RFID-Based Automatic Scoring System for Physical Fitness Testing

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IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL 1

RFID-Based Automatic Scoring System forPhysical Fitness Testing

Sekyoung Youm, Yongwoong Jeon, Seung-Hun Park, and Weimo Zhu

Abstract—The purpose of this paper was to develop a radio-frequency identification (RFID)-based autoscoring system for theProgressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER)and 6-min walk tests, which are two popular aerobic fitness tests.RFID is a commonly used technology for tracking and tracing,and is replacing the barcode in various industries. However, itsmeasurement advantages have not yet been taken up in the field ofphysical fitness testing, in which human errors often occur due tothe difficulty in tracking and scoring test takers simultaneously.An RFID-based automatic scoring system can eliminate errorsby automatic tracking and scoring. A preliminary system wasdeveloped for the PACER and 6-min walk test scoring, and itwas evaluated during pilot testing. The RFID-based system is asuccessful example of the application of RFID technology to thefield of physical fitness testing, showing great potential in physicalfitness and activity tracking and scoring. The proposed systemenables the mass testing of many students or examinees accurately,and it could significantly reduce the burden of test administers.This system also has great potential to extend into the physicalactivity monitoring and promotion area.

Index Terms—Automatic scoring systems, Progressive AerobicCardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test, radio-frequencyidentification (RFID) technology, six-min walk test.

I. INTRODUCTION

RADIO-FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) tech-nology is one of the most popular technologies for track-

ing and tracing, whereby a person or an object is identifiedusing RF transmission using a special kind of sensor network.Unlike a barcode system, RFID can recognize many tags simul-taneously and quickly since RFID tags do not need to be phys-ically read [1], [2]. Therefore, RFID technology can enable the

Manuscript received June 26, 2012; revised December 23, 2012; acceptedAugust 9, 2013. This work was supported by the Ministry of Culture, Sportsand Tourism (MCST), Korea, under the Sports Industry Technology (SIT)R&D program supervised by the Korea Sports Promotion Foundation (KSPO)(Grant APP01201204112008).

S. Youm is with Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Korea (e-mail:[email protected]).

Y. Jeon is with the Bureau of HT R&D Planning and Budget Management,The Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Seoul 156-800, Korea(e-mail: [email protected]).

S.-H. Park is with the Korea Institute for Educational Policy, Seoul 137-900,Korea, and also with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, KyungheeUniversity, Yongin 446-701, Korea (e-mail: [email protected]).

W. Zhu is with the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health,University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820 USA(e-mail: [email protected]).

Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available onlineat http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JSYST.2013.2279570

Fig. 1. PACER test and the 6-min walk test.

ubiquitous deployment of wireless devices that have virtuallyunlimited lifetimes without incurring management costs [3].

Since RFID technology was first used for military purposesduring World War II, there have been many efforts to apply it inmany industries. Despite these efforts, many government pilotprograms have yet to be effective, and many businesses are stilltrying to find a profitable business model using RFID [4]. Asone of many possible applications, the field of physical fitnesstesting makes good use of RFID technology and can apply itwidely in a short period.

Aerobic capacity is one of the most important areas of anyfitness program [5]–[8]. Maximum oxygen uptake capacity(VO2max) measured during a stress test is considered thecriterion measurement of aerobic capacity, but it cannot be usedfor mass testing as it is too expensive and time consuming.Rather, a field test is used as a viable substitute in practice.

The Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run(PACER) and 6-min walk tests are two good examples ofaerobic tests, in which up to a dozen students or test takers canbe tested simultaneously. While these tests have been shown tobe valid, reliable, and practical, scoring many test takers at thesame time can be a challenge and can generate certain scoringerrors. The scoring subjectivity challenges are as follows:

1) considerable time and labor are wasted;2) human errors are likely to be high in score recording;3) the aerobic capacities of examinees are misestimated;4) a high level of concentration is required of the testers;5) data management is difficult.

As shown in Fig. 1, one tester must observe many subjectswhen performing a PACER test. Individual score sheets, asshown in Fig. 2, should be filled out simultaneously for testing.Because it is difficult for the tester to observe every subject andfill out the score sheets with the results of each lap in real time,the accuracy of the information may be poor.

Fortunately, these challenges and limitations can be elimi-nated by employing RFID technology.

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Fig. 2. PACER individual score sheet.

The purpose of this paper is therefore to develop an RFID-based autoscoring system for the PACER and 6-min walk tests,which are two commonly used tests for assessing aerobic ca-pacity in schools and clinical and community settings. By usingthe system developed from this paper, the time and cost spenton aerobic capacity testing can be minimized, and the systemcan mitigate the stress and labor of the tester during testing. Inaddition, the system can minimize possible human errors duringscore recording; therefore, accurate aerobic capacity tests canbe performed free of concern about erroneous scoring.

In Section II, previous researches on RFID technology andsome sport applications are reviewed. In Section III, an RFID-based automatic scoring system for a physical fitness test is pro-posed. In Section IV, the developed system and pilot testing areintroduced. Finally, a summary and some concluding remarksare presented in Section V.

II. RECENT RESEARCH PROGRESS

A. Introduction of RFID

RFID uses a smart tag capable of transmitting data by radio.RFID technology has two major areas of application: Thefirst concerns handheld noncontact IC cards for pay phones,commuter rail passes, etc., and the second concerns the fieldof supply chain management, in which RFID tags are used tomanage the flow of products during physical distribution andare attached to containers, pallets, or products. RFID tags maybe categorized into two types, i.e., passive and active, depend-ing on the presence or lack of a battery [9]. While an active tagrelies on an internal battery for power, a passive tag uses theelectromagnetic energy which receives from a RFID reader.

Fig. 3. RFID system.

RFID is an automatic identification method that relies onstoring and remotely retrieving data using RFID tags ortransponders, as shown in Fig. 3 [10], [11]. A passive RFIDtransponder is composed of a transponder chip and an antennain a compact package [12]. An RFID system consists of threeparts, a tag, a reader, and applications (e.g., middleware andservers), and is connected to a wire/wireless communicationnetwork [13].

Recently, several interesting approaches have emerged inwhich the batteryless feature of passive RFID technology hasbeen adopted in a variety of other compelling applications,rather than as an alternative to barcodes [3]. An RFID tagis more effective than a barcode system in tracking due toits unique features, such as reading distance, durability, andstorage capability [14]. In Fig. 3, the RF reader sends out asignal via an RF. The tag is tuned to the reader’s RF, and thereader receives the signal with an antenna after the tag transmitsits data.

The reader receives the tag’s signal with its antenna. Theantennas are used for sending and receiving radio signals, and atransceiver and a processor are used to encode and decode data[15]. There are various types of readers. Readers also providepower to passive tags by transmitting an energy field to wake uppassive tags, thus powering chips and enabling them to transmitand store data [16]. Finally, the reader transfers the data tothe information system, which shows the information on thescreen. The application consists of middleware, a server, and acomputer. The data is processed, stored, and displayed by thisapplication.

Unlike a barcode system, with which we are very familiarin our daily life, RFID can quickly recognize many tags at thesame time since RFID tags do not need to be physically read[1], [2]. RFID information is more specific to an individualitem. An RFID can be read from a distance, which meanstags are scanned easily. Furthermore, it can be read throughpaper, fabric, and other materials, except metal, and can storehundreds or thousands of bytes of information. Due to theseadvantages, RFID technology is replacing barcodes in variousindustries.

B. Applications in Sports

RFID Sports Scoring System: RFID technology has, in fact,been utilized by the sporting world, and a number of interestingapplications have been developed. For example, the IPICO


YOUM et al.: RFID-BASED AUTOSCORING SYSTEM FOR PHYSICAL FITNESS TESTING 3

Fig. 4. IPICO sports scoring system.

Fig. 5. RFID chip in a ball.

sports timing system (see Fig. 4) has been proven to work flaw-lessly in timing over 6100 runners during extremely adverseweather conditions on a loop course. The IPICO system wasutilized for the marathons at the 2012 London Olympic Games.This system offers the latest technology in timing and trackingsolutions, i.e., from tags, mats, readers, and software to a varietyof real-time communication options [17]. This system was usedin passive tags, which are light and cheap.

A similar sports scoring system has been developed forskiers and utilized in Sweden’s Vasaloppet cross-country skiingcompetition, which has as many as 15 800 participants. Everyskier has an attached RFID tag, enabling an electronic readingof their time as they pass through various checkpoints. In 2004,Vasaloppet’s official website received nearly 19 million hits onthe race day alone [18].

RFID Tags in Balls and Player Shin Pads: Using RFIDtags, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute have developed awireless ball and player location system that can immediatelytell referees and game analysts where the soccer ball or strikeris at any point in time. The chips, which are implanted inballs and player shin pads, read their position up to 2000 timesper second. The data are collected by antennas placed aroundthe field and sent to a central computer, which processes thestatistical information, as shown in Fig. 5 [19].

Another ball-tracking application is a golf-ball-tracking sys-tem. One of the biggest problems golfers face is searchingfor their balls after their shots have gone awry. This problemwas solved by having golf balls embedded with RFID chips.This system helps in tracking balls when they are lost duringplay. Not only does it save money, but it also speeds up thegame. A handheld device helps in tracking these RFID balls to

Fig. 6. CASIO Fitness wristbands with an RFID chip and a PDA with anRFID reader.

within a range of 10–30 m [20]. The majority of ball-trackingapplications use an active tag, which is heavy and expensive.

RFID-Enabled Fitness Wristbands: To monitor a workout,Casio has developed rubber wristbands that can track a workoutduring a training session, as shown in Fig. 6. Each wristbandcontains an RFID chip filled with the wearer’s information.When the wearer steps up to a workout machine, his or her at-tached personal digital assistant (PDA) begins to read the RFIDinformation, and the workout machine begins a personalizedtraining session. In addition to being able to control the trainingsessions, the wristbands can also check in/out, track memberactivities, monitor attendance, alert staff to emergencies, andeven act as a form of payment [21]. This system uses apassive tag.

However, existing autoscoring systems are unable to estimateVO2max or exercise ability; they can only check the score. Inaddition, there are still many difficulties with commercializingthe RFID ball-tracking system.

C. Aerobic Capacity Testing

Aerobic capacity is one of the most important areas of anyfitness program [5]–[8]. The 1-mi run/walk, PACER, and steptests are just a few examples of these field tests, of which thePACER and 6-min walk tests are the most commonly used.

PACER is a multistage fitness test adapted from the 20-mshuttle run test developed by Leger and Lamber in 1982and revised in 1988 [22], [23]. Currently, it is one of themajor aerobic field tests employed in FITNESSGRAM®,which is a health-related fitness testing and education program.FITNESSGRAM® includes health-related tests recommendedby the National Association for Sport and Physical Educationand the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education,Recreation and Dance, and is used in state-mandated fitnesstesting in California, New York, Texas, and South Carolina.Because it requires less space and is fun to administer, PACERhas been embraced by physical educators. The validity andreliability of PACER are also well established and describedin the research literature [24]–[26].

Walk tests are an alternative method of estimating aerobicfitness, and may be preferable in some situations and for certainpopulations. The 6-min walk test is the most popular one usedin practice, particularly for adults [27], the elderly [28], andclinical populations [29]. For example, the 6-min walk test is



Fig. 7. Concept of RFID-based autoscoring system.

a part of the Senior Fitness Test [30], which is a well-knownphysical fitness test for older adults. The validity and reliabilityof the 6-min walk test have also been well established anddescribed [31].

III. RFID-BASED AUTOSCORING SYSTEM FOR PACERAND 6-MIN WALK TEST

A. Concept of RFID-Based Autoscoring System

The scoring of the PACER and 6-min walk tests can be achallenge due to the high degree of subjectivity involved. Forexample, the tester judges whether the test taker has succeededin the task. In PACER, the scorer records the first lap in whichthe student does not reach the line and lets out a beep; the teststops at the next beep when the student fails to cross the lineagain, with the number of laps the student did complete beingthe final score. Thus, one tester/observer is needed for eachstudent tested. If the tester administers the PACER test to tenpeople, the tester should record the data on ten sheets. However,it is difficult for the tester to note down all scores at thesame time. Similarly, in the 6-min walk, a tester has to recordthe distance (often a set lap) that an examinee has completedwithin a fixed testing area. Although the measurement of 6-minwalking test is easier than PACER test, the tester/observer has tocarefully record the distances completed in order to accuratelyestimate the examinees’ aerobic capacity. Due to the subjectivenature of scoring in these tests, human errors will likely be highin score recording, which may result in a misestimation of theexaminees’ aerobic capacity.

To resolve the many problems occurring in physical fitnesstesting, we have proposed the RFID-based autoscoring systemshown in Fig. 7.

In this paper, we used two RFID readers, which can beconnected with a maximum of four antennas each. The readerrange is about 2–3 m, which can be controlled by increasingthe number of antennas, as shown in Fig. 7. The square in thefigure is the running space for the PACER test. People with tagsattached to them test the automatic scoring of the PACER and6-min walk tests.

In Fig. 8, when the runner’s attached RFID tag arrives at thefinish line, the antenna can read the tag’s information through

Fig. 8. RFID-based autoscoring system for PACER.

Fig. 9. RFID-based autoscoring system for the 6-min walk test.

the RF channel automatically. Each antenna has a unique num-ber, and the tag can be recognized by the reader as the runnersarrive at the antenna.

The PACER test has 21 levels and a total of 239 shuttle laps.The running time for each level ranges from 9 to 4 s. Theseruns are synchronized with a prerecorded audio tape or compactdisk, which emits beeps at set intervals (see Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacer_Test#Calculations). This systemdetermines whether the runner succeeds in each shuttle lap.

Fig. 9 shows the 6-min walk test. The track and the systemfor this test can test many people at the same time. In addition,the RFID system can track the walkers even if they start at adifferent point (under the RFID reader) on the track.

The records are sent to the information system, which canthen calculate the score in real time. The types of collectabledata are the subject’s identification, the antenna’s identificationnumber, the lap time (start point and finish point), the numberof laps completed, the running distance, etc. Along with otherentered information (e.g., age, gender, height, and weight),this system can calculate the related scores, e.g., estimatedVO2max. The prediction equations of the PACER and 6-minwalk tests are as follows [10].

The prediction equation for PACER test is

VO2max = −3.238(Max. Speed)− 3.248 (Age)

+ 0.1536 (Max. Speed ∗ Age) + 31.025 (1)

where Max. Speed is the speed of the latest success.The prediction equation for the walk test is

VO2max = −3.877(Max Speed) + 6.315(Gender)

− 0.0769(Weight)− 3.2649(Time)− 0.1565(bpm) (2)

where bpm is beats per minute.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacer_Test#Calculations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacer_Test#Calculations



Fig. 10. System architecture for the PACER and 6-min walk tests.

B. System Design and Implementation

For the PACER and 6-min walk tests, this paper utilizedRFID middleware that observes Electronic Product Code (EPC)global standards and developed a capturing application thatstores the tag ID, time, and location information from themiddleware in a database.

The user program consists of three parts: registration,PACER test, and Walk/Run test. The user program consistsof three parts: registration, PACER test, and Walk/Run test. Agraphic user interface (see Fig. 10) was put together to store theuser’s identification information and to show the test results.

RFID Middleware. The RFID middleware is middleware thatfollows the standards of Application Level Events [32],[33]. The user can customize the data reader in the ECSpecformat, and start/stop specifications and grouping/filteringof TagID. In a specified reporting format, RFID middle-ware can transfer data to the capturing application.

Capturing Application. When the user registers ECSpec, themiddleware works based on ECSpec and reports the rel-evant information in the user-specified ECReport format.The capturing application plays the role of a repositoryin which the time, TagID, and logical reader ID from themiddleware are stored [34].

Repository. The repository is a database that stores user infor-mation and test results. The information stored includesuser name, age, weight, and TagID, as well as the Pacerand 6-min walk tests (see Table I).

IV. DEVELOPMENT AND PILOT TEST

A user program is an item of software that a user can useto register his/her information and to check the results of thePACER and 6-min walk tests. The program was written in theJava computer language named Eclipse Rich Client Platform(RCP) [35].

This system consists of three tabs, i.e., registration, a PACERtest, and a walk/run test. The illustration in the top-left sideof Fig. 11 shows the registration of user information and theissuance of tags. Users can register their information to predicttheir VO2max, since gender, age, height, and weight have tobe used to calculate VO2max (1). After registering the user’s

TABLE ICOMPONENTS OF SOFTWARE

information, this system issues a tag in order to use the mainfunctions of the system. The user can be registered or deletedusing the buttons on the right side. This information is savedin an Excel file and can be recalled. After registering theinformation and issuing a tag, the tester can select the tab fora PACER test or run/walk test.

When the tester selects a PACER or walk/run test, the systemis ready to start the selected test, as shown in the top-rightside of Fig. 11. In this screenshot, the tester can see howmany examinees are ready for the testing. The ongoing testis displayed in real time, as shown in the bottom-left side ofFig. 11. When all the tests have been completed, the systemshows the results, which are saved.

In the pilot test of this system, we used a Mercury 4 reader,which is a multiprotocol reader designed for Gen2 and hasthe highest performance RFID capability. To collect an objectevent, determining the data scope is first required. The requireddata are the electric product code (EPC), the antenna number(Antenna ID), the record of the first seen time (FirstSeenTimes-tampUTC), the record of the last seen time (LastSeenTimes-tampUTC), and the number of counted tags (TagCount) [36].EPC is a kind of metacoding system that identifies a product bygiving it a unique serial number. Table II shows the results of aquery for an object event. When EPC is shown, it means that anobject event, which includes information on a product’s uniqueID, observed time, and observed location, has occurred.

Table III shows the RFID data. In the second column, therange from the first to the 24th digit represents the ID, the rangefrom the 25th to the 26th digit represents the antenna number,and the range from the 27th to the 40th digit represents thereading time, i.e., 2008/08/12, 12:14:335. This coding systemis different from that of the reader provider.

Eight examinees (four males and four females) participatedin this pilot test (UIUC IRB Protocol Number: 09527). Be-cause of the sensitivity of the RFID readers, the pilot testwas conducted in the gym (at the ARENA in the Universityof Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA). The testenvironment was set up to be the same as the actual test.The PACER test consists of 21 levels, of which only Levels 1(seven shuttles) and 2 (eight shuttles) were accomplished. The



Fig. 11. RFID-based autoscoring system screen shots. (a) Registration and tag issuance. (b) PACER test. (c) Records of the PACER test. (d) Records of thewalk/run test.

TABLE IIRESULTS OF A QUERY FOR AN OBJECT EVENT

recognition percentage for 100 and 20 records is 100%. Allexaminees had to finish each shuttle in Level 2 within 8.5 s. Thissystem recognizes the record as a fail if the read time is longer

than the predetermined time. Therefore, this system needs adefinition of the range for a successful time, which should beaddressed in future studies.



TABLE IIIDATA FROM THE RFID AUTOSCORING SYSTEM FOR THE PACER TEST

To evaluate the proposed system, we introduced our systemto three physical education teachers who have abundant expe-rience in fitness testing. The experts discussed the accuracy ofthe results, the ease of use, and the propriety of introducing thissystem. The expertise evaluated that the mass testing of manystudents or examinees accurately using the PACER or 6-minwalk test will become possible, e.g., millions of children andyouth in the U.S. were tested using this test; because of thesubjectivity involved in the scoring of PACER (e.g., recordingand remembering if one of the 20–30 students being testedhas failed twice to complete a lap by the timed beep), thescoring error could be considerable, and the mental demands onthe test administrators could be very high. The system shouldalso significantly reduce the burden of test administrators. Thescoring and evaluation of most physical fitness and perfor-mance tests are still done using old-fashioned methods (e.g., by

recording the time by stopwatch and evaluating the result lateraccording to the published norms or criteria), which makes testadministration very inefficient. The proposed RFID autoscoringsystem can help address these challenges. This system also hasgreat potential for extension to the physical activity monitoringand promotion area. Its autoscoring and evaluation features willallow the system to be applied to physical fitness and perfor-mance assessment/testing in many other fields. The proposedsystem can also be applied effectively to the physical fitnesstest. However, most schools may not have a big enough budgetto be able to adopt this system. Although RFID technology isstill too expensive to apply to physical fitness applications on alarge scale at present, the cost-related barrier should be easilyovercome by devices designed specifically for physical fitnesstesting applications and by the increasing adaptation of suchdevices and applications.



V. CONCLUSION

The PACER and 6-min walk tests are widely used to assessaerobic capacity. Scoring with these tests, however, can be achallenge due to the highly subjective nature of their scoringprocedures (i.e., counting laps or determining distance). Toaddress this challenge, an RFID-based autoscoring system fora physical activity test, which can record the test takers’ scoresautomatically, was developed. In addition, a pilot study of thedeveloped system was conducted.

As aforementioned, the current scoring of a physical activitytest entails five problems: significant time and labor, humanerror, misestimation, high concentration requirements, and dif-ficulty of data management. To resolve these five problems, thisresearch successfully developed an RFID-based autoscoringsystem.

First, when using this system, the time and labor requiredfor testing can be reduced. Second, human errors can be min-imized. Third, by recording accurate data, precise VO2maxvalues can be predicted from the data. Fourth, the systemautomatically stores measured data, which makes manual dataentry of the scores unnecessary. Finally, the system can reducethe tester’s stress and workload when measuring individualtests. The proposed system constitutes a successful exampleof the application of RFID technology to the field of physicalfitness testing and shows great potential in terms of physicalfitness and activity tracking and scoring.

Future research will first focus on the implementation andadaptation of the system in a real-world setting. Because RFIDreaders are sensitive to their surroundings, they need to betested both indoors and outdoors, and the RF frequency needsto be adjusted for an accurate setting for start and finish lines.Moreover, we will evaluate the results using data collected inthe field. In addition, to access the results more easily andreadily, connection to a web site will be necessary.

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Sekyoung Youm received the M.S. degree in in-dustrial engineering from Pohang University ofScience and Technology, Pohang, Korea, in 2001 andthe Ph.D. degree from Dongguk University, Seoul,Korea, in 2007.

From 2008 to 2010, she was a PostdoctoralFellow with the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA. Since 2010, shehas been with Industry-Academic Cooperation Foun-dation, Dongguk University. Her current research in-terests include ubiquitous healthcare service, service

quality control, and interdisciplinary research.

Yongwoong Jeon received the Ph.D. degree in in-dustrial system engineering from Dongguk Univer-sity, Seoul, Korea.

He was a Postdoctoral Fellow with the Bell Engi-neering Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville,AR, USA. He is currently the Team Leader of the Re-search and Development Policy Planning Team withThe Korea Health Industry Development Institute,Seoul, Korea. His research interests include healthtechnology and national research and developmentpolicies.

Seung-Hun Park received the Ph.D. degree from theUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.

He is currently a Professor with the Departmentof Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University,Seoul, Korea, and the Head of the Research Center,HIMS Company, Ltd., Yongin, Korea. His researchinterests include ubiquitous healthcare service.

Weimo Zhu received the Ph.D. degree from Univer-sity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

He is currently a Professor with the Department ofKinesiology and Community Health, University ofIllinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.His main research interests include the study and ap-plication of new measurement theories and statisticalmodels/methods) to the field of kinesiology.

Dr. Zhu is an Active Fellow of the U.S. NationalAcademy of Kinesiology and the American Collegeof Sports Medicine. He was a member of the Scien-

tific Board of the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports between2005 and 2008 and has served on the FITNESSGRAM/ACTIVITYGRAMAdvisory Committee since 2002. He has also served as a panel member ofthe Committee on “Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth” of theInstitute of Medicine of the National Academies.

Documents

RFID-Based Automatic Scoring System for Physical Fitness Testing