Rfid Ricky Edited

8/8/2019 Rfid Ricky Edited

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PRESENTATIONON

RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION

:ubmitted to.r Abhinav Bansal.r lecturerCE Department

aj Kumar Goel Institute Of Technology Ghaziabad

:ubmitted byaurabh kr Agrahar0703331094C VII B


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Radio ,roviding the means of wireless interrogation .ommunication and transfer of data or information

Frequency ,efined spectrum for operating RFID devices, , ,ow high ultra high and microwave each with

.istinguishing characteristics

Identification f items by means of codes contained in a-emory based data carrier and accessed by radio

.nterrogation

adio FrequencyIdentification

ReaderTagost nformation

anagementSystemItem


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History of RFIDHistory of RFID

Harry stockman invented it in 1948. It was first used in world war II by

the united kindom to distinguish there

airoplane from the german ones. In 1973Mario Cardullo patent it and is known as

the ancestor of modern RFID.

Came into commercial use only in 1990s.


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What is RFID?

RFID uses electrostatic and electromagneticcoupling in the RF portion of the electromagenticwaves to uniquely identify an object, animal orperson. It can be used to identify objects and store information

about the object in question

Bar codes can store limited amounts of information aboutan object.

RFID can be used to store vast amounts of information.

It can be used to accurately locate and identify objectsfrom a distance using RF signals.

It can be used to detect and read objects that are not inline of sight.


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Basics of RFID Radio-frequency identification

Using radio frequency (RF) signals

to identify (ID) an object Does not require line-of-sight

Tags are attached to an object

ID number in tag uniquely identify the object, not just its class

Current tags use 64 to 128 bits

Can include other information besides ID

Current state

Location

History

Awidevarietyoftags


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How Does RFID Work?

3 Components

Transceiver Tag Reader

Transponder RFID tag

Antenna

Enterprise

SystemRFID Tag

RFID Reader Middleware


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RFID Enabled Label

and a chipattached to it

on asubstrate. .e g a plastic

...foil

,an antenna,printed etched

...or stamped

A paper labelwith RFID inside


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System overviewSystem overview


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Passive RFID TagsPassive RFID Tags

Tag contains an antenna, and a smallchip

that stores a small amount of data

Tag can be programmed atmanufacture

or on installation

Tag is powered by the high powerelectromagnetic field generated bythe antennas usually in doorways

The field allows the chip/antenna toreflect back an extremely weaksignal containing the data.

Collision Detection recognition ofmultiple tags in the read range isemployed to separately read theindividual tags


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Active RFID TagsActive RFID Tags

Battery Powered tags Have much greater range

100m

Hold much more information Kbytes

Can integrate sensingtechnology

Temperature, GPS

Can signal at defined time

Multiple tags can be recorded

at once


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DIFFERENCESDIFFERENCES

Active RFID Passive RFID

Tag Power Source Internal to tag Energy transferred usingRF from reader

Tag Battery Yes No

vailability of power Continuous Only in field of reader

equired signal strength to

TagVery Low Very High

ange Up to 100m Up to 3-5m, usually less

ulti-tag reading 1000s of tags recognized up to 100mph

Few hundred within 3m ofreader

ata Storage Up to 128Kb or read/writewith sophisticated search

and access

128 bytes of read/write


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RFID System Frequencies

Operation in Specific Frequency Ranges Inductive Coupling (near field)

Low Frequency (LF)--10KHz to 135 KHz Systems operated at LF have short reading range

and are commonly used in asset tracking andsecurity access

High Frequency (HF)-- 6.78, 13.56, 27.125 and 40.68MHz

HF systems are used for automated toll collectionand railroad car tracking

Electromagnetic Waves (far field)

Ultra High Frequency (UHF)--850 MHz to 950 MHz Microwave-- 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz

RFID systems operated in these bands offer longread ranges (greater than 90 feet) and highreading speeds


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Method of Coupling

All RFID systems have two basic ways ofexchanging information: (1) inductive coupling

(2) electromagnetic backscatter

TransceiverTag Reader

antenna

RFIDTag

IC or microprocessor

antenna


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Inductive Coupling(near field)

Inductive coupling means that the transponder and theantenna are coupled by the magnetic flux through bothcoils, much like a transformer. All the energy used in thetag is drawn from the primary coil of the antenna.


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Inductive Coupling Specification

Operating Frequency: 13,56 MHz(HF) Also 135 kHz

Transmission Range:


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Resonators The antenna coil of the transponder and the

capacitor form a resonant circuit tuned tothe transmission frequency of the reader.The voltage U at the transponder coilreaches a maximum due to resonance in thecircuit. This is way a radio receiver works

The efficiency of power transfer between theantenna coil of the reader and thetransponder is proportional to: the operating frequency f the number of windings n the area A enclosed by the transponder

coil the angle of the two coils relative to

each other the distance between the two coils.


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The rest of the picture

C circuitscillator

The energy in the coil can is harvestedusing

diodes and capacitors (C2) to rectify the

current.


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FOR LARGER RANGE

Opposite to inductive coupling, electromagneticbackscatter works beyond the near field.

The energy available at the transponder is found bycalculating the free space path loss aFbetweenthe reader and the transponder.

aF = 147.6 + 20 log(r) + 20 log(f ) 10 log(GT) 10 log(GR)


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Backscatter Coupling

Electromagnetic backscatter is quite similar toradars.

Depending on its characteristics, an antennareflects part of an incoming electromagnetic

wave back to the sender. Electromagnetic wave are reflected by most

objects that are larger than half the wavelength.

The efficiency of reflection is particularly large for

antennas that are in resonance with theincoming waves. The short wavelengths of UHF facilitate the

construction of antennas with smaller dimensionsand greater efficiency.


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Backscatter CouplingSpecification

Operating Frequency: 915MHz (UHF), 2.5 GHz &5.8 GHz (Microwave)

Also 868MHz (Europe)

Transmission Range: >1 meter Data Storage Capacity: high bandwidth

Power Supply: passive, semi-passive, active

Both read only and read-write, etc

Transmission Types: HDX, FDX, SEQ


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How it works?

The power reflected from thetransponder is radiated into

free space. A small proportionof this (free space attenuation)

is picked up by the readersantenna.

The reflected signal travels intothe antenna connection of thereader in the backwardsdirection and can be decoupled

using a directional coupler.


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Communication between tag and reader

S A i


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System Architecture

Local database

DataProcessin

g

Middleware

Basic RFID tag read operationThe reader initiates tag collection and sends messages to all tagsAll the tags in the readers field of contact respond by transmitting their tag ID to

the readerThe reader forwards all collected tag IDs through a middleware platform that

filters and aggregates data before passing it on to the host computer

Reader

. . .01 203D2A 916E8B 8719BAE03C

Tag

Reader

Local network

. . .01 203D2A 916E8B 8719BAE13C

Tag


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EPC CODEEPC numbers have four key elements

Header (8-bits),which identifies the length of the EPCnumber, including the number, type and version

EPC manager (28 bits),which identifies the company orentity responsible for managing the next two EPC elements

Object class (24 bits),acts as the tracking mechanism for

specific groups (for example, lot number) Object ID number (36 bits), which identifies a unique

serial number for all items in a given object class

1234301. 203D2A. 916E8B. 8719BAE03C

Manufacturer 28 bits

Product 24 bits

Serial Number 36 bitseader 8 bits

2 36 = 68,719,476,736

RFID V B C dRFID V B C d


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RFID Vs Bar CodeRFID Vs Bar CodeRFID Barcode

Forging is difficult Forging is easy

Scanner not required. No need to bringthe tag near the reader Scanner needs to see the bar code to readit

RFID is comparatively fast

Can read multiple tags Can read only one tag at a time

Relatively expensive as compared to BarCodes(Reader 1000$, Tag 20 cents a piece)

Can be reusable within factory premises Cannot be reused

EPC

Code

E x p i r a t i o n D a t e

a x T a r i f fill Command

RepairHistory


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Frequency Trade-Offs

nLifespan

nRangen

nPower

n

CostnBandwidth

n Line ofSight


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RFIDs Advantages Passive

wireless Store data on a tag

Can be hidden

Work in harsh environments Low cost?

Size a grain of rice

Ability to hold more data than bar codes

Durability

A li i


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RFID Applications Just a few applications that already exist

EZ Pass Toll Systems Pet identification technology

For toll booths (or any pay for entry system)

Luggage tagging

- E.g., baggage tagging and boarding passes Car keys, wireless entry and ignition

Animals

Hospital Patients

Time and attendance management

- To identify in- and out- times

Hazardous materials

- Avoids the need for physical contact


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RFID Shortfalls

Cost Transceiver ~ $1000 RFID Tags $0.20 each Not competitive with cost of barcode

UHF signals problematic near metal and water

Reader Collisions Can be overcome using TDMA

Tag Collisions Required some engineering of tag transmit timing

Security Concerns

Still a new technology many issues with standards and security.

Lack of standards!


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RFID PRIVACY CONCERNS


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Industrial Initiatives in RFIDIndustrial Initiatives in RFIDPatni Computer Systems Lab Implemented Animal Tracking System

Wipro Technologies - Member of the Electronic Product Code (EPC)

- Setting up a lab to study RFID

- Working on pilot projects

Infosys Technologies RFID consulting on logistics player in the RFIDspace.

TCS have tied up with Hyderabad university to produce RFID tagged

mark sheets & degrees to deter use of fake degree.

Intellicon - pilot project for BEL Bangalore, tags installed on employeebuses. Buses inside the BEL campus were tracked with the aim of

gauging employee punctuality.


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NY ?NY ?


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THANK YOU

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Rfid Ricky Edited