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JYOTHISHMATHI INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE (KARIMNAGAR)

A PAPER PRESENTATION ON RADIO FREQUENCY

IDENTIFICATION

DEVICE (RFID) TECHNOLOGY.

SUBMITTED BY:

CH.SARISHMA (Eid: [email protected])

G.USHA RANI (Eid: [email protected])
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION:

WHAT IS RFID?

TECHNOLOGY BEHIND RFID

COMPONENTS IN RFID

RFID TAGS & ITS FEATURES

OPERATION

FREQUENCY RANGE

RFID PRODUCTS

APPLICATIONS OF RFID:

STUDENTS SAFELY ARRIVING/LEAVING MESSAGE

SERVICE SYSTEM

AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION (AVI)

1. GUARD AGAINST THEFT NETWORKS BASED ON AVI & GPS

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

1. RED LIGHT VIOLATION DETECTION AND RECORDING

2. OVER-SPEED DETECTION AND COUNTING CAR NUMBERS

SOME MORE APPLICATIONS

FEATURES OF RFID

ADVANTAGES OF RFID

FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION


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RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT:

This paper explores the applications and future commercial impacts of RFID

technology. Its objective is to summarize the ways in which organizations and

academics are thinking about these technologies and to simulate strategy thinking

about there possible uses and implications. It first provides an overview of this

technology. Then it explores the surprisingly wide variety of current applications of

RFID. Next it looks at several classes of potential RFID applications & how there

might after how organizations work.

Finally it examines the cost & implementation considerations of this

technology. The paper concludes that RFID is viable technology with many possible

applications. However, only some of the impacts on organizations &society can be

anticipated at present.

RFID is a wireless communication technology that lets computers read the

identity of inexpensive electronic tags from a distance without requiring a battery in

the tags. As RFID technology matures, it will likely unleash a new way of

applications that will exploit inexpensive & highly available automatic identification.

WHAT IS RFID?

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification Information - an inexpensive

chip-based technology that enables identification of a tag by using electromagnetic

waves. RFID is a dedicated short range communication (DSRC) technology which

describes various technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify people

or objects. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification

method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID

tags ortransponders. An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated

into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using

radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of

sight of the reader.

THE TECHNOLOGY BEHIND RFID:

With RFID, the electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the RF (radio

frequency) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is used to transmit signals RFID
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/RFID.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponderhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/RF.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/RFID.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponderhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/RF.html


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technology does not require contact or line of sight for communication. RFID data can

be read through the human body, clothing and non-metallic materials.

COMPONENTS:

A basic RFID system consists of three components:

1. Antenna or coil

2. A transceiver (with decoder)

3. A transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with unique

information

RFID TAGS:

RFID tags come in three general varieties:-

1. Passive tags

2. Active tags

3. Semi-passive (also known as battery-assisted).

PASSIVE TAGS:

Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical

current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just

enough power for the CMOSintegrated circuitin the tag to power up and transmit a

response. Most passive tags signal bybackscattering the carrier wave from the reader.

This means that the antenna has to be designed both to collect power from the

incoming signal and also to transmit the outbound backscatter signal.

S.NO FIELDS DISTANCE RANGE TECHNIQUE TO REACH

LONG DISTANCES

1 NEAR FIELD 11cm (4 inches) Backscattering

2 FAR FIELD 10 meters (33 feet) Load modulation

When these are combined with phased array can reach up to 600 feet (183 m).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wave


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FEATURES:

In passive tags the power level to power up the circuitry must be 100 times

stronger than with active or semi-active tags, also the time consumption for collecting

the energy is omitted and the response comes with shorter latency time.

ACTIVE TAGS:

Active RFID tags have their own internal power source, which is used to

power the integrated circuits and to broadcast the response signal to the reader.

Communications from these to readers is more reliable due to the ability for active

tags to conduct a "session" with a reader.

FEATURES:

1. More reliable

2. Transmits at higher power levels & operational range up to 100s of

meters

3. Bigger in size (due to battery size) & large memory

4. More expensive due to price of the battery

5. Battery life up to 10 years

Special active RFID tags may include specialized sensors to record

temperature, humidity, shock/vibration, light, nuclear radiation, pressure and

concentrations of gases such as ethylene.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_(computer_science)


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SEMI-PASSIVE TAGS:

Semi-passive tags have their own power source, but the battery only powers

the microchip and does not power the broadcasting of a signal. The response is

usually powered by means ofbackscattering the RF energy from the reader, where

energy is reflected back to the reader as with passive tags. An additional application

for the battery is to power data storage.

FEATURES:

1. Greater sensitivity

2. Longer battery life & can perform active actions under their own power

OPERATION: The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and to read and

write data to it. Antennas are the conduits between the tag and the transceiver, which

controls the system's data acquisition and communication. Antennas are available in a

variety of shapes and sizes; they can be built into a door frame to receive tag data

from persons or things passing through the door, or mounted on an interstate toll

booth to monitor traffic passing by on a freeway. The electromagnetic field produced

by an antenna can be constantly present when multiple tags are expected continually.

If constant interrogation is not required, the field can be activated by a sensor device.

Often the antenna is packaged with the transceiver and decoder to become a

reader (a.k.a. interrogator), which can be configured either as a handheld or a fixed-

mount device. The reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to

100 feet or more, depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used.

When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's

activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit

(silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscattering


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FREQUENCIES:

S.NO GENERIC BAND

NAME

FREQUENCY

RANGE

APPLICATIONS

1 Low frequency 30KHz-500KHz Security access

Asset tracking

Animal identification

2 High frequency 850KHz-950KHz Railroad car tracking

Automate toll

connection

3 Ultra high frequency 2.4GHz-2.5GHz Warehouse &

distribution chain

Fast Bluetooth & Wi-

Fi systems

RFID Products include

APPLICATIONS:


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1. STUDENTS SAFELY ARRIVING/LEAVING MESSAGE SERVICE

SYSTEM:

FUNCTION:

-- Send message to inform parents their kids have safely arrived or left school

Arriving: each student wears a tag with unique ID. When he enter the gate, reader nearby

detect tag ID immediately and upload information to system to inform his parents

Leaving: When student leave school, the reader nearby detect tag ID immediately and

upload information to system to inform his parents

--Student attendance checking

Students dont have to stop to slide card one by one and the system automatically

record all attendance information.

--through message system, teachers and parents can communicate conveniently

School notice: teachers can inform them parent meeting, payment, etc.

Student status notification: teachers send evaluation of students, such as behaviour in

class, homework, behaviour comments, exam grades, recent status to parents

Notes from parents: parents send message to teachers in charge of class or school

principals

--assistant mobile office

Meeting notice: send message to teachers through message inside school

Personal reminding: customize personal time message to remind in time

2. AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION (AVI)


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Our complete RFID solution finally solves most problems rising in automatic

vehicle identification (AVI) and city traffic management. Example functions include

vehicle registration, annually check, traffic statistic (counting car numbers and

measuring speed), anti-theft, police supervision, over-speed check, traffic light

violation control, etc.

Considering two types of products are involved in this application and they have

different functional emphasis, the solution will be focused on automatic vehicle

identification, each vehicle having one unique ID tag, on traffic management, wireless

vehicle detector applied here to check speed, count car number and work with camera

monitoring system to realize required functions.

The whole system would be very flexible and more and more functions can be

added on with the same hardware. Do not be restricted by the functions listed below

since we just show partial standard functions of the system and give customers some

concepts about this application. Please notice RFID technology is always customer

oriented. We are open to work with customers to build most suitable and complete

and cost effective solutions to meet your specific requirements.

In the aspect of vehicle guard against theft, GPS was one of the main

selectable technologies. GPS anti stealing is an active network system, a large system.

Service men in the supervising centre can provide 7x24 hours instant service,

including preparing works before alarming and assigning police men.

But GPS can not be widespread due to the high cost. It costs RMB 6000~7000

Yuan to install one set of GPS without screen and another thousand Yuan for the

service fee which the service provider requires. Under these situations, RFID

technology can be applied to reduce the cost. Nowadays, AVI systems tend to use

active RFID technology. AVI system can be installed at the entrance/exit of the road

or street in the city, as the fixed AVI base station. It also can be installed on the top of

the police vehicle, as a mobile AVI station. Mobile AVI system is one of the effective

ways to solve the problems above. It can move to the assigned conference entrance,

road side, checkpoints and toll stations. It can reliably collect data and information

from the vehicles passing by (or stop) in real time, on which active RFID tags are

installed. By using long range RFID technology, the collected data can be identified,

transmitted to the vehicle control centre via (GSM/GPRS/CDMA) and then compared


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with the saved information in the database of the centre to judge whether the vehicle

is illegal, or has disobeyed traffic laws or even stolen. The results of comparison will

feed back to the AVI system to determine the disposure for the vehicle. For those

blacklisted vehicles, the police man can alarm and hold up at once, or inform the

check points ahead via communication equipments to hold up them.

AVI (Automatic Vehicle Identification-AVI), based on active RFID

technology, includes

1. Car RF tags

2. Fixed AVI base station system

3. Mobile AVI base station system

4. Simplized mobile check equipment

GUARD AGAINST THEFT NETWORKS BASED ON AVI & GPS:

The system is consisted of fixed AVI, mobile AVI and GPS locating and

guiding system, DDN data transmission and exchange system and GSM mobile

communication system. As the diagram below:

Once the owners who use RFID tags found their car stolen, they can give an

alarm to the police. While the police receive the alarm, they are giving command

to every fixed AVI station to check the passing vehicles, reading the RFID tags of


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the cars passing by and comparing with the target vehicles information. If the

present car is the target car, then send the cars ID, location of the AVI station and

time information to the police via DDN.

After receiving the signal, the police can send SMS to the police cars which

are equipped with mobile AVI and GPS via GSM. When the police car confirms

the message, they will find the best route by using route optimization via GPS

locating and guiding system. After confirmation and route optimization for several

times and sending its own GPS location to other police cars, the stolen car will be

hold up and criminals will be caught. The whole process for the return of the

stolen car is as below:

Besides guard against theft function, for the cars equipped with GPS, the system

can also provide road location and vehicle location inquiry function. Under the


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assurance of guard against theft, by using RFID tech, the system has greatly

reduce the cost, which is acceptable for most people. It has also saved the police

force and enhanced the reaction velocity, especially has potential market for wide

spreading in taxi industry. Meanwhile, the system can be combined with ETC,

AEI and GAI system to be the vital parts of the intelligent transportation system.

The application is also fit able for military and police vehicle anti-fake

distinguishing field.

3. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT:


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1. RED LIGHT VIOLATION DETECTION AND RECORDING:

Three elements when capturing running a red light: stop line, red light signal and

license number.

According to the electromagnetic induction method, when an object of metal

passes through an electromagnetic field, it will change the magnetic flux of the field

and will lead to a change of return circuit of the field. By imbedding a wireless

terrestrial magnetism detector beyond the stop line at the crossroad, the detector will

generate an electromagnetic field which is vertical with the road surface. When

vehicles pass through the detector, it just equals as a metal object cutting the


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electromagnetic field, as a result the magnetic flux of the field changes, and lead to a

change of return circuit of the wireless terrestrial magnetism detector.


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When the vehicle detector installed at the crossroad receives the return circuit

of the wireless terrestrial magnetism detector, it will transform the current signal into

an output high-low frequency signal. On the other hand, when the signal converter

installed at the crossroad receive a current signal of the signal light at the same time, it

will convert the current signal into an output high-low frequency signal. If the control

software can detect the signal converters red light signal and the signal from the

vehicle detector saying there a vehicle passes through at the same moment, then the

controller will send a signal of capture to the camera and flashlight and the camera

will capture the disobeying situation when vehicle pass beyond the stop line during

red light. If the light at the crossroad is inadequate, the control system will start

flashlight automatically to light the environment.

The disobeying information captured include stop line, red light signal,

license number, type of the vehicle, colour of the vehicle, disobeying date and time,

disobeying lane . The control software of system cannot send a capture signal to

camera and flashlight until it simultaneously detect the converted red light signal

and the passing signal from the vehicle detector. Both of the signals should be got.

For instance, if the signal light is green, then the signal detected by the signal detector

is green light, even if there is a vehicle passing through, the controller will not send a

capture signal to camera and flashlight.

If the signal light is multi-directional, as left-turning, right-turning and straight

movement, then detecting coils can be imbedded in different lanes to avoid

mistakenly capturing and lost capturing for different lanes and to maintain the justice

and accuracy for enforcement.

2. OVER-SPEED DETECTION AND COUNTING CAR NUMBERS:

Two wireless vehicle detectors will be put closely along the road, at the point

speed needs to be checked. If over-speed is detected, attached camera monitoring

system will start to work to catch pictures of the vehicle. The system is also used for

normal vehicle speed checking with good precision level. Besides, we use such

detectors to calculate traffic flow at any points need to monitor. Based on those data,

traffic management can be much more effective and efficient.


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FEATURES:

1. High precision: the magnetic field of earth is invariable in several kilometres,

but large magnetic material object can influent the earths magnetic field

greatly, the terrestrial magnetism detector can identify 1/6000 variation of the

earth magnetic field. While the influence caused by vehicles on earth magnetic

can be strong enough to use the terrestrial magnetism detector to detect

vehicles, which has extremely high sensitivity.

2. Convenient for installation and maintenance, not need to block off the street,

little damage to the surface. When eFlux is installed on suspension bracket or

on profile, theres no need to destroy the road surface, just inspect the

terrestrial magnetism detector when maintaining. The detect point is not easy

to be damaged, no influence by movement of the road surface.

3. Not influent by the climate, as the terrestrial magnetism detector can detect the

variation of magnetic field when metal material objects pass through.

4. LONG RANGE: easily read within 10 meters. Due to the practical need of

Gate-ban, the reading range should not be too long. Users have not to

approach the reader or pass through the appointed area to be detected by the

reader. The identifying process is full automatic, which can avoid the problem

that driver must open the window to punch the card in bad weathers. This

advantage can effectively relieve the jam caused by massive entering and

exiting vehicles in rash hours.

5. STABLE RUNNING : active cards have stable reading range and not influent

by the environment. Moreover, active cards can effectively avoid the shielding

effect of the vehicles anti-explosion metal net, exchanging data with the

reader successfully.

6. High speed data exchange between reader and tags, the speed of readable

cards can reach 200km/hours.


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7. Bi-directional High speed data exchange between detector and receiver

8. High reliability, working temperature -40~85 centigrade, waterproof,

shockproof and dustproof.

9. Anti-jamming capability, tolerance of interfering sources at the scene

10. Global free ISM microwave frequency band, no need to apply and pay

11. Ultra-low power consumption, safer and healthier

SOME MORE APPLICATIONS ARE:

1. Parcel tracking

2. Airline baggage tag

3. Access control

4. Retail stock keeping / inventory management

5. Document management

ADVANTAGES USING RFID PRODUCTS:

1. Highest automation of item scanning process

2. Capable of read and / or write. Replacement of barcode

3. Reprogram chip memory many times without contacting or replacing smart

tag / label

4. No line-of-sight necessary5. Capable of processing multiple items simultaneously

6. Suitable for harsh environment

7. Information directly attached to product


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FUTURE SCOPE:

In commercial & government applications the deployment of tracking

technologies is done. RFID tags are incorporated into all new mobiles. Bar codes are

removed from consumer product packaging as they are replaced by RFID tags.

Improvements in standardization have already occurred, with several

additional standards under development. Improvements in tag life expectancy and

durability have improved substantially in the past few years. RFID providers should

carefully review their plans and start to develop policies to ensure the future adoption

of the technology.

CONCLUSION:Even though the technology still hasnt matured, the opportunity for

immediate and dramatic improvements in customer service and productivity outweigh

the negatives.

The benefits of RFID technology cannot be ignored in todays stuffing. RFID

could conceivably grow more quickly over the next few years in closed loop. As the

technology continues to evolve, increasing numbers of customers across all markets

will choose to implement RFID because of the unique capabilities it can deliver that

drive efficiencies into their operations.

Finally, we must remember that Change is easy.improvement is far more

difficult. It is just the beginning. Look out for more innovations in RFID technology

in the future.

REFERENCES:

Electronics for you: Oct 2007

www.superrfid.net

Electronics today: Sept 2007

www.rfidinc.com
http://www.superrfid.net/http://www.rfidinc.com/http://www.superrfid.net/http://www.rfidinc.com/

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