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Rhombencephalon
Mesencephalon
MetancephalonMyelencephalon
Prosencephalon
Fore brain
TelencephalonDiencephalon
Neuron Classification ?I ) Function : * Sensory Receptor Cells * Sensory Neurons ( Afferent N.) * Interneurons (Association) * Motor Neurons ( Efferent N.) * Neurosecretory cells
II) Shape : * Monopolar / Unipolar Neurons * Bipolar Neurons * Multipolar Neurons
III) Size : * Long Axon ( Golgi Type I ) * Short Axon ( Golgi Type II)
Ectoderm
Neural Plate
Neural Folds
Neural groove
Neural tube
Spinal Nerves :
*Cervical – 8 pairs*Thoracic – 12 pairs*Lumbar – 5 pairs*Sacral – 5 pairs*Coccygeal – 1 pairs
Meninges :
1) Piamater2) Arachnoid3) Dura mater
PachymeningeLeptomeninge
Denticulate lig. (21)
Segment Vertebra
C1 C1
C8 C6
T6 T4
T12 T9
L5 T11
Anteromedian Fissure
Posteromedian Sulcus
Anterolateral Sulcus
Posterolateral Sulcus
Posterior IntermediateSulcus
Gray Matter ( H Shape ) : Ant. Horn Post. Horn Lat. Horn ( S 2- 4 and Thoracic seg. ) Intermediate Gray MatterWhite Matter ( Funiculi) : Ant. Funiculus Lat. Funiculus Post. Funiculus ( Gracilis , Cuneatus )
Ant. Gray CommissurePost. Gray Commissure
Dorsal And Ventral RootsDoral Root GanglionSpinal Nerve-Dorsal ramus-Venteral ramusCervical Plexus :C1- C4Brachial Plexus: C5 – T1Intercostal Nerve: T1 – T12Lumbar Plexus : L1- L4Sacral Plexus : L4 – S3
1) Pain and Temperature
Lat. Spinothalamic Tract
2) Light touchAnt. Spinothalamic
Tract
Spinothalamic Tract
Proprioceptive (Conscious )
Fine TouchDiscriminative
Receptors :Muscle spindle , Golgi tendon organs , and Joint
Proprioception ( non conscious )
Spinocerebellar TractDorsal Ventral
Receptors :muscle spindle , Golgi tendon organs , and Joint
Motor System(Efferent)
Pyramidal (Direct or Voluntary) Extra pyramidal (Indirect or Involuntary)
Pyramidal
Upper Motor Neuron ( U.M.N )
Lower Motor Neuron ( L.M.N )
alpha and gamma motor neurons bulbar nucleus
Babinski reflex
+_
Tendon Reflexes
Biceps C5-6Triceps C6-7Patellar L3-4Achilles S1-2
Extra pyramidal (Indirect or Involuntary)
Regulating posture and reflexesAid in voluntary movement
1)Rubro spinal Tract
Rubro spinal Tract
* Cervical segment
* Facilitations of flexor musculature ( alfa and gamma)
2) Tecto spinal Tract
Vestibulo spinal Tract
Lat. Vestibular N. ( Deiter’s N.)
* Reflex of equilibrum
Facilitating reflex activity and extensor muscle tone
Arterial supply1) Vertebral a. Ant. Spinal a. Post. Spinal a.
2) branchesVertebral , ascending , deep cervical , posterior intercostal , lumbar , and lateral sacral a. a) radicular a. Dorsal ,ventral roots , covering meninges
b) Great ant. Segmental medullary artery ( Medullary artery of adamkiewicz ) left side lumbar enlargement
NEUROANATOMY
Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata Pons Mid brain
Pontomedullary sulcus
Pontopeduncular sulcus
Medulla Oblongata Anterior :
-Anteromedian fissureDecussation of the pyramid
- PyramidCorticospainal fibers
-Anterolateral sulcusHypoglossal nerve (XII)
PonsAnterior :
-Basilar SulcusBasilar a.
-Trigeminal nerve ( V )Motor and sensory roots
- Foramen Cecum
-Pontomedullary sulcusAbducent n. (VI )Fascial n. (VII ) Motor and sensory ( NervusIntermedius )roots Sensory include Parasympathetic
Vestibulocochlear ( VIII )
Fourth Ventricle
Roof:
-Upper partSup. Cerebellar PeduncleSup. Medullary Velum ( Ependym + Nerve Fibers)
-Lower partInf. Cerebellar PeduncleInf. Medullary Velum ( No nerve fibers)ObexForamen of MagendieForamen of LuschkaChoroid Plexus
Fourth VentricleFloor:-Median Sulcus
-Medial EminanceFacial Colliculus ( Genu of FacialNerve + Abducens nucleus )Hypoglossal Triangle
-Sulcus LimitansSup. Fovea (Locus Coeruleus )Inf. Fovea (Vagal Triangle)area posterma
-Lateral EminenceVestibular area
-Stria medullaris
Brain Stem Nucleus
1) Motor
2) Sensory
3) Parasympathetic
4) Other
Motor Nucleus
Med. Coulmen:(GSE)
3 , 4 , 6 , 12
3
4
6
12
Hypoglossal Nucleus
-Receives corticobulbar
(corticonuclear) fibers , Mainly the contralateral hemispher
Abducent Nucleus
Floor of the 4 ventricle (Facial Colliculus)
Motor Nucleus
Lat. Coulmen:(SVE)
- Ambigus N. (motor 9,10 and 11 cranial nerve)
-Motor N. of the Facial nerve
- Motor N. of the Trigeminal nerve
5
7
91011
Ambigus N.
(motor 9,10 and 11 cranial nerve)
GlossopharyngealVagusAccessory
91011
Ambigus N.
motor 9,10 and 11 cranial nerve
Ambigus N.
In situated deep in medulla
Ambigus N.
- Connected with corticonuclear tracts of both fibers
Lesion of Ambigus N.
Motor N. of the Facial nerve
Motor N. of the Facial nerve
- contralateral corticonuclear fibers end in the part of the nucleus innervating the muscles of the lower part of the face
Motor N. of the Trigeminal nerve
-Receives fibers from both corticonuclear tracts
Solitarius nucleus
gastatory nucleus
7 , 9 , 10
Vestibular and Cochlear nucleus
- SVA
- Vestibular nuclei Superior Pons Inferior Medial Lateral Medulla ( Deiter’s nucleus) -Cochlear nuclei Ventral Dorsal
Sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve
- GSA
- C3 – Midbrain
1) Spinal nucleus
2) Proper or Pontine nucleus
3) Mesencephalic nucleus
Sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal lemniscus
Talamus
Cornea Reflex
Parasympathetic
-GVE
- Dorsal vagal nucleus- Inf. Salivatory nucleus- Sup. Salivatory nucleus- Nasolacrimal nucleus
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
Sup. Salivatory nucleus
Nasolacrimal nucleus
Mid brain(Mesencephalon)
Ant:-Pontopeduncular groove-Crus cerebri-Interpeduncular fossa-Posterior perforating substance-Oculomotor nerve
Mid brain(Mesencephalon)
Post:
-Corpura quadrigemina-Superior Colliculus Pineal gland-Inferior Colliculus Frenulum Veli
Mid brain(Mesencephalon)
Post:
-Superior ColliculusSup. or ant. BrachiumLat. Geniculate body of talamus
-Inferior ColliculusInf. or post. BrachiumMed. Geniculate body of talamus
Mid brain
-Cerebral aqueduct(aqueduct of sylvius)
Cerebral peduncleTectum
Mid brain
-Cerebral aqueduct(aqueduct of sylvius)Periaqueductal greymatter
Cerebral peduncle-Substantia nigra 1)Crus cerebri 2)Tegmentum
Tectum-Colliculus
Substantia nigra
-Pars reticula-Pars compactaدوپامين
Parkinsonism
Cerebellum-Vermis-sup. surface
Cerebellum-Inf. SurfaceValleculaPostero lateral fissureFlocculonodular lobe
Cortex :
Nucleus :-Fastigial-Globus-Emboliform-Dentate or olive