RHODORA, Vol. 109, No. 939, pp. 237–360, 2007 Eneatlas.org/RhodoraNeatlas3.pdfChromosome numbers are taken from Volume 23 (Cyperaceae) of the Flora of North America series (Flora

ATLAS OF THE FLORA OF NEW

ENGLAND: CYPERACEAE

RAY ANGELO

New England Botanical Club, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138-2020e-mail: [email protected]

DAVID E. BOUFFORD

Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138-2020e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT. Dot maps are provided to depict the distribution at the county

level of the taxa of Cyperaceae growing outside of cultivation in the six New

England states of the northeastern United States. Of the 367 taxa (species,

subspecies, varieties, and hybrids, but not forms) treated, 362 are mapped based

primarily on specimens in major herbaria of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, with most data derived from

the holdings of the New England Botanical Club Herbarium (NEBC). Brief

synonymy to account for names used in standard manuals and floras for the

area, habitat and chromosome information, and common names are also

provided.

Key Words: flora, New England, atlas, distribution, Cyperaceae, sedges

This article is the fourth in a series that will present the

distributions of the vascular flora of New England in the form of

dot distribution maps at the county level (Figure 1). The atlas is

posted on the internet at http://neatlas.huh.harvard.edu/ where it

will be updated as new information becomes available.

This project encompasses all vascular plants (pteridophytes and

spermatophytes) at the rank of species, subspecies, and variety

growing independent of cultivation in the six New England states.

Hybrids are also included, but forms and other ranks below the

level of variety are not. The dots are based primarily on voucher

specimens in the herbaria of New England representing reproducing

populations, or plants persisting long after cultivation when it is

uncertain that they are actually naturalized. This fourth installment

includes the family Cyperaceae. Of the 367 taxa treated, 17 are not

native to the region. Five taxa are not mapped, either because they

were infraspecific taxa inadequately distinguished in herbaria from

the typical species or because they were reported in the Flora North

RHODORA, Vol. 109, No. 939, pp. 237–360, 2007

E Copyright 2007 by the New England Botanical Club

237

America treatment (Flora North America Editorial Committee

2002), but the location and locality of the voucher specimens areunknown. Future accounts will treat the distribution of the non-

monocot angiosperms.

We plan to gather this series of articles, together with additional

background material, into a separate volume upon completion of

all the maps. It is our hope, in the meantime, that these articles will

stimulate additional field work to supplement the distributions

portrayed in the maps. The New England Botanical Club

herbarium, which has proven to be the most important resourcefor this project, is especially eager to receive specimens document-

ing range extensions and filling county gaps in distributions. We

also would like to be informed of such specimens in other herbaria.

Similarly, because the atlas of the New England flora will be

continuously updated as new information becomes available, we

are eager to receive notification of published corrections of

cytological information and new, documented chromosome counts

for taxa in the New England flora.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials and methods are as outlined in Angelo and Boufford

(1996) and are not repeated here.

TAXONOMY AND FORMAT

The taxonomy and nomenclature adopted for this work

essentially follow that of the Flora North America project in

progress, except that families, genera, and species are arranged

alphabetically. Named and unnamed hybrid taxa are placed

alphabetically at the end of the genus in which they occur.

Unnamed hybrids combine the names of the progenitors alphabet-

ically by epithet. Taxa that are not native to New England are

indicated by uppercase text. Unpublished names are not used, evenif publication is pending.

Chromosome numbers are taken from Volume 23 (Cyperaceae)

of the Flora of North America series (Flora North America

Editorial Committee 2002).

Synonymy is provided primarily with respect to names accepted

in standard manuals covering New England published from 1950

onward, including Fernald (1950), Gleason (1952), Gleason and

238 Rhodora [Vol. 109

Cronquist (1991), and Seymour (1982). Synonyms have not been

provided where the distribution for the synonymized name does not

include New England.

The following list will aid readers in finding familiar names that

have been transferred to other taxa:

The following species are reported from our area, but no voucher

specimens were located, or the substantiating specimens weremisidentified, or the voucher specimen is in question:

Carex brunnea Thunberg [no specimen seen; the Essex County,

Massachusetts specimen in the Gray Herbarium at Harvard

University is missing or has been annotated as another species]

Carex complanata Torrey & Hooker [identification of voucherspecimen in question]

Carex crinita Lamarck var. porteri (Olney) Fernald [no specimen

located]

Carex divulsa Stokes [no specimen located]

Carex meadii Dewey [reported in error from Rhode Island in

Flora North America Editorial Committee (2002); A. Rezni-

cek, pers. comm.]

Carex planispicata Naczi [C. amphibola Steudel var. rigida (L.H.

Bailey) Fernald; no specimen located]

Carex salina Wahlenberg [misidentified C. vacillans Drejer orhybrids of C. paleacea Schreber ex Wahlenberg]

Carex tenera Dewey var. echinodes (Fernald) Wiegand [no

specimen located]

Carex woodii Dewey [C. tetanica Schkuhr var. woodii (Dewey)

Wood; misidentified C. tetanica Schkuhr var. tetanica]

Cyperus drummondii Torrey & Hooker [label of the voucher

specimen is in question]

Fimbristylis puberula (Michaux) Vahl var. puberula [voucher

specimen from Barnstable Co., Massachusetts annotated by

Hemicarpha ) LipocarphaPsilocarya ) Rhynchospora

Scirpus (in part) ) BolboschoenusScirpus (in part) ) SchoenoplectusScirpus (in part) ) Trichophorum

2007] Angelo and Boufford—Atlas of New England Flora 239

Bruce A. Sorrie and Ray Angelo has not been confirmed in the

field; specific locality given on the collection label does not exist]

Kyllingia brevifolia Rottbøll [Cyperus brevifolius (Rottbøll) End-

licher ex Hasskarl; no specimen located]

ANGIOSPERMAE (MAGNOLIOPHYTA)—ANGIOSPERMS

MONOCOTYLEDONEAE (COMMELINIDAE)

CYPERACEAE

Bolboschoenus

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis (Torrey) Sojak—River Bulrush (Figure 2).

2n 5 94. Freshwater shores, inland marshes. [Scirpus fluviatilis

(Torrey) A. Gray]

Bolboschoenus maritimus (Linnaeus) Palla subsp. maritimus—Salt-

marsh Bulrush (Figure 2). 2n 5 108, 110. Coastal shores,

brackish to saline marshes, and tidal river shores. [Scirpus

maritimus Linnaeus var. fernaldii (E.P. Bicknell) Beetle]

Bolboschoenus maritimus (Linnaeus) Palla subsp. paludosus (A.

Nelson) T. Koyama—Bayonet Grass (Figure 2). 2n 5 108,

110. Coastal shores and brackish to saline marshes. [Scirpus

paludosus A. Nelson var. atlanticus Fernald; S. maritimus

Linnaeus var. paludosus (A. Nelson) Kukenthal]

Bolboschoenus novae-angliae (Britton) S.G. Smith—(Figure 2). 2n 5 ?

Slightly brackish coastal shores and marshes. [Scirpus cylindricus

misapplied]

Bolboschoenus robustus (Pursh) Sojak—Seacoast Bulrush (Figure 3).

2n 5 ? Coastal shores and brackish to saline marshes. [Scirpus

robustus Pursh]

—Bolboschoenus hybrids—

Bolboschoenus maritimus (Linnaeus) Palla subsp. maritimus 3

Bolboschoenus robustus (Pursh) Sojak—(Figure 3).

Bulbostylis

Bulbostylis capillaris (Linnaeus) C.B. Clarke—(Figure 3). 2n 5 84.

Dry, open soil, sandy or gravelly waste areas. [B. capillaris var.

crebra Fernald]


Carex

Carex abscondita Mackenzie—(Figure 3). 2n 5 ? Rich, moist,

deciduous or deciduous-evergreen woods.

CAREX ACUTIFORMIS Ehrhart—(Figure 4). 2n 5 78. Open

swamps and wet thickets, borders of saline marshes, boggy

meadows, lake shores. From Europe.

Carex adusta Boott—(Figure 4). 2n 5 78. Dry, open, sandy woods

and clearings, in acid soil.

Carex aestivalis M.A. Curtis ex A. Gray—Summer Sedge

(Figure 4). 2n 5 56. Wooded or rocky slopes.

Carex aggregata Mackenzie—(Figure 4). 2n 5 ? Meadows, thickets,

rich woods, usually on calcareous soil. [C. sparganioides

Muhlenberg ex Willdenow var. aggregata (Mackenzie) Gleason]

Carex alata Torrey—(Figure 5). 2n 5 74. Marshes, low woods,

peaty shores, wet thickets.

Carex albicans Willdenow ex Sprengel var. albicans—(Figure 5). 2n

5 36. Dry, usually acidic woods and clearings. [C. artitecta

Mackenzie; C. artitecta Mackenzie var. subtilirostris F.J.

Hermann; C. nigromarginata Schweinitz var. muhlenbergii (A.

Gray) Gleason]

Carex albicans Willdenow ex Sprengel var. emmonsii (Dewey ex

Torrey) Rettig—(Figure 5). 2n 5 36. Woods, usually de-

ciduous, clearings. [C. emmonsii Dewey ex Torrey]

Carex albolutescens Schweinitz—(Figure 5). 2n 5 66. Acidic

swamps, wet woods, thickets.

Carex albursina E. Sheldon—(Figure 6). 2n 5 44. Moist, calcare-

ous, deciduous woods and ravines. [C. laxiflora Lamarck var.

latifolia Boott]

Carex alopecoidea Tuckerman—(Figure 6). 2n 5 68. Calcareous

meadows, swales, alluvial woods, low thickets.

Carex amphibola Steudel—(Figure 6). 2n 5 ? Moist, deciduous

woods.

Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell—(Figure 6). 2n 5 ?

Sterile, often sandy soils, dry or moist. [C. annectens var.

xanthocarpa (Kukenthal) Wiegand; C. brachyglossa Mackenzie]


Carex appalachica J.M. Webber & P.W. Ball—(Figure 7). 2n 5 52.

Deciduous or mixed woods, usually on sandy or rocky soils.

Carex aquatilis Wahlenberg var. aquatilis—(Figure 7). 2n 5 72, 74–

77, 79, 80. Calcareous marshes, bogs, meadows, and shores. [C.

aquatilis Wahlenberg var. altior misapplied]

Carex aquatilis Wahlenberg var. substricta Kukenthal—(Figure 7).

2n 5 76, 77. Neutral or calcareous marshes and shores.

Carex arcta Boott—(Figure 7). 2n 5 60. Wet woods, alluvial

thickets, shores, and meadows.

Carex arctata Boott—(Figure 8). 2n 5 52, 54, 56. Woods.

Carex argyrantha Tuckerman ex Dewey—(Figure 8). 2n 5 80. Dry,

open woods in acidic, rocky or sandy soils.

Carex atherodes Sprengel—(Figure 8). 2n 5 ? Calcareous meadows,

wet, open thickets, shores.

Carex atlantica L.H. Bailey subsp. atlantica—(Figure 8). 2n 5 ?

Bogs and other sphagnous soils. [C. incomperta E.P. Bicknell]

Carex atlantica L.H. Bailey subsp. capillacea (L.H. Bailey)

Reznicek—(Figure 9). 2n 5 ? Bogs, wet, acidic soils. [C. howei

Mackenzie]

Carex atratiformis Britton—(Figure 9). 2n 5 ? Ravines, damp

slopes, shores, often calcareous or circumneutral.

Carex aurea Nuttall—(Figure 9). 2n 5 52. Meadows, springy

banks, shores, usually on basic soil.

Carex backii Boott—(Figure 9). 2n 5 66. Dry, rocky or sandy

woods and bluffs.

Carex baileyi Britton—(Figure 10). 2n 5 ? Shores, swampy woods,

meadows, usually in acidic soils.

Carex barrattii Schweinitz & Torrey—(Figure 10). 2n 5 ? Bogs,

swamps, wet woods, usually in acidic soils.

Carex bebbii (L.H. Bailey) Olney ex Fernald—(Figure 10). 2n 5 68,

70. Shores, meadows, forest seeps, usually in calcareous or

neutral soils.

Carex bicknellii Britton—(Figure 10). 2n 5 76, 78. Dry slopes,

fields, open woods, rock, or sand barrens.


Carex bigelowii Torrey ex Schweinitz subsp. bigelowii—(Figure 11).

2n 5 68–71. Dry to moist alpine areas.

Carex blanda Dewey—(Figure 11). 2n 5 30, 32, 34, 36. Woods,

deciduous or mixed, bottomlands, meadows.

Carex brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie ex Lunell—(Figure 11). 2n 5 48,

52, 56, 60, 64, 68. Dry open soil, often in calcareous or neutral

soils.

Carex bromoides Schkuhr ex Willdenow subsp. bromoides—

(Figure 11). 2n 5 64, 66, 68. Rich, low woods and swamps.

Carex brunnescens (Persoon) Poiret subsp. brunnescens—(Figure 12).

2n 5 56. Rocky or turfy summits and slopes.

Carex brunnescens (Persoon) Poiret subsp. sphaerostachya (Tucker-

man) Kalela—2n 5 56. Woods, clearings, and rocky slopes. [C.

brunnescens var. sphaerostachya (Tuckerman) Kukenthal] This

taxon is not mapped since the specimens at Harvard, including

those of the New England Botanical Club, are filed together

with those of the typical variety with which it intergrades. None

of the specimens have been annotated by modern specialists.

Carex bullata Schkuhr ex Willdenow—(Figure 12). 2n 5 ? Bogs,

boggy meadows, sphagnous or sandy shores.

Carex bushii Mackenzie—(Figure 12). 2n 5 64. Meadows, usually

calcareous, grasslands, open woods.

Carex buxbaumii Wahlenberg—(Figure 12). 2n 5 ca. 106. Shores,

meadows, swamps, marshes, bogs.

Carex canescens Linnaeus subsp. canescens—(Figure 13). 2n 5 56.

Sphagnum bogs, swamps, moist, coniferous woods, meadows.

[C. canescens var. subloliacea sensu Fernald]

Carex canescens Linnaeus subsp. disjuncta (Fernald) Toivonen—

(Figure 13). 2n 5 56. Sphagnum bogs, swamps, moist, co-

niferous woods, meadows. [C. canescens var. disjuncta Fernald]

Carex capillaris Linnaeus—(Figure 13). 2n 5 54. Alpine regions.

[C. capillaris var. elongata Olney ex Fernald; C. capillaris var.

major Blytt]

Carex capitata Linnaeus—(Figure 13). 2n 5 50. Heaths of boreal

woods, alpine zones.


CAREX CARYOPHYLLEA Latourette—(Figure 14). 2n 5 58, 62,

64, 66, 68. Dry roadsides, pastures, and graveyards. From

Europe.

Carex castanea Wahlenberg—(Figure 14). 2n 5 44, 64. Calcareous

woods, cedar swamps, meadows.

Carex cephaloidea (Dewey) Dewey—(Figure 14). 2n 5 50. Rich

woods, bottomlands, and forest margins, on neutral or basic

soils. [C. sparganioides Muhlenberg ex Willdenow var.

cephaloidea (Dewey) J. Carey]

Carex cephalophora Muhlenberg ex Willdenow—(Figure 14). 2n 5

48. Dry, deciduous or mixed woods, and openings.

CarexchordorrhizaEhrhartexLinnaeus—CreepingSedge(Figure 15).

2n 5 60. Quagmires, bogs, lake shores.

Carex collinsii Nuttall—(Figure 15). 2n 5 ? Sphagnum bogs,

sphagnous wooded swamps, typically under Picea mariana or

Chamaecyparis thyoides.

Carex communis L.H. Bailey var. communis—(Figure 15). 2n 5 28.

Woods, slopes, ledges, clearings.

Carex comosa Boott—(Figure 15). 2n 5 ? Swamps, shores,

marshes, meadows.

Carex conoidea Willdenow—Field Sedge (Figure 16). 2n 5 ? Grassy

meadows and shores, usually in acidic sands or gravels. [C.

katahdinensis Fernald]

Carex crawei Dewey—(Figure 16). 2n 5 38, 59, 60. Calcareous

shores, gravels, meadows, glades, and quarries.

Carex crawfordii Fernald—(Figure 16). 2n 5 52, ca. 66, 70. Open

ground, wet or dry.

Carex crinita Lamarck var. crinita—(Figure 16). 2n 5 66, 68.

Swamps, marshes, bogs, shores, meadows, low woods, swales.

[C. crinita var. minor Boott]

Carex crinita Lamarck var. brevicrinis Fernald—2n 5 66. Wooded

swamps, shores, low woods. [The location of the voucher

specimens for Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island

used by Flora North America Editorial Committee (2002) is

unknown.]


Carex cristatella Britton—(Figure 17). 2n 5 70. Meadows, damp

woods, marshes, stream banks.

Carex cryptolepis Mackenzie—(Figure 17). 2n 5 64. Shores, in

acidic, sandy, or organic soil.

Carex cumulata (L.H. Bailey) Mackenzie—(Figure 17). 2n 5 36, 38.

Acidic soils, dry or moist, open or wooded, often associated

with Polytrichum.

Carex davisii Schweinitz & Torrey—(Figure 17). 2n 5 ? Rich,

calcareous, deciduous woods, meadows, shores.

Carex debilis Michaux var. debilis—(Figure 18). 2n 5 52, 54, 55, 56.

Moist, deciduous woods, edges, clearings, swamps, usually in

soils with pH below 6.

Carex debilis Michaux var. rudgei L.H. Bailey—(Figure 18). 2n 5

50, 52, 54, 56, 60. Open, moist, deciduous woods, edges,

clearings, meadows, usually in soils with pH below 6. [C. debilis

var. interjecta L.H. Bailey; C. debilis var. strictior L.H. Bailey]

Carex deflexa Hornemann var. deflexa—Northern Sedge (Fig-

ure 18). 2n 5 20–24, 30, 36. Woods, clearings, turfy or rocky

slopes.

Carex deweyana Schweinitz var. deweyana—(Figure 18). 2n 5 54.

Rich, open woods, woodland edges.

Carex diandra Schrank—Panicled Sedge (Figure 19). 2n 5 48, 50,

54, 60. Swampy, marshy, or boggy areas, often calcareous.

Carex digitalis Willdenow var. digitalis—(Figure 19). 2n 5 48.

Deciduous and mixed woods.

Carex disperma Dewey—(Figure 19). 2n 5 70. Mossy or damp

coniferous woods, bogs, clearings. [C. tenella Schkuhr]

Carex eburnea Boott—(Figure 19). 2n 5 ? Calcareous ledges,

gravels, and sands.

Carex echinata Murray subsp. echinata—(Figure 20). 2n 5 58.

Sphagnous soils. [C. angustior Mackenzie; C. cephalantha

(L.H. Bailey) E.P. Bicknell; C. laricina Mackenzie ex Bright; C.

muricata Linnaeus var. angustata (Carey) Carey ex Gleason;

C. muricata Linnaeus var. laricina (Mackenzie ex Bright)

Gleason]


Carex emoryi Dewey—(Figure 20). 2n 5 72. Swamps, shores, most

often in basic or calcareous waters.

Carex exilis Dewey—(Figure 20). 2n 5 ? Sphagnum bogs, fens.

Carex festucacea Schkuhr—(Figure 20). 2n 5 68, 70. Wet or

seasonally wet places, low woods.

CAREX FLACCA Schreber—(Figure 21). 2n 5 ? Abandoned

quarries, ditches, marshes.

Carex flava Linnaeus—Yellow Sedge (Figure 21). 2n 5 60. Moist

to wet habitats in calcareous soils. [C. flava var. fertilis Peck; C.

flava var. gaspensis Fernald; C. flava var. laxior (Kukenthal)Gleason]

Carex foenea Willdenow—(Figure 21). 2n 5 82, 84. Dry, open,

usually acidic soil. [C. aenea Fernald]

Carex folliculata Linnaeus—(Figure 21). 2n 5 56. Wet woods,

bogs, shores, in acidic, sandy or sphagnous soils.

Carex formosa Dewey—Thicket Sedge (Figure 22). 2n 5 ?

Calcareous, deciduous woods, meadows.

Carex garberi Fernald—(Figure 22). 2n 5 ? Calcareous shores,

meadows, and shaded ledges. [C. garberi var. bifaria Fernald]

Carex glaucodea Tuckerman ex Olney—(Figure 22). 2n 5 ?

Calcareous, deciduous woods. [C. flaccosperma Dewey var.

glaucodea (Tuckerman ex Olney) Kukenthal]

Carex gracilescens Steudel—(Figure 22). 2n 5 33, 38, 40. Rich

woods, woodland edges, frequently in calcareous soil. [C.

laxiflora Lamarck var. gracillima (Boott) B.L. Robinson &Fernald]

Carex gracillima Schweinitz—(Figure 23). 2n 5 50, 52, 54. Woods,

woodland edges, meadows, roadsides.

Carex granularis Muhlenberg ex Willdenow—Meadow Sedge

(Figure 23). 2n 5 36, 38, 40, 42. Calcareous woods, shores,

meadows. [C. granularis var. haleana (Olney) Porter]

Carex grayi J. Carey—(Figure 23). 2n 5 ? Calcareous meadows,

alluvial woods. [C. grayi var. hispidula A. Gray]

Carex grisea Wahlenberg—(Figure 23). 2n 5 ? Rich, deciduous

woods, bottomlands, meadows. [C. amphibola Steudel var.

turgida Fernald]


Carex gynandra Schweinitz—(Figure 24). 2n 5 66, 68 Swamps,

alluvial woods, meadows, marshes, bogs, shores. [C. crinita

Lamarck var. gynandra (Schweinitz) Schweinitz & Torrey; C.

crinita Lamarck var. simulans Fernald]

Carex gynocrates Wormskjold ex Drejer—(Figure 24). 2n 5 46, 48.

Wet, sphagnous soils. [C. dioica Linnaeus var. gynocrates

(Wormskjold ex Drejer) Ostenfeld]

Carex haydenii Dewey—(Figure 24). 2n 5 54. Wet meadows,

thickets, mostly in rich soil.

Carex hirsutella Mackenzie—(Figure 24). 2n 5 52. Open woods,

meadows, fields, in neutral to basic soils. [C. complanata

Torrey & Hooker var. hirsuta (L.H. Bailey) Gleason]

CAREX HIRTA Linnaeus—(Figure 25). 2n 5 112–114. Dry fields,

roadsides, railroad embankments. From Europe.

Carex hirtifolia Mackenzie—(Figure 25). 2n 5 50. Rich woods and

meadows, often calcareous.

Carex hitchcockiana Dewey—(Figure 25). 2n 5 ? Rich or calcar-

eous woods.

Carex hormathodes Fernald—(Figure 25). 2n 5 74. Brackish to

freshwater marshes, coastal sands and rocks. [C. straminea

Willdenow ex Schkuhr var. invisa W. Boott]

Carex hostiana de Candolle—(Fig. 26). 2n 5 ? Marshes, meadows,

shores, glades in calcareous soils. [C. hostiana var. laurentiana

(Fernald & Wiegand) Fernald & Wiegand; collected only once

in New England, probably from Tewksbury, Massachusetts,

prior to 1837]

Carex houghtoniana Torrey ex Dewey—(Figure 26). 2n 5 ? Dry,

acid sands and gravels, rocky openings. [C. ‘‘houghtonii’’ –

often used, but not as published]

Carex hystericina Muhlenberg ex Willdenow—(Figure 26). 2n 5 ?

Swamps, shores, meadows, seeps, mostly in calcareous soils.

Carex inops L.H. Bailey subsp. heliophila (Mackenzie) Crins—

(Figure 26). 2n 5 36, 40. Open, sandy, loamy soils.

Carex interior L.H. Bailey—(Figure 27). 2n 5 ? Swamps, shores,

meadows, seeps, often in calcareous soils.


Carex intumescens Rudge—(Figure 27). 2n 5 ? Alluvial woods, wet

meadows, swales. [C. intumescens var. fernaldii L.H. Bailey]

CAREX KOBOMUGI Ohwi—(Figure 27). 2n 5 ? Coastal sandy

beaches. From east Asia.

Carex lacustris Willdenow—(Figure 27). 2n 5 74. Swamps, shores,

meadows, marsh edges, in calcareous or circumneutral soil.

CAREX LAEVIGATA Smith—(Figure 28). 2n 5 69–80. From

Europe. [collected only once in New England, probably from

Tewksbury, Massachusetts, prior to 1837]

Carex laevivaginata (Kukenthal) Mackenzie—(Figure 28). 2n 5 46.

Swamps, meadows, marshes, alluvial bottomlands, especially

in calcareous soils.

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrhart—(Figure 28). 2n 5 56. Rich meadows,

bogs, shores, swales. [C. lasiocarpa var. americana Fernald; C.

lanuginosa Michaux]

Carex laxiculmis Schweinitz var. laxiculmis—(Figure 28). 2n 5 44,

46. Rich, moist woods.

Carex laxiflora Lamarck—(Figure 29). 2n 5 40. Rich woods. [C.

laxiflora var. serrulata F.J. Hermann]

Carex lenticularis Michaux var. lenticularis—Shore Sedge (Fig-

ure 29). 2n 5 86–88. Shores, meadows, borders of alpine

brooks. [C. lenticularis var. albimontana Dewey; C. lenticularis

var. blakei Dewey]

CAREX LEPORINA Linnaeus—(Figure 29). 2n 5 ? Dry pastures,

roadsides. From farther west and Eurasia. [C. ovalis Good-

enough misapplied]

Carex leptalea Wahlenberg—(Figure 29). 2n 5 50, 52. Wet woods,

swales, marshy fields.

Carex leptonervia (Fernald) Fernald—(Figure 30). 2n 5 36. Low

woods, clearings, thickets.

Carex limosa Linnaeus—(Figure 30). 2n 5 ? Bogs, meadows,

shores.

Carex livida (Wahlenberg) Willdenow—(Figure 30). 2n 5 32.

Calcareous meadows and bogs. [C. livida var. grayana (Dewey)

Fernald; C. livida var. radicaulis Paine]


Carex longii Mackenzie—(Figure 30). 2n 5 58, 62. Wet, sandy or

peaty soils.

Carex lucorum Willdenow ex Link var. lucorum—(Figure 31). 2n 5

40. Acidic, often sandy, soils in open pine and oak woods and

clearings. [C. pensylvanica Lamarck var. distans Peck]

Carex lupuliformis Sartwell ex Dewey—(Figure 31). 2n 5 ?

Calcareous swamps, meadows, marshes.

Carex lupulina Willdenow—(Figure 31). 2n 5 ? Wet woods,

swamps, meadows. [C. lupulina var. pedunculata A. Gray]

Carex lurida Wahlenberg—(Figure 31). 2n 5 ? Swamps, wet woods,

shores, meadows, marshes, mostly in acidic soils.

Carex mackenziei V.I. Kreczetowicz—(Figure 32). 2n 5 64. Coastal

saline or brackish marshes and shores.

Carex magellanica Lamarck subsp. irrigua (Wahlenberg) Hiito-

nen—Bog Sedge (Figure 32). 2n 5 ca. 60. Sphagnous bogs,

meadows, wet woods, and marshes. [C. paupercula Michaux;

C. paupercula Michaux var. irrigua (Wahlenberg) Fernald; C.

paupercula Michaux var. pallens Fernald]

Carex media R. Brown ex Richardson—(Figure 32). 2n 5 ? Mossy

woods, meadows, shores, often in calcareous soil. [C. norvegica

misapplied; C. norvegica Retzius subsp. inferalpina (Wahlen-

berg) Hulten]

Carex merritt-fernaldii Mackenzie—(Figure 32). 2n 5 70, 74. Dry,

rocky or gravelly places, dryish meadows, in acidic soil.

Carex mesochorea Mackenzie—(Figure 33). 2n 5 ? Dry, open soil.

[C. cephalophora Muhlenberg ex Willdenow var. mesochorea

(Mackenzie) Gleason]

Carex michauxiana Boeckeler—(Figure 33). 2n 5 ? Bogs, shores,

swamps, often acidic soils.

Carex mitchelliana M.A. Curtis—(Figure 33). 2n 5 66. Swamps,

wet woods, shores, wet meadows. [C. crinita Lamarck var.

mitchelliana (M.A. Curtis) Gleason]

Carex molesta Mackenzie ex Bright—(Figure 33). 2n 5 68, 70.

Open areas, dry or moist, often in calcareous soils.

Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willdenow var. muehlenbergii—

(Figure 34). 2n 5 ? Dry fields and open woods, often in sand.


Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willdenow var. enervis Boott—

(Figure 34). 2n 5 ? Dry fields and open woods, often in sand.

Carex nigra (Linnaeus) Reichard—(Figure 34). 2n 5 83, 84, 85.

Wet meadows, swamps, open turf, swales. [C. nigra var.strictiformis (L.H. Bailey) Fernald]

Carex nigromarginata Schweinitz—(Figure 34). 2n 5 36. Dry

woods, thickets, clearings in acidic soils.

Carex normalis Mackenzie—(Figure 35). 2n 5 68. Rich, open

woods, thickets.

Carex novae-angliae Schweinitz—(Figure 35). 2n 5 ? Mixed

deciduous woods, usually moist.

CAREX OKLAHOMENSIS Mackenzie—(Figure 35). 2n 5 ? Wet

meadows, marshes. From farther south and west.

Carex oligocarpa Willdenow—(Figure 35). 2n 5 ? Calcareous

woods.

Carex oligosperma Michaux—(Figure 36). 2n 5 ? Sphagnum bogs,

acid swamps, shores.

Carex ormostachya Wiegand—(Figure 36). 2n 5 ? Mixed or

evergreen woods, frequently in sandy or rocky soil. [C.

laxiflora Lamarck var. ormostachya (Wiegand) Gleason]

Carex oronensis Fernald—(Figure 36). 2n 5 74. Fields, meadows,

thickets.

Carex paleacea Schreber ex Wahlenberg—(Figure 36). 2n 5 71, 72,

73. Salt marshes, intertidal shores.

Carex pallescens Linnaeus—(Figure 37). 2n 5 70. Meadows,

thickets. [C. pallescens var. neogaea Fernald]

CAREX PANICEA Linnaeus—(Figure 37). 2n 5 32. Meadows,

acidic fields. From Europe.

Carex pauciflora Lightfoot—(Figure 37). 2n 5 ca. 74, 76. Sphag-

num bogs.

Carex peckii Howe—(Figure 37). 2n 5 36. Calcareous rocky slopes,

rich, open woods. [C. nigromarginata Schweinitz var. elliptica

(Boott) Gleason; C. nigromarginata Schweinitz var. minor

(Boott) Gleason]

Carex pedunculata Muhlenberg ex Willdenow—(Figure 38). 2n 5

26. Rich woods.


Carex pellita Willdenow—(Figure 38). 2n 5 78. Meadows,

marshes, shores, especially in calcareous soils. [C. lasiocarpa

Ehrhart var. latifolia (Boeckeler) Gilly]

Carex pensylvanica Lamarck—Early Sedge (Figure 38). 2n 5 36.

Open, dry soil, open woods.

Carex plantaginea Lamarck—(Figure 38). 2n 5 50, 52. Rich,

deciduous and mixed woods.

Carex platyphylla J. Carey—(Figure 39). 2n 5 68, 70; n 5 32 + (3),

33 + (3), 33 + (4). Rich, deciduous woods, rocky slopes.

Carex polymorpha Muhlenberg—(Figure 39). 2n 5 ? Dry, sandy

soil of open woods and clearings.

CAREX PRAEGRACILIS W. Boott—(Figure 39). 2n 5 ? Low,

open ground, shores. From farther west.

Carex prairea Dewey—(Figure 39). 2n 5 66. Calcareous bogs,

meadows, swamps.

Carex prasina Wahlenberg—Drooping Sedge (Figure 40). 2n 5 60.

Rich, low woods, meadows.

Carex praticola Rydberg—(Figure 40). 2n 5 76, 78. Open woods,

dry clearings, meadows.

Carex projecta Mackenzie—(Figure 40). 2n 5 64. Damp woods,

thickets, meadows, shores.

Carex pseudo-cyperus Linnaeus—(Figure 40). 2n 5 66. Shores,

swamps, bogs.

Carex radiata (Wahlenberg) Small—(Figure 41). 2n 5 58. Moist woods.

Carex rariflora (Wahlenberg) Smith—(Figure 41). 2n 5 52. Peaty

barrens, bogs.

Carex recta Boott—(Figure 41). 2n 5 73, 75, 76. Salt marshes,

brackish meadows. [C. salina Wahlenberg var. kattegatensis

(Fries ex Lindmann) S.O.I. Almquist]

Carex retroflexa Muhlenberg ex Willdenow—(Figure 41). 2n 5 40.

Dry, rocky, open, deciduous woods.

Carex retrorsa Schweinitz—(Figure 42). 2n 5 ? Alluvial woods, low

grounds, swamps, shores.

Carex richardsonii R. Brown—(Figure 42). 2n 5 52. Calcareous

rocks, open woods.


Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willdenow—(Figure 42). 2n 5 52. Dry,

open woods. [C. convoluta Mackenzie]

Carex rostrata Stokes—(Figure 42). 2n 5 60. Shores, swamps,

bogs. [C. rostrata var. ambigens Fernald]

Carex saxatilis Linnaeus—(Figure 43). 2n 5 78, 80. Sphagnous

shores. [C. saxatilis var. miliaris (Michaux) L.H. Bailey; C.

saxatilis var. rhomalea Fernald; C. miliaris Michaux]

Carex scabrata Schweinitz—(Figure 43). 2n 5 54. Wet woods.

Carex schweinitzii Dewey ex Schweinitz—(Figure 43). 2n 5 ?

Calcareous swamps, meadows, and shores.

Carex scirpoidea Michaux subsp. scirpoidea—(Figure 43). 2n 5 ?

Rocky ledges at high altitudes, often in calcareous soil.

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willdenow var. scoparia—Broom Sedge

(Figure 44). 2n 5 56, 58, 60, 68. Open areas, usually in acidic,

often sandy, soil.

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willdenow var. tessellata Fernald &

Wiegand—(Figure 44). 2n 5 ? Sandy, acidic soils.

Carex seorsa Howe—(Figure 44). 2n 5 ? Wet woods, swamps,

bogs.

Carex siccata Dewey—(Figure 44). 2n 5 70. Open, sandy woods,

fields, and rock outcrops.

Carex silicea Olney—(Figure 45). 2n 5 74, 76. Coastal sandy

beaches and dunes.

Carex sparganioides Muhlenberg ex Willdenow—(Figure 45). 2n 5

46, 48. Rich woods.

CAREX SPICATA Hudson—(Figure 45). 2n 5 58. Dry fields,

roadsides, and open woods. From Eurasia.

Carex sprengelii Dewey ex Sprengel—(Figure 45). 2n 5 42. Rocky

woods, alluvial thickets, river terraces, often in calcareous soil.

Carex squarrosa Linnaeus—(Figure 46). 2n 5 56. Meadows and

low woods.

Carex sterilis Willdenow—(Figure 46). 2n 5 ? Wet, calcareous soil.

[C. elachycarpa Fernald; C. muricata Linnaeus var. sterilis

(Carey) Gleason]


Carex stipata Muhlenberg ex Willdenow var. stipata—(Figure 46).

2n 5 52. Swamps, marshes, alluvial bottomlands, meadows,bogs.

Carex straminea Willdenow—(Figure 46). 2n 5 74. Swamps,freshwater marshes, meadows, swales, in sandy or peaty,

acidic soils.

Carex striata Michaux—(Figure 47). 2n 5 ? Pond shores, in acidic,often peaty, soils. [C. walteriana L.H. Bailey; C. walteriana

L.H. Bailey var. brevis L.H. Bailey]

Carex striatula Michaux—(Figure 47). 2n 5 36, 40. Rich, de-

ciduous or mixed woods. [C. laxiflora Lamarck var. angusti-

folia Dewey]

Carex stricta Lamarck—Tussock Sedge (Figure 47). 2n 5 ?

Swamps, shores, meadows. [C. stricta var. strictior (Dewey)

J. Carey]

Carex styloflexa Buckley—(Figure 47). 2n 5 48. Moist, rich woods,

springheads.

Carex swanii (Fernald) Mackenzie—(Figure 48). 2n 5 54. Woods,

often dry, thickets, clearings.

Carex sychnocephala J. Carey—(Figure 48). 2n 5 64. Open, sandy

or peaty shores.

Carex tenera Dewey var. tenera—(Figure 48). 2n 5 52, 54, 56.

Meadows, open woods.

Carex tenuiflora Wahlenberg—(Figure 48). 2n 5 58. Sphagnum

bogs, mossy woods.

Carex tetanica Schkuhr—(Figure 49). 2n 5 ? Calcareous bogs.

Carex tincta (Fernald) Fernald—(Figure 49). 2n 5 36 + IV. Fields,

open woods.

Carex tonsa (Fernald) E.P. Bicknell var. tonsa—(Figure 49). 2n 5

32. Dry, sandy fields, openings, and roadsides.

Carex tonsa (Fernald) E.P. Bicknell var. rugosperma (Mackenzie)

Crins—(Figure 49). 2n 5 ? Dry, sandy fields, openings androadsides. [C. rugosperma Mackenzie]

Carex torta Boott—(Figure 50). 2n 5 66. Stream banks.

Carex tribuloides Wahlenberg var. tribuloides—(Figure 50). 2n 5

70. Bottomlands, swales, meadows.


Carex trichocarpa Willdenow—(Figure 50). 2n 5 ? Calcareous

marshes, bottomlands, and meadows.

Carex trisperma Dewey—(Figure 50). 2n 5 60. Sphagnous, wet

woods and bogs. [C. trisperma var. billingsii O.W. Knight]

Carex tuckermanii Dewey—(Figure 51). 2n 5 ? Meadows, shores,

swamps.

Carex typhina Michaux—(Figure 51). 2n 5 ? Shores, meadows, wet

woods.

Carex umbellata Schkuhr ex Willdenow—Sand Sedge (Figure 51).

2n 5 30, 32. Dry soil in open woods, clearings, and fields. [C.

abdita E.P. Bicknell]

Carex utriculata Boott—(Figure 51). 2n 5 ? Swamps, marshes,

meadows, bogs, shores. [C. rostrata Stokes var. utriculata

(Boott) L.H. Bailey]

Carex vacillans Drejer—(Figure 52). 2n 5 78, 79. Coastal shores

and salt marshes.

Carex vaginata Tausch—(Figure 52). 2n 5 32. Calcareous bogs,

swamps, and boggy woods.

Carex vesicaria Linnaeus—(Figure 52). 2n 5 70, 74, 82, 88.

Swamps, meadows, marshes, shores. [C. vesicaria var. distenta

Fries; C. vesicaria var. monile (Tuckerman) Fernald; C.

vesicaria var. raeana (Boott) Fernald)]

Carex vestita Willdenow—Stiff Sedge (Figure 52). 2n 5 ? Dry,

sandy woods and clearings.

Carex virescens Muhlenberg ex Willdenow—(Figure 53). 2n 5 60.Dry woods, clearings.

Carex viridula Michaux subsp. viridula var. viridula—(Figure 53).

2n 5 70, 72. Shores, often calcareous, springy places.

CAREX VIRIDULA Michaux subsp. OEDOCARPA (Andersson)

B. Schmid—(Figure 53). 2n 5 68, 70. Shores and meadows, in

acidic soil. From Europe and northwestern Africa. [C. demissa

Hornemann]

Carex vulpinoidea Michaux—(Figure 53). 2n 5 52. Low, open

ground, shores, meadows, marshes. [C. setacea Dewey]

Carex wiegandii Mackenzie—(Figure 54). 2n 5 ? Bogs and

sphagnous areas.


Carex willdenowii Schkuhr—(Figure 54). 2n 5 62, 78. Dry, rocky,

acidic woods.

—Carex hybrids—

Carex 3 aestivaliformis Mackenzie—(Figure 54). [C. aestivalis

M.A. Curtis ex A. Gray 3 C. gracillima Schweinitz]

Carex bebbii (L.H. Bailey) Olney ex Fernald 3 Carex scoparia

Schkuhr ex Willdenow var. scoparia—(Figure 54).

Carex comosa Boott 3 Carex lurida Wahlenberg—(Figure 55).

Carex crinita Lamarck 3 Carex lacustris Willdenow—(Figure 55).

Carex crinita Lamarck 3 Carex scabrata Schweinitz—(Figure 55).

Carex crinita Lamarck 3 Carex torta Boott—(Figure 55).

Carex crinita Lamarck 3 Carex vesicaria Linnaeus—(Figure 56).

Carex cryptolepis Mackenzie 3 Carex flava Linnaeus—(Figure 56).

Carex cryptolepis Mackenzie 3 Carex viridula Michaux subsp.

viridula var. viridula—(Figure 56).

Carex cumulata (L.H. Bailey) Mackenzie 3 Carex scoparia Schkuhr

ex Willdenow var. scoparia—(Figure 56).

Carex digitalis Willdenow 3 Carex laxiculmis var. laxiculmis

Schweinitz—(Figure 57).

Carex echinata Murray subsp. echinata 3 Carex interior L.H.

Bailey—(Figure 57).

Carex gracillima Schweinitz 3 Carex virescens Muhlenberg ex

Willdenow—(Figure 57).

Carex gynandra Schweinitz 3 Carex scabrata Schweinitz—(Fig-

ure 57).

Carex 3 hartii Dewey—(Figure 58). [C. lurida Wahlenberg 3 C.

retrorsa Schweinitz]

Carex hormathodes Fernald 3 Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Will-

denow var. scoparia—(Figure 58).

Carex 3 knieskernii Dewey—(Figure 58). [C. arctata Boott 3 C.

castanea Wahlenberg]

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrhart 3 Carex stricta Lamarck—(Figure 58).


Carex 3 limula (Fries) Raymond—(Figure 59). [C. aquatilis

Wahlenberg var. aquatilis 3 C. bigelowii Torrey ex Schweinitz

subsp. bigelowii]

Carex lupulina Willdenow 3 Carex lurida Wahlenberg—(Fig-

ure 59).

Carex lurida Wahlenberg 3 Carex mitchelliana M.A. Curtis—

(Figure 59).

Carex lurida Wahlenberg 3 Carex utriculata Boott—(Figure 59).

Carex 3 mainensis Porter ex Britton—(Figure 60). [C. saxatalis

Linnaeus 3 C. vesicaria Linnaeus; C. 3 stenolepis Porter ex

Britton]

Carex 3 olneyi Boott—(Figure 60). [C. bullata Schkuhr ex

Willdenow 3 C. utriculata Boott]

Carex paleacea Schreber ex Wahlenberg 3 Carex stricta La-

marck—(Figure 60).

Carex pensylvanica Lamarck 3 Carex umbellata Schkuhr ex

Willdenow—(Figure 60).

Carex 3 pseudohelvola Kihlman—(Figure 61). [C. canescens

Linnaeus subsp. canescens 3 C. mackenziei V.I. Kreczetowicz]

Carex 3 ruedtii Kneucker—(Figure 61). [C. flava Linnaeus 3 C.

viridula Michaux subsp. viridula var. viridula; C. 3 subviridula

(Kukenthal) Fernald]

Carex 3 saxenii Raymond—(Figure 61). [C. paleacea Schreber ex

Wahlenberg 3 C. recta Boott]

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willdenow var. scoparia 3 Carex

straminea Willdenow—(Figure 61).

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willdenow var. scoparia 3 Carex tincta

(Fernald) Fernald—(Figure 62).

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willdenow var. scoparia 3 Carex

tribuloides Wahlenberg var. tribuloides—(Figure 62).

Carex 3 sullivantii Boott—(Figure 62). [C. gracillima Schweinitz 3

C. hirtifolia Mackenzie]

Carex tenera Dewey var. tenera 3 Carex tincta (Fernald) Fernald—

(Figure 62).


Carex 3 trichina Fernald—(Figure 63). [C. tenuiflora Wahlenberg

3 C. trisperma Dewey]

Cladium

Cladium mariscoides (Muhlenberg) Torrey—(Figure 63). 2n 5 ?

Pond shores.

Cyperus

Cyperus acuminatus Torrey & Hooker—(Figure 63). 2n 5 ? Shores,

often sandy.

Cyperus bipartitus Torrey—(Figure 63). 2n 5 ? Shores and other

wet, disturbed areas. [C. rivularis Kunth]

Cyperus dentatus Torrey—Bulblet Sedge (Figure 64). 2n 5 ? Sandy

shorelines.

Cyperus diandrus Torrey—(Figure 64). 2n 5 ? Shores.

Cyperus echinatus (Linnaeus) Alph. Wood—Teasel Sedge (Fig-

ure 64). 2n 5 ? Open, moist, disturbed sites in well-drained

soil. [C. ovularis (Michaux) Torrey]

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhlenberg—(Figure 64). 2n 5 ? Shores.

Cyperus esculentus Linnaeus var. leptostachyus Boeckeler—Yellow

Nut-grass (Figure 65). 2n 5 ? Damp, sandy disturbed soil,

shores, often in cultivated ground.

Cyperus filicinus Vahl—Beach Sedge (Figure 65). 2n 5 ? Borders of

tidal marshes, dune hollows, occasionally fresh water pond

shores, roadsides and ditches.

Cyperus flavescens Linnaeus—(Figure 65). 2n 5 ? Damp soils, often

disturbed.

CYPERUS FUSCUS Linnaeus—Brown Galingale (Figure 65).

2n 5 ? Damp, sandy disturbed soils. From Eurasia.

Cyperus grayi Torrey—(Figure 66). 2n 5 166. Dry sands of coastal

plain.

Cyperus houghtonii Torrey—(Figure 66). 2n 5 168, 170, 172. Sandy

soil, usually dry.

CYPERUS IRIA Linnaeus—(Figure 66). 2n 5 ? Roadsides,

clearings, and other disturbed soils. From Eurasia.


Cyperus lupulinus (Sprengel) Marcks subsp. lupulinus—(Figure 66).

2n 5 166. Sandy or gravelly soil, usually dry. [C. filiculmis Vahlvar. filiculmis]

Cyperus lupulinus (Sprengel) Marcks subsp. macilentus (Fernald)Marcks—(Figure 67). 2n 5 166. Open, usually sandy soil. [C.

filiculmis Vahl var. macilentus Fernald]

CYPERUS MICROIRIA Steudel—(Figure 67). 2n 5 ? Fallowfields, waste places, disturbed soils. From Asia. [C. amuricus

Maximowicz misapplied]

Cyperus odoratus Linnaeus—(Figure 67). 2n 5 ? Tidal marshes,

coastal meadows. [C. engelmannii Steudel; C. ferruginescens

Boeckeler]

Cyperus polystachyos Rottbøll—(Figure 67). 2n 5 ? Sandy pond

shores. [C. polystachyos var. texensis (Torrey) Fernald]

Cyperus pseudovegetus Steudel—(Figure 68). 2n 5 ? Damp places.

CYPERUS SCHWEINITZII Torrey—(Figure 68). 2n 5 166. Sandysoil of shores, dunes, and open woods. From farther west.

Cyperus squarrosus Linnaeus—Bristly Sedge (Figure 68). 2n 5 ?Damp sands, silts, alluvium, and disturbed soils. [C. aristatus

Rottbøll; C. inflexus Muhlenberg]

Cyperus strigosus Linnaeus—(Figure 68). 2n 5 ? Shores, meadows,damp thickets, and disturbed soils. [C. strigosus var. robustior

Britton]

—Cyperus hybrids—

Cyperus 3 mesochorus Geise—(Figure 69). [Cyperus lupulinus

(Sprengel) Marcks 3 CYPERUS SCHWEINITZII Torrey]

Cyperus 3 weatherbianus Fernald—(Figure 69). [Cyperus dentatus

Torrey 3 Rhynchospora capitellata (Michaux) Vahl]

Dulichium

Dulichium arundinaceum (Linnaeus) Britton var. arundinaceum—Three-

way Sedge (Figure 69). 2n 5 ? Swamps, shores, bogs, marshes.

Eleocharis

Eleocharis acicularis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes—(Figure 69).

2n 5 ? Shores, damp low ground, usually in mud. [E. acicularis

var. submersa (Nilsson) Svenson]


Eleocharis aestuum Hines ex A. Haines—(Figure 70). 2n 5 ? Fresh,

tidal river shores.

Eleocharis ambigens Fernald—(Figure 70). 2n 5 44, 45, 46. Coastal

pond shores, marshes.

Eleocharis diandra C. Wright—(Figure 70). 2n 5 ? River and lake

silts, sometimes tidal.

Eleocharis elliptica Kunth—(Figure 70). 2n 5 38. Shores, meadows,

and other wet places. [E. tenuis (Willdenow) Schultes var.

borealis (Svenson) Gleason]

Eleocharis engelmannii Steudel—(Figure 71). 2n 5 10. Pond shores,

often in clay.

Eleocharis equisetoides (Elliott) Torrey—Knotted Spikerush (Fig-

ure 71). 2n 5 ? Shores.

Eleocharis erythropoda Steudel—(Figure 71). 2n 5 16, 18, 19, 20.

Shores in shallow water. [E. calva Torrey misapplied]

Eleocharis fallax Weatherby—(Figure 71). 2n 5 42. Coastal, fresh

to brackish pond and lake shores and marshes.

Eleocharis flavescens (Poiret) Urban var. olivacea (Torrey) Glea-

son—Green Spikerush (Figure 72). 2n 5 20. Bogs, marshes,

shores. [E. olivacea Torrey]

Eleocharis intermedia Schultes—(Figure 72). 2n 5 22. Shores and

bogs in calcareous soil.

Eleocharis melanocarpa Torrey—(Figure 72). 2n 5 ? Acid, sandy

shores.

Eleocharis microcarpa Torrey var. filiculmis Torrey—(Figure 72).

2n 5 10. Pond shores.

Eleocharis nitida Fernald—(Figure 73). 2n 5 ? Sphagnous places.

Eleocharis obtusa (Willdenow) Schultes—(Figure 73). 2n 5 10. Wet,

open places. [E. obtusa var. ellipsoidalis Fernald; E. obtusa var.

jejuna Fernald; E. obtusa var. peasei Svenson]

Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roemer & Schultes—(Figure 73). 2n 5 10.

Shores, bogs. [E. ovata var. heuseri Uetrichtz]

Eleocharis palustris (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes—(Figure 73). 2n

5 16, 17, 36. Shores, often in shallow water. [E. palustris var.

major Sonder; E. smallii Britton; E. smallii Britton var. major

(Sonder) Seymour]


Eleocharis parvula (Roemer & Schultes) Link ex Bluff—(Figure 74).

2n 5 ? Brackish or saline shores and marshes.

Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michaux) Roemer & Schultes—(Fig-

ure 74). 2n 5 ? Lake and pond shores. [E. quadrangulata var.crassior Fernald]

Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O. Schwarz—(Figure 74). 2n 5

? Calcareous shores and swamps. [E. pauciflora (Lightfoot)Link var. fernaldii Svenson]

Eleocharis robbinsii Oakes—(Figure 74). 2n 5 ? Shallow water oflakes and ponds, usually in muddy soil.

Eleocharis rostellata (Torrey) Torrey—(Figure 75). 2n 5 ? Saltmarshes.

Eleocharis tenuis (Willdenow) Schultes var. tenuis—(Figure 75). 2n

5 24. Freshwater shores, swamps, bogs.

Eleocharis tenuis (Willdenow) Schultes var. pseudoptera (Weath-

erby) Svenson—(Figure 75). 2n 5 38, 39. Rich woods andmeadows.

Eleocharis tenuis (Willdenow) Schultes var. verrucosa (Svenson)Svenson—(Figure 75). 2n 5 20. Freshwater shores, often

calcareous, wet woods.

Eleocharis tricostata Torrey—(Figure 76). 2n 5 ? Pond shores andsphagnous depressions of the coastal plain.

Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michaux) Roemer & Schultes—(Figure 76).2n 5 ? Pond and lake shores, bogs, swamps.

Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schultes—Salt Marsh Spikerush(Figure 76). 2n 5 ? Salt or brackish marshes. [E. halophila

(Fernald & Brackett) Fernald]

Eriophorum

Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny subsp. angustifolium—(Fig-

ure 76). 2n 5 58. Sphagnum bogs, marshes. [E. angustifolium

var. majus Schultz; E. angustifolium subsp. subarcticum

(Vassiljev) Hulten ex Kartesz & Gandhi; E. polystachion

misapplied]

Eriophorum gracile W.D.J. Koch ex Roth—(Figure 77). 2n 5 ?

Meadows, bogs, swamps, usually in sphagnous soils.

Eriophorum tenellum Nuttall—(Figure 77). 2n 5 ? Sphagnum bogs.


Eriophorum vaginatum Linnaeus—Tussock Cotton-grass (Figure 77).

2n 5 58, 60. Sphagnum bogs. [E. vaginatum subsp. spissum

(Fernald) Hulten; E. spissum Fernald]

Eriophorum virginicum Linnaeus—Tawny Cotton-grass (Figure 77).

2n 5 ? Sphagnum bogs and sphagnous meadows.

Eriophorum viridicarinatum (Engelmann) Fernald—(Figure 78).

2n 5 ? Bogs and meadows, often in calcareous soil.

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis autumnalis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes—(Figure 78).

2n 5 10. Sandy or sphagnous shores and low ground. [F.

autumnalis var. mucronulata (Michaux) Fernald]

Fuirena

Fuirena pumila (Torrey) Sprengel—(Figure 78). 2n 5 46. Sandy or

sphagnous pond shores.

Fuirena squarrosa Michaux—(Figure 78). 2n 5 46. Sandy, acidic

shores.

Kyllingia

Kyllingia gracillima Miquel—Pasture Spike-sedge (Figure 79). 2n 5 ?

Muddy banks of streams and estuaries. [Cyperus brevifolioides

Thieret & Delahoussaye]

Lipocarpha

Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G.C. Tucker—(Figure 79). 2n 5 ?

Sandy pond shores, rarely river shores. [Hemicarpha micrantha

(Vahl) Pax]

Rhynchospora

Rhynchospora alba (Linnaeus) Vahl—(Figure 79). 2n 5 ? Sphagnum

bogs.

Rhynchospora capillacea Torrey—(Figure 79). 2n 5 ? Sphagnum

bogs, sandy shores, moist, calcareous ledges.

Rhynchospora capitellata (Michaux) Vahl—(Figure 80). 2n 5 ?

Meadows, shores, low, wet ground.

Rhynchospora fusca (Linnaeus) W.T. Aiton—(Figure 80). 2n 5 ?

Bogs, sandy or sphagnous shores.


Rhynchospora inundata (Oakes) Fernald—Horned Rush (Fig-

ure 80). 2n 5 ? Pond shores, interdunal pools.

Rhynchospora macrostachya Torrey ex A. Gray—Horned Rush

(Figure 80). 2n 5 18. Acidic, sandy or sphagnous pond shores.

Rhynchospora nitens (Vahl) A. Gray—(Figure 81). 2n 5 ? Acidic,

sandy or sphagnous pond shores. [Psilocarya nitens (Vahl)

Alph. Wood]

Rhynchospora scirpoides (Torrey) Grisebach—(Figure 81). 2n 5 ?

Acidic, sandy or sphagnous pond shores. [Psilocarya scirpoides

Torrey]

Rhynchospora torreyana A. Gray—(Figure 81). 2n 5 ? Acidic,sandy or sphagnous pond shores of the coastal plain.

—Rhynchospora hybrids—

Rhynchospora alba (Linnaeus) Vahl 3 Rhynchospora capitellata

(Michaux) Vahl—(Figure 81).

Schoenoplectus

Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhlenberg ex Bigelow) A. Love & D. Lovevar. acutus—Hard-stem Bulrush (Figure 82). 2n 5 36, 38.

Shores and marshes. [Scirpus acutus Muhlenberg ex Bigelow]

Schoenoplectus americanus (Persoon) Volkart ex Schinz & R.Keller—Sword-grass (Figure 82). 2n 5 78. Shores and

marshes. [Scirpus americanus Persoon; Scirpus olneyi A. Gray]

Schoenoplectus etuberculatus (Steudel) Sojak—2n 5 ? Shores and

marshes. [Scirpus etuberculatus (Steudel) Kuntze; the location

of the voucher specimen for Rhode Island used by Flora North

America Editorial Committee (2002) is unknown. The Rhode

Island specimen cited in the literature (Enser and Caljouw

1989) as being at NEBC was not found.]

Schoenoplectus hallii (A. Gray) S.G. Smith—(Figure 82). 2n 5 22.

Sandy or sphagnous pond shores. [Scirpus hallii A. Gray; S.

supinus Linnaeus var. hallii (A. Gray) A. Gray]

Schoenoplectus heterochaetus (Chase) Sojak—Slender Bulrush

(Figure 82). 2n 5 38. Calcareous or basic shores and marshes.

[Scirpus heterochaetus Chase]

Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla—Chair-maker’s Rush (Fig-

ure 83). 2n 5 74, 78. Shores and marshes. [Scirpus pungens Vahl]


Schoenoplectus purshianus (Fernald) M.T. Strong var. purshianus—

(Figure 83). 2n 5 38. Freshwater shores, usually in sandy soil.

[Scirpus purshianus Fernald]

Schoenoplectus purshianus (Fernald) M.T. Strong var. williamsii

(Fernald) S.G. Smith—(Figure 83). 2n 5 38. Shores. [Scirpus

purshianus Fernald forma williamsii Fernald; Scirpus smithii A.

Gray var. williamsii (Fernald) Beetle]

Schoenoplectus smithii (A. Gray) Sojak var. smithii—(Figure 83).

2n 5 ? Sandy or muddy shores. [Scirpus smithii A. Gray]

Schoenoplectus smithii (A. Gray) Sojak var. levisetus (Fassett) S.G.

Smith—2n 5 ? Coastal, freshwater tidal flats. [Scirpus smithii

A. Gray forma levisetus (Fassett) Fernald] This taxon is not

mapped since it is inadequately separated from the typical

variety in collections.

Schoenoplectus smithii (A. Gray) Sojak var. setosus (Fassett) S.G.

Smith—2n 5 ? Freshwater, sandy or muddy shores. [Scirpus

smithii A. Gray forma setosus Fernald] This taxon is not

mapped since it is inadequately separated from the typical

variety in collections.

Schoenoplectus subterminalis (Torrey) Sojak—Water Bulrush

(Figure 84). 2n 5 72. Shores and Sphagnum bogs. [Scirpus

subterminalis Torrey]

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmelin) Palla—Great Bul-

rush (Figure 84). 2n 5 42. In shallow water of shores and

marshes. [Scirpus validus Vahl; Scirpus validus Vahl var. creber

Fernald]

Schoenoplectus torreyi (Olney) Palla—(Figure 84). 2n 5 70. Shores

and marshes. [Scirpus torreyi Olney]

—Schoenoplectus hybrids—

Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhlenberg ex Bigelow) A. Love & D. Love

3 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmelin) Palla—

(Figure 84).

Schoenoplectus 3 contortus (Eames) S.G. Smith—(Figure 85). [S.

americanus (Persoon) Volkart ex Schinz & R. Keller 3 S.

pungens (Vahl) Palla]


Schoenoplectus 3 oblongus (T. Koyama) Sojak—(Figure 85). [S.

acutus (Muhlenberg ex Bigelow) A. Love & D. Love 3 S.

heterochaetus (Chase) Sojak]

Schoenoplectus 3 steinmetzii (Fernald) S.G. Smith—(Figure 85). [S.

heterochaetus (Chase) Sojak 3 S. tabernaemontani (C.C.

Gmelin) Palla]

Scirpus

Scirpus ancistrochaetus Schuyler—(Figure 85). 2n 5 54. Wet

depressions, bogs.

Scirpus atrocinctus Fernald—(Figure 86). 2n 5 68. Meadows and

swamps.

Scirpus atrovirens Willdenow—(Figure 86). 2n 5 50–60. Marshes,

meadows, bogs.

Scirpus cyperinus (Linnaeus) Kunth—Common Wool-grass (Fig-

ure 86). 2n 5 66. Meadows, swamps, and ditches. [S. cyperinus

var. pelius Fernald; S. rubricosus Fernald]

Scirpus expansus Fernald—Woodland Bulrush (Figure 86). 2n 5

64. Marshes, meadows, and springy spots.

Scirpus georgianus R.M. Harper—(Figure 87). 2n 5 50, 52, 54.

Marshes, meadows, and ditches. [S. atrovirens Willdenow var.

georgianus (R.M. Harper) Fernald]

Scirpus hattorianus Makino—(Figure 87). 2n 5 56. Marshes,

meadows, and ditches. [S. atrovirens misapplied; S. georgianus

misapplied]

Scirpus longii Fernald—(Figure 87). 2n 5 66, 68. Freshwater

marshes, meadows.

Scirpus microcarpus J. Presl & C. Presl—(Figure 87). 2n 5 64, 66.

Damp, open soil, marshes, meadows, often along rivers. [S.

rubrotinctus Fernald]

SCIRPUS PALLIDUS (Britton) Fernald—(Figure 88). 2n 5 56.

Marshes, ditches, and other low ground. From farther west.

Scirpus peckii Britton—(Figure 88). 2n 5 ? Marshes, meadows.

[This name is said to have been applied to various hybrids of S.

hattorianus Makino and S. atrocinctus Fernald or S. pedicella-

tus Fernald.]


Scirpus pedicellatus Fernald—(Figure 88). 2n 5 68. Alluvial

thickets, shores. [S. pedicellatus var. pullus Fernald]

Scirpus pendulus Muhlenberg—(Figure 88). 2n 5 40. Mead-

ows, marshes, ditches, often in calcareous soil. [S. lineatus

misapplied]

Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl—(Figure 89). 2n 5 58. Swamps and

woods along streams.

—Scirpus hybrids—

Scirpus ancistrochaetus Schuyler 3 Scirpus hattorianus Makino—

(Figure 89).

Scirpus atrocinctus Fernald 3 Scirpus hattorianus Makino—

(Figure 89).

Scirpus atrovirens Willdenow 3 Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl—(Fig-

ure 89).

Scirpus expansus Fernald 3 Scirpus microcarpus J. Presl & C.

Presl—(Figure 90).

Scleria

Scleria pauciflora Muhlenberg ex Willdenow var. pauciflora—

(Figure 90). 2n 5 ? Meadows and moist woods.

Scleria pauciflora Muhlenberg ex Willdenow var. caroliniana Alph.

Wood—(Figure 90). 2n 5 ? Moist grasslands.

Scleria reticularis Michaux—(Figure 90). 2n 5 ? Sandy pond

shores.

Scleria triglomerata Michaux—(Figure 91). 2n 5 ? Meadows and

dry, open woods. [S. nitida Willdenow]

Scleria verticillata Muhlenberg ex Willdenow—(Figure 91). 2n 5 ?

Calcareous bogs and shores.

Trichophorum

Trichophorum alpinum (Linnaeus) Persoon—(Figure 91). 2n 5 58.

Bogs, meadows, and wet rocks, often in calcareous soil.

[Eriophorum alpinum Linnaeus; Scirpus hudsonianus (Michaux)

Fernald]


Trichophorum cespitosum (Linnaeus) Schur—Deer’s Hair (Fig-

ure 91). 2n 5 104. Bogs, shores, and cliffs, often on mountains.

[Scirpus cespitosus Linnaeus; Scirpus cespitosus Linnaeus var.

callosus Bigelow; Scirpus cespitosus Linnaeus var. delicatulus

Fernald]

Trichophorum clintonii (A. Gray) S.G. Smith—(Figure 92). 2n 5 ?

Dry ledges and river shores. [Scirpus clintonii A. Gray]

Trichophorum planifolium (Sprengel) Palla—(Figure 92). 2n 5 ?

Dry, rocky deciduous woods. [Scirpus verecundus Fernald]

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank the curators and directors of

the herbaria of Harvard University, the University of Massa-

chusetts, the University of Vermont, and the University of

Connecticut for allowing us access to their collections. For the

University of Maine herbarium we used their exceptional online

database of Maine specimens. Anton Reznicek generously

provided many valuable corrections, additional records, and

comments, and reviewed some specimens whose identifications

were in question. Gordon Tucker provided information on many

vouchered records, primarily at Eastern Illinois University (EIU),

for which we are very grateful. We thank Janet Sullivan for

checking certain records at the University of New Hampshire

herbarium. We particularly appreciate the kindness of David

Barrington for allowing use of the collections of the University

Vermont’s Pringle Herbarium outside of normal hours of

operation. We are grateful also to Karen Searcy for allowing

access to the notebooks of Harry E. Ahles at the University of

Massachusetts and for bringing to our attention some new

voucher specimens there. James Hinds generously checked many

records at the University of Maine herbarium. Ihsan Al-Shehbaz

and James Solomon kindly and quickly provided last-minute

information on some voucher specimens at the Missouri

Botanical Garden. John C. McPeek checked information on

some voucher specimens at the University of Maine herbarium,

and Les Mehrhoff was helpful in reviewing information related

to the holdings of the herbarium of the University of

Connecticut.


Figure 1. Key map for counties of the New England states (and Mt. DesertIsland, Maine; Block Island, Rhode Island; arbitrary divisons of larger Mainecounties and of Coos County, New Hampshire).


Figure 2. Distribution maps.




















































































































































































REFERENCES

ANGELO, R. 1994. A computer method for producing dot distribution maps.

Rhodora 96: 190–194.

——— AND D. E. BOUFFORD. 1996. Atlas of the flora of New England:

Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Rhodora 98: 1–79.

——— AND ———. 1998. Atlas of the flora of New England: Poaceae.

Rhodora 100: 101–233.

——— AND ———. 2000. Atlas of the flora of New England: Monocots except

Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Rhodora 102: 1–119.

BROWNING, J., K. D. GORDON-GRAY, AND S. G. SMITH. 1995. Achene structure

and taxonomy of North American Bolboschoenus (Cyperaceae). Brittonia

47: 433–445.

BRYSON, C. T. 1980. A revision of the North American Carex sect. Laxiflorae

(Cyperaceae). Ph.D. dissertation, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS.

CARTER, J. R. AND S. D. JONES. 1997. Notes on the Cyperus retroflexus complex

(Cyperaceae) with three nomenclatural references. Rhodora 99: 319–334.

CATLING, P. M., A. A. REZNICEK, and W. J. CRINS, eds. 1990. Systematics and

ecology of the genus Carex (Cyperaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 68: 1405–1472.

CAYOUETTE, J. AND P. M. CATLING. 1992. Hybridization in the genus Carex with

special reference to North America. Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 58: 351–438.

——— AND P. MORISSET. 1985. Chromosome studies on natural hybrids

between maritime species of Carex (sections Phacocystis and Cryptocar-

pae) in northeastern North America, and their taxonomic implications.

Canad. J. Bot. 63: 1957–1982.



——— AND ———. 1986a. Chromosome studies on the Carex salina complex

(Cyperaceae, section Cryptocarpae) in northeastern North America.Cytologia 51: 817–856.

——— AND ———. 1986b. Chromosome studies on Carex paleacea Wahl, C.

nigra (L.) Reichard, and C. aquatilis Wahl. in northeastern North America.

Cytologia 51: 857–883.

CRINS, W. J. AND P. W. BALL. 1983. The taxonomy of the Carex pensylvanica

complex (Cyperaceae) in North America. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 1692–1717.

——— AND ———. 1987. Variation in Carex hostiana (Cyperaceae). Rhodora89: 247–259.

——— AND ———. 1989. Taxonomy of the Carex flava complex (Cyperaceae)

in North America and northern Eurasia. I. Numerical taxonomy andcharacter analysis. Canad. J. Bot. 67: 1032–1047.

——— AND ———. 1989. Taxonomy of the Carex flava complex (Cyperaceae)in North America and northern Eurasia. II. Taxonomic treatment. Canad.

J. Bot. 67: 1048–1065.

DELAHOUSSAYE, A. J. AND J. W. THIERET. 1967. Cyperus subgenus Kyllinga

(Cyperaceae) in the continental United States. Sida 3: 128–136.

DIBBLE, A. C. AND C. S. CAMPBELL. 2001. Conservation status of Carex

oronensis (Cyperaceae), a Maine endemic. Rhodora 103: 351–379.

DUNLOP, D. A. AND G. E. CROW. 1999. The taxonomy of Carex section

Scirpinae (Cyperaceae). Rhodora 101: 163–199.

ENSER, R. W. AND C. A. CALJOUW. 1989. Plant conservation concerns in RhodeIsland—A reappraisal. Rhodora 91: 121–130.

FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA EDITORIAL COMMITTEE, eds. 2002. Flora of NorthAmerica North of Mexico. Volume 23, Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in

part): Cyperaceae. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford and New York.

GILMAN, A. V. 1999. The vascular flora of Caledonia County, Vermont.Rhodora 101: 360–418.

GOETGHEBEUR, P. 1998. Cyperaceae, pp. 141–190. In: K. Kubitzki, et al., eds.,The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol. 4. Springer-Verlag,

Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York.

——— AND A VAN DEN BORRE. 1989. Studies in Cyperaceae. 8. A revision ofLipocarpha, including Hemicarpha and Rikliella. Wageningen Agric. Univ.

Pap. 89(1): 1–87.

GONZALEZ-ELIZONDO, M. S. AND J. A. TENA-FLORES. 2000. Eleocharis

(Cyperaceae) in the New World, pp. 637–643. In: K. L. Wilson and D.

A. Morrison, eds., Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIROPublishing, Melbourne, Australia.

GREENE, C. W., L. L. GREGORY, G. H. MITTELHAUSER, S. C. ROONEY, AND J. E.WEBER. 2005. Vascular flora of the Acadia National Park region, Maine.

Rhodora 107: 117–185.

HAINES, A., A. CUTKO, AND D. SPERDUTO. 2004. Records for Carex rostrata

(Cyperaceae) in New England. Rhodora 106: 287–290.

KESSLER, J. W. 1987. A treatment of Scleria (Cyperaceae) for North Americanorth of Mexico. Sida 12: 391–407.

KRAL, R. 1971. A treatment of Abildgaardia, Bulbostylis, and Fimbristylis

(Cyperaceae) for North America. Sida 4: 57–227.


———. 1978. A synopsis of Fuirena (Cyperaceae) for the Americas north ofSouth America. Sida 7: 309–354.

MARSHALL, M. P. 1977. A vascular flora of Bennington County, Vermont. M.A.thesis, Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

NACZI, R. F. C. 1992. Systematics of Carex section Griseae (Cyperaceae). Ph.D.thesis, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

REZNICEK, A. A. 1990. Evolution in sedges (Carex, Cyperaceae). Canad. J. Bot.68: 1409–1432.

——— AND P. W. BALL. 1980. The taxonomy of Carex sect. Stellulatae in NorthAmerica north of Mexico. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 14: pp. 153–203.

ROTHROCK, P. E. 1991. The identity of Carex albolutescens, Carex festucacea,and Carex longii (Cyperaceae). Rhodora 93: 51–66.

——— AND A. A. REZNICEK. 2001. The taxonomy of the Carex bicknellii group(Cyperaceae) and new species for central North America. Novon 11:205–228.

———, ———, AND L. R. GANION. 1997. Taxonomy of the Carex stramineacomplex (Cyperaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 75: 2177–2195.

SAARELA, J. M. AND B. A. FORD. 2001. Taxonomy of the Carex backii complex(section Phyllostachyae, Cyperaceae). Syst. Bot. 26: 704–721.

SCHUYLER, A. E. 1967. A taxonomic revision of North America leafy species ofScirpus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 119: 295–323.

STANDLEY, L. A. 1983. A clarification of the status of Carex crinita and C.gynandra (Cyperaceae). Rhodora 85: 229–241.

———. 1987. Anatomical and chromosomal studies of Carex sectionPhacocystis in eastern North America. Bot. Gaz. 148: 507–518.

———. 1987. Taxonomy of the Carex lenticularis complex in eastern NorthAmerica. Canad. J. Bot. 65: 673–686.

———. 1989. Taxonomic revision of the Carex stricta complex in eastern NorthAmerica. Canad. J. Bot. 67: 1–14.

STRONG, M. T. 1994. Taxonomy of Scirpus, Trichophorum, and Schoenoplectus(Cyperaceae) in Virginia. Bartonia 58: 29–68.

TUCKER, G. C. 1987. The genera of Cyperaceae in the southeastern UnitedStates. J. Arnold Arbor. 68: 361–445.

———. 1995. The Vascular Flora of Southeastern Connecticut. The Connecti-cut Botanical Society, Inc., New Haven, CT.

WATERWAY, M. J. 1988. Systematic studies in Carex Sect. Hymenochlaenae(Cyperaceae). Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.


Documents

RHODORA, Vol. 109, No. 939, pp. 237–360, 2007 Eneatlas.org/RhodoraNeatlas3.pdfChromosome numbers are taken from Volume 23 (Cyperaceae) of the Flora of North America series (Flora