What is Music?What is Music?What is Music?What is Music?• 4 main properties of musical sounds:4 main properties of musical sounds:• rhythm/durationrhythm/duration — when to play the notes — when to play the notes• amplitude/loudnessamplitude/loudness — how loud to play — how loud to play

the notesthe notes• pitchpitch — which notes to play — which notes to play• timbre/tone colortimbre/tone color — sound quality — sound quality

• which instruments are playing?which instruments are playing?

RhythmRhythmRhythmRhythm• Rhythmic NotationRhythmic Notation

• Sound (notes) vs. Silence (rests)Sound (notes) vs. Silence (rests)• Specifies starting times and durations for Specifies starting times and durations for

individual notesindividual notes

TIME

PIT

CH

• StaffStaff• a graph of five horizontal lines for writing a graph of five horizontal lines for writing

musical notes (x = time, y = pitch)musical notes (x = time, y = pitch)

RhythmRhythmRhythmRhythm• DurationDuration

• how long a sound lastshow long a sound lasts

flag

head

stem

• NoteNote• a written symbol that shows the duration (and a written symbol that shows the duration (and

pitch) of a soundpitch) of a sound

RhythmRhythmRhythmRhythm• BeamBeam

• the line connecting a group of flagged notesthe line connecting a group of flagged notes• beam group = 1 beatbeam group = 1 beat

beam

Notation of Equal SubdivisionsNotation of Equal SubdivisionsNotation of Equal SubdivisionsNotation of Equal Subdivisions

RestRestRestRest• A short period of A short period of

silence silence • useful for turning useful for turning

pages, breathing, pages, breathing, coughing, etc.coughing, etc.

Equal SubdivisionsEqual SubdivisionsEqual SubdivisionsEqual Subdivisions

1 whole note1 whole note

= 2 half notes= 2 half notes

= 4 quarter notes= 4 quarter notes

= 8 eighth notes= 8 eighth notes

= 16 sixteenth notes= 16 sixteenth notes

Exercise: clap the following rhythm:

TieTieTieTie

• Linking one note to Linking one note to another.another. =

Donald Tsang

• An strange article of An strange article of clothing worn by clothing worn by Donald Tsang.Donald Tsang.

DotsDotsDotsDots

=• a second dot adds half a second dot adds half

the value of the first dotthe value of the first dot

=• A dot increases the A dot increases the duration of a note by half duration of a note by half its valueits value

ExampleExampleExampleExample[i:50]

• Dotted RhythmDotted Rhythm• a dotted note followed by a shorter notea dotted note followed by a shorter note• often used in marchesoften used in marches

[i:51]

Tie Tie

Dotted Quarter Note

RhythmRhythmRhythmRhythm• TripletsTriplets

• divide a note into thirdsdivide a note into thirds• the notated unit is one unit the notated unit is one unit

smaller than the divided beat smaller than the divided beat unitunit

• in an eighth-note triplet, in an eighth-note triplet, 33 eighth notes = the duration of eighth notes = the duration of 11 quarter note quarter note

=

[i:52]

Start and Duration in CsoundStart and Duration in CsoundStart and Duration in CsoundStart and Duration in Csound• usually give the quarter note one beatusually give the quarter note one beat

• startstart each note at the correct number of quarter notes each note at the correct number of quarter notes• the the durationduration is also the correct number of quarter notes is also the correct number of quarter notes

• what is the start time for the 1st note in the what is the start time for the 1st note in the excerpt? what is the duration?excerpt? what is the duration?

• what is the start time for the 8th note in the what is the start time for the 8th note in the excerpt? what is the duration?excerpt? what is the duration? [i:51]

Two Csound ParametersTwo Csound ParametersTwo Csound ParametersTwo Csound Parameters

;simple.sco;simple.sco - use with simple.orc- use with simple.orc ; name of score; name of score

;function table for waveform for sinewave oscillator;function table for waveform for sinewave oscillatorf1 0 4096 10 1f1 0 4096 10 1

;p1;p1 p2p2 p3p3 p4p4 p5p5;; startstart durdur ampamp HertzHertzi1i1 00 22 40004000 440440 ; note statement; note statement

ee ; end of score; end of score

Csound Score for Previous ExcerptCsound Score for Previous ExcerptCsound Score for Previous ExcerptCsound Score for Previous Excerpt;simple.sco;simple.sco - use with simple.orc- use with simple.orc ; name of score; name of score;function table for waveform for sinewave oscillator;function table for waveform for sinewave oscillatorf1 0 4096 10 1f1 0 4096 10 1

;p1;p1 p2p2 p3p3 p4p4 p5p5;; startstart durdur ampamp HertzHertz...... i1i1 33 .75.75 .. ..i1i1 3.753.75 .25.25 .. ..i1i1 44 .75.75 .. ........

Rhythm ExerciseRhythm ExerciseRhythm ExerciseRhythm Exercise

[i:53] clap the following rhythm:

For each note value on the upper staff, write the number of the note values on the lower staff required for an equivalent duration