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Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 1
Integrating New Technologies & Design RFID: technologies, applications, future
Steven Schilthuizen
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 2
Contents presentation RFID• 10 Connective technologies• Tracking & tracing• What is RFID?• Frequencies• RFID-tags
• Silicon RFID• Printed RFID• Polymer RFID• Nano RFID
• Costs of RFID• RFID-roadmap• RFID-readers• Sensors• Applications• Options and challenges• Discussion / questions
18 Oct 2004 3
10 connective technologies institute for the future
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 4
What is RFID….• R(adio) F(requency)
ID(entification) ~~~~ radio waves
• RFID is contactless / wireless
• RFID is ranked among the top 10 of dominant future technologies
• RFID has also limitations…
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 5
Technology components of RFID….• RFID-tags: IC/ μ-processor+antenna+packaging• RFID-reader: antenna+coupler+μC
• Software: • Embedded protocol handling in reader• Data management and connection RFID-system to ERP and other
software
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 6
Working principle RFID
RFID readerRFID reader
tag
01.43200B9.23AE1F.345C4D012
Interface to host computer (RS485,
RS232/422, ethernet, 802.11, etc)
ID: 01.43200B9.23AE1F.345C4D012
Working principle RFID
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 7
RFID is based on radio waves• Physical description of a rf-wave
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 8
Band Frequencies RF(ID) Technology name Used Frequencies VLF 3~30 kHz (EM - EAS electro magnetic) 2-4 kHz LF 30~300 kHz (First RFID Proximity Standard) 125-135 kHz HF 3~30 Mhz (RF-EAS / ISO RFID Range) 8.2 / 13.56 Mhz UHF 300~3000 Mhz (UHF / EPC RFID Range) 330 /868–968 Mhz SHF 3~60 Ghz Wireless LAN and Telecom (micro, radar waves)
Spectrum of the (Radio) Waves
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 9
Passive vs active RFID-tags
$10 to $20~ $0.15 to $10Cost
2 to 7 yearsUnlimitedLife
64 bites - ?128 bits – 32 kbitsMemory
~ 2 to 500 m< 1 mRead Distance
HF (303, 433 MHz), Microwave (2.4 GHz)
LF (125 KHz), HF (13.56 MHz), UHF (868-968 MHz), Microwave (2.4 GHz)
Frequency
BatteryInductivePower
ACTIVEPASSIVEATTRIBUTE
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 10
Barcode vs RFID-tags
•Higher Costs•Read Sensitive to Product Attributes (metal, H2O)
•Limited Adoption
•Data Transfer Requires Line of Sight
•Data Storage is Limited•Environmentally Sensitive
RFID / EPC
•No Line of Sight•Large Memory – Data Moves with Product / Asset
•Dynamic Data Reads
Barcodes
•Low Cost•Broad Utilization•Human Readable•Integrated in printed mat.
+
-
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 11
RFID-TAGS• Smart CARDS (13.56 MHz)• CAR KEY TAGS / HARD
TAGS• GLASS TAGS (125 KHz)
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 12
RFID-TAGS• Silicon RFID -tags
• Silicon chip (IC or μC): thickness 120 μm- 500 μm
• Tag: IC-antenna-polymercarrier-packaging
• 13.56 MHz- UHF-2.45 GHZ• RO and RW IC’s• Al, Cu and screen/rotoprinted
antennas• Price level too high for most
primary packaging (0.15-0.30 EUR)
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 13
RFID-TAGS• Chip-antenna connection +
antenna:• Expensive• Vulnerable (P, T)• Bonding necessary
• Solutions:• Coil on chip: rf-link to label antenna
(Microsensys)• Use chipmodules• Develop new bonding materials
and methods• Flexible Si-chip with integrated
antennas (Philips)
© Philips
© Microsensys
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 14
UHF RFID-labels • Frequency 868-968 MHz up to 2.45 GHz.• Some companies use two antenna lines connected to
UHF IC, creating by this a di-pole antenna
• Some use other shapes for better performance
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 15
Examples UHF RFID-labels
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 16
RFID-labels, TNO competence • TNO models and designs various RF-antennas for RFID-
tags (13.56 MHz, UHF, 2.45 GHz), reader and detection systems
• We use other shapes for better performance• We improve chip-antenna connections• We use other materials (Cu, Al, conductive inks and
polymers etc.)• We integrate antennas in labels, products (clothing, sails)
etc.• We will start developing all polymer RFID-tag
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 17
RFID-labels, UHF-antennas and 13.56 Mhz labels (design&protoyping TNO)
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 18
RFID-TAGS, standards• ISO 15693• ISO 14443 A/B• ISO 18000 (13.56 MHz-UHF)
• See www.nen.nl
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 19
RFID-TAGS• EAS-tags
• Anti-theft tags• RF or magnetic• Al or other metals• Low costs: 0.01 EUR• Options to use as sensor or authenticity tag
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 20
RFID-TAGS• Printed RFID-tags
• Antenna: ink filled with silverparts
• RF-parts: connection pads, capacitor element
• Printed EAS/authenticity tags
Printed EAS-tag (TNO) 13.56 MHZ RFID-tagUHF RFID-tag
Printed fuse in EAS-tag
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 21
RFID-TAGS• Polymer / plastic RFID-tags
• Replace silicon with polymer logic circuitry• Basic elements are: FET, antenna, rectifier• Use inkjet and/or lithographic technology• Integrate tags in printed labels/packaging• Ultra low cost tags
PlasticPlastic“wafer”“wafer”
Photo Philips
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 22
RFID-TAGS• Polymer / plastic RFID-tags
• Focus at: production technology, accuracy of FETs, antenna/rectifier (speed)
• Integration of low cost polymer sensor possible
All-Polymer Field-Effect Transistor
sourcesubstrate
gate
insulatorsemiconductor
source drain
- - - - - - - - - -+ + + + + + + + + +
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 23
RFID-TAGS• Polymer / plastic RFID-tags
• Focus at upgrading operatingfrequency: 50-60-125 KHz. Aimat 13.56 MHz for firstprototypes.
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 24
RFID-TAGS• Nano and molecular RFID
• Molecular FETs to makemolecular logic circuitry
• Use of nanoparticles (CNT-FET) for logic and nanowires
• Smaller and cheaper thanCMOS chips
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 25
RFID-TAGS• SMART DUST
• Micro/nano devices• Integrated MEMS+ID+power+rf
antenna
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 26
2002 2005 2010 2015
Passive RFID-tags roadmap
13.56 MHz passive tagC
ost/s
ize
redu
ctio
n
Frequency
Nano/Molecular electronics
868 Mhz-2.45 GHzUHF passive tag
All Plastic 13.56 MHz tag
POLYMER FET
sourcesubstrate
gate
insulatorsemiconductor
source drain
- - - - - - - - - -+ + + + + + + + + +
Hybrid Si-polymer tag
Hitachi 0.4 mm 2.45 GHz tag
125 Khz 13.56 MHz UHF-tag 868 MHz 2.45 GHz
Data rate
Smart Dust (ID+sensor+pos+power+rf)
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 27
Costs of RFID
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 28
Silicon RFID vs Plastic RFID
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 29
RFID READERS• Fixed:
• Gate readers• Industrial readers on forklift
trucks, transport lines• Handheld:
• Mobile scanner/PDA• PDA with RFID-card reader
module• Mobile phone?
©Dialoc ID
©SAMsys
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 30
RFID READERS• Basic construction
• Antenna, amplifier, coupler, μC, battery,user-interface
interface
Protocol Management RF interface+
RFID-reader coupler (μC/PIC/FPGA)
13.56 /UHF
Antenna
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 31
RFID READERS, FUTURE• RFID coupler chipset in
mobile phones:R2R, R to Tag (for payment, access control, info etc.)
• Credit card sizedmicroreaders forconsumers with display,battery
RFID-tag
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 32
POLYLED (RF)ID-card• Fine maskpattern in polyLED• Optical cardreader and/or RFID-reader• Store biometric info also in IC• Supply power to polyLED via reader• Integration biometric data: fingeprint, irisscopic, facial etc.
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 33
SENSORS• Optical• RF• Acoustic• Passive vs active• Integration in packaging to
monitor:• T• Humidity• B/C influences• Tampering
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 34
Conductive and active polymers forsensors
RF-antenna with reactivepolymer parts
All plastic opticalsensor
Senstenna
POLYLEDs
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 35
BIOSWITCH SENSORS
• Bioswitch sensor for B/C detection in materials/packaging
B/C element
Nanosensor
Nanosensor withprotective/reactive coating(RF or optical reading)
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 36
RF antenna sensor, wireless reading• RF antenna resonator sensor with reactive nanotubes or reactive dielectric
substrates:• autonomous condition sensor • also possible: B/C sensor, RF wireless “DNA”-array
for food, health care etc.
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 37
RFID APPLICATIONS• Services:
• Loyalty and membership cards• Payment (with car, at vending machines, automatic cash machines
etc.)• Library
• Safety & security:• Access control, passports• Identification of soldiers, military equipment
• Logistics:• Supply chain management of returnable transit items (pallets,
kegs, containers)• Wharehouse control• Automatic ID of products
• Production of hardware / components:• Tagging of products under manufacturing or assembling (smart
factory)• Wharehousing• Service supply / maintenance
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 38
RFID APPLICATIONS• Retail:
• Pricing / automatic payment• Individual item tagging of food, pharma packaging, FMCG (EPC-
coding vs EAN-barcode)• Smart shelf• EAS and authenticity tagging• Liability, traceability• Info supply to consumer
• Clothing:• EAS• Find right size, colour etc• Find matching clothing
• Pharma/ healthcare:• ID, traceability, authenticity of pharmaceuticals• ID-tagging of blood bags• Diagnostic packaging.
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 39
RFID APPLICATIONS: HEALTH• Diagnostic and talking packaging: electronics to give info
to consumer + feedback on dosis/use/need for medication
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 40
RFID APPLICATIONS: HEALTH• Blisters and dispensers with RFID tag or capacitor system• Containers with RFID tag• Personal Medical RFID card with prescription• RFID-tagging of pharmaceuticals
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 41
RFID APPLICATIONS: LOGISTICS• Inmoulded RFID-tags in plastic crates/trays
Main GoalMain Goalt
Development of integration method for RFID-tags in injection moulded and blowmouldedpackaging and development of read/writesystem
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 42
RFID APPLICATIONS: LOGISTICS• Inmoulded RFID-tags in plastic crates/trays/drums/pallets
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 43
RFID APPLICATIONS: LOGISTICS• Inmoulded magnetic or polymer RFID-tag in mineral water
PET-bottle
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 44
RFID APPLICATIONS: LOGISTICS• RFID-tagging of transport packaging, boxes, bags
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 45
RFID APPLICATIONS: RETAIL • Printed EAS or authenticity tags on expensive goods (anti-
counterfeit)
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 46
RFID APPLICATIONS: RETAIL• Payment (via EPC) EAS, tr&tr info for consumer, smart
shelf (for pricing, info, inventory control)
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 47
RFID APPLICATIONS: RETAIL • Anti-allergic or anti-obesity indicator tag on packaging
(scan with handheld pen in supermarket)
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 48
RFID APPLICATIONS: SAFETY & SECURITY• Identification, access control, passports
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 49
RFID APPLICATIONS: SERVICES• Payment, library, loyalty cards
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 50
RFID APPLICATIONS: PRODUCTION• Identification of parts in automotive , aerospace,
electronics production, professional equipment
Identec /VW
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 51
RFID APPLICATIONS: CLOTHING• Identification, EAS, find right size, colour, matching
clothing, dressing up
Prada store NY
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 52
RFID: OPTIONS, CHALLENGESCHALLENGES
•Reduce costs•Privacy aspects of tagging•Readability, long distance reading
•Multiple tag reading > 500 t/s•Printable plastic tags•Memory capacity chips•Universal protocols and frequencies
•Positioning with RFID-tags
OPTIONS
•Tag every product/item•Combine RFID+sensor•Supply info via tag and web•Improve efficiency•Improve quality &safety•Develop new services•Integrate in printed materials
Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 53
Thank you for your attention!
[email protected] Technology CenterTNO Science & Industry