Rhizobium ActivityManhasset Science Research

NeedBean Yellow Mosaic Virus (Brunt, 1996)

Asia leads in soybean

production and intake (Westcott,

2008)

Unaffected Pea Leaf

Bean Mosaic Pea Leaf

Knowledge Base

(Deacon, 2009)

Nodule formation on stem causes growth stimulation

(Burdass, 2002)

Aphids (Homoptera)

transmit BYMV (Day, 1996)

(Clark, 1998)

(Townsend, 2009)

Honeydew is a large amount of sugary liquid waste, adding up of plants and

infecting them (Townsend, 2009)

Knowledge Base

Knowledge Base

Poole, 2006

Rhizobium is the most important bacterial group in nitrogen fixation (Burdass, 2002)

Knowledge Base(Hogan, 2008)

Excess nitrogen can boost plant growth by 20% in Southeast Asian forests like this (Hogan, 2008)

Knowledge BaseGonzález, 2006

Nodule formation processes (Burdass, 2002)

Knowledge Base(Dhabi , 2008)

(Poole, 2006)

Soybeans have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia (De Moraes, 2009)

Literature Review“Induced Plant Signaling And Its Implications For Environmental Sensing”. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Consuelo De Moraes.

Inoculant rhizobium produces nitrogen fixation and exterminates aphids (De Moraes, 2004) (Gepts ,2009)

Literature Review“'Natural' Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Protect Soybeans From Aphids”. Penn State University. Jennifer Dean.

(Dean, 2009)

Dean suggests inoculant companies’ rhizobium provids less nitrogen fixation, and greater pest extermination.

Literature Review“Bacteria.” Botany An Introduction to Plant Biology. Elliot T. Wier, Ralph C. Stocking, Michael C. Barbour.

(Brown, 1996)(Poole, 2006)

Rhizobium is one of few bacteria that doesn’t harm the host plant (Wier, 1974)

Literature Review“Rhizobium- legume Symbiosis.”Department of Molecular & Cell Biology.Juan E. González.

Exopolysaccharides (microorganisms) may play a

role in nitrogen fixaton

Literature Review“Characterisation of Hardenbergia Mosaic Virus and Development of Microarrays for Detecting Viruses in Plants.”Murdoch University.Craig Graham Webster.

Potyvirus can cause malformation of legumes such as these cucumbers

Purpose/Hypothesis• The purpose of an experiment testing the

effects of rhizobium on nodulation processes and aphid extermination is to find which specific type or strand of rhizobium, natural or inoculants, will better form nodules, and decrease aphid activity.

• H(a) suggests that inoculant rhizobium will better form nodules and exterminate aphids

MethodsRhizobium Strain Effects On Nitrogen Fixation and Aphid

Extermination

Natural rhizobium strains

N=10

Oil based inoculant rhizobium strains

N=10

5-7 days incubation, sub culturing TY plates, growth in media and nodulation

Aphids exposed to nodules

Nodules formed in effect of inoculant/ natural strains

Percentage of aphids exterminated by inoculant/ natural strains

ANOVA, Scheffe post-hoc test: inoculants with natural rhizobium (p<.05)

MethodsProtocols

-Isozation processes

-Nodulation testing

Taranto, 2003Hollowell, 2009

Do-Ability-Incubators and microscopes will not have to be purchased

-Rhizobium Inoculum, soybean seeds, prepared media plates, and Homopteran aphid bugs are easily purchasable from online catalogs

Vendor Catalog # Page/Website Quantity Description Price Total

Carolina Science Catalog NP-15-4720 42 1 Rhizobium Inoculum $13.00 $13.00

Carolina Science Catalog NP-70-1296 323 1 Lab Incubator $365.00 $365.00

Online Carolina Science Catalog 178200 1 Soybean Seeds $9.00 $9.00

Carolina Science Catalog NP-59-0950 616 1 Educational Microscope$225.00 $225.00

Online Carolina Science Catalog 821662 1 Prepared media plates $14.50 $14.50

WebWab Online 244115 1 Homopteran aphid bugs $5.99 $5.99

Budget

Citations• Beringer, J.E.”R Factor Transfer in Rhizobium Leguminosarum.” Journal of General

Microbiology. Vol 84. 1980. Pps 188-198.• Brown, Kathryn. “Vaccine Cuisine.” Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol 104. 1996. Pps 3.• Burdass, Dariel. “Rhizobium, Root Nodules & Nitrogen Fixation.” society for general

Microbiology. 2002. Microbiology Online. 2002 <http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/forms/rhizobium.pdf>

• Byrd, John D. “General Information and Agronomic Aspects.” infonet-BIOVISION. 2009. BioVision framework. 5 May 2009 < http://www.infonet-biovision.org/default/ct/137/crops>

• Day, Eric. “Aphid.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 May 2009 < http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/669046/aphid>

• Dean, Jennifer. “'Natural' Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Protect Soybeans From Aphids.” PHYSORG.com. 2009. Penn State University. 14 Apr 2009 <www.physorg.com/news158926862.html>

• • De Moraes, Consuelo. “INDUCED PLANT SIGNALING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING.” Taylor & Francis healthsciences. 2004. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. http://www.cas.psu.edu/docs/casdept/entomol/Personnel/Faculty/pdfs/demoraes/ToxiDeMoraes.pdf

•

Citations

Dhabi, Adu. “Soybeans.” Glynnise.com 2009. PinoyVegetarian. May 2009. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://katynally.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/soybean.jpg&imgrefurl=http://katynally.wordpress.com/2009/03/&usg=__zhVqFFGmmMWJ9YI6p9SC7bbfmAs=&h=395&w=300&sz=75&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=6Lr3bGxwCSB7hM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=94&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsoybean%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Gepts, Paul. “Contemporary Methods in the Study of Crop Evolution.” PLB143- Lecture 06. 2009. Archaeology. September, 2009. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://agronomy.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/lec06/nod1.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/lec06/pb143l06.htm&usg=__X2E6CQqkGpEjA5Z23Zk6lkkhn0M=&h=479&w=389&sz=84&hl=en&start=17&um=1&tbnid=nLNjRQMrwRo8xM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnitrogen%2Bfixation%2Bsoybeans%26hl%3Den%26um%3D1 González, Juan E. “Faculty and Research.” Department of Molecular & Cell Biology. 2006. Research Interests. 6 Feb 2006 http://www.utdallas.edu/biology/faculty/research/gonzalez.html Hogan, Michele. “Nitrogen Pollution Boosts Plant Growth In Tropics By 20 Percent.” Science News. 2008. Science Daily. 12 Feb 2008 < http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080206111244.htm> Kimball, John W. “Nitrogen Fixation.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 May 2009 < http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416291/nitrogen-fixation> Townsend, Lee. “Aphids.” University of Kentucky Entomology. 2009. College of Agriculture. 6 March 2009 < http://www.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef103.asp>

Citations

González, Juan E. “Faculty and Research.” Department of Molecular & Cell Biology. 2006. Research Interests. 6 Feb 2006 http://www.utdallas.edu/biology/faculty/research/gonzalez.html Hogan, Michele. “Nitrogen Pollution Boosts Plant Growth In Tropics By 20 Percent.” Science News. 2008. Science Daily. 12 Feb 2008 < http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080206111244.htm> Kimball, John W. “Nitrogen Fixation.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 May 2009 < http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416291/nitrogen-fixation> Townsend, Lee. “Aphids.” University of Kentucky Entomology. 2009. College of Agriculture. 6 March 2009 < http://www.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef103.asp>