RheologicalPropertiesComparingHotandColdBituminous ...mastics 0.3 LC 0.3 30 — 60(13.2added+46.8containedinBE) — 117(70.2bitumen+46.8water) JC 0.3 — 30 60(13.2added+46.8containedinBE)

Research ArticleRheological Properties Comparing Hot and Cold BituminousMastics Containing Jet Grouting Waste

Rosa Veropalumbo 1 Francesca Russo 1 Nunzio Viscione12

and Salvatore A Biancardo 1

1Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental Engineering Federico II University of Naples Via Claudio 2180125 Naples Italy2Iterchimica Srl Via Guglielmo Marconi 21 24040 Suisio BG Italy

Correspondence should be addressed to Rosa Veropalumbo rosaveropalumbouninait

Received 6 November 2019 Revised 12 January 2020 Accepted 23 January 2020 Published 22 February 2020

Guest Editor Andrea Grilli

Copyright copy 2020 Rosa Veropalumbo et al is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in anymedium provided the original work is properly cited

e use of reclaimed asphalt pavement is a practice that is adding significant environmental value to road technologies not onlydue to the reduction of materials sent to landfill but also because of the mechanical properties of the reclaimed asphalt (RA) thatcan be reused is research focuses on the rheological properties of hot and cold bituminous mastics made up as follows (1) hotmastics mixed with limestone filler (LF) and bitumen (2) hot mastics made from bitumen mixed with jet grouting waste (JW) amixture of water cement and soil derived from land consolidation work in underground tunnels and (3) hot mastics mixed withLF and JW as filler and bitumen ree different ratios (03 04 and 05) of filler per unit of neat bitumen (B5070) were studiede same number was used for mixing cold mastics by using an appropriate laboratory protocol designed since the adoption of acationic bituminous emulsion A total of 18 mastics were prepared and investigated e comparison was carried out using thefrequency sweep (FS) test analysing shear modulus Glowast applying the multistress creep and recovery (MSCR) test (40degC and 60degC)as well as the delta ring and ball (ΔRampB) test focusing on two main issues (1) the stiffening effect caused by the filler type used formixing each mastic and (2) a comparison in terms of stiffening effects and nonrecoverable creep compliance (Jnr) of hot and coldmastic performance to highlight JW reuse in masticse results showed that the best Glowast performance at test temperatures higherthan 30degC is given by cold mastic after 28 days of curing time when JW is added to LF and bitumen e lowest Jnr value was 40degCand 60degC for the same mastic

1 Introduction

Pavement engineering researchers have been developingnumerous new technologies to achieve more environment-friendly and energy-efficient pavement maintenancecon-struction solutions in order to reduce the costs of mainte-nance operations enhancing and redeveloping road heritage[1] Since road maintenance involves milling existing oldlayers (RA) [2] the cold recycling technique has become anincreasingly popular alternative for road pavement con-struction as it minimizes financial and environmental im-pact through high performance

Cold recycling techniques provide considerable advan-tages ie limited exploitation of environmental resources

due to reduced aggregate extraction greater productivitythroughout the entire process and on the same layer theyoffer identical levels of durability as layers made from virginmaterials energy savings by reducing the temperatures forheating virgin aggregates and in the case of on-site recy-cling the transportation of materials to and from the worksite is eliminated in addition to reductions in fuel fumesdust and gas released into the atmosphere from heating andtransportation

A validated design procedure for cold bituminousmixtures is not yet available andmany researchers are tryingto develop a more appropriate procedure [3]

Flores et al [4] for example proposed a design meth-odology for cold recycled emulsion mixtures evaluating air

HindawiAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2020 Article ID 8078527 16 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520208078527

void content indirect tensile stress (ITS) indirect tensilestrength ratio (ITSR) rutting resistance stiffness modulusand fatigue damageey studied a series of possible dosagesof bituminous emulsion contents of 2 3 and 4 and cementcontents of 0 1 and 2 over the weight of the aggregates inlight of the results of the laboratory tests a methodology wasproposed and a single value ldquoGPIrdquo (Global PerformanceIndex) has been proposed taking into account the resultsobtained from previous laboratory tests e results showeda strong relationship between GPI with gradation curvesbituminous emulsions and cement

Du [5] proposed a mix design procedure based first of allon a preliminary investigation of an optimum water contentto add to an optimum bituminous emulsion content to in-vestigate the properties of a cold recycled mixture made up ofcomposite Portland cement (CPC) hydrated lime (HL) and acombination of hydrated lime and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBF)eCPChelped reach best performancein terms of ITS moisture and rutting resistance

RA gradation does not always meet the requirements oftechnical specifications and virgin aggregates and fillerpowders need to be added Lyu et al [6] for examplesuggested a potentially effective mix design made up of 38bituminous emulsion 2 cement 80 RA and 20 virginaggregates

Kuna and Guttumukkala [7] further investigated theperformance of cold reclaimed asphalt pavement using thedynamic modulus e results showed that cold mixtureshave lower entity variation from the highest to lowesttemperatures compared with hot mix asphalt (HMA) wherehigher increments occur

Filler is added to correct the lower part of a granulo-metric curve for both cold and hot mixture and to fill thegaps between grains left by larger elements e filler bondsclosely with the binder to form a bituminous mastic whichenvelops the stone phase and provides full cohesion throughthe entire mixture affecting the final stiffness of the mixturee stress-strain response of flexible pavements is strictlylinked to the rheological behaviour of the binder and itsinteraction with the lithic skeleton

Many studies have focused on investigating the prop-erties of the mastics with reference to cold bituminousmixture with RA

Godenzoni et al [8] evaluated the effects of differentmineral fillers on the linear viscoelastic (LVE) properties ofcold bituminous mastics e shear modulus was measuredon bituminous mastics prepared with calcium carbonate andcement as filler at filler-to-bitumen volume ratios of 015 and03 It has been shown that Glowast values are higher for masticscontaining cement than those containing calcium carbonateas an added mineral specifically Glowast increases with a highercement concentration ratio and LVE behaviour evolves fromthat of liquid material to that of solid material

Some studies have shown that the multistress creep andrecovery (MSCR) method is the most appropriate formeasuring the rutting resistance performance of asphaltbinder Indeed it is widely accepted that compared to theexisting superpave rutting factor Glowastsin δ (δ phase angle)nonrecoverable creep compliance Jnr following the MSCR

test is more closely related to the rutting resistance per-formance of asphalt mixture [6]

Vignali et al [9] have measured to what extent cementand limestone filler contents affect the rutting response oftwo mastics produced using cationic bituminous emulsion(1) 75 bitumen and 25 cement and (2) 75 bitumen125 filler and 125 cement per volume e results haveconfirmed that the presence of limestone filler improvesmastic stiffness at high temperatures with a Glowast higher thanmastic with cement this was confirmed by theMSCR resultswhere the mastic containing limestone filler accumulatedless deformation at both test temperatures (46degC and 58degC)and both stress levels (01 kPa and 32 kPa)

Garilli et al [10] focused on asphalt emulsion cement(AEC) mastic mixing to evaluate the behaviour of cold in-place recycling in the phase of coexistence of viscoelastic andbrittle materials using a bending beam rheometer (BBR) eauthors proposed introducing glass microspheres to act as anldquoinert solid skeletonrdquo in the production of AEC mastics forBBR prismatic beams to study the interaction between bi-tuminous emulsion and cement in thin film and to limit thespecimensrsquo shrinkage and warpage during the curing period

Following the main results available in scientific litera-ture on cold bituminous mixtures (CBM) and mastics theresearch presented here aims to bridge a gap in the labo-ratory protocol for mixing the cold bituminous mastics andto appreciate the main differences in relation to hot bitu-minous mastics

Different mastics were prepared based on a filler-to-bitumen weight ratio of 03 04 and 05 e fillers adoptedwere of the limestone (LF) and jet grouting waste (JW) typeswhile neat bitumen 5070 (B5070) was adopted for hotmastics and bituminous emulsion (BE) made up of 60neat bitumen and 40 water was used for the cold onesmixing was carried out without adding cement traying tosubstitute it with JW in the cold bituminous mixture pro-duction since the JW is also a mixture made up of cement

Glowast (at 10 20 30 40 50 and 60degC at frequencies from01Hz to 10Hz) MSCR (test temperatures 40degC and 60degC at01 kPa and 32 kPa) and delta ring and ball (ΔRampB) testswere performed for all mastics Figure 1 shows the flowchartfor the number of specimens in the series of experiments

2 Materials and Methods

21Materials Different mastics were prepared according tothe filler-to-bitumen ratios of 03 04 and 05ree types ofmastics were prepared for each ratio (1) LF plus B5070(hot) and LF plus BE (cold) (2) JW plus B5070 (hot) andJTW plus BE (cold) and (3) JW plus LF plus B5070 (hot)and JW plus LF plus EB (cold)

JW is a mixture of water and cement injected into the soilat high pressure its element composition is shown inTable 1(a) where the presence of calcium (257) silicon(676) magnesium (17) and other elements (0006)can be observed

Before moving on to mastic preparation the JW wassubjected to a crushing process using a ball mill and curvegradation measurement (Figure 2)

2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

LF and JW (see main properties in Table 1(b)) wereadopted in bituminous mastics production as a total passingthrough a 0063mm sieve

Hot and cold mastics were prepared hot-process neatbitumen 5070 produced by an oil refinery in southern Italywas used while a bituminous emulsionmixture of 60 neatbitumen 5070 and 40 water was used for the coldprocess

e main properties of the bitumen and bituminousemulsion are shown in Table 2

22 Mastic Preparation e mastics were prepared adopt-ing two different laboratory protocol procedures for hot andcold mastics

For the hot mastics suitable mixing temperatures werechosen according to AASHTO T316 using rotational vis-cosimetry An RW 20 DZMNmechanical mixer was used tomix the filler and binder at the traditional temperature of150degC used for the HMA mixture

e mixing process was performed carefully to obtainhomogenous matrices a stainless-steel beaker was usedcleaned and kept in an oven at test temperature with theasphalt bindere beaker was put on a hot plate to maintaina constant mixing temperature a mixer running at 500 rpmwas then used An amount of filler preheated to 150degC incompliance with each of the three mentioned filler-to-bi-tumen study ratios was gradually added to the beaker whilestirring the mixing process lasted for at least 30 minutesuntil a homogenous binder-filler mastic was obtained(Figure 3)

In the case of cold mastics (Figure 3) the bituminousemulsion and filler were put into two different boxes andheated in an oven to 60degC according to the technicalworkability specification of the bituminous emulsion untilhomogenous conditioning was reached

e mixing process was different from that adoptedfor the hot mastics An initial water content hypothesiswas assumed for a suitable mastic workability level incompliance with UNI EN 1744-1 consequently a filler-to-water content per mass of 05 (fW 05) was used for allthree study filler-to-extracted bitumen (03 04 and05) ratios Table 3 shows the minimum quantity of waterfor each mastic which was guaranteed by varying the

Specimen preparation

I Limestone filler II Jet grouting waste III Limestone filler + jet grouting waste

Cold masticsFillers + bituminous emulsion

03 04 05

2 specimens 2 specimens 2 specimens

Hot masticsFillers + neat 5070 bitumen

03 04 05Check the filler-to-bitumen ratio aer mixing phase to

design hypothesis by centrifugation


Curing time aer keeping in the oven (3 daysat 60degC) at room temperature (25degC) for 25 days

(i) Check the filler-to-bitumen ratio aer mixing phase todesign hypothesis by centrifugation

Frequency sweep test(UNI EN 14770)

(ii) 4 specimensGlowast

Strain amplitude sweep test(UNI EN 14770)

(i) 2 specimensLVE region

3 days curing time at 60degC


Filler over bitumen ratio

Study mastics by different filler type


(i)


2 specimensLVE region(i)


4 specimensGlowast(ii)

Multi stress creep and recovery test(UNI EN 16659)

4 specimensJnr(iii)

Delta ring and ball test(UNI EN 13179-1)

2 specimensΔRampB(iv)


LVE region 2 specimens(i)




4 specimensJnr(iii)



Figure 1 Flowchart for the mixed specimens in laboratory investigations

Table 1 Main properties of materials (a) chemical composition ofJW filler and (b) JW and LF specific gravity and Rigden voids

(a)Elements Results ()Ca 25701Fe 4859Si 67642Mg 1735As 0003Be 0003Co 0004Cr 0008Ni 0004Cu 0007Zn 0026Otherslowast 0006(b)Filler Specific gravity (gcm3) Rigden voids ()LF 2737 41440JW 2687 51360lowastSn V Cd Ti and Mn

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

filler type and according to the three abovementionedratios

For only the cold mastics containing LF or JW filler thebituminous emulsion broke up within 15 minutes afteradding filler with water (see amount of mastic mixing per100 gr of the study sample in Table 3) 15 minutes were longenough to allow the separation of the bituminous emulsioninto water and bitumen

On the contrary for mastics made from LF plus JW filleradded to BE previously mixed with a suitable amount ofwater to obtain workability the BE broke up at the close ofthe 24th hour

e water remaining from the separation of the waterand bitumen was removed and the cold mastic obtained wassubsequently subjected to a 72 h conditioning process in theoven at 60degC until the remaining water was fully expelled

A comparison of bitumen produced from bituminousemulsion after conditioning in the oven for 72 h at 60degC andaged bitumen made from bituminous emulsion using arolling thin film oven (RTFO) procedure (Figure 4) has

shown that the values of the latter in terms of softeningpoint and penetration grade at 25degC are not comparable tothe previous one as they are higher (Table 4) the condi-tioning process was therefore such that it did not cause agingof the bitumen contained in the cold mastics

After the conditioning process the actual filler contentfor each of the 18 mastics was checked

Ten grams of mastic were poured into glass test tubesand a suitable quantity of ldquoperchloroethylenerdquo was added tosubmerge the mastic the sample was stirred for ten minutes(Figure 5) Centrifugation was performed on four samples atthe same time to verify the repeatability of the resultsachieved the four samples (mastic plus perchloroethylene)reached the same weight In fact before inserting the fourglass test tubes into the centrifuge the correct balance ofsample quantities (mastic plus solvent) was checked to avoidimbalance during centrifugation Centrifugation lasted 30minutes at a speed of 6000 revolutionsminute At the end ofthe centrifuge process the solvent was removed using a filterpaper to help retain filler particles To remove all quantities

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2 Jet grouting waste before and after the grinding process (a) Before grinding (b) Grinding device (c) After grinding

Table 2 Binder properties (a) neat bitumen 5070 (b) bituminous emulsion 6040 and (c) bitumen contained in bituminous emulsion

Properties Unit Standard Value(a)Penetration at 25degC dmm UNI EN 1426 64Softening point (RampB) degC UNI EN 1427 46Dynamic viscosity at 150degC 025Dynamic viscosity at 135degC Pa s UNI EN 13702 0413Dynamic viscosity at 60degC 3220Fraass degC UNI EN 12593 minus 9Characteristics Unit Value Standard(b)Water content 40 UNI EN 1428pH value mdash 42 UNI EN 12850Settling tendency at 7 days 58 UNI EN 12847Properties Unit Standard Value(c)Penetration at 25degC dmm UNI EN 1426 62Softening point (RampB) degC UNI EN 1427 47


(A) (B)

(a)

(A) (B)

(b)

(A) (B)

(c)

Figure 3 Mastic preparation using jet grouting waste (a) Filler preparation (A) cold mastic and (B) hot mastic (b) Adding filler to thebinder (A) cold mastic and (B) hot mastic (c) Final mastic (A) cold mastic and (B) hot mastic

Table 3 Amount of mastic mixing materials per 100 gr of the study sample

Type Filler-to-bitumenratio () Label

Materials (gr)

LF JW Water fW 05(added + contained in BE) B5070 BE

(60 bitumen + 40 water)

Hotmastics

03LH03 30 mdash mdash 70 mdashJH03 mdash 30 mdash 70 mdashLJH03 15 15 mdash 70 mdash



Coldmastics

03LC03 30 mdash 60 (132 added + 468 contained in BE) mdash 117 (702 bitumen + 468 water)JC03 mdash 30 60 (132 added + 468 contained in BE) mdash 117 (702 bitumen + 468 water)LJC03 15 15 60 (132 added + 468 contained in BE) mdash 117 (702 bitumen + 468 water)


05LC05 50 100 (668 added + 332 contained in BE) mdash 83 (498 bitumen + 332 water)JC05 50 100 (668 added + 332 contained in BE) mdash 83 (498 bitumen + 332 water)LJC05 25 25 100 (668 added + 332 contained in BE) mdash 83 (498 bitumen + 332 water)


of solvent the filter papers and each glass test tube were putin an oven heated to above the boiling temperature of thesolvent for a maximum of around one hour to reach aconstant weighte amount of residual filler and thereforeits ratio to bitumen are expressed in the following equation

f

b

P2 minus P3

P3 minus P1 (1)

where fb is the actual ratio of the mastic being tested P1 isthe weight of the glass test tubes in grams P2 is the weight ofthe glass test tubes plus the quantity of mastic before cen-trifuge in grams and P3 is the weight of the glass test tubeswith the residual amount of filler after the curing process ingrams

e results in Table 5 show that in the case of hotmastics the amount of filler obtained following theabovementioned procedure is the same as that adopted inthe first phase of mastic preparation and no change in thefiller-to-bitumen ratio was observed before and aftercentrifugation

On the contrary a loss of filler was observed when coldmastic was prepared with filler-to-bitumen ratios of 04 and05 after centrifugation for all the filler types adopted hereConsequently the ratios of 04 and 05 were not investigatedfurther as the mixture is chemically unstable and producesinsufficient adhesion for the solution proposed here Con-sequently only a filler-to-bitumen ratio of 03 was examinedfurther as it satisfies the test proposed here due to thecomponent materials adopted and will therefore be simplylabelled LC (LF added to EB) JC (JW added to EB) and LJC(LF plus JW added to EB) in the rest of this paper

23 Methods e bituminous binder has extremely variedmechanical behaviour that ranges from a typical elastic solid

at low temperatures to that of a Newtonian-type viscousfluid at high ones ese boundary conditions include in-termediate viscoelastic stages ie characterized by the si-multaneous presence of elastic and viscous phases eelastic and viscous responses make the material time de-pendent Reactions to traffic and environmental conditionscan be observed through its rheological properties clearlyconnected to the performance of an asphalt binder such asshear modulus Glowast and nonrecoverable creep compliance Jnr

231 Frequency Sweep Test An ldquoAnton Paarrdquo dynamicshear rheometer (DSR) (Figure 6) was used to analyze thedynamic mechanical properties of bitumen and the stiff-ening effect connected to the addition of two fillers mineralfiller (LF) and alternative filler (JW) which were adopted tomix mastics

e complex shear modulus Glowast is calculated as follows

Glowast

τmax

cmax

τmax T middot r

I

(2)

where τmax is the maximum value of the shear stress T is themaximum torque applied and I 1113938

r

0 u2dA

moment of inertia where u is the speed of the torque and r isthe radius of the specimen (either 125 or 4mm)

c u

hθ⟶ cmax

r

hθ (3)

where c is the shear strain h is the specimen height (either 1or 2mm) cmax is the maximum value of the shear strain andθ is the rotation angle

e test at the selected temperatures starts at the highestfrequency and moves to the lowest falling within the LVEregion In this context it is important to investigate the LVEproperties in order to understand how the proportion ofeach filler type can affect the entire LVE behaviour of theassociatedmixture Different proportions generating variousmicrostructures can produce a wide range of bituminousmaterial behaviours [11]

An FS test was conducted at a range of frequenciesbetween 001 and 10Hz at temperatures of 10 20 30 40 50and 60degC An 8mm plate with a 2mm gap was used below30degC and above this temperature a 25mm plate and a 1mmgap were used In the FS test the complex shear modulus(Glowast) was measured and analyzed from the point of view ofmaster curves [12]

Master curves were then plotted using the time-tem-perature superposition principle by shifting the modulusdata at various temperatures with respect to frequency untilthe curves merged into a single function of the modulus inrelation to the reduced frequency e shift factor a(T) is theamount of shift required to form the master curve at eachtemperature

e shift factor depends on the nature of the materialand should therefore be assessed experimentally ecommon equation used take the name of the Wil-liamsndashLandelndashFerry law is as follows

Figure 4 RTFO device

Table 4 Bitumen from EB 6040 properties after aging and curing

Properties Unit Standard Aged bitumenfrom EB6040

Bitumenfrom EB6040after 72 h at

60degCPenetrationat 25degC dmm UNI EN

1426 40 60

Softeningpoint (RampB)

degC UNI EN1427 545 49


loga(T)

a T0( 1113857

minus C1 middot T minus T0( 1113857

C2 + T minus T0 (4)

where a(T) and a(T0) are the shift factors at temperatures Tand T0 T is the shift temperature T0 is the temperature ofreference for the shift and C1 and C2 are the constants thatdepend on the nature of the material

232 Multistress Creep and Recovery Test To assess bitu-minous binders at high service temperatures and especially

to evaluate stress or loading resistance [13] the MSCR testwas performed in accordance with UNI EN 16659

Nonrecoverable creep compliance Jnr is an indicator ofthe resistance of bitumen and bituminous mastics to per-manent deformation under repeated load

e test was performed at 40 and 60degC in light of themain results from the FS test where the 25mm parallel plategeometry was used with a 1mm gap settinge test consistsof an initial loading phase kept constant for one secondfollowed by a recovery phase of nine seconds ten creep and

Table 5 Filler-to-bitumen ratio results

Hot mastics

fb WeightLH JH LJH

Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 1 Specimen 2

03

P1 112230 115880 135970 126160 112200 115830P2 122260 126000 145990 136190 122200 125860P3 114480 118105 138279 128469 114450 118121fb 0289 0282 0299 0299 0290 0296

04

P1 112210 115830 135930 126120 112200 115880P2 122210 226780 145930 137120 122900 125880P3 115036 147530 138739 129183 115259 118726fb 0394 0400 0391 0386 0400 0398

05

P1 112230 115860 135910 126150 112180 115860P2 122430 125960 145910 136350 122580 125860P3 115627 119163 139243 129486 115627 119153fb 0499 0486 0500 0486 0496 0491

Cold mastics

fb Weight LC JC LJCSpecimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 1 Specimen 2

03

P1 136000 126120 112220 115880 135990 126150P2 146100 136120 122230 125900 146100 136140P3 138331 128412 114520 118000 138302 128455fb 0300 0297 0298 0268 0296 0300

04

P1 135980 126160 112210 115870 135960 126110P2 146680 136260 122210 125990 146160 136130P3 138584 128754 114719 118332 138490 128497fb 0322 0346 0335 0322 0330 0313

05

P1 135000 126110 112230 115880 135970 126130P2 145100 136110 122390 126150 146330 136330P3 137613 128753 114845 118371 138710 128620fb 0349 0359 0347 0320 0360 0323

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 5 Checking filler content (a) calibration of the glass test tubes (b) specimen ready for the centrifuge (c) centrifuge equipment and(d) residual filler


recovery cycles are run at 0100 kPa creep stress followed byten more cycles at 3200 kPa creep stress

MSCR results show that adding filler leads to reducedsusceptibility to permanent deformation and an enhancedelastic response depending on the combination of filler types[14]

e results obtained from theMSCR test are expressed asfollows

(i) Jnr nonrecoverable creep compliance calculated bydividing the residual strain postrecovery phase bythe stress applied during creep loading

(ii) Jnr the average nonrecoverable creep compliancecalculated as the mean of 10 Jnr values

(iii) Jnr and JTOT the ratio between the residualstrain and accumulated strain at the end of the creepphase where JTOT is evaluated immediately beforeload removal

(iv) Jnrratio the ratio between the average creep compli-ance (Jnr) of the mastic containing alternative filler(LJH and LJC28d (cold mastic with LF and JW after28 days curing time)) and the respective masticcontaining limestone filler (LH and LC28d (coldmastic with LF after 28 days curing time)) at thesame stress level and test temperature

3 Results

31 Frequency Sweep Test Glowast was taken as the rheologicalbenchmark used to characterize and compare the ninemastics prepared by adopting a filler-to-bitumen ratio of 03Test temperatures were between 10degC and 60degC with anincrement of 10degC and a test frequency ranges from 01 to10Hz across the 19 obtained measures Strain amplitudesweep (SAS) tests were performed first with the aim ofidentifying the LVE limit and defining a suitable range ofstrain level for hot and cold mastics with all filler typese SAS tests were performed at 10degC using 8mm parallelplate geometry and a 2mm gap applying a constant fre-quency of 10 rads (159Hz) A unique strain level of 005was adopted as the LVE limit for all mastics in order tosimplify the testing procedureis value was selected on thebasis of the LVE limit identified for the LH mastic althoughthe other mastics had higher LVE limits [8 15ndash17]

Figure 7 shows the master curves for the three hotmastics ((1) hot mastics made with LF filler added to B5070(2) hot mastics with JW filler added to B5070 and (3) hotmastics with LF plus JW added to B5070) It may be notedthat adding the filler to the three hot mastics increasesstiffness when compared to B5070 In greater detail LHreturns the lowest Glowast values for all test temperatures andfrequencies investigated compared to JH and LJH on thecontrary at a test temperature of 10degC JH behaves in asimilar way to LH It should also be noted that the highest Glowast

values were observed for LJH specifically at a low testtemperature there were no great differences between LHand JH with behaviour very close to that of B5070 Oth-erwise at high temperatures LJH gave higher Glowast perfor-mance than LH and B5070 albeit quite close to that of JHe phase angle behaviour of mastics follows the base bi-tumen trend neither filler changes the viscoelastic responseof the bitumen giving a completely viscous response at hightemperatures and an elastic approach at low temperatures

Before moving on to assess the cold mastics from thepoint of view of Glowast and δ an assessment of the behaviour ofB5070 in terms of Glowast and δ and the bitumen extracted(EB6040) from the bituminous emulsion was carried outFigure 8 shows the master curve results for the two bitu-mens with no variation when moving from high to low testtemperatures Further clarification will be provided by theMSCR test in Section 33

ree cold study mastics (LC JC and LJC) were preparedfollowing the procedures shown in Section 22 and kept in anoven for 3 days at 60degC until a constant weight was reachedOn the third day no variation in weight had occurred so afterthis period three specimens of the coldmastics were tested forGlowast configuration according to the geometric configuration ofthe plates and gap shown in Section 231

e master curves for the cold mastics are shown inFigure 9 What is immediately evident is the remarkabledifference between the cold mastics after 3 days of curingtime and the EB6040 at low temperatures where the former(LC JC and LJC) show lower Glowast values compared to EB6040 on the contrary JC reaches performance at temperaturesup to 40degC and seems to produce the same behaviour asEB6040 In comparison with the other two cold mastics at10degC the LC shows a dramatic fall in Glowast In terms of thephase angle it is possible to observe a lower δ value at hightemperatures for LC than for EB6040 with slightly elastic

Bitumensample

Tr

udu

h

Shear strain

γ

θ

Figure 6 e dynamic shear rheometer used for investigating rheological properties


Glowast_LHGlowast_JH

Glowast_LJHGlowast_B5070

δ_LHδ_JH

δ_LJHδ_B5070

100E ndash 02 100E ndash 01 100E + 00 100E + 01 100E + 02 100E + 03100E ndash 03Reduced frequency (Hz)

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)

Figure 7 Master curve for hot mastics and neat bitumen 5070

Glowast_EB6040Glowast_B5070

δ_EB6040δ_B5070

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)

Figure 8 Master curve of bitumen and bitumen vontained in emulsion

Glowast_LCGlowast_JC

Glowast_LJCGlowast_EB6040

δ_LCδ_JC

δ_LJCδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)

Figure 9 e master curves of the cold mastics after 3 days of curing time in an oven heated to 60degC and EB6040


behaviour which is the opposite of what happens at lowtemperatures where the δ value for JC is higher than forEB6040

In particular it can be observed that the trend of thephase angle at low temperatures for JC is the opposite of thetrend for Glowast modulus in this case the behaviour of JCunlike the other mastics approaches that of a pseudoplasticmaterial which may mean that a mastic mix using only JWas a filler cannot increase the stiffness of bitumen after 3days

Since many studies carried out on CBM have demon-strated that maximum mechanical performance in terms ofITS andor stiffness can be achieved on the 28th day ofcuring time [18] coldmastics that had been kept for 3 days at60degC were subsequently kept at room temperature for 25days (for a total of 28 daysrsquo curing time) and then subjectedto Glowast evaluation (labelled LC28d (LF added to EB after 28days of curing time) JC28d (JW added to EB after 28 days ofcuring time) and LJC28d (LF plus JW added to EB after 28days of curing time)

e results of the FS test in terms of master curves arereported in Figure 10 Unlike the previous results for all coldmastics Glowast always resulted higher than EB6040 high-lighting the stiffening effects of the fillers in the bitumen Inparticular it can be noted that although JC28d Glowast is higherthan EB6040 at low temperatures (10ndash20ndash30degC) JC28d iscomparable to LC28d on the contrary at high temperatures(40ndash50ndash60degC) it displays worse behaviour with a reductionin Glowast When JW filler is added to the bitumen without LFJC28d Glowast is lower than the remaining mastics On thecontrary when JW is added to bitumen with LF theGlowast valueincreases at all temperatures and for all frequency ranges (seeLJC28d)

e phase angle behaviour of mastics follows the bitu-minous emulsion trend in particular the LC28d δ values athigher temperatures resulted lower for all the mastics andthe bituminous emulsion while JC28d shows greater elas-ticity than the others at low temperatures Furthermoregreater viscosity was observed when both LF and JW wereadded to bituminous emulsion

erefore cold interaction between LF filler with bitu-men favours the best mechanical performance of all theprepared mastics including the hot ones (Figure 10)

On the basis of the results achieved so far focusing onlyon the mastics that returned better performance duringcomparison when hot and cold procedures were used it canbe observed in Figure 11 that three main regions can beidentified taking into account Glowast values (1) for region I (testtemperatures gt30degC) it may be observed that LJC28d showshigher performance in terms of Glowast than LJH (2) for regionII (test temperatures from 20degC to 10degC) LJC28d shows thesame performance in relation to Glowast as LJH and (3) forregion III (test temperatureslt10degC) LJC28d displays poorerperformance than LJH which on the contrary has ahigher Glowast

32 MSCR Test e passage of traffic loads generates stresswithin the pavement causing accumulated strain in the

mixture e rutting resistance of cold bituminous mixtureslike those of a traditional HMA is due to (a) the interlockingof the aggregates and their form and (b) the stiffening effectof the mastic [19]

In the research presented here mastic response topermanent deformation was estimated using the MSCR testAs the results shown in the previous sections demonstratedthat best performance of cold mastics can be achieved at theend of the 28th day of curing time theMSCR test was carriedout using the abovementioned mastics and the hot mastics(LH JH and LJH) as control systems to measure the per-formance of the cold ones

Table 6 shows Jnr values for each of the six mastics (LHJH LJH LC28d JC28d and LJC28d) at temperature of 40degCand 60degC and 01 kPa and 32 kPa stress levels

As expected Jnr increases as the temperature rises bothfor binders (B5070 and EB6040) and mastics is is due tolower viscosity during the bituminous phase at highertemperatures which results in higher permanent strain inthe material under stress

First of all from a comparison between hot and coldmastics at the same test temperatures and load levels all thecold mastics show a reduction of Jnr in particular at 40degCand at 32 kPa stress level a greater reduction was observedcomparing the cold mastics with the corresponding hotmastics for LJC28d associated with a 68 Jnr reductioncompared with LJH a reduction of 57 was observedmoving from LH to LC28d and a 21 Jnr reduction whenmoving from JH to JC28d

e experimental data highlight the contribution ofadding alternative fillers to the bitumen and the bitumenderived from bituminous emulsion e presence of JWimproves the resistance of bitumen to permanent deforma-tions especially when added together with LF to bituminousbinder In fact at temperatures of 40degC and 60degC when JW isadded to B5070 for hot packaging the Jnr values decrease by38 and 21 respectively compared with LH as for the coldmastics LJC28d returned the highest reduction comparedwith the remaining cold mastics In particular LJC28d ischaracterized by a 74 Jnr reduction at a 40degC test temper-ature and 52 Jnr at a 60degC test temperature compared to LH

Figure 12 shows the differences between hot and coldbituminous mastics in terms of accumulated strain during 10creep and recovery cycles when adding LF and JW to bi-tumen contained in bituminous emulsion (LJC28d) thestiffening effect reaches its highest value both at 40degC and60degC is confirms the results obtained previously for Jnr

e ability of each mastic to recover from deformation atthe end of the creep phase was evaluated in terms of JnrJTOT

If the material is unable to recover from any deforma-tion and the strain measured at the end of the creep phaseremains the same at the end of the recovery phase JnrJTOTwill be 1 On the contrary if the material is totally elastic andable to recover from all the accumulated deformationJnrJTOT will be 0 [14]

e results in terms of JnrJTOT expressed as percent-ages are reported in Figure 13 but only at a test temperatureof 60degC and 32 kPa as the results shown in Table 6 high-lighted the most critical situations under these conditions


Table 7 shows that more than 30 of elastic deformationis recovered by LJC28d and positive performance was alsoobserved for LC28d which regains more than 25 of thedeformation while JC28d returns less than 25 of elasticdeformationese results match previously achieved resultsin terms of Glowast Hot mastics have poorer performance interms of recovery from elastic deformation when comparedwith cold mastics and in all cases less than the hot mastics

JH shows the best performance (recovery of elastic defor-mation less than 15) is circumstance also confirms theresults previously achieved in terms of Glowast for the coldmastics

In order to further evaluate the stiffening effect of theJW when added to hot and cold bituminous mastics aratio between Jnr for mastics containing JW with LF (asresults for Glowast and JnrJTOT demonstrated how these masticsachieved the best performance) and Jnr for mastics con-taining only LF defined Jnrratio was calculated from results inTable 6

e results in Table 7 show that JW filler improvesmastic stiffening during both hot and cold mixing Inparticular under hot conditions the increase in stiffeningcaused by the addition of JW changes with the temper-ature but is not affected by stress levels Under hotconditions JW filler helps increase stiffening by almost25 compared with LH mastic at a test temperature of40degC In the case of hot mixing the stiffening effect de-creases from 40degC to 60degC making up only around 10 ofa further increase in stiffness due to the presence of JW inthe mastic

Glowast_LC28dGlowast_JC28d Glowast_LJC28d

Glowast_EB6040δ_LC28dδ_JC28d

δ_LJC28dδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)


Figure 10 Master curves of the cold mastics subsequent to curing time after being kept in the oven for three days at 60degC and at roomtemperature (25degC) for 25 days

Glowast_LJC28dGlowast_LJH

I

III

II

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)


Figure 11 Master curves comparison between LJC28d and LJH

Table 6 Jnr value of hot and cold mastics

Test temperatures

ID Specimens40degC 60degC

Jnr_01 kPa Jnr_32 kPa Jnr_01 kPa Jnr_32 kPa1 B5070 0128 0139 4149 43212 EB6040 0112 0128 3387 38293 JH 0083 0091 2312 25034 JC28d 0053 0062 2059 22115 LH 0137 0143 3002 30546 LC28d 0051 0072 1767 23947 LJH 0104 0108 2745 27538 LJC28d 0036 0052 1360 1529


e greatest benefits can be achieved when the masticsare prepared under cold conditions JW increases stiffnessboth at 40degC and 60degC At 01 and 32 kPa the increase isaround 30 compared with cold mastic made up of lime-stone filler and bitumen

33 Mean Correlation Comparing Delta Ring and Ball andJnr e final test carried out was the most common ΔRampB(UNI EN 13179-1) assessment measuring the differencebetween the RampB of each mastic (LH JH LJH LC28dJC28d and LJC28d) and the RampB of the binder adopted for

mixing mastics (B5070 and EB6040) with a filler-to-bitumen ratio of 03 (see Section 22 for more details)

Figure 14 shows the ΔRampB value for each mastic plottedas a function of two variables the x-axis shows the studymastics (a total of six) while the y-axis shows the mean valueof the stiffening increase produced by the addition of eachfiller to a mastic compared with the binder taking intoaccount the effects produced at two test temperatures (40degCand 60degC) and two stress levels (01 and 32 kPa) e lastparameter is called Jtempstress and can be calculated for eachhot mastic using equation (5) and for each cold mastic usingequation (6) as follows

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6

LC28d_40degC_01kPaLC28d_40degC_32kPa

LH_40degC_01kPaLH_40degC_32kPa

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(a)

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6

EB6040_40deg_01kPaEB6040_40deg_32kPa

B5070_40deg_01kPaB5070_40deg_32kPa

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(b)

0 50 100 150Time (sec)

200 2500

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

LJC28d_40deg_01kPaLJC28d_40deg_32kPa

LJH_40deg_01kPaLJH_40deg_32kPa

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(c)

Figure 12 Accumulated strain results at the end of every 10 creep-recovery cycles of hot and cold bituminous mastics (a) LH vs LC28d (I at40degC and II at 60degC) (b) JH vs JC28d (I at 40degC and II at 60degC) and (c) LJH vs LJC28d (I at 40degC and II at 60degC)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)

where Jnr hotmasticij refers to Jnr measured for each hot masticat i-th temperature (40deg or 60degC) and j-th stress level (seerows 3 to 5 in Table 6) JnrB5070ij refers to Jnr measured forB5070 at i-th temperature (40deg or 60degC) and j-th stress level(see row 1 in Table 6) and n is the number of combinedconditions at test temperatures and stress levels equal to 4 inthe case study (Table 6)

Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)

where Jnr coldmasticij refers to Jnr measured for each coldmastic at i-th temperature (40deg or 60degC) and the j-th stresslevel (see rows 6 to 8 in Table 5) JnrEB6040ij refers to Jnrmeasured for EB6040 at i-th temperature (40deg or 60degC) andthe j-th stress level (see row 2 in Table 5) and n is the numberof combined conditions test temperatures and stress levelsequal to 4 in the case study (Table 5)

Firstly it may be observed that the ΔRampB trend is in-versely related to Jtempstress where an increasing ΔRampBcorresponds to a decreasing Jtempstress based on the resultsin Figure 14 the more suitable solution among thesemastics (highest ΔRampB lowest Jtempstress) is LJC28d whilethe lower performances are found for LH traditionalmastics

064

075079

087 089 090 092 093

LJC28d LC28d JC28d JH LJH LH EB6040 B5070Mastics

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT

Figure 13 JnrJTOT results under 32 kPa and 60degC

Table 7 Jnrratioresults (a) LJHLH and (b) LJC28dLJ28d

MasticsTemperature

40degC 60degCJnrratio_01 kPa Jnrratio_32 kPa Jnrratio_01 kPa Jnrratio_32 kPa

(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

LJC28d LC28d JC28d JH LJH LH

ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics

Figure 14 Delta ring and ball results compared with Jtempstress


4 Discussion

e study described in this paper focuses first of all on theconstruction of a laboratory mixing protocol for cold bi-tuminous mastics and on the examination of their rheo-logical performance and main differences in terms of shearmodulus Glowast and nonrecoverable creep compliance Jnr whencompared to hot mastics Specifically the addition of jetgrouting waste as a filler for bitumen with and withoutadditional LF led to the best response in cold mastics

ree filler-to-bitumen ratios (by weight) were investi-gated namely 03 04 and 05 (Table 3) after submitting thecold and hot mastics to centrifuge no loss of filler was ob-served for a filler-to-bitumen ratio 03 (Table 5) is made itpossible to proceed with the analysis by examining theperformance of mastics following the ratio mentioned above

e FS test showed that hot mastics with JW filler (JH andLJH) have a higher Glowast value than traditional LH (Figure 7)with δ values that do not differ from those obtained from thebinder used for the mixing phase and Glowast results for all thecold mastics showed that a curing time period of 3 days at60degC in the oven where 60degC is the typical laying temperaturefor CBM is not enough to reach a suitable level of mechanicalperformance in coldmastics (Figure 9) Further curing time atroom temperature is needed up to the 28th day to obtainadequate rheological performance in particular it was ob-served how cold mastics with only JW as a filler allow goodperformance at low temperatures (lt30degC) while JW andlimestone fillers should be added to bituminous emulsion athigh temperatures (Figure 10)

Since no differences exist between neat bitumen 5070and bitumen contained in bituminous emulsion used formixing cold mastic (with no variations in terms of mastercurves Glowast (Figure 8)) a comparison between the hot andcold mastics was carried out where LJC28d returned greaterstiffening behaviour than traditional hot LH in terms of Glowast

e deformation recovery capacity of binders andmastics in both hot and cold specimens was assessed usingan MSCR test e nonrecoverable creep compliance Jnr ofall mastics was lower than Jnr of bitumen which indicatesthe extent of contribution of fillers to increasing the stiffnessof the mastics of which they are a component Specificallywhen JW and LF are used as binder fillers for mixing it wasobserved that the cold mastics recovered accumulated de-formation after the 28th day of curing time at room tem-perature (LJC28d) showing a Jnr reduction of 74 at 40degCand 52 at an average temperature of 60degC compared to thetraditional LH (Table 6) e effect of the stiffness of eachmastic produced by adding alternative filler is furtherconfirmed by calculating the following ratio Jnr mastic withJW filler to Jnr mastic with LF as a filler

e results showed that the stiffening effect produced bythe presence of JW is not stress dependent for either hot andcold mastics but is temperature dependent when movingfrom 40degC to 60degC in the case of LJH LJC28d produced thehighest stiffening performance at all test temperatures andthe stress levels allowed a mean reduction of almost 30 ofaccumulated deformation compared with traditional LH(Table 7)

Based on the observation listed above the stiffeningeffect of the fillers in bituminous mastics is summarised inFigure 15 specifically the stiffening effect was estimated byobserving many parameters Figure 15 shows RampBprime vsJtempstressprime and G

lowastprime calculated according to equations (7)ndash(9)respectively as follows

RampBprime RampBmastic

RampBbinderminus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (7)

where RampBmastic is the ring and ball value calculated for eachmastic (hot and cold) and RampBbinder is the ring and ball valueof each binder (B5070 for hot mastics and EB6040 for coldmastics)

Jtempstressprime Jtempstress minus 11113872 1113873 middot 100 (8)

where Jtempstress is calculated according to equation (5) forhot mastics and equation (6) for cold ones

Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)

where Glowastmastic is the average of the Glowast values for the test

temperatures 40deg 50deg and 60degC of each mastic (hot and cold)and G

lowastbinder is the average of the Glowast values for the test

temperatures 40deg 50deg and 60degC of each binder (B5070 forhot mastics and EB6040 for cold ones)

Figure 15 shows that the stiffening effect of the fillers isdifferent for hot and cold mastics and two different regionsof interest emerge e highest area of region I identified forhot mastics is occupied by JW when it is added to B5070while the highest area of region II identified for cold masticswhich is also the peak of the total region is identified for JWwhen it is added together with LF into EBis different fillerbehaviour for cold and hot mastics may be due to the veryhigh temperature in the hot mastic mixture which leads to areduction in the stiffening effect of the fillers within themastics

LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()

Figure 15 RampBprime against Jtempstressprime and Glowastprime


5 Conclusions

On the basis of the results discussed above the followingobservations can be made

(i) Cold mastics mixing jet grouting waste limestonefiller and bituminous emulsion were made at60degC using a filler-to-bitumen weight ratio of 03the separation of bitumen from water into bi-tuminous emulsion took place without the ad-dition of cement as traditionally happens withcold bituminous mixtures and this is due to therole and contribution of jet grouting wastecomprising water cement and soil available insite

(ii) It was observed that cold mastics after 3 days ofcuring time at 60degC return a worse Glowast performancethan neat bitumen 5070 contained in bituminousemulsion

(iii) e contribution of the jet grouting waste in termsof Glowast is higher when it is adopted for hot masticsthan cold mastics the effects of jet grouting wasteseriously affects Glowast when it is added to limestonefiller making cold mastics e last combinationallows us to reach a reduction of the phase anglecompared to remaining mastics

(iv) e combination of jet grouting waste and lime-stone filler in cold mastics increases the stiffnessresponse returning a higher Glowast modulus con-firmed also by a reduction of the accumulated de-formation obtained from a multistress creep andrecovery test

ese conclusions may constitute a starting point forthe further study of cold mastics increasing the filler ratioand changing the type of bituminous emulsion or evenadding a rejuvenator a mastic mixture without usingcement could be produced in order to verify the con-tribution offered by jet grouting waste alone ese will beno more than small-scale analysis results to be transferredfull scale in the proportions required to mix cold bitu-minous mixtures designed without the addition ofcement

Data Availability

e data used to support the findings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Disclosure

e research was carried out within the terms of employ-ment of the authors at Federico II University of Naples

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that no conflict of interest exists re-garding the publication of this paper

References

[1] M Amouzadeh Omrani and A Modarres ldquoStiffness andfatigue behaviour of emulsified cold recycled mixture con-taining waste powder additives mechanical and micro-structural analysisrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engineeringvol 31 no 6 Article ID 04019061 2019

[2] V Antunes A C Freire and J Neves ldquoA review on the effectof RAP recycling on bituminous mixtures properties and theviability of multi-recyclingrdquo Construction and Building Ma-terials vol 211 pp 453ndash469 2019

[3] S Du ldquoInteraction mechanism of cement and asphaltemulsion in asphalt emulsion mixturesrdquo Materials andStructures vol 47 no 7 pp 1149ndash1159 2014

[4] G Flores J Gallego L Miranda and J R Marcobal ldquoDesignmethodology for in situ cold recycled mixtures with emulsionand 100 raprdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 216pp 496ndash505 2019

[5] S Du ldquoPerformance characteristic of cold recycled mixturewith asphalt emulsion and chemical additivesrdquo Advances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2015 Article ID271596 2015

[6] Z Lyu A Shen X Qin X Yang and Y Li ldquoGrey targetoptimization and the mechanism of cold recycled asphaltmixture with comprehensive performancerdquo Construction andBuilding Materials vol 198 pp 269ndash277 2019

[7] K Kuna and B Gottumukkala ldquoViscoelastic characterizationof cold recycled bituminous mixturesrdquo Construction andBuilding Materials vol 199 pp 298ndash306 2019

[8] C Godenzoni M Bocci and A Graziani ldquoRheologicalcharacterization of cold bituminous mastics produced withdifferent mineral additionsrdquo Transport Infrastructure andSystems Proceedings of the AIIT International Congress onTransport Infrastructure and Systems p 185 Rome Italy2017

[9] V Vignali F Mazzotta C Sangiorgi A Simone C Lantieriand G Dondi ldquoRheological and 3D DEM characterization ofpotential rutting of cold bituminous masticsrdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 73 pp 339ndash349 2014

[10] E Garilli F Autelitano and F Giuliani ldquoUse of bending beamrheometer test for rheological analysis of asphalt emulsion-cement mastics in cold in-place recyclingrdquo Construction andBuilding Materials vol 222 pp 484ndash492 2019

[11] M Elnasri G Airey and N om ldquoExperimental investi-gation of bitumen and mastics under shear creep and creep-recovery testingrdquo in Airfield and Highway Pavement 2013Sustainable and Efficient Pavements pp 921ndash932 AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers Reston VA USA 2013

[12] G Dondi F Mazzotta C Sangiorgi et al ldquoInfluence of ce-ment and limestone filler on the rheological properties ofmastic in cold bituminous recycled mixturesrdquo SustainabilityEco-Efficiency and Conservation in Transportation Infra-structure Asset Management vol 61 2014

[13] H Soenen T Blomberg T Pellinen and O-V Laukkanenldquoe multiple stress creep-recovery test a detailed analysis ofrepeatability and reproducibilityrdquo Road Materials andPavement Design vol 14 no sup1 pp 2ndash11 2013

[14] F Cardone F Frigio G Ferrotti and F Canestrari ldquoInfluenceof mineral fillers on the rheological response of polymer-modified bitumens and masticsrdquo Journal of Traffic andTransportation Engineering (English Edition) vol 2 no 6pp 373ndash381 2015

[15] A Foroutan Mirhosseini A Kavussi M H Jalal KamaliM M Khabiri and A Hassani ldquoEvaluating fatigue behavior


of asphalt binders and mixes containing date seed ashrdquoJournal of Civil Engineering and Management vol 23 no 8pp 1164ndash1175 2017

[16] C Hintz and H Bahia ldquoSimplification of linear amplitudesweep test and specification parameterrdquo Transportation Re-search Record Journal of the Transportation Research Boardvol 2370 no 1 pp 10ndash16 2013

[17] A Foroutan Mirhosseini A Kavussi S A Tahami andS Dessouky ldquoCharacterizing temperature performance ofbio-modified binders containing RAP binderrdquo Journal ofMaterials in Civil Engineering vol 30 no 8 2018

[18] A Graziani C Godenzoni F Cardone and M Bocci ldquoEffectof curing on the physical and mechanical properties of cold-recycled bituminous mixturesrdquo Materials amp Design vol 95pp 358ndash369 2016

[19] S Ullah and B F Tanyu ldquoMethodology to develop designguidelines to construct unbound base course with reclaimedasphalt pavement (RAP)rdquo Construction and Building Mate-rials vol 223 pp 463ndash476 2019


void content indirect tensile stress (ITS) indirect tensilestrength ratio (ITSR) rutting resistance stiffness modulusand fatigue damageey studied a series of possible dosagesof bituminous emulsion contents of 2 3 and 4 and cementcontents of 0 1 and 2 over the weight of the aggregates inlight of the results of the laboratory tests a methodology wasproposed and a single value ldquoGPIrdquo (Global PerformanceIndex) has been proposed taking into account the resultsobtained from previous laboratory tests e results showeda strong relationship between GPI with gradation curvesbituminous emulsions and cement

Du [5] proposed a mix design procedure based first of allon a preliminary investigation of an optimum water contentto add to an optimum bituminous emulsion content to in-vestigate the properties of a cold recycled mixture made up ofcomposite Portland cement (CPC) hydrated lime (HL) and acombination of hydrated lime and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBF)eCPChelped reach best performancein terms of ITS moisture and rutting resistance

RA gradation does not always meet the requirements oftechnical specifications and virgin aggregates and fillerpowders need to be added Lyu et al [6] for examplesuggested a potentially effective mix design made up of 38bituminous emulsion 2 cement 80 RA and 20 virginaggregates

Kuna and Guttumukkala [7] further investigated theperformance of cold reclaimed asphalt pavement using thedynamic modulus e results showed that cold mixtureshave lower entity variation from the highest to lowesttemperatures compared with hot mix asphalt (HMA) wherehigher increments occur

Filler is added to correct the lower part of a granulo-metric curve for both cold and hot mixture and to fill thegaps between grains left by larger elements e filler bondsclosely with the binder to form a bituminous mastic whichenvelops the stone phase and provides full cohesion throughthe entire mixture affecting the final stiffness of the mixturee stress-strain response of flexible pavements is strictlylinked to the rheological behaviour of the binder and itsinteraction with the lithic skeleton

Many studies have focused on investigating the prop-erties of the mastics with reference to cold bituminousmixture with RA

Godenzoni et al [8] evaluated the effects of differentmineral fillers on the linear viscoelastic (LVE) properties ofcold bituminous mastics e shear modulus was measuredon bituminous mastics prepared with calcium carbonate andcement as filler at filler-to-bitumen volume ratios of 015 and03 It has been shown that Glowast values are higher for masticscontaining cement than those containing calcium carbonateas an added mineral specifically Glowast increases with a highercement concentration ratio and LVE behaviour evolves fromthat of liquid material to that of solid material

Some studies have shown that the multistress creep andrecovery (MSCR) method is the most appropriate formeasuring the rutting resistance performance of asphaltbinder Indeed it is widely accepted that compared to theexisting superpave rutting factor Glowastsin δ (δ phase angle)nonrecoverable creep compliance Jnr following the MSCR

test is more closely related to the rutting resistance per-formance of asphalt mixture [6]

Vignali et al [9] have measured to what extent cementand limestone filler contents affect the rutting response oftwo mastics produced using cationic bituminous emulsion(1) 75 bitumen and 25 cement and (2) 75 bitumen125 filler and 125 cement per volume e results haveconfirmed that the presence of limestone filler improvesmastic stiffness at high temperatures with a Glowast higher thanmastic with cement this was confirmed by theMSCR resultswhere the mastic containing limestone filler accumulatedless deformation at both test temperatures (46degC and 58degC)and both stress levels (01 kPa and 32 kPa)

Garilli et al [10] focused on asphalt emulsion cement(AEC) mastic mixing to evaluate the behaviour of cold in-place recycling in the phase of coexistence of viscoelastic andbrittle materials using a bending beam rheometer (BBR) eauthors proposed introducing glass microspheres to act as anldquoinert solid skeletonrdquo in the production of AEC mastics forBBR prismatic beams to study the interaction between bi-tuminous emulsion and cement in thin film and to limit thespecimensrsquo shrinkage and warpage during the curing period

Following the main results available in scientific litera-ture on cold bituminous mixtures (CBM) and mastics theresearch presented here aims to bridge a gap in the labo-ratory protocol for mixing the cold bituminous mastics andto appreciate the main differences in relation to hot bitu-minous mastics

Different mastics were prepared based on a filler-to-bitumen weight ratio of 03 04 and 05 e fillers adoptedwere of the limestone (LF) and jet grouting waste (JW) typeswhile neat bitumen 5070 (B5070) was adopted for hotmastics and bituminous emulsion (BE) made up of 60neat bitumen and 40 water was used for the cold onesmixing was carried out without adding cement traying tosubstitute it with JW in the cold bituminous mixture pro-duction since the JW is also a mixture made up of cement

Glowast (at 10 20 30 40 50 and 60degC at frequencies from01Hz to 10Hz) MSCR (test temperatures 40degC and 60degC at01 kPa and 32 kPa) and delta ring and ball (ΔRampB) testswere performed for all mastics Figure 1 shows the flowchartfor the number of specimens in the series of experiments

2 Materials and Methods

21Materials Different mastics were prepared according tothe filler-to-bitumen ratios of 03 04 and 05ree types ofmastics were prepared for each ratio (1) LF plus B5070(hot) and LF plus BE (cold) (2) JW plus B5070 (hot) andJTW plus BE (cold) and (3) JW plus LF plus B5070 (hot)and JW plus LF plus EB (cold)

JW is a mixture of water and cement injected into the soilat high pressure its element composition is shown inTable 1(a) where the presence of calcium (257) silicon(676) magnesium (17) and other elements (0006)can be observed

Before moving on to mastic preparation the JW wassubjected to a crushing process using a ball mill and curvegradation measurement (Figure 2)













03 04 05

















(i)






4 specimensJnr(iii)








4 specimensJnr(iii)















(a) (b) (c)





(A) (B)

(a)

(A) (B)

(b)

(A) (B)

(c)




Materials (gr)



Hotmastics




Coldmastics






f

b

P2 minus P3

P3 minus P1 (1)








Glowast

τmax

cmax

τmax T middot r

I

(2)


r

0 u2dA


c u

hθ⟶ cmax

r

hθ (3)











1426 40 60




loga(T)

a T0( 1113857


C2 + T minus T0 (4)







Hot mastics

fb WeightLH JH LJH


03

P1 112230 115880 135970 126160 112200 115830P2 122260 126000 145990 136190 122200 125860P3 114480 118105 138279 128469 114450 118121fb 0289 0282 0299 0299 0290 0296

04

P1 112210 115830 135930 126120 112200 115880P2 122210 226780 145930 137120 122900 125880P3 115036 147530 138739 129183 115259 118726fb 0394 0400 0391 0386 0400 0398

05

P1 112230 115860 135910 126150 112180 115860P2 122430 125960 145910 136350 122580 125860P3 115627 119163 139243 129486 115627 119153fb 0499 0486 0500 0486 0496 0491

Cold mastics


03

P1 136000 126120 112220 115880 135990 126150P2 146100 136120 122230 125900 146100 136140P3 138331 128412 114520 118000 138302 128455fb 0300 0297 0298 0268 0296 0300

04

P1 135980 126160 112210 115870 135960 126110P2 146680 136260 122210 125990 146160 136130P3 138584 128754 114719 118332 138490 128497fb 0322 0346 0335 0322 0330 0313

05

P1 135000 126110 112230 115880 135970 126130P2 145100 136110 122390 126150 146330 136330P3 137613 128753 114845 118371 138710 128620fb 0349 0359 0347 0320 0360 0323

(a) (b) (c) (d)










3 Results







Bitumensample

Tr

udu

h

Shear strain

γ

θ





δ_LHδ_JH

δ_LJHδ_B5070


100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)



δ_EB6040δ_B5070

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




δ_LCδ_JC

δ_LJCδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




























δ_LJC28dδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




I

III

II

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)




Test temperatures








00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(a)

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(b)

0 50 100 150Time (sec)

200 2500

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(c)



Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)



064

075079

087 089 090 092 093


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT



MasticsTemperature


(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics



4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References


































03 04 05

















(i)






4 specimensJnr(iii)








4 specimensJnr(iii)















(a) (b) (c)





(A) (B)

(a)

(A) (B)

(b)

(A) (B)

(c)




Materials (gr)



Hotmastics




Coldmastics






f

b

P2 minus P3

P3 minus P1 (1)








Glowast

τmax

cmax

τmax T middot r

I

(2)


r

0 u2dA


c u

hθ⟶ cmax

r

hθ (3)











1426 40 60




loga(T)

a T0( 1113857


C2 + T minus T0 (4)







Hot mastics

fb WeightLH JH LJH


03

P1 112230 115880 135970 126160 112200 115830P2 122260 126000 145990 136190 122200 125860P3 114480 118105 138279 128469 114450 118121fb 0289 0282 0299 0299 0290 0296

04

P1 112210 115830 135930 126120 112200 115880P2 122210 226780 145930 137120 122900 125880P3 115036 147530 138739 129183 115259 118726fb 0394 0400 0391 0386 0400 0398

05

P1 112230 115860 135910 126150 112180 115860P2 122430 125960 145910 136350 122580 125860P3 115627 119163 139243 129486 115627 119153fb 0499 0486 0500 0486 0496 0491

Cold mastics


03

P1 136000 126120 112220 115880 135990 126150P2 146100 136120 122230 125900 146100 136140P3 138331 128412 114520 118000 138302 128455fb 0300 0297 0298 0268 0296 0300

04

P1 135980 126160 112210 115870 135960 126110P2 146680 136260 122210 125990 146160 136130P3 138584 128754 114719 118332 138490 128497fb 0322 0346 0335 0322 0330 0313

05

P1 135000 126110 112230 115880 135970 126130P2 145100 136110 122390 126150 146330 136330P3 137613 128753 114845 118371 138710 128620fb 0349 0359 0347 0320 0360 0323

(a) (b) (c) (d)










3 Results







Bitumensample

Tr

udu

h

Shear strain

γ

θ





δ_LHδ_JH

δ_LJHδ_B5070


100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)



δ_EB6040δ_B5070

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




δ_LCδ_JC

δ_LJCδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




























δ_LJC28dδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




I

III

II

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)




Test temperatures








00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(a)

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(b)

0 50 100 150Time (sec)

200 2500

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(c)



Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)



064

075079

087 089 090 092 093


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT



MasticsTemperature


(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics



4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References































(a) (b) (c)





(A) (B)

(a)

(A) (B)

(b)

(A) (B)

(c)




Materials (gr)



Hotmastics




Coldmastics






f

b

P2 minus P3

P3 minus P1 (1)








Glowast

τmax

cmax

τmax T middot r

I

(2)


r

0 u2dA


c u

hθ⟶ cmax

r

hθ (3)











1426 40 60




loga(T)

a T0( 1113857


C2 + T minus T0 (4)







Hot mastics

fb WeightLH JH LJH


03

P1 112230 115880 135970 126160 112200 115830P2 122260 126000 145990 136190 122200 125860P3 114480 118105 138279 128469 114450 118121fb 0289 0282 0299 0299 0290 0296

04

P1 112210 115830 135930 126120 112200 115880P2 122210 226780 145930 137120 122900 125880P3 115036 147530 138739 129183 115259 118726fb 0394 0400 0391 0386 0400 0398

05

P1 112230 115860 135910 126150 112180 115860P2 122430 125960 145910 136350 122580 125860P3 115627 119163 139243 129486 115627 119153fb 0499 0486 0500 0486 0496 0491

Cold mastics


03

P1 136000 126120 112220 115880 135990 126150P2 146100 136120 122230 125900 146100 136140P3 138331 128412 114520 118000 138302 128455fb 0300 0297 0298 0268 0296 0300

04

P1 135980 126160 112210 115870 135960 126110P2 146680 136260 122210 125990 146160 136130P3 138584 128754 114719 118332 138490 128497fb 0322 0346 0335 0322 0330 0313

05

P1 135000 126110 112230 115880 135970 126130P2 145100 136110 122390 126150 146330 136330P3 137613 128753 114845 118371 138710 128620fb 0349 0359 0347 0320 0360 0323

(a) (b) (c) (d)










3 Results







Bitumensample

Tr

udu

h

Shear strain

γ

θ





δ_LHδ_JH

δ_LJHδ_B5070


100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)



δ_EB6040δ_B5070

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




δ_LCδ_JC

δ_LJCδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




























δ_LJC28dδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




I

III

II

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)




Test temperatures








00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(a)

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(b)

0 50 100 150Time (sec)

200 2500

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(c)



Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)



064

075079

087 089 090 092 093


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT



MasticsTemperature


(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics



4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References























(A) (B)

(a)

(A) (B)

(b)

(A) (B)

(c)




Materials (gr)



Hotmastics




Coldmastics






f

b

P2 minus P3

P3 minus P1 (1)








Glowast

τmax

cmax

τmax T middot r

I

(2)


r

0 u2dA


c u

hθ⟶ cmax

r

hθ (3)











1426 40 60




loga(T)

a T0( 1113857


C2 + T minus T0 (4)







Hot mastics

fb WeightLH JH LJH


03

P1 112230 115880 135970 126160 112200 115830P2 122260 126000 145990 136190 122200 125860P3 114480 118105 138279 128469 114450 118121fb 0289 0282 0299 0299 0290 0296

04

P1 112210 115830 135930 126120 112200 115880P2 122210 226780 145930 137120 122900 125880P3 115036 147530 138739 129183 115259 118726fb 0394 0400 0391 0386 0400 0398

05

P1 112230 115860 135910 126150 112180 115860P2 122430 125960 145910 136350 122580 125860P3 115627 119163 139243 129486 115627 119153fb 0499 0486 0500 0486 0496 0491

Cold mastics


03

P1 136000 126120 112220 115880 135990 126150P2 146100 136120 122230 125900 146100 136140P3 138331 128412 114520 118000 138302 128455fb 0300 0297 0298 0268 0296 0300

04

P1 135980 126160 112210 115870 135960 126110P2 146680 136260 122210 125990 146160 136130P3 138584 128754 114719 118332 138490 128497fb 0322 0346 0335 0322 0330 0313

05

P1 135000 126110 112230 115880 135970 126130P2 145100 136110 122390 126150 146330 136330P3 137613 128753 114845 118371 138710 128620fb 0349 0359 0347 0320 0360 0323

(a) (b) (c) (d)










3 Results







Bitumensample

Tr

udu

h

Shear strain

γ

θ





δ_LHδ_JH

δ_LJHδ_B5070


100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)



δ_EB6040δ_B5070

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




δ_LCδ_JC

δ_LJCδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




























δ_LJC28dδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




I

III

II

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)




Test temperatures








00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(a)

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(b)

0 50 100 150Time (sec)

200 2500

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(c)



Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)



064

075079

087 089 090 092 093


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT



MasticsTemperature


(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics



4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References
























f

b

P2 minus P3

P3 minus P1 (1)








Glowast

τmax

cmax

τmax T middot r

I

(2)


r

0 u2dA


c u

hθ⟶ cmax

r

hθ (3)











1426 40 60




loga(T)

a T0( 1113857


C2 + T minus T0 (4)







Hot mastics

fb WeightLH JH LJH


03

P1 112230 115880 135970 126160 112200 115830P2 122260 126000 145990 136190 122200 125860P3 114480 118105 138279 128469 114450 118121fb 0289 0282 0299 0299 0290 0296

04

P1 112210 115830 135930 126120 112200 115880P2 122210 226780 145930 137120 122900 125880P3 115036 147530 138739 129183 115259 118726fb 0394 0400 0391 0386 0400 0398

05

P1 112230 115860 135910 126150 112180 115860P2 122430 125960 145910 136350 122580 125860P3 115627 119163 139243 129486 115627 119153fb 0499 0486 0500 0486 0496 0491

Cold mastics


03

P1 136000 126120 112220 115880 135990 126150P2 146100 136120 122230 125900 146100 136140P3 138331 128412 114520 118000 138302 128455fb 0300 0297 0298 0268 0296 0300

04

P1 135980 126160 112210 115870 135960 126110P2 146680 136260 122210 125990 146160 136130P3 138584 128754 114719 118332 138490 128497fb 0322 0346 0335 0322 0330 0313

05

P1 135000 126110 112230 115880 135970 126130P2 145100 136110 122390 126150 146330 136330P3 137613 128753 114845 118371 138710 128620fb 0349 0359 0347 0320 0360 0323

(a) (b) (c) (d)










3 Results







Bitumensample

Tr

udu

h

Shear strain

γ

θ





δ_LHδ_JH

δ_LJHδ_B5070


100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)



δ_EB6040δ_B5070

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




δ_LCδ_JC

δ_LJCδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




























δ_LJC28dδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




I

III

II

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)




Test temperatures








00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(a)

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(b)

0 50 100 150Time (sec)

200 2500

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(c)



Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)



064

075079

087 089 090 092 093


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT



MasticsTemperature


(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics



4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References























loga(T)

a T0( 1113857


C2 + T minus T0 (4)







Hot mastics

fb WeightLH JH LJH


03

P1 112230 115880 135970 126160 112200 115830P2 122260 126000 145990 136190 122200 125860P3 114480 118105 138279 128469 114450 118121fb 0289 0282 0299 0299 0290 0296

04

P1 112210 115830 135930 126120 112200 115880P2 122210 226780 145930 137120 122900 125880P3 115036 147530 138739 129183 115259 118726fb 0394 0400 0391 0386 0400 0398

05

P1 112230 115860 135910 126150 112180 115860P2 122430 125960 145910 136350 122580 125860P3 115627 119163 139243 129486 115627 119153fb 0499 0486 0500 0486 0496 0491

Cold mastics


03

P1 136000 126120 112220 115880 135990 126150P2 146100 136120 122230 125900 146100 136140P3 138331 128412 114520 118000 138302 128455fb 0300 0297 0298 0268 0296 0300

04

P1 135980 126160 112210 115870 135960 126110P2 146680 136260 122210 125990 146160 136130P3 138584 128754 114719 118332 138490 128497fb 0322 0346 0335 0322 0330 0313

05

P1 135000 126110 112230 115880 135970 126130P2 145100 136110 122390 126150 146330 136330P3 137613 128753 114845 118371 138710 128620fb 0349 0359 0347 0320 0360 0323

(a) (b) (c) (d)










3 Results







Bitumensample

Tr

udu

h

Shear strain

γ

θ





δ_LHδ_JH

δ_LJHδ_B5070


100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)



δ_EB6040δ_B5070

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




δ_LCδ_JC

δ_LJCδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




























δ_LJC28dδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




I

III

II

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)




Test temperatures








00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(a)

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(b)

0 50 100 150Time (sec)

200 2500

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(c)



Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)



064

075079

087 089 090 092 093


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT



MasticsTemperature


(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics



4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References






























3 Results







Bitumensample

Tr

udu

h

Shear strain

γ

θ





δ_LHδ_JH

δ_LJHδ_B5070


100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)



δ_EB6040δ_B5070

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




δ_LCδ_JC

δ_LJCδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




























δ_LJC28dδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




I

III

II

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)




Test temperatures








00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(a)

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(b)

0 50 100 150Time (sec)

200 2500

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(c)



Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)



064

075079

087 089 090 092 093


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT



MasticsTemperature


(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics



4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References

























δ_LHδ_JH

δ_LJHδ_B5070


100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)



δ_EB6040δ_B5070

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




δ_LCδ_JC

δ_LJCδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

Glowast (

MPa

)


0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




























δ_LJC28dδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




I

III

II

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)




Test temperatures








00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(a)

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(b)

0 50 100 150Time (sec)

200 2500

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(c)



Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)



064

075079

087 089 090 092 093


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT



MasticsTemperature


(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics



4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References
















































δ_LJC28dδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




I

III

II

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)




Test temperatures








00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(a)

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(b)

0 50 100 150Time (sec)

200 2500

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(c)



Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)



064

075079

087 089 090 092 093


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT



MasticsTemperature


(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics



4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References





























δ_LJC28dδ_EB6040

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (

MPa

)

0102030405060708090100

δ (deg

)




I

III

II

100E ndash 04

100E ndash 03

100E ndash 02

100E ndash 01

100E + 00

100E + 01

100E + 02

Glowast (M

Pa)




Test temperatures








00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(a)

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(b)

0 50 100 150Time (sec)

200 2500

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(c)



Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)



064

075079

087 089 090 092 093


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT



MasticsTemperature


(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics



4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References



























00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(a)

00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ

6



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110120130140150

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(b)

0 50 100 150Time (sec)

200 2500

2

4

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



00 50 100 150

Time (sec)200 250

102030405060708090

100110

Accu

mul

ated

stra

in γ



(c)



Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)



064

075079

087 089 090 092 093


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT



MasticsTemperature


(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics



4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References























Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr hotmasticij

JnrB5070ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (5)


Jtempstress 1n

1113944ij

Jnr coldmasticij

JnrEB6040ij

⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ (6)



064

075079

087 089 090 092 093


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

J nrJ

TOT



MasticsTemperature


(a) LJH 0763 0755 0914 0901(b) LJC28d 0706 0694 0770 0639

7365

5

4 4330399

0575 05880570

0654

0725

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

J tem

pstr

ess (

)

07

08

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


ΔRamp

B (deg

C)

Mastics



4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References























4 Discussion














Glowastprime

Glowastmastic

Glowastbinder

minus 11113888 1113889 middot 100 (9)






LJC28d

JC28d

Region II

Region I

JH

LH

LJH

LC28d18

16

14

12

10

8

6

200180

160140

120100

8060

4020 22

2426

2830

3234

3638

4042

4446

4850

52

J tempstress (

)GPrime ()

RampBprime

()



5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References























5 Conclusions







Data Availability


Disclosure




References





























Documents

RheologicalPropertiesComparingHotandColdBituminous ...mastics 0.3 LC 0.3 30 — 60(13.2added+46.8containedinBE) — 117(70.2bitumen+46.8water) JC 0.3 — 30 60(13.2added+46.8containedinBE)