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Rheology of Viscoelastic surfactants and foam in homogeneous porous media. Aarthi Muthuswamy, Clarence Miller, Rafael Verduzco and George Hirasaki Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University April 23 rd , 2012 16 th Annual Meeting Consortium for Processes in Porous Media. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1
Rheology of Viscoelastic surfactants and foam in homogeneous porous media
Aarthi Muthuswamy, Clarence Miller, Rafael Verduzco and George Hirasaki
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University
April 23rd, 201216th Annual Meeting
Consortium for Processes in Porous Media
2
Scope of study
• Polymers are very good mobility control agents
• Polymers tend to degrade- High shear- High salinity- Presence of divalent ions- High temperature.
3
Outline
• Aqueous properties of Rhodia’s viscoelastic surfactants• Rheological measurements for viscoelasticity -Rhodia A in sea water -Rhodia B in sea water • Foam –experimental set up• Foam measurements(screening tests) -Foam measurements for Rhodia A -Foam measurements for Rhodia B• Remarks• Future work
4
Outline
• Aqueous properties of Rhodia’s viscoelastic surfactants• Rheological measurements for viscoelasticity -Rhodia A in sea water -Rhodia B in sea water • Foam –experimental set up• Foam measurements(screening tests) -Foam measurements for Rhodia A -Foam measurements for Rhodia B• Remarks• Future work
5
Viscosity for 0.3 wt% Rhodia ‘A’ in aqueous solution
Viscosity enhances due to the presence of divalent calcium and magnesium salts
1 10 100 10001
10
100
Steady shear test for Rhodia A 0.3 wt%
Formation brinesea waterDI water
Shear rate(s-1)
Visc
osity
(cP)
6
Appearance of Rhodia ‘B’ 0.3 wt% in DI water after 7 days
Cloudy appearance is noticed.
7
Birefringence in Rhodia ‘B’
Original sample
0.3 wt% in DI water after 7 days
8
Viscosity for 0.3 wt% Rhodia ‘B’ in aqueous solution
The viscosity is not affected by the presence of divalent salts
0.1 1 10 100 10001
10
100
1000Steady Shear test for Rhodia B for 0.3 wt%
Formation brinesea waterDI water
Shear rate (s-1)
Visc
osity
(cP)
9
Outline
• Aqueous properties of Rhodia’s viscoelastic surfactants• Rheological measurements for viscoelasticity -Rhodia A in sea water -Rhodia B in sea water • Foam –experimental set up• Foam measurements(screening tests) -Foam measurements for Rhodia A -Foam measurements for Rhodia B• Remarks• Future work
10
Phase angle measurement
Courtesy :Introduction to Rheology- Texas Tech University
δ
σγ
11
Phase angle measurement for elastic and viscous substances
Courtesy :Introduction to Rheology- Texas Tech University
12
Phase angle measurement for Viscoelasticity
Courtesy :Introduction to Rheology- Texas Tech University
0°< < 90°δ
Rhodia ‘A’ 1wt% in sea water
The elastic modulus dominates after a frequency of 8.5 rad/sRelaxation time is ~0.5 seconds. 13
0.1 1 10 1000.01
0.1
1
10
Dynamic frequency test
G'G"G' fitG" fit
Frequency(rad/s)
G',G
" (P
a)
14
Rhodia ‘A’ 1 wt% in sea water- Phase Angle
0.1 1 10 1000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Phase Angle for Rhodia A 1 wt% in Sea water
Frequency(rad/s)
Phas
e An
gle°
Phase angle measurement lie within 0-90° indicating it is viscoelastic
15
Rhodia A 1wt% in sea water- viscosity
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 1000010
100
1000
Steady shear test
ExperimentalCarreau model fit
Shear rate (1/s)
visc
osity
(cP)
The zero shear viscosity reaches ~300cP
16
Rhodia B 1 wt% in sea water
Elastic modulus dominates throughout the range of study showing how viscoelastic the fluid isRelaxation time is ~ 3 seconds.
0.1 1 10 1000.01
0.1
1
10
Dynamic Frequency test for 1 wt% Rhodia B
G'G"G' fitG" fit
Frequency(rad/s)
G',G
"(Pa
)
17
Rhodia B 1wt% in sea water- Phase Angle
0.1 1 10 1000
5
10
15
20
25
30
Phase Angle for 1 wt% Rhodia B in SW
Frequency(rad/s)
Phas
e An
gle
°
Phase angle measurement lie within 0-90° showing viscoelastic behavior
18
Rhodia B 1 wt% in sea water- viscosity
Zero shear viscosity predicted by the Carreau model gives a value of ~4000cP
0.00105 0.0105 0.105 1.05 10.5 105 105010
100
1000
10000Steady Shear test
ExperimentalCarreau fit
Shear rate(1/s)
Visc
osity
(cP)
19
Outline
• Aqueous properties of Rhodia’s viscoelastic surfactants• Rheological measurements for viscoelasticity -Rhodia A in sea water -Rhodia B in sea water • Foam –experimental set up• Foam measurements (screening tests) -Foam measurements for Rhodia A -Foam measurements for Rhodia B• Remarks• Future work
20
TransducerTransducer
TapsTaps
Inlet
Nitrogen gas
Foam experimental set up
Co-Injection
Sand: US silica 20-40Porosity 0.36Permeability ~80 Darcy
Transducer
Stainless steel sand pack
Syringe Pump
Outlet
21
Foam Experiment – Rhodia B
Clean sand US silica 20-40 meshPorosity 0.36Permeability ~ 80 Darcy
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
10203040506070
OverallTap 1Tap 2Oil injected
PV liquid injected
Pres
sure
(psi
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
50100150200250300350400450
Tap 1Tap 2Oil injected
PV of liquid injected
Appa
rent
vis
cosi
ty(c
P)
Tap 16 inch
Tap 26 inch
Overall ~24 inchinletoutlet
1 wt% in sea waterFoam quality ~83%Surfactant flow rate 1.2cc/minGas flow rate 6 sccm
Tap 1 midpoint 6 inch from inletTap 2 midpoint 12 inch from inlet
22
Foam Experiment – Rhodia A
Sand from previous experiment was cleaned and used.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.50
10
20
30
40
50
OverallTap 1Tap 2
PV of liquid injected
Pres
sure
(psi
)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.50
50
100
150
200
250
Tap 1Tap 2
PV liquid injected
Appa
rent
vis
cosi
ty (c
P)
Tap 16 inch
Tap 26 inch
Overall ~24 inchinletoutlet
1 wt% in sea waterFoam quality ~83%Surfactant flow rate 1.2cc/minGas flow rate 6 sccm
23
Effluent of foam generated by Rhodia B
24
Remarks
• Rhodia B is more viscoelastic at 1wt% in sea water compared to Rhodia A at same conditions.
• The zero shear viscosity of Rhodia A ~ 300cP
• The zero shear viscosity of Rhodia B ~ 4000cP
• Rhodia A and B foam strongly in homogeneous porous media
25
Future work
• Systematic analysis for the tolerance of these surfactants in the presence of oil.
• Conditions under which these surfactants maintain viscoelasticity (temperature, salinity and divalent ion concentration).
• Foaming ability of Rhodia viscoelastic surfactants in carbonates using CO2
• Foam enhanced oil recovery for high salinity and temperature in cores.
26
Acknowledgement
• Maura Puerto
• Jose Lopez Salinas
• Matteo Pasquali
• Processes on Porous media consortium
• Rhodia
27
END
28
Backup Slides
29
Fit the complex viscosity from Maxwell model – Rhodia A
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 1000010
100
1000
Viscosity for 1 wt% Rhodia A in sea water
ExperimentalCarreau model fit
Shear rate (1/s)
visc
osity
(cP)
30
Fit the complex viscosity from Maxwell model – Rhodia B
0.00105 0.105 10.5 105010
100
1000
10000 Viscosity of rhodia B 1 wt% in Sea water
ExperimentalCarreau fitComplex viscosity
Shear rate(1/s)
Visc
osity
cP
31
Ratio of pressure drops for Rhodia A and B
Rhodia B
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.50
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.5
Tap 1Tap 2
PV of liquid injected
ΔPfo
am/Δ
Psur
f
Rhodia A
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.5
Tap 1Tap 2
PV liquid injected
ΔPfo
am/Δ
Psur
f
32
Rhodia B effluent foam in the presence of oil