certain diophantine equations // Ann. Univ. Sarav. Math. Ser., 1986. Vol. 1, P. 1�40.ʉʪʘʪʴʷ, ʩʳʛʨʘʚʰʘʷ ʨʝʰʘʶʱʫʶ ʨʦʣʴ, ʚ ʢʦʪʦʨʦʡ ʌʨʝʡ ʚʳʩʢʘʟʘʣ ʧʨʝʜʧʦʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʦ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʠ ʩʚʷʟʠ ʤʝʞʜʫ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʦʡ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

ɻʃɸɺɸ 6 1 Rothmans ʊ. Genius and Biographers: the Fictionalization of Evariste Galois // Amer. Math.

Monthly, 1982. Vol. 89, P. 84�106.ɺ ʩʪʘʪʴʝ ʧʨʠʚʝʜʝʥ ʧʦʜʨʦʙʥʳʡ ʧʝʨʝʯʝʥʴ ʠʩʪʦʯʥʠʢʦʚ, ʥʘ ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʦʧʠʨʘʶʪʩʷ ʙʠʦʛʨʘʬʳ ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʠ ʦʙʩʫʞʜʘʝʪʩʷ ʜʦʩʪʦʚʝʨʥʦʩʪʴ ʨʘʟʣʠʯʥʳʭ ʠʥʪʝʨʧʨʝʪʘʮʠʡ.

2 Depny P. La vie d'Evariste Galois // Annales Scientifiques de 1'Ecole Normale Superieure, 1986. Vol. 13, P. 197�266.

3 Dumas A. Mes Memoirs. � Editions Gallimard, 1967.4 Van der Poorten A. Notes on Fermat's Last Theorem. � Wiley, 1996.

ʊʝʭʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ, ʨʘʩʩʯʠʪʘʥʥʦʝ ʥʘ ʩʪʫʜʝʥʪʦʚ ʩʪʘʨʰʠʭ ʢʫʨʩʦʚ ʠ ʘʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʦʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʩʧʝʮʠʘʣʴʥʦʩʪʝʡ.

ɻʃɸɺɸ 7 1 Gelbart S. An elementary introduction to the Langlands programme // Bulletin of the American

Mathematical Monthly, 1984. Vol. 10, P. 177�219.ʊʝʭʥʠʯʝʩʢʦʝ ʠʟʣʦʞʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʛʨʘʤʤʳ ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩʘ, ʨʘʩʩʯʠʪʘʥʥʦʝ ʥʘ ʧʨʦʬʝʩʩʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʦʚ.

2 Wiles A. Modular elliptic curves and Fermat's Last Theorem // Ann. of Math., 1995. Vol. 142, P. 443�551.ʕʪʘ ʩʪʘʪʴʷ ʩʦʜʝʨʞʠʪ ʦʩʥʦʚʥʫʶ ʯʘʩʪʴ ʧʨʝʜʣʦʞʝʥʥʦʛʦ ʋʘʡʣʩʦʤ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ ʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ.

3 Taylor R., Wiles A. Ring-theoretic properties of certain Hecke algebras // Ann. of Math., 1995. Vol. 142, P. 553�572.ɺ ʵʪʦʡ ʩʪʘʪʴʝ ʧʨʠʚʦʜʠʪʩʷ ʦʧʠʩʘʥʠʝ ʪʝʭ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʠʭ ʤʝʪʦʜʦʚ, ʢʦʪʦʨʳʝ ʠʩʧʦʣʴʟʦʚʘʣʠʩʴ ʜʣʷ ʚʦʩʧʦʣʥʝʥʠʷ ʧʨʦʙʝʣʦʚ ʚ ʚʘʨʠʘʥʪʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʋʘʡʣʩʘ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ.

ɻʃɸɺɸ 8 1 Stewart I. How to succeed in stacking // New Scientist, 13 July 1991, P. 29�32.2 Morgan J. The death of proof // Scientific American, October 1993, P. 74�82.3 Appel K., Haken W. The solution of the four-color-map problem // Scientific American,

October 1977. P. 108�121.4 Saaty T. L., Kainen P. C. The Four-Color Problem: Assaults and Conquest. � McGraw-Hill,

1977.5 Davis O. J., Hersh R. The Mathematical Experience. � Penguin, 1990.

FERMAT'S LASTTHEOREM

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ʇʝʨʝʚʦʜ ʩ ʘʥʛʣʠʡʩʢʦʛʦ ʖ. ɸ. ɼʘʥʠʣʦʚʘ

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2000

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ʆʪ ʠʟʜʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ 6ʇʨʝʜʠʩʣʦʚʠʝ (ɼʞʦʥ ʃʠʥʯ) 7ɺʚʝʜʝʥʠʝ 14ɻʣʘʚʘ 1. çɼʫʤʘʶ, ʤʥʝ ʩʣʝʜʫʝʪ

ʦʩʪʘʥʦʚʠʪʴʩʷè 19ʂʝʤʙʨʠʜʞ, 23 ʠʶʥʷ 1993 ʛʦʜʘ 19ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ 22ɺʩʸ ʩʫʱʝʝ ʝʩʪʴ ʯʠʩʣʦ 29ɸʙʩʦʣʶʪʥʦʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ 34ɹʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʝ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʦ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ 39ʆʪ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ ʜʦ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ 41

ɻʣʘʚʘ 2. ʉʦʟʜʘʪʝʣʴ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ 47ʕʚʦʣʶʮʠʷ ʪʝʦʨʠʠ ʯʠʩʝʣ 55ʈʦʞʜʝʥʠʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ 64

ɿʘʤʝʪʢʘ ʥʘ ʧʦʣʷʭ 69ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ, ʥʘʢʦʥʝʮ, ʦʧʫʙʣʠʢʦʚʘʥʘ 71

ɻʣʘʚʘ 3. ʇʦʟʦʨ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʠ 77ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢ-ʮʠʢʣʦʧ 79ʄʝʜʣʝʥʥʳʤ ʰʘʛʦʤ 93ʄʝʩʴʝ ʃʝʙʣʘʥ 101ɿʘʧʝʯʘʪʘʥʥʳʝ ʢʦʥʚʝʨʪʳ 111

ɻʣʘʚʘ 4. ʋʭʦʜ ʚ ʘʙʩʪʨʘʢʮʠʶ 121ʕʨʘ ʟʘʛʘʜʦʢ ʠ ʛʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʦʢ 124ʆʩʥʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʟʥʘʥʠʷ 132ʀʟ ʣʶʙʦʧʳʪʩʪʚʘ 146ʇʦʜʭʦʜ ʩ ʧʦʟʠʮʠʡ ʛʨʫʙʦʡ ʩʠʣʳ 148ɸʩʧʠʨʘʥʪʩʢʠʝ ʛʦʜʳ 159

ɻʣʘʚʘ 5. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʦʪ ʧʨʦʪʠʚʥʦʛʦ 169ɾʝʣʘʝʤʦʝ ʧʨʠʥʠʤʘʝʪʩʷ ʟʘ ʜʝʡʩʪʚʠʪʝʣʴʥʦʝ 177ʉʤʝʨʪʴ ʛʝʥʠʷ 180ʏʪʦ ʟʥʘʯʠʪ çʭʦʨʦʰʦè ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ 182ʅʝʜʦʩʪʘʶʱʝʝ ʟʚʝʥʦ 187

ɻʣʘʚʘ 6. ʊʘʡʥʳʝ ʚʳʯʠʩʣʝʥʠʷ 195ʅʘ ʯʝʨʜʘʢʝ ʦʪʰʝʣʴʥʠʢʘ 196ɼʫʵʣʴ ʩ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴʶ 199çɼʦʢʘʟʘʥʘ ʣʠ ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ?è 218ɺ ʧʦʪʝʤʢʘʭ 221ʄʝʪʦʜ ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥʘ�ʌʣʘʭʘ 223ʃʝʢʮʠʷ ʚʝʢʘ 227ʄʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʘ ʧʦʩʣʝ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ɺʝʣʠʢʦʡ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʌʝʨʤʘ 231

ɻʣʘʚʘ 7. ʅʝʙʦʣʴʰʘʷ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ 235ʄʝʣʢʠʡ ʨʝʤʦʥʪ ʢʦʚʨʦʚ 237ʂʦʰʤʘʨʥʦʝ ʩʦʦʙʱʝʥʠʝ ʧʦ ʵʣʝʢʪʨʦʥʥʦʡ ʧʦʯʪʝ 246ʇʦʜʘʨʦʢ ʢʦ ʜʥʶ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ 249

ɻʣʘʚʘ 8. ɺʝʣʠʢʦʝ ʆʙʲʝʜʠʥʝʥʠʝ ʚ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʢʝ 253ɺʝʣʠʢʠʝ ʥʝʨʝʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʧʨʦʙʣʝʤʳ 256ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʥʘ ʯʠʧʘʭ 266ɿʘʩʣʫʞʝʥʥʘʷ ʥʘʛʨʘʜʘ 276

ʇʨʠʣʦʞʝʥʠʷ 2781. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʳ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ 278

2. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʠʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʦʩʪʠ ʯʠʩʣʘ ã2 279

3. ɿʘʛʘʜʢʘ ʦ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ 2804. ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ɹʘʰʝ ʦ ʥʘʙʦʨʝ ʛʠʨʴ 2805. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ɽʚʢʣʠʜʘ ʩʫʱʝʩʪʚʦʚʘʥʠʷ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʯʠʩʣʘ ʧʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳʭ ʪʨʦʝʢ 281

6. ɼʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʦ ʛʠʧʦʪʝʟʳ ʦ ʪʨʝʭ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ 281

7. ʇʨʠʤʝʨ ʥʝʧʨʘʚʠʣʴʥʦʛʦ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ 282

8. ɸʢʩʠʦʤʳ ʘʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʠ 2839. ʊʝʦʨʠʷ ʠʛʨ ʠ ʪʨʫʵʣʴ 28410. ʇʨʠʤʝʨ ʜʦʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʩʪʚʘ ʧʦ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ 285

ʋʢʘʟʘʥʠʷ ʜʣʷ ʜʘʣʴʥʝʡʰʝʛʦ ʯʪʝʥʠʷ 286ʀʤʝʥʥʦʡ ʫʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴʇʨʝʜʤʝʪʥʳʡ ʫʢʘʟʘʪʝʣʴ

ʀʄɽʅʅʆʁ ʋʂɸɿɸʊɽʃʔ ɸʙʝʣʴ, ʅʠʣʴʩ ʍʝʥʨʠʢ (Niels Henrik Abel, 1802�1829) 21

ɸʜʣʝʤʘʥ, ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ (Leonard M. Adleman) 99

ɸʜʣʝʨ, ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜ 20

ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨ ʄʘʢʝʜʦʥʩʢʠʡ (356�323 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 55

ɸʣʴʛʘʨʦʪʪʠ, ʌʨʘʥʯʝʩʢʦ (Francesco Algarotti, 1712�1764) 104

ɸʥʪʦʥʠʡ, ʄʘʨʢ (Marcus Antonius, 83�30 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 62

ɸʥʴʝʟʠ, ʄʘʨʠʷ (Maria Gaetana Agnesi, 1718�1799) 102

ɸʧʧʝʣʴ, ʂʝʥʥʝʪ (Kenneth Appel, ʨ. 1932) 272�273, 274

ɸʨʘʛʦ, ɼʦʤʠʥʠʢ ʌʨʘʥʩʫʘ (Dominique Fran­ois Jean Arago, 1786�1853) 79

ɸʨʘʢʝʣʦʚ, ʉ. ʖ. 218

ɸʨʠʩʪʦʪʝʣʴ (384�322 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 63

ɸʨʭʠʤʝʜ (287?�212 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 56, 104, 108

ɹʘʨʥʫʤ, ʇ. ʊ. 125

ɹʘʭ, ʀʦʛʘʥʥ ʉʝʙʘʩʪʴʷʥ (Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685�1750) 80

ɹʘʰʝ, ʂʣʦʜ ɻʘʩʧʘʨ (Claude Gaspar Bachet de Meziriac, 1557�1638) 65, 66, 280

ɹʝʟʜʝʢ, ʂʘʨʦʣʴ (K§roly Bezdek) 265, 266

ɹʝʡʢʝʨ, ɸʣʘʥ (Alan Baker, ʨ. 1939) 243

ɹʝʣʣ, ʕʨʠʢ ʊʝʤʧʣ (Eric Temple Bell, 1883�1960) 23, 41, 43, 49, 75, 106, 195

ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ, ɼʘʥʠʠʣ (Daniel Bernoulli, 1700�1782) 80

ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ, ʅʠʢʦʣʘʡ (Nicolas Bernoulli, 1687�1759) 80

ɹʝʨʥʫʣʣʠ, ʗʢʦʙ (Jacob Bernoulli, 1654�1705) 80

ɹʦʛʨʘʥ 49

ɹʦʤʙʝʣʣʠ, ʈʘʬʘʵʣʦ (Rafael Bombelli, 1526?�1572) 89, 90

ɹʨʘʭʤʘʛʫʧʪʘ (598�660?) 63

ɺʘʛʩʪʘʬʬ, ʉʵʤʶʵʣʴ ʉ. (Samuel S. Wagstaff) 157

ɺʘʢʝʥʬʝʣʴʩ, ʀʦʛʘʥʥ ɺʘʢʛʝʨ 259

ɺʘʣʣʠʩ, ɼʞʦʥ (John Wallis, 1616�1703) 47, 48, 51

ɺʘʥ ʜʝʨ ɺʘʨʜʝʥ, ɹ. ʃ. (B. L. van der Waerden, 1903�1996) 132

ɺʝʡʣʴ, ɸʥʜʨʝ (Andr® Weil, 1906�1998) 143, 183

ɺʝʡʣʴ, ɻʝʨʤʘʥ (Hermann Weyl, 1885�1955) 135

ɺʠʥʥ (Winn) 270

ɺʠʥʦʛʨʘʜʦʚ, ʀʚʘʥ ʄʘʪʚʝʝʚʠʯ (1891�1983) 259

ɺʦʣʴʬʩʢʝʣʴ, ʇʘʫʣʴ (Paul Wolfskehl, 1856�1906) 120, 121�122, 229, 276

ɻʘʣʠʣʝʡ, ɻʘʣʠʣʝʦ (Galileo Galilei, 1564�1642) 49, 50

ɻʘʣʫʘ, ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜ 212, 214

ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʅʠʢʦʣʷ�ɻʘʙʨʠʵʣʴ 203, 206

ɻʘʣʫʘ, ʕʚʘʨʠʩʪ (Evariste Galois, 1811�1832) 21, 201�216, 202, 217, 230, 276

ɻʘʤʠʣʴʪʦʥ, ʋʠʣʴʷʤ ʈʦʵʥ (William Rowan Hamilton, 1805�1865) 267

ɻʘʨʜʥʝʨ, ʄʘʨʪʠʥ (Martin Gardner, ʨ. 1914) 67, 131, 271

ɻʘʩʩʝʥʜʠ 49

ɻʘʪʨʠ, ʌʨʝʜʝʨʠʢ 267

ɻʘʪʨʠ, ʌʨʝʥʩʠʩ (Francis Guthrie) 267, 268

ɻʘʫʩʩ, ʂʘʨʣ ʌʨʠʜʨʠʭ (Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1777�1855) 106�107, 108�109, 159, 212, 214

ɻʝʡʟʝʥʙʝʨʛ, ɺʝʨʥʝʨ (Werner Heisenberg, 1901�1975) 144

ɻʝʢʢʝ, ʕʨʠʭ (Erich Hecke, 1887�1947) 252

ɻʝʨʙʝʨʪ ɸʚʨʠʣʘʢʩʢʠʡ (950�1003) 64

ɻʸʜʝʣʴ, ʂʫʨʪ (Kurt Gºdel, 1906�1978) 132, 140�145, 142, 148

ɻʠʙʙʦʥ, ʕʜʚʘʨʜ (Edward Gibbon, 1737�1794) 102

ɻʠʣʴʙʝʨʪ, ɼʘʚʠʜ (David Hilbert, 1862�1943) 96, 97, 103, 132, 134, 135�136, 140, 196, 219, 229

ɻʠʧʧʘʩ (450? ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 58

ɻʠʧʩʠʢʣ (180? ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 61

ɻʦʣʴʜʙʘʭ, ʍʨʠʩʪʠʘʥ (Christian Goldbach, 1690�1764) 87, 258�259

ɻʦʤʙʦ, ɸʥʪʫʘʥ 52

ɻʦʨʝʥʩʪʝʡʥ, ɼʵʥʠʵʣ (Daniel Gorenstein, 1923�1992) 274

ɻʨʵʭʝʤ, ʈʦʥʘʣʴʜ ʃʴʶʠʩ (Ronald Lewis Graham) 275

ʜ'ɸʣʘʤʙʝʨ, ɾʘʥ ʃʝʨʦʥ (Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, 1717�1783) 92

ʜ'ʕʨʙʝʥʚʠʣʣʴ, ʇʝʰʦ 210, 212

ɼʘʣʴʪʦʥ, ɼʞʦʥ (John Dalton, 1766�1844) 35

ɼʘʨʤʘʥ, ɸʥʨʠ 248, 249

ɼʝʢʘʨʪ, ʈʝʥʝ (Rene Descartes, 1596�1650) 50, 51, 67, 257

ɼʝʣʠʥʴ, ʇʴʝʨ ʈʝʥʝ (Pierre Ren® Deligne, ʨ. 1944) 255

ɼʞʠʥʛʨʘʥ, ʏʝʥ 258

ɼʠʘʥʘ (princess Diana, 1961�1997) 234

ɼʠʛʙʠ, ʂʝʥʝʣʴʤ 47�48

ɼʠʜʨʦ, ɼʝʥʠ (Denis Diderot, 1713�1784) 82

ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪ (Diophantus, ʚʝʨʦʷʪʥʦ III ʚ.) 6, 51, 61, 62, 65�66, 69, 72, 163, 276, 280

ɼʠʨʠʭʣʝ, ɻʫʩʪʘʚ ʃʝʞʝʥ (Pierre Gustave Lejeune Dirichlet, 1805�1859) 107, 166

ɼʠʬʬʠ, ʋʠʪʬʠʣʜ (Whitfield Diffie) 98

ɼʦʜʞʩʦʥ, ʏʘʨʣʴʟ (Charles Dodgson, 1832�1898) 125

ɼʦʡʨʠʥʛ, ʄʘʢʩ (Max Deuring) 169

ɼʵʚʠʩ, ʌʠʣʠʧ 275

ɼʴʶʜʝʥʠ, ɻʝʥʨʠ (Henry Ernest Dudeney, 1857�1930) 124

ɼʶʤʘ, ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨ (Alexander Dumas, 1802�1870) 208

ɽʚʢʣʠʜ (365?�300? ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 28, 56, 57, 59, 61, 64, 257, 266, 279, 281

ɽʢʘʪʝʨʠʥʘ II (1729�1796) 81, 82, 93

ɾʝʨʤʝʥ, ɸʤʙʨʫʘʟ ʌʨʘʥʩʫʘ 104

ɾʝʨʤʝʥ, ʉʦʬʠ (Sophie Germain, 1776�1831) 101, 103, 104�110, 110, 201, 208

ʀʚʘʩʘʚʘ (Kenkichi Iwasawa, 1917�1998) 222, 250

ʀʚʩ, ɻʦʚʘʨʜ ʋ. 195

ʀʣʣʶʟʠ, ʃʶʢ 236, 238

ʀʧʘʪʠʷ (370�415) 102

ʂʘʥʘʜʘ, ʗʩʫʤʘʩʘ (Yasumasa Kanada) 59

ʂʘʥʪʦʨ, ɻʝʦʨʛ (Georg Cantor, 1845�1918) 96, 97

ʂʘʨʜʘʥʦ, ɼʞʠʨʦʣʘʤʦ (Girolamo Cardano, 1501�1576) 50

ʂʘʨʣ X (1757�1836) 207

ʂʘʪʮ, ʅʠʢ (Nicholas Katz) 224�227, 225, 229, 235�236, 237�239

ʂʝʣʣʝʨ, ɼʞʦʟʝʬ (Joseph B. Keller) 273

ʂʝʣʣʠ, ɼʞʦʥ 270

ʂʝʤʧʝ, ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜ ɹʨʝʡ (Alfred Bray Kempe, 1849�1922) 268

ʂʝʧʣʝʨ, ʀʦʛʘʥʥ (Johannes Kepler, 1571�1630) 259�260, 262

ʂʠʨʠʣʣ, ʧʘʪʨʠʘʨʭ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʠʡ 102

ʂʣʘʨʢ, ɸʨʪʫʨ ʏʘʨʣʴʟ (Arthur Charles Clarke, ʨ. 1917) 36

ʂʣʝʦʧʘʪʨʘ (Cleopatra, 69�30 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 62

ʂʣʝʨʦ, ɸʣʝʢʩʠʩ ʂʣʦʜ (Alexis Claude Clairaut, 1713�1765) 44

ʂʦʚʘʣʝʚʩʢʘʷ, ʉʦʬʴʷ ɺʘʩʠʣʴʝʚʥʘ (1850�1891) 103

ʂʦʚʘʣʝʚʩʢʠʡ, ɺʣʘʜʠʤʠʨ ʆʥʫʬʨʠʝʚʠʯ 103

ʂʦʣʳʚʘʛʠʥ, ɺʠʢʪʦʨ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʦʚʠʯ (ʨ. 1955) 223�224, 230, 276

ʂʦʥʚʝʡ, ɼʞʦʥ (John Conway, ʨ. 1937) 245

ʂʦʥʜʦʨʩʵ, ʤʘʨʢʠʟ ʜʝ (Marquis de Condorcet, 1743�1794) 93

ʂʦʫʪʩ, ɼʞʦʥ (John Henry Coates, ʨ. 1945) 159, 161, 162, 166�167, 184, 195, 196, 198, 222, 223, 228, 230, 253

ʂʦʰʠ, ʆʛʶʩʪʝʥ ʃʫʠ (Augustin Louis Cauchy, 1789�1857) 111, 114, 117, 122, 146, 205�206, 207, 210, 276

ʂʦʵʥ, ʇʘʫʣʴ (Paul Cohen, ʨ. 1934) 145

ʂʨʦʥʝʢʝʨ, ʃʝʦʧʦʣʴʜ (Leopold Kronecker, 1823�1891) 58, 219

ʂʫʣʠʜʞ, ɼʞʫʣʠʘʥ (Julian Lowell Coolidge, 1873�1954) 49

ʂʫʤʤʝʨ, ʕʨʥʩʪ (Ernst Eduard Kummer, 1810�1893) 113, 115�118, 116, 121, 122, 146, 156�157

ʂʵʨʨʦʣʣ, ʃʴʶʠʩ (Lewis Carroll, 1832�1898) 125

ʃʘʛʨʘʥʞ, ɾʦʟʝʬ ʃʫʠ (Joseph Louis Lagrange, 1736�1813) 92, 105�106, 207

ʃʘʤʝ, ɻʘʙʨʠʝʣʴ (Gabrial Lam®, 1795�1870) 107, 111, 112, 117, 122, 276

ʃʘʥʜʘʫ, ʕʜʤʫʥʜ (Edmund Landau, 1877�1938) 103, 129�130

ʃʝʙʣʘʥ, ɸʥʪʫʘʥ ʆʛʶʩʪ 105

ʃʝʞʘʥʜʨ, ɸʜʨʠʝʥ ʄʘʨʠ (Adrien Marie Legendre, 1752�1833) 107

ʃʝʡʙʥʠʮ, ɻʦʪʪʬʨʠʜ ɺʠʣʴʛʝʣʴʤ (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1646�1716) 90, 275

ʃʝʥʛʣʝʥʜʩ, ʈʦʙʝʨʪ (Robert Langlands) 185�186, 218�219, 256

ʃʝʥʩʪʨʘ, ʍ. 256

ʃʝʦʥ (IV ʚ. ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 26

ʃʠʙʨʠ�ʂʘʨʫʯʯʠ, ɻʫʣʴʝʣʴʤʦ 105, 208

ʃʠʧʤʘʥ, ɼʞʦʟʝʬ 240

ʃʠʪʣʚʫʜ, ɼʞʦʥ ʀʜʝʥʟʦʨ (John Edensor Littlewood, 1885�1977) 159

ʃʠʫʚʠʣʣʴ, ɾʦʟʝʬ (Joseph Liouville, 1809�1882) 113, 115, 214

ʃʦʜʞ, ɼʵʚʠʜ 157

ʃʦʡʜ, ʉʵʤ (Samuel Loyd, 1841�1911) 125�126, 147, 190

ʃʫʠ�ʌʠʣʠʧʧ (Louis-Philippe, 1773�1850) 207, 208, 209

ʃʶʜʦʚʠʢ XVIII (Louis XVIII, 1755�1824) 201�203

ʄʘʟʫʨ, ɹʘʨʨʠ (Barry Mazur, ʨ. 1937) 10, 11, 184, 185, 190, 192, 227, 228, 230�231, 235

ʄʘʣʝʨ 263

ʄʝʜʦʥ, ɹʝʨʥʘʨ 48

ʄʝʨʩʝʥʥ, ʄʘʨʝʥ (Marin Mersenne, 1588�1648) 49�51

ʄʠʣʥʝʨ�ɹʘʨʨʠ, ʉʪʶʘʨʪ 155

ʄʠʣʦ 25, 39�40

ʄʠʨʠʤʘʥʦʚ, ɼʤʠʪʨʠʡ 157

ʄʠʷʦʢʘ, ʀʦʠʯʠ (Yoichi Miyaoka) 6, 218, 220, 233, 243

ʄʦʥʪʫʢʣʘ, ɾʘʥ ʕʪʴʝʥ (1725�1799) 104

ʄʦʨʛʘʥ, ɸʚʛʫʩʪ ʜʝ (Augustus De Morgan, 1806�1871) 267

ʄʦʨʛʝʥʰʪʝʨʥ, ʆʩʢʘʨ (Oskar Morgenstern) 148

ʄʦʪʝʣʴ, ʉʪʝʬʘʥʠ ʌʝʣʠʮʠʷ ʇʦʪʝʨʠ 209, 210, 212

ʄʦʫʣʪʦʥ, ɼ. 256

ʄʫʜʝʨ, ɼʫʛ 264

ʄʫʨ, ʃʫʠʩ ʊʨʝʥʰʘʨ 55

ʅʘʧʦʣʝʦʥ ɹʦʥʘʧʘʨʪ (Napol®on Bonaparte, 1769�1821) 108, 201

ʅʝʡʤʘʥ, ɼʞʦʥ ʬʦʥ (John von Neumann, 1903�1957) 141, 148

ʅʸʪʝʨ, ʕʤʤʠ (Emmy Noether, 1882�1935) 102, 103, 132

ʅʠʢʩʦʥ, ʈʠʯʘʨʜ (Richard Nixon, ʨ. 1913) 54

ʅʴʶʪʦʥ, ʀʩʘʘʢ (Isaac Newton, 1642�1727) 32, 55, 80, 81, 93, 104, 228, 259

ʆʣʴʙʝʨʩ, ɻʝʥʨʠʭ (Henrich Olbers) 106

ʆʨʝ (Ore) 270, 271

ʇʘʛʘʥʠʥʠ, ʅʠʢʢʦʣʦ (Niccolo Paganini, 1782�1840) 68

ʇʘʩʢʘʣʴ, ʕʪʴʝʥ (Etienne Pascal, 1588�1651) 49, 51�54

ʇʝʥʨʦʫʟ, ʈʦʜʞʝʨ (Roger Penrose, ʨ. 1931) 174�175

ʇʝʨʥʝʪʠ, ɾʦʟʝʬ ʄʘʨʠ 108

ʇʝʪʨ I (1672�1725) 258

ʇʠʥʯ, ʈʠʯʘʨʜ 241

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨ (580?�500? ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 14, 23, 24�26, 27, 28, 29�31, 32, 38�39, 39�40, 55, 57�58, 64, 101, 266

ʇʣʘʥʢ, ʄʘʢʩ (Max Planck, 1858�1947) 218

ʇʣʘʪʦʥ (428 ʠʣʠ 427�348 ʠʣʠ 347 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 29, 101

ʇʦʣʠʢʨʘʪ 25

ʇʦʨʜʞʝʩ, ɸʨʪʫʨ (Arthur Porges) 47, 76

ʇʪʦʣʝʤʝʡ (100?�178?) 55�56

ʇʫʘʥʢʘʨʝ, ɸʥʨʠ (Henri Poincar®, 1854�1912) 175

ʈʘʤʘʥʫʜʞʘʥ, ʉʨʠʥʠʚʘʩʘ (Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar, 1887�1920) 20�21

ʈʘʩʧʘʡ, ʌʨʘʥʩʫʘ (Fran­ois Raspail, 1794�1878) 209

ʈʘʩʩʝʣ, ɹʝʨʪʨʘʥ (Bertrand Russell, 1872�1970) 35, 52, 132, 136�140, 137, 143

ʈʝʡʜʝʤʝʡʩʪʝʨ, ʂʫʨʪ (Kurt Reidemeister, 1893�1971) 128

ʈʝʡʥʦʣʴʜʩ (Reynolds) 270

ʈʠʙʝʥʙʦʡʤ, ʇʘʫʣʴ (Paulo Ribenboim) 130

ʈʠʙʝʪ, ʂʝʥ (Ken Ribet) 190�193, 191, 195, 198, 228, 230, 231, 239, 243�244, 255

ʈʠʚʝʩʪ, ʈʦʥʘʣʴʜ (Ronald L. Rivest) 99

ʈʠʤʘʥ, ɹʝʨʥʛʘʨʜ (Bernhard Riemann, 1826�1866) 75, 275

ʈʠʰʝʣʴʝ, ɸʨʤʘʥ ɾʘʥ ʜʶ ʇʣʝʩʩʠ (cardinal Richelieu, 1585�1642) 48

ʈʦʙʝʨʚʘʣʴ, ɾʶʣʴ (Gilles Personne De Roberval, 1602�1675) 49

ʈʦʜʞʝʨʩ, ʂʣʦʜ ɸʤʙʨʦʟ (Claude Ambrose Rogers, ʨ. 1920) 263�264

ʈʦʩʩʠ, ʍʫʛʦ 54

ʈʫʙʠʥ, ʂʘʨʣ 229�230, 252

ʉʘʨʥʘʢ, ʇʠʪʝʨ (Peter Sarnak) 9, 241, 246

ʉʝʛʨʵ 263

ʉʝʣʴʤʝʨ, ʕʨʥʩʪ (Ernst S. Selmer, ʨ. 1920) 242

ʉʠʣʦʥ 39, 40

ʉʠʣʴʚʝʨʤʘʥ, ɹʦʙ 240

ʉʠʣʴʚʝʩʪʨ II (Pope Sylvester II, 940 ʠʣʠ 950�1003) 64

ʉʢʴʶʟ, ʉ. (S. Skewes) 159

ʉʦʢʨʘʪ (470 ʠʣʠ 469�399 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 101

ʉʦʤʝʨʚʠʣʣ, ʄʵʨʠ 105

ʉʪʝʤʧʣ (Stemple) 270, 271

ʉʪʦʫʥ, ʍʘʥʩ�ʍʝʥʨʠʢ 31

ʉʪʶʘʨʪ, ʗʥ (Ian Stewart, ʨ. 1945) 132

ʉʫʟʫʢʠ, ʄʠʩʘʢʦ 180, 182

ʉʫʠʥʥʝʨʪʦʥ�ɼʘʡʝʨ, ʍ. ʇ. ʌ. (H. P. F. Swinnerton�Dyer) 273

ʉʬʠʥʢʩ 267

ʊʘʥʠʷʤʘ, ʖʪʘʢʘ (Yutaka Taniyama, 1927�1958) 11, 168, 169�172, 177, 178, 178�180, 182�183, 192�193, 255, 276

ʊʘʨʪʘʣʴʷ, ʅʠʢʢʦʣʦ (Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia, 1500?�1557) 50

ʊʝʘʥʦ (Theano, V ʚ. ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 25, 101

ʊʝʡʣʦʨ, ʈʠʯʘʨʜ (Richard Taylor) 6, 241, 246, 247, 249, 250, 252

ʊʝʣʠʩ 39

ʊʝʦʥ ɸʣʝʢʩʘʥʜʨʠʡʩʢʠʡ (2-ʷ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʘ IV ʚ.) 61

ʊʝʦʬʠʣ 62, 64

ʊʠʪʯʤʘʨʰ, ʕʜʚʘʨʜ ʏʘʨʣʴʟ (Edward Charles Titchmarsh, 1899�1963) 148

ʊʦʤʩʦʥ, ɼʞʦʟʝʬ ɼʞʦʥ (Joseph John Thomson, 1856�1940) 36

ʊʦʪ 263

ʊʫʵ, ɸʢʩʝʣʴ (Axel Thue, 1863�1922) 263

ʊʴʶʨʠʥʛ, ɸʣʘʥ (Alan Turing, 1912�1954) 149�156, 150

ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʅʘʜʘ 199, 227, 238, 252

ʋʘʡʣʩ, ʕʥʜʨʶ (Andrew Wiles, ʨ. 1953) 7, 10, 12, 18, 20, 21, 22�23, 44�45, 45, 159�161, 160, 166�167, 194, 195�201, 216�217, 218, 221�227, 228�231, 235�239, 241�242, 243, 245, 246�249, 250, 252, 253�256, 254, 276�277

ʋʘʡʪʭʝʜ, ɸʣʴʬʨʝʜ ʅʦʨʪ (Alfred North Whitehead, 1861�1947) 140

ʋʠʥʬʨʠ, ʆʧʨʘ (Oprah Winfrey, ʨ. 1954) 234

ʌʘʣʘʨʝʡ, ɼʝʤʝʪʨʠʡ 55�56

ʌʘʣʝʩ ʄʠʣʝʪʩʢʠʡ (Thales, 625?�547? ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 39

ʌʘʣʪʠʥʛʩ, ɻʝʨʜ (Gerd Faltings, ʨ. 1954) 219�220

ʌʝʡʝʰ�ʊʦʪ, ɻʘʙʦʨ (Gabor Fejes Toth) 265

ʌʝʦʜʦʩʠʡ (1-ʷ ʧʦʣʦʚʠʥʘ II ʚ. ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 62

ʌʝʨʤʘ, ɼʦʤʠʥʠʢ 47

ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʂʣʝʤʘʥ�ʉʘʤʶʵʣʴ 70, 71�72

ʌʝʨʤʘ, ʇʴʝʨ ʜʝ (Pierre de Fermat, 1601�1665) 8, 14, 15, 23, 43, 46, 47�49, 50�55, 64�66, 67�68, 69, 71, 73, 129, 146, 163, 195, 276

ʌʣʘʭ, ʄʘʪʠʫʩ (Matthias Flach) 223�224, 276

ʌʨʘʥʢʣʠʥ, ʌʠʣʠʧ 270

ʌʨʝʛʝ, ɻʦʪʪʣʦʙ (Gottlob Frege, 1848�1925) 136, 138, 139

ʌʨʝʡ, ɻʝʨʭʘʨʜ (Gerhard Frey) 187�190, 193, 198, 248

ʌʨʝʥʢʠʥ, ʕʜʚʘʨʜ 275

ʌʨʠʜʨʠʭ II (Friedrich II, 1712�1786) 81, 92

ʌʫʨʪʚʝʥʛʣʝʨ, ʌʠʣʠʧʧ (Philipp Furtwªngler, 1869�1940) 140

ʌʫʨʴʝ, ɾʦʟʝʬ (Joseph Fourier, 1768�1830) 206, 210

ʍʘʢʝʥ, ɺʦʣʴʬʛʘʥʛ (Wolfgang Haken, ʨ. 1928) 272�273, 274

ʍʘʡʥʩʠʫʩ, ʅʠʢʦʣʘʩ 48

ʍʘʨʜʠ, ɻʦʜʬʨʠ ɻʘʨʦʣʴʜ (Godfrey Harold Hardy, 1877�1947) 19, 20, 21, 57, 75, 147, 148, 159

ʍʝʝʰ, ɻʝʥʨʠʭ (Henrich Heesch) 272

ʍʝʡʣʠʩ, ʊʦʤʘʩ (Thomas C. Hales) 264, 265�266

ʍʝʣʣʝʛʫʘʨʢ 255

ʍʝʣʣʤʘʥ, ʄʘʨʪʠʥ (Martin Hellman) 98

ʍʟʷʥʴ, ɺʫ�ʀ (Wu�Yi Hsiang) 264�266

ʍʠʚʫʜ, ʇʝʨʩʠ ɼʞʦʥ 268

ʍʦʜʞʝʩ, ʕʥʜʨʶ 156

ʍʦʫʚ, ʕ. 256

ʎʝʟʘʨʴ, ɻʘʡ ʖʣʠʡ (Gaius Julius Caesar, 100�44 ʜʦ ʥ.ʵ.) 62, 64

ʏʝʨʯʠʣʣʴ, ʋʠʥʩʪʦʥ (Winston Churchill, 1874�1965) 154

ʏʫʜʥʦʚʩʢʠʡ, ɼʵʚʠʜ (David Chudnovsky) 59

ʏʫʜʥʦʚʩʢʠʡ, ɻʨʝʛʦʨʠ (Gregory Chudnovsky) 59

ʐʘʤʠʨ, ɸʜʠ (Adi Shamir) 99

ʐʝʚʘʣʴʝ, ʆʛʶʩʪ 210, 214

ʐʠʤʫʨʘ, ɻʦʨʦ (Goro Shimura, ʨ. 1930) 11, 169�172, 170, 177, 178, 179�180, 181, 182�183, 192�193, 233, 255, 276

ʐʣʠʭʪʠʥʛ, ʌ. 130�131

ʕʚʘʥʩ, ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ 240

ʕʜʠʧ 267

ʕʡʣʝʨ, ɸʣʴʙʝʨʪ 93

ʕʡʣʝʨ, ʃʝʦʥʘʨʜ (Leonhard Euler, 1707�1783) 44, 67, 73, 78, 79�88, 146, 158, 258, 259, 276

ʕʡʣʝʨ, ʇʘʫʣʴ 80

ʕʡʥʰʪʝʡʥ, ɸʣʴʙʝʨʪ (Albert Einstein, 1879�1955) 31, 32, 102

ʕʡʭʣʝʨ, ʄ. (M. Eichler) 172

ʕʣʴʢʠʩ, ʅʘʫʤ (Noam David Elkies) 158, 248�249

ʕʧʠʤʝʥʠʜ (Epimenidus the Cretan) 143�144

ʕʰʝʨ, ʄʦʨʠʮ ʂʦʨʥʝʣʠʩ (Maurits Cornelius Escher, 1898�1972) 176

ʗʢʦʙʠ, ʂʘʨʣ ɻʫʩʪʘʚ ʗʢʦʙ (Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, 1804�1851) 212, 214

ʗʤʚʣʠʭ (250?�330?) 29

ʇʈɽɼʄɽʊʅʓʁ ʋʂɸɿɸʊɽʃʔ ɸʨʠʬʤʝʪʠʢʘ ʚʳʯʝʪʦʚ 164�165

ɹʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʩʪʴ ʢʦʣʠʯʝʩʪʚʘ ʧʨʦʩʪʳʭ ʯʠʩʝʣ 95�96

ɺʝʣʠʢʘʷ ʪʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʌʝʨʤʘ 86

ɺʝʨʦʷʪʥʦʩʪʴ ʩʦʚʧʘʜʝʥʠʷ ʜʥʝʡ ʨʦʞʜʝʥʠʷ 53

ɻʠʧʦʪʝʟʘ ʊʘʥʠʷʤʳ�ʐʠʤʫʨʳ 178�179, 184

ɻʦʣʦʚʦʣʦʤʢʘ ç15�14è 126�128

ɼʨʫʞʝʩʪʚʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ 67�68

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʚʦʟʨʘʩʪʝ ɼʠʦʬʘʥʪʘ 61, 280

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʢʸʥʠʛʩʙʝʨʛʩʢʠʭ ʤʦʩʪʘʭ 82�83

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʥʘʙʦʨʝ ʛʠʨʴ 66, 280

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʰʘʭʤʘʪʥʦʡ ʜʦʩʢʝ 37�38

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʦ ʪʨʸʭ ʪʦʯʢʘʭ 118�119, 281

ɿʘʜʘʯʘ ʪʨʸʭ ʪʝʣ 81

ʀʨʨʘʮʠʦʥʘʣʴʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ 57, 279

ʂʦʤʧʣʝʢʩʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ 88�91

ʄʝʪʦʜ ʙʝʩʢʦʥʝʯʥʦʛʦ ʩʧʫʩʢʘ 87

ʄʝʪʦʜ ʤʘʪʝʤʘʪʠʯʝʩʢʦʡ ʠʥʜʫʢʮʠʠ 200�201, 285

ʇʘʨʘʜʦʢʩ ʈʘʩʩʝʣʘ 138�140

ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʦʚʳ ʪʨʦʡʢʠ 41, 281

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ɻʦʣʴʜʙʘʭʘ 258�259

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʫʧʘʢʦʚʢʠ ʰʘʨʦʚ 259�263

ʇʨʦʙʣʝʤʘ ʯʝʪʳʨʸʭ ʢʨʘʩʦʢ 267�273

ʇʨʦʩʪʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ 94

ʉʦʚʝʨʰʝʥʥʳʝ ʯʠʩʣʘ 27�28, 257

ʊʝʦʨʝʤʘ ɻʸʜʝʣʷ ʦ ʥʝʧʦʣʥʦʪʝ 141

ʊʝʦʨʝʤʘ ʇʠʬʘʛʦʨʘ 33, 278

ʌʦʨʤʫʣʘ ʕʡʣʝʨʘ ʜʣʷ ʛʨʘʬʦʚ 84

ʏʠʩʣʘ�ʙʣʠʟʥʝʮʳ 258

ʏʠʩʣʦ ˊ 31, 58�59, 60