RF Planning Lucent

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/XFHQW7HFKQRORJLHVBell Labs Innovations

EG3:RF Coverage PlanningLM: 4

Engineering Guideline

401 - 380 - 333

Version 0.9

February 1998

Lucent Technologies ProprietaryThis document contains proprietary information of Lucent Technologies and is not to be

disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.Copyright 1998 by Lucent TechnologiesUnpublished and Not for Publication

All Rights Reserved


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Engineering Guideline EG3: RF Coverage Planning

Lucent TechnologiesPROPRIETARY

See notice on first page

2 Version: 0.9 LM: 4


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Version: 0.9 LM: 4 3

This material is protected by the copyright and trade secret laws of the United States and

other countries. It may not be reproduced, distributed or altered in any fashion by any

entity, including other Lucent Technologies Business Units or Divisions, without the

expressed written consent of the Customer Technical Support and Information

organisation.

Notice

Every effort was made to ensure that the information in this document was complete and

accurate at the time of printing. However, information is subject to change.


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Table of Contents

1.1 About this Guideline 7

1.2 Planning Objectives 7

1.3 Link Budgets 7

1.3.1 Downlink 10

1.3.2 Uplink 11

1.3.3 Propagation Prediction 12

1.3.4 Path Loss 121.3.5 Fade Margin 14

1.3.6 Penetration Losses 16

1.4 Antenna Diversity 17

1.5 CW Measurements/Surveys 17

1.6 Example Link Budget Calculation 18

1.7 Appendix A: Path Loss Calculations and Cell Radii 20


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1.1 About this GuidelineThis Engineering Guideline explains how RF planning is undertaken. It describes how

the process starts by agreeing the uplink and downlink budgets, and goes on to explain

how these influence the physical installation. Techniques for predicting path loss are

summarised, and default values for clutter factors are given for illustrative purposes. Fade

margin and penetration losses are discussed and an example link budget is shown. The

guideline ends with tables and graphs for path losses at GSM900 and DCS 1800

frequencies.

For details of creating coverage predictions using GRAND, refer to the Engineering

Guideline EG10: RF Planning Tools.

1.2 Planning Objectives

The most important objective in any network is that the marketed area should containcontiguous coverage with a minimum number of holes. This is seen by the operator as the

ability to set up, or receive a call and to communicate for the duration of the call. The

percentage of times and locations for which this occurs is known as Quality of Service.

This must e defined before undertaking RF planning.

The type of coverage required (i.e. on street, in car, in building) must also be specified

along with the expected type of mobile.

1.3 Link BudgetsThe starting point for designing any RF plan is the agreement of the RF link budgets with

the potential operator. These determine the classes of mobile and base station that shouldbe used and also have an influence on the type of physical installation e.g. feeder type,

antenna types, tower heights etc.

Typical link budgets for the uplink and downlink of a GSM system are shown in Figure 1

andFigure 2.


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MAXIMUM PATH LOSS FOR ENVIRONMENT

ANTENNA GAIN

BASE STATION

TRANSMIT

POWER

COMBINER LOSS

FEEDER AND

CONNECTOR

LOSS

MOBILE

RECEIVER

SENSITIVITY

MOBILE ANTENNA

GAIN

PENETRATION

LOSS

FADE MARGIN

BODY LOSS

DOWNLINK BUDGET

Figure 1: Gain and loss components in a typical downlink budget.


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MAXIMUM PATH LOSS FOR ENVIRONMENT

BODY LOSS

UPLINK BUDGET

MOBILE TRANSMIT

POWER

MOBILE

ANTENNA GAIN

BASE STATION

RECIEVER

SENSITIVITY

DIVERSITY

GAIN

FEEDER AND

CONNECTOR LOSS

LOW NOISE

AMPLIFIER

BASE STATION

ANTENNA GAIN

PENETRATION

LOSS

FADE MARGIN

Figure 2 : Gain and loss components in a typical uplink budget.

A number of the link budget elements are common to both the up- and downlink. These

are:

Feeder & Connector Loss: This figure is dependent on the number of connectors, feeder

type and length of feeder run. Typically the system should be designed to make this value

between 2-3dB. This can be done by using a higher grade feeder for longer runs.


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Antenna Gain: The choice of antenna has a direct relationship to the cell size. Typically

omni, 65 and 120 antennas are used, depending on the environment and coverage

requirements. The gain values for each antenna will vary depending on manufacturer. A

selection of antenna recommended by Lucent are included in the Antenna Engineering

Guidelines.

Maximum Path Loss for Environment:The maximum path loss is calculated by

knowing the values for the rest of the budget. These will depend on the equipment used

and the signal strength required. It is then possible to work out the maximum cell size for

each configuration. See the example at the end of this document and appendix A for

further information. The section on Propagation Prediction provides information on how

the path loss is calculated.

Fade Margin: A fade margin is used to reserve extra signal power to overcome potential

fading. The fade margin required depends on the required coverage probability and the

standard deviation of the fading. The section on propagation prediction provides further

information on this.

Penetration Loss: When a mobile is used indoors and the base station is situated outside

there is a loss when the wave penetrates the building. Where mobile units are to be usedindoors, an appropriate penetration loss must be included in the link budget. Additional

information is provided in the Propagation Prediction Section in this guideline.

Body Loss and Mobile Antenna Gain: These values are usually combined to give an

overall gain of 0dB. Any losses associated with car kit installations can also be addressed

here, the inclusion of this will be dependant upon the operators requirements.

The remaining link budget items are specific to each link budget and require careful

attention to ensure that the link is balanced to the operators requirements. For example

some operators prefer to have the downlink a few dB stronger that the uplink to prevent

the mobile going out of coverage, causing constant searches which consume a lot of

battery power. The items concerned for each budget are as follows:

1.3.1 Downlink

Base Station Transmit Power:Lucent base station transmitter powers are included in the

BTS Engineering Guideline.

Combiner Loss: The combiner loss occurs as a result of combining a number of

transmitter signals onto a single antenna. There are two common methods for combining.

Filter combiners enable a large number of carriers to be combined with a low loss, but at

extra cost and size. Hybrid combiners are smaller and cheaper but have a greater loss.

Refer to the Engineering Guideline EG18: Base Transceiver Station for further

information on the combinations offered with Lucent Technologies base stations.

Usually any diplexer loss for combining transmit and receive on the same antenna is

included in the overall combiner loss figure.

Mobile Receive Sensitivity: This is the most difficult element of the link budget to

predict and control. Most networks will contain a wide variety of mobiles with varying

performances. The operator must design the network to cover the worst case sensitivity as

defined by the GSM specifications. Classes of mobile receive sensitivities are included in

the GSM/DCS Specific Parameters guideline, under GSM recommendations.


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1.3.2 Uplink

Mobile Transmit Power: Most networks will typically contain a wide variety of mobiles

with varying performances. Classes of mobile transmit powers are included in the

GSM/DCS Specific Parameters guideline. Typically mobiles of around 1W are used as

the design criteria for most GSM900 and GSM1800 networks.

Low Noise Amplifiers:Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) are employed in the receive path,to improve the performance of the uplink. They can also be used to ensure link balance

between the uplink and downlink. LNAs are generally used to increase coverage

performance for DCS1800. The values of LNAs which are included as part of the Lucent

offering are included in the BTS Engineering Guideline.

Diversity Gain: This is used to reduce the effects of fading on the uplink path. Two

common techniques used are space and polarisation diversity. Space diversity uses two

physically separated antenna to provide two signals with low correlation. Polarisation

diversity relies on the reception of two polarised components to provide two uncorrelated

signals. Typical gains range between 3 and 6dB with values of 3 or 4dB being commonly

used.

Base Station Receiver Sensitivity:

BTS receiver sensitivity for uplink budget calculations is shown in Table 1 andTable 2.

Table 1: Rx sensitivity values for SRFU900 BTS

Channel Type Static dB TU50 dB RA250 dB HT100

dB

TCH/FS -108 -106 -106 -105

FACCH -108 -104 -105 -104

SDCCH -108 -105 -105 -104

RACH -108 -105 -105 -104

Table 2: Rx sensitivity values for SRFU1800 BTS

Channel Type Static dB TU50 dB RA130 dB HT100 dB

TCH/FS -109 -107 -107 -106

FACCH -109 -105 -106 -104

SDCCH -109 -106 -106 -104

RACH -109 -105 -106 -104

This information is not presently available for the CUBE.

Where :

TU50 Typical case for an urban area with a MS speed (vehicle speed)

of 50 Km/h

HT100 Typical case for a hilly terrain with a MS speed (vehicle speed)

of 100 Km/h

RA130 Typical case for a rural area with a MS speed (vehicle speed) of

130 Km/h (Only for DCS1800)

RA250 Typical case for a rural area with a MS speed (vehicle speed) of

250 Km/h (Only for GSM900)

The most common model used in cell planning is the TU model, which is used in

approximately 95% of cases. The HT100 occurs very rarely and is only used in specific

cell planning conditions.


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Any assumptions, such as the multipath fading model used, must be stated alongside all

link budgets.

1.3.3 Propagation Prediction

A radio wave transmitted to and from a moving mobile station is subject to several effects

which cause a loss of signal strength. These are:

Distance attenuation

Shadowing/diffraction

Rayleigh fading.

The received signal can be characterised by microscopic and macroscopic components.

The macroscopic component is a result of local, long term fading and is due to the terrain

contour between the BTS and MS. The terrain obstacles introduce diffraction loss, which

can be estimated from the path profile. Shadowing may occur if an obstruction lies in or

close to the line of sight path. Shadowing does not always mean that no signal is received

behind an obstacle. A percentage of the radio waves may diffract around the obstruction.

This effect depends on the wavelength in relation to the size of the obstacle, and is greaterthe longer the wavelength.

The microscopic component of the received signal is a result of multipath, short term or

Rayleigh fading. Its variation is due to the fact that as the mobile station moves, radio

waves from many different reflection paths will be received.

1.3.4 Path Loss

Several methods of predicting the median path loss over irregular terrain have been

published. The method generally used for standard macro cells is Okumura-Hata.

The Okumura-Hata propagation prediction is based upon empirical information obtained

from measurements in Japan. The formula is limited to a certain range of input parametersand is applicable only over quasi-smooth terrain (height variations 20m) and no

obstacles are assumed to be close to the antenna.

The formula is quite good in urban and suburban areas, however it tends to be optimistic

over irregular, rural terrain. Correction factors are used for more irregular terrain types

such as rolling hills, isolated mountains and mixed land-water paths.

The mean value for path loss can be found using the formula below:

L a a f a h a h a a h d Lb m b c= + + 0 4 2 1 3log log ( ) [ log( )] log

where:

L is the path loss in dBf is the frequency in MHz

hb is the base station antenna heighthm is the mobile antenna heighta h f h f m m( ) ( . log( ) . ) ( . log( ) . )= 11 0 7 156 0 8 and is the mobile antenna height

correction

dis the distance between the BTS and MS in kmLc is the correction factor for land usage/clutter factors. SeeTable 3.


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Table 3: Default Values for the mobile antenna height correction.

900MHz 1800MHz

a0 69.55 46.3

a1 44.9 44.9

a2 13.82 13.82

a3 6.55 6.55

a4 26.16 33.9

The clutter in the vicinity of the MS is important, but the clutter along the propagation

path is not taken into consideration. Default clutter factors in the vicinity of the mobile are

shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Default clutter class factors for hand usage in the vicinity of the mobile.

Clutter Class Lc (dB)

W water 29

O1 open, no obstructions 24

O2 open, few obstructions 19F1 wood, low density with small trees

or bushes

19

F2 wood, mostly higher and more

densely packed trees

9

S1 low density suburban 11

S2 leafy suburban 5

S3 dense suburban 8

U1 low density urban 3

U2 dense urban 0

The propagation in built up areas is dependant upon the nature of the urban environment

e.g. the size of the buildings, the width of the roads and the existence of open areas. Theurban class definitions are not precise and can be subjective. It is necessary to calibrate the

clutter correction factors for each city.

A number of tables have been produced using a combination of the Okumura-Hata and

COST231 propagation models for different antenna/mobile heights and frequencies.

They can be used as look up tables when calculating the cell size for a particular link

budget combination. These are available in appendix A.

The graph Figure 3 shows an example of the comparative path losses at 900MHz for

different clutter environments.


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Frequency : 950 MHz ; Antenna Height : 25m ;

Mobile Antenna Height : 1.5m

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0.

5 2

3.

5 5

6.

5 8

9.

511

12

.5

14

15

.5

17

18

.5

20

21

.5

23

24

.5

26

27

.5

29

30

.5

32

33

.5

35

Distance (Km)

Path

(dB)

Urban

Suburban

Quasi-Rural

Rural

Free-space

Figure 3: Comparative path losses at 900MHz.

1.3.5 Fade Margin

This section looks at the calculation of fade margins for inclusion in link budget

calculations. The chosen fade margin can have a large impact on the number of base

stations required for a network and therefore should be calculated with care. The margin

required depends on the desired coverage probability and the standard deviation of thelog-normal fading. Hence, the first step is to understand the operators requirements for

coverage. This should be expressed in probability of call set up for inside cell area or at

cell edge.

The graph shown in Figure 4 (Jakes, 1974) is often used to calculate edge and area

probabilities given and n.

where

is the standard deviation of the log normal fading

and n is the propagation roll off power, which is the signal attenuation as a function of

distance.


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Figure 4: Edge and area probability relationships

According to GSM03.30 the normal case of urban propagation has a standard deviation

() of 7dB and distance exponential (n) of 3.5.

The value of edge probability derived from the graph can then be used to calculate the

fade margin by using standard normal distribution tables. The two tables below are

produced using common values of=7dB and=4dB for n=3.5. = 4 is often used for

in-car coverage.

Table 5: Fade margins for =7dB .

Edge Coverage Area Coverage Fade Margin (=7dB, n=3.5)

0.50 0.77 0dB

0.55 0.81 1dB

0.60 0.83 2dB

0.65 0.86 3dB

0.70 0.89 4dB

0.75 0.91 5dB

0.80 0.93 6dB

0.85 0.95 7dB

0.90 0.97 9dB

0.95 0.99 12dB

Table 6: Fade margins for =4dB

Edge Coverage Area Coverage Fade Margin (=4dB, n=3.5)

0.50 0.83 0dB

0.55 0.86 1dB0.60 0.89 1dB

0.65 0.90 2dB

0.70 0.92 2dB

0.75 0.94 3dB

0.80 0.95 4dB

0.85 0.96 4dB

0.90 0.98 5dB

0.95 0.99 7dB

In urban areas it is a common practice to allow a fade margin inside a building as well as

outside. In this case two separate margins should be calculated and then added together.,

as shown in the following example. This assumes no correlation:


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On-street requirement = 97% area with a =7. This gives a fade margin from above table

of 9dB.

In-building requirement = 89% area with a=7 . This gives a fade margin from above

table of 4dB.

The total fade margin for inclusion in the link budget is therefore SQRT(92 + 42) = 9.8dB

1.3.6 Penetration Losses

There are two mechanisms associated with building losses. The first of these is due to the

loss through the outer structure, known as the penetration loss. The second refers to the

losses between locations within the building, resulting from the nature of the materials

used in the construction of the walls and floors, and from the furniture present. This is

referred to as loss within buildings.

Penetration losses are very difficult to calculate due to the number of factors involved e.g.

wall construction, height & depth of user within the building, number of windows etc. In

practice average values are assumed for different environments. These values need to be

agreed with the operator before any design work is undertaken, as the chosen values willhave a large impact on the cost of the network.

There has, however, been some research done in this area by the COST 231 programme

which produced the transmission losses for different kinds of materials shown in Table 7

These values are for 1800MHz (there is no equivalent set of values for 900MHz)

Table 8: Transmission losses for different building materials.

Object Loss (dB) at 1800MHz

Thick (25cm) concrete, with large windows 4

Thick (25cm) concrete, with large windows large angle of incidence 11

Thick (25cm) concrete, no windows 13Double (2x20cm) concrete indoor 17

Thin (10cm) concrete indoor 6

Light wall 2.3

Brick wall, small windows 4

Steel wall (1cm) with reinforced windows 10

Glass wall 2

Reinforced glass 8

Concrete (20cm) large windows 5.4

Concrete (30cm) 9.4

Plasterboard 1.3

Bricks (10cm) 2.5Bricks (63cm) 4.0

Bricks (70cm) 4.5

Porous concrete 6.6

The wide ranging values in the table for single walls clearly shows the need to perform

some empirical tests. These could simply consist of measuring the average value outside

a building (or a vehicle) and then taking readings inside, and using the difference between

the two with an appropriate fade margin.


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1.4 Antenna DiversityDiversity refers to techniques for sampling the received signal more than once and

combining these signals. This improves the signal to noise at the receiver.

Diversity reception for mobile radio communication systems reduces both thermal and co-

channel interference noise. The improvements depend on the correlation coefficient

between signals received at the diversity antenna and increases as the correlationcoefficient becomes smaller. This correlation coefficient depends on the characteristic of

the propagation path and the physical configuration of the diversity antennas.

Space diversity uses two physically separated antennas to provide two signals with low

correlation. These antenna arrays are fairly bulky and obtrusive and therefore not suitable

for urban, indoor use.

Polarisation diversity relies on the transmission of two orthogonal polarised components

to provide two uncorrelated signals. This type of diversity reduces the number of physical

antennas required and hence reduces the visual impact of the antenna installation.

For further information on antenna diversity please see the Engineering Guideline on

Coverage Enhancement Techniques.

1.5 CW Measurements/SurveysNarrow band or carrier wave measurements are used for the verification of critical and

borderline coverage areas and for calibrating the prediction model.

Rayleigh fading makes an instantaneous measurement unrepresentative. It is therefore

necessary to record the averaged value. The aim is to average out the Rayleigh fading, but

not the shadow fading. The recommended averaging interval is >40 wavelengths for

outdoor measurements, and >20 wavelengths for indoor measurements. The distance

between instantaneous measurements should be more than 36 wavelengths per interval to

reduce the averaging variation to less than 1dB.

When taking the measurements the measurement antenna should be the same as the

planned antenna, both in type and installation. It is necessary to measure along a variety

of street directions and widths to get a full picture of the coverage area. Special features

which will affect the propagation characteristics, such as tunnels, should be clearly

marked.

For information on how to perform CW measurements and what equipment is required

please refer to the Engineering Guideline EG16: Drive Testing.


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1.6 Example Link Budget CalculationThis section contains an example link budget for a network with the following

characteristics:

Frequency Band : 900MHz

Base Station Class : 5

Mobile Class : 4

Antenna Gain : 18.0dBi

Diversity Gain : 4.0dB

Feeder & Connector Losses : 3.0dB

Combiner Loss : 4.0dB

Tower Height : 50m

Coverage Requirement : 95% edge coverage, standard deviation of 7dB, on

street coverage

The link budget is shown in Table 9:

Table 9: Example of a link budget (refer to text).

DOWNLINK UPLINK

Transmitter

Tx Peak Power 43.0dBm 33.0dBm

Combiner Loss -4.0dB 0.0dB

Feeder & Connector Loss -3.0dB 0.0dB

Tx Antenna Gain 18.0dBi 2.0dBi

Body Loss 0.0dB -2.0dB

Tx EIRP 54.0dBm 33.0dBm

Receiver

Sensitivity -102.0dBm -104.0dBm

Diversity Gain 0.0dB -4.0dB

Rx Antenna Gain -2.0dBi -18.0dBi

Body Loss 2.0dB 0.0dB

Feeder & Connector Loss 0.0dB 3.0dB

Effective Rx Level -102.0dBm -123.0dBm

Fade Margin 12.0dB 12.0dB

Penetration Loss 0.0dB 0.0dB

Isotropic Required Rx Sig Lev(Effective Rx level -FM)

-90.0dBm -111.0dBm

Maximum Path Loss(Tx EIRP - Isotropic Rx Sig Lev)

144dB 144dB

The table shows the link is balanced. Using Appendix A it can be seen that this link

budget would provide the following cell radii:

Urban : 4Km

Sub-Urban : 8Km

Quasi Open : 20Km

Open : 27Km


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Clearly these radii would be significantly reduced if the requirement was for in-building

coverage. In that case the fade margin would increase and a penetration loss would be

added.


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1.7 Appendix A: Path Loss Calculations and Cell RadiiThis Appendix contains tables and graphs for path losses at 950MHz and 1850MHz for

various tower heights and environment types.

Table 10: Path losses at 950MHz, with 25m tower.Transmitter Frequency 950 MHz

Fixed Station Antenna Height 25 Metres

Mobile Station Antenna Height 1.5 Metres

Distance (KM) Urban Suburban Quasi-Rural Rural Free-space

0.5 117.15 107.06 93.41 88.41 85.98

1 127.91 117.82 104.17 99.17 92

1.5 134.2 124.12 110.46 105.46 95.52

2 138.67 128.58 114.93 109.93 98.02

2.5 142.13 132.05 118.39 113.39 99.96

3 144.96 134.88 121.22 116.22 101.54

3.5 147.35 137.27 123.61 118.61 102.88

4 149.43 139.34 125.69 120.69 104.04

4.5 151.26 141.17 127.51 122.51 105.06

5 152.89 142.81 129.15 124.15 105.98

5.5 154.37 144.29 130.63 125.63 106.8

6 155.72 145.64 131.98 126.98 107.56

6.5 156.96 146.88 133.22 128.22 108.25

7 158.11 148.03 134.37 129.37 108.9

7.5 159.19 149.1 135.44 130.44 109.5

8 160.19 150.1 136.45 131.45 110.06

8.5 161.13 151.04 137.39 132.39 110.58

9 162.02 151.93 138.27 133.27 111.08

9.5 162.85 152.77 139.11 134.11 111.55

10 163.65 153.57 139.91 134.91 112

10.5 164.41 154.32 140.67 135.67 112.42

11 165.13 155.05 141.39 136.39 112.82

11.5 165.82 155.74 142.08 137.08 113.21

12 166.48 156.4 142.74 137.74 113.58

12.5 167.11 157.03 143.37 138.37 113.93

13 167.72 157.64 143.98 138.98 114.2813.5 168.31 158.22 144.57 139.57 114.6

14 168.87 158.79 145.13 140.13 114.92

14.5 169.42 159.33 145.68 140.68 115.22

15 169.94 159.86 146.2 141.2 115.52

15.5 170.45 160.37 146.71 141.71 115.8

16 170.95 160.86 147.2 142.2 116.08

16.5 171.42 161.34 147.68 142.68 116.35

17 171.89 161.8 148.15 143.15 116.61

17.5 172.34 162.25 148.6 143.6 116.86

18 172.78 162.69 149.03 144.03 117.1

18.5 173.2 163.12 149.46 144.46 117.34

19 173.61 163.53 149.87 144.87 117.57

19.5 174.02 163.93 150.28 145.28 117.8

20 174.41 164.33 150.67 145.67 118.02

20.5 174.79 164.71 151.05 146.05 118.23

21 175.17 165.08 151.43 146.43 118.4421.5 175.53 165.45 151.79 146.79 118.65

22 175.89 165.8 152.15 147.15 118.84

22.5 176.24 166.15 152.5 147.5 119.04

23 176.58 166.49 152.84 147.84 119.23

23.5 176.91 166.83 153.17 148.17 119.42

24 177.24 167.16 153.5 148.5 119.6

24.5 177.56 167.48 153.82 148.82 119.78

25 177.87 167.79 154.13 149.13 119.96

25.5 178.25 168.16 154.51 149.51 120.13

26 178.62 168.53 154.88 149.88 120.3


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26.5 178.99 168.9 155.25 150.25 120.46

27 179.35 169.27 155.61 150.61 120.62

27.5 179.72 169.63 155.98 150.98 120.78

28 180.08 170 156.34 151.34 120.94

28.5 180.44 170.36 156.7 151.7 121.09

29 180.8 170.72 157.06 152.06 121.24

29.5 181.16 171.07 157.41 152.41 121.39

30 181.51 171.43 157.77 152.77 121.54

30.5 181.86 171.78 158.12 153.12 121.68

31 182.21 172.13 158.47 153.47 121.82

31.5 182.56 172.47 158.82 153.82 121.96

32 182.91 172.82 159.16 154.16 122.1

32.5 183.25 173.16 159.51 154.51 122.23

33 183.59 173.51 159.85 154.85 122.37

33.5 183.93 173.84 160.19 155.19 122.5

34 184.27 174.18 160.53 155.53 122.63

34.5 184.6 174.52 160.86 155.86 122.75

35 184.93 174.85 161.19 156.19 122.88



80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0.

5 2

3.

5 5

6.

5 8

9.

511

12

.5

14

15

.5

17

18

.5

20

21

.5

23

24

.5

26

27

.5

29

30

.5

32

33

.5

35

Distance (Km)

Path

(dB)

Urban

Suburban

Quasi-Rural

Rural

Free-space

Figure 5: Comparative path losses at 950MHz, with tower height of 25m.


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Table 11: Path losses at 950MHz with tower height of 50m.

Transmitter Frequency 950 MHz



Distance (Km) Urban Suburban Quasi-Rural Rural Free-space

0.5 113.58 103.5 89.84 85.98 85.98

1 123.75 113.66 100.01 95.01 92

1.5 129.69 119.61 105.95 100.95 95.52

2 133.91 123.83 110.17 105.17 98.02

2.5 137.19 127.1 113.44 108.44 99.96

3 139.86 129.78 116.12 111.12 101.54

3.5 142.12 132.04 118.38 113.38 102.88

4 144.08 133.99 120.34 115.34 104.04

4.5 145.81 135.72 122.07 117.07 105.06

5 147.35 137.27 123.61 118.61 105.98

5.5 148.75 138.67 125.01 120.01 106.8

6 150.03 139.94 126.28 121.28 107.56

6.5 151.2 141.12 127.46 122.46 108.25

7 152.29 142.2 128.55 123.55 108.9

7.5 153.3 143.21 129.56 124.56 109.5

8 154.25 144.16 130.5 125.5 110.06

8.5 155.14 145.05 131.39 126.39 110.58

9 155.97 145.89 132.23 127.23 111.08

9.5 156.77 146.68 133.02 128.02 111.55

10 157.52 147.43 133.78 128.78 112

10.5 158.23 148.15 134.49 129.49 112.42

11 158.92 148.83 135.17 130.17 112.82

11.5 159.57 149.48 135.83 130.83 113.21

12 160.19 150.11 136.45 131.45 113.58

12.5 160.79 150.71 137.05 132.05 113.93

13 161.37 151.28 137.63 132.63 114.28

13.5 161.92 151.84 138.18 133.18 114.6

14 162.45 152.37 138.71 133.71 114.92

14.5 162.97 152.88 139.23 134.23 115.22

15 163.47 153.38 139.72 134.72 115.52

15.5 163.95 153.86 140.2 135.2 115.8

16 164.41 154.33 140.67 135.67 116.08

16.5 164.86 154.78 141.12 136.12 116.35

17 165.3 155.22 141.56 136.56 116.61

17.5 165.73 155.64 141.98 136.98 116.86

18 166.14 156.05 142.4 137.4 117.1

18.5 166.54 156.46 142.8 137.8 117.34

19 166.93 156.85 143.19 138.19 117.57

19.5 167.31 157.23 143.57 138.57 117.8

20 167.69 157.6 143.94 138.94 118.02

20.5 168.05 157.96 144.31 139.31 118.23

21 168.4 158.32 144.66 139.66 118.44

21.5 168.75 158.66 145 140 118.65

22 169.08 159 145.34 140.34 118.8422.5 169.41 159.33 145.67 140.67 119.04

23 169.74 159.65 145.99 140.99 119.23

23.5 170.05 159.97 146.31 141.31 119.42

24 170.36 160.27 146.62 141.62 119.6

24.5 170.66 160.58 146.92 141.92 119.78

25 170.96 160.87 147.22 142.22 119.96

25.5 171.37 161.28 147.63 142.63 120.13

26 171.77 161.69 148.03 143.03 120.3


23/36





26.5 172.18 162.09 148.44 143.44 120.46

27 172.58 162.49 148.84 143.84 120.62

27.5 172.98 162.89 149.24 144.24 120.78

28 173.38 163.29 149.63 144.63 120.94

28.5 173.77 163.69 150.03 145.03 121.09

29 174.16 164.08 150.42 145.42 121.24

29.5 174.55 164.47 150.81 145.81 121.39

30 174.94 164.85 151.2 146.2 121.54

30.5 175.33 165.24 151.58 146.58 121.68

31 175.71 165.62 151.97 146.97 121.82

31.5 176.09 166 152.35 147.35 121.96

32 176.47 166.38 152.72 147.72 122.1

32.5 176.84 166.76 153.1 148.1 122.23

33 177.21 167.13 153.47 148.47 122.37

33.5 177.59 167.5 153.84 148.84 122.5

34 177.95 167.87 154.21 149.21 122.63

34.5 178.32 168.23 154.58 149.58 122.75

35 178.68 168.6 154.94 149.94 122.88



80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

0.5 2

3.5 5

6.5 8

9.5

11

12

.514

15

.517

18

.520

21

.523

24

.526

27

.529

30

.532

33

.535

Distance (Km)

Path

(dB)

Urban

Suburban

Quasi-Rural

Rural

Free-space



24/36










0.5 111.49 101.41 87.75 85.98 85.98

1 121.31 111.23 97.57 92.57 92

1.5 127.06 116.97 103.32 98.32 95.52

2 131.13 121.05 107.39 102.39 98.02

2.5 134.29 124.21 110.55 105.55 99.96

3 136.88 126.79 113.13 108.13 101.54

3.5 139.06 128.97 115.32 110.32 102.88

4 140.95 130.87 117.21 112.21 104.04

4.5 142.62 132.53 118.88 113.88 105.06

5 144.11 134.03 120.37 115.37 105.98

5.5 145.46 135.38 121.72 116.72 106.8

6 146.7 136.61 122.95 117.95 107.56

6.5 147.83 137.74 124.09 119.09 108.25

7 148.88 138.79 125.14 120.14 108.9

7.5 149.86 139.77 126.11 121.11 109.5

8 150.77 140.69 127.03 122.03 110.06

8.5 151.63 141.54 127.89 122.89 110.58

9 152.44 142.35 128.7 123.7 111.08

9.5 153.21 143.12 129.46 124.46 111.55

10 153.93 143.85 130.19 125.19 112

10.5 154.62 144.54 130.88 125.88 112.42

11 155.28 145.2 131.54 126.54 112.82

11.5 155.91 145.83 132.17 127.17 113.21

12 156.51 146.43 132.77 127.77 113.58

12.5 157.09 147.01 133.35 128.35 113.93

13 157.65 147.56 133.91 128.91 114.28

13.5 158.18 148.1 134.44 129.44 114.6

14 158.7 148.61 134.96 129.96 114.92

14.5 159.2 149.11 135.45 130.45 115.22

15 159.68 149.59 135.93 130.93 115.52

15.5 160.14 150.05 136.4 131.4 115.8

16 160.59 150.5 136.85 131.85 116.08

16.5 161.03 150.94 137.28 132.28 116.35

17 161.45 151.36 137.71 132.71 116.61

17.5 161.86 151.77 138.12 133.12 116.86

18 162.26 152.17 138.52 133.52 117.1

18.5 162.65 152.56 138.9 133.9 117.34

19 163.02 152.94 139.28 134.28 117.57

19.5 163.39 153.31 139.65 134.65 117.8

20 163.75 153.67 140.01 135.01 118.02

20.5 164.1 154.02 140.36 135.36 118.23

21 164.44 154.36 140.7 135.7 118.44

21.5 164.78 154.69 141.03 136.03 118.65

22 165.1 155.02 141.36 136.36 118.8422.5 165.42 155.33 141.68 136.68 119.04

23 165.73 155.65 141.99 136.99 119.23

23.5 166.04 155.95 142.29 137.29 119.42

24 166.33 156.25 142.59 137.59 119.6

24.5 166.63 156.54 142.88 137.88 119.78

25 166.91 156.83 143.17 138.17 119.96

25.5 167.32 157.24 143.58 138.58 120.13

26 167.73 157.65 143.99 138.99 120.3


25/36





26.5 168.14 158.05 144.4 139.4 120.46

27 168.54 158.46 144.8 139.8 120.62

27.5 168.95 158.86 145.2 140.2 120.78

28 169.35 159.26 145.6 140.6 120.94

28.5 169.74 159.66 146 141 121.09

29 170.14 160.05 146.4 141.4 121.24

29.5 170.53 160.45 146.79 141.79 121.39

30 170.92 160.84 147.18 142.18 121.54

30.5 171.31 161.22 147.57 142.57 121.68

31 171.7 161.61 147.95 142.95 121.82

31.5 172.08 161.99 148.34 143.34 121.96

32 172.46 162.38 148.72 143.72 122.1

32.5 172.84 162.76 149.1 144.1 122.23

33 173.22 163.13 149.48 144.48 122.37

33.5 173.59 163.51 149.85 144.85 122.5

34 173.97 163.88 150.22 145.22 122.63

34.5 174.34 164.25 150.59 145.59 122.75

35 174.7 164.62 150.96 145.96 122.88



80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

0.

5 2

3.

5 5

6.

5 8

9.

511

12

.5

14

15

.5

17

18

.5

20

21

.5

23

24

.5

26

27

.5

29

30

.5

32

33

.5

35

Distance (Km)

Path

(dB)

Urban

Suburban

Quasi-Rural

Rural

Free-space



26/36





Table 13: Path losses at 950MHz, with tower height of 100m.



Mobile Antenna Height 1.5 Metres


0.5 110.01 99.93 86.27 85.98 85.98

1 119.59 109.5 95.85 92 92

1.5 125.19 115.1 101.44 96.44 95.52

2 129.16 119.07 105.42 100.42 98.02

2.5 132.24 122.16 108.5 103.5 99.96

3 134.76 124.67 111.02 106.02 101.54

3.5 136.89 126.8 113.15 108.15 102.88

4 138.73 128.65 114.99 109.99 104.04

4.5 140.36 130.27 116.62 111.62 105.06

5 141.81 131.73 118.07 113.07 105.98

5.5 143.13 133.05 119.39 114.39 106.8

6 144.33 134.25 120.59 115.59 107.56

6.5 145.44 135.35 121.7 116.7 108.25

7 146.46 136.38 122.72 117.72 108.9

7.5 147.41 137.33 123.67 118.67 109.5

8 148.31 138.22 124.56 119.56 110.06

8.5 149.14 139.06 125.4 120.4 110.58

9 149.93 139.85 126.19 121.19 111.08

9.5 150.68 140.59 126.94 121.94 111.55

10 151.39 141.3 127.65 122.65 112

10.5 152.06 141.98 128.32 123.32 112.42

11 152.7 142.62 128.96 123.96 112.82

11.5 153.32 143.23 129.58 124.58 113.21

12 153.9 143.82 130.16 125.16 113.58

12.5 154.47 144.38 130.73 125.73 113.93

13 155.01 144.92 131.27 126.27 114.28

13.5 155.53 145.45 131.79 126.79 114.6

14 156.03 145.95 132.29 127.29 114.9214.5 156.52 146.43 132.78 127.78 115.22

15 156.99 146.9 133.24 128.24 115.52

15.5 157.44 147.35 133.7 128.7 115.8

16 157.88 147.79 134.14 129.14 116.08

16.5 158.3 148.22 134.56 129.56 116.35

17 158.72 148.63 134.97 129.97 116.61

17.5 159.12 149.03 135.37 130.37 116.86

18 159.5 149.42 135.76 130.76 117.1

18.5 159.88 149.8 136.14 131.14 117.34

19 160.25 150.17 136.51 131.51 117.57

19.5 160.61 150.52 136.87 131.87 117.8

20 160.96 150.87 137.22 132.22 118.02

20.5 161.3 151.22 137.56 132.56 118.23

21 161.63 151.55 137.89 132.89 118.44

21.5 161.96 151.87 138.22 133.22 118.65

22 162.28 152.19 138.53 133.53 118.8422.5 162.59 152.5 138.84 133.84 119.04

23 162.89 152.8 139.15 134.15 119.23

23.5 163.19 153.1 139.44 134.44 119.42

24 163.48 153.39 139.74 134.74 119.6

24.5 163.76 153.68 140.02 135.02 119.78

25 164.04 153.96 140.3 135.3 119.96

25.5 164.44 154.35 140.69 135.69 120.13

26 164.83 154.74 141.09 136.09 120.3


27/36





26.5 165.22 155.14 141.48 136.48 120.46

27 165.61 155.52 141.87 136.87 120.62

27.5 166 155.91 142.25 137.25 120.78

28 166.38 156.3 142.64 137.64 120.94

28.5 166.76 156.68 143.02 138.02 121.09

29 167.15 157.06 143.4 138.4 121.24

29.5 167.53 157.44 143.78 138.78 121.39

30 167.9 157.82 144.16 139.16 121.54

30.5 168.28 158.19 144.54 139.54 121.68

31 168.65 158.57 144.91 139.91 121.82

31.5 169.02 158.94 145.28 140.28 121.96

32 169.39 159.31 145.65 140.65 122.1

32.5 169.76 159.67 146.02 141.02 122.23

33 170.12 160.04 146.38 141.38 122.37

33.5 170.49 160.4 146.75 141.75 122.5

34 170.85 160.76 147.11 142.11 122.63

34.5 171.21 161.12 147.47 142.47 122.75

35 171.57 161.48 147.82 142.82 122.88



80

100

120

140

160

180

1 4 710

13

16

19

22

25

28

31

34

37

40

43

46

49

52

55

58

61

64

67

70

Distance (KM)

Path

(dB)

Urban

Suburban

Quasi-Rural

Rural

Free-space



28/36










0.5 124.94 112.91 97.86 92.86 91.76

1 135.7 123.67 108.62 103.62 97.79

1.5 141.99 129.97 114.92 109.92 101.31

2 146.46 134.43 119.38 114.38 103.81

2.5 149.92 137.9 122.85 117.85 105.74

3 152.75 140.73 125.68 120.68 107.33

3.5 155.15 143.12 128.07 123.07 108.67

4 157.22 145.19 130.14 125.14 109.83

4.5 159.05 147.02 131.97 126.97 110.85

5 160.68 148.66 133.61 128.61 111.76

5.5 162.16 150.14 135.09 130.09 112.59

6 163.51 151.49 136.44 131.44 113.35

6.5 164.76 152.73 137.68 132.68 114.04

7 165.91 153.88 138.83 133.83 114.69

7.5 166.98 154.95 139.9 134.9 115.29

8 167.98 155.95 140.9 135.9 115.85

8.5 168.92 156.9 141.84 136.84 116.37

9 169.81 157.78 142.73 137.73 116.87

9.5 170.65 158.62 143.57 138.57 117.34

10 171.44 159.42 144.37 139.37 117.79

10.5 172.2 160.18 145.12 140.12 118.21

11 172.92 160.9 145.85 140.85 118.61

11.5 173.61 161.59 146.54 141.54 119

12 174.27 162.25 147.2 142.2 119.37

12.5 174.91 162.88 147.83 142.83 119.72

13 175.52 163.49 148.44 143.44 120.06

13.5 176.1 164.08 149.03 144.03 120.39

14 176.67 164.64 149.59 144.59 120.71

14.5 177.21 165.19 150.13 145.13 121.01

15 177.74 165.71 150.66 145.66 121.31

15.5 178.25 166.22 151.17 146.17 121.59

16 178.74 166.71 151.66 146.66 121.87

16.5 179.22 167.19 152.14 147.14 122.13

17 179.68 167.66 152.6 147.6 122.39

17.5 180.13 168.11 153.05 148.05 122.65

18 180.57 168.54 153.49 148.49 122.89

18.5 180.99 168.97 153.92 148.92 123.13

19 181.41 169.38 154.33 149.33 123.36

19.5 181.81 169.79 154.73 149.73 123.59

20 182.2 170.18 155.13 150.13 123.81

20.5 182.59 170.56 155.51 150.51 124.02

21 182.96 170.94 155.88 150.88 124.23

21.5 183.33 171.3 156.25 151.25 124.43

22 183.68 171.66 156.61 151.61 124.6322.5 184.03 172.01 156.95 151.95 124.83

23 184.37 172.35 157.3 152.3 125.02

23.5 184.71 172.68 157.63 152.63 125.21

24 185.03 173.01 157.96 152.96 125.39

24.5 185.35 173.33 158.28 153.28 125.57

25 185.67 173.64 158.59 153.59 125.74

25.5 186.09 174.06 159.01 154.01 125.92

26 186.5 174.48 159.43 154.43 126.08


29/36





26.5 186.92 174.89 159.84 154.84 126.25

27 187.33 175.3 160.25 155.25 126.41

27.5 187.74 175.71 160.66 155.66 126.57

28 188.14 176.12 161.07 156.07 126.73

28.5 188.55 176.52 161.47 156.47 126.88

29 188.95 176.92 161.87 156.87 127.03

29.5 189.35 177.32 162.27 157.27 127.18

30 189.74 177.72 162.67 157.67 127.33

30.5 190.13 178.11 163.06 158.06 127.47

31 190.53 178.5 163.45 158.45 127.61

31.5 190.91 178.89 163.84 158.84 127.75

32 191.3 179.27 164.22 159.22 127.89

32.5 191.68 179.66 164.6 159.6 128.02

33 192.06 180.04 164.98 159.98 128.16

33.5 192.44 180.41 165.36 160.36 128.29

34 192.81 180.79 165.74 160.74 128.41

34.5 193.18 181.16 166.11 161.11 128.54

35 193.55 181.53 166.48 161.48 128.67

Frequency :1850 MHz ; Antenna Height : 25m ;


80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0.

5 2

3.

5 5

6.

5 8

9.

511

12

.5

14

15

.5

17

18

.5

20

21

.5

23

24

.5

26

27

.5

29

30

.5

32

33

.5

35

Distance (Km)

Path

(dB)

Urban

Suburban

Quasi-Rural

Rural

Free-space



30/36










0.5 121.37 109.35 94.3 91.76 91.76

1 131.54 119.51 104.46 99.46 97.79

1.5 137.49 125.46 110.41 105.41 101.31

2 141.71 129.68 114.63 109.63 103.81

2.5 144.98 132.95 117.9 112.9 105.74

3 147.65 135.63 120.58 115.58 107.33

3.5 149.91 137.89 122.84 117.84 108.67

4 151.87 139.85 124.8 119.8 109.83

4.5 153.6 141.57 126.52 121.52 110.85

5 155.14 143.12 128.07 123.07 111.76

5.5 156.54 144.52 129.47 124.47 112.59

6 157.82 145.79 130.74 125.74 113.35

6.5 158.99 146.97 131.92 126.92 114.04

7 160.08 148.05 133 128 114.69

7.5 161.09 149.07 134.02 129.02 115.29

8 162.04 150.01 134.96 129.96 115.85

8.5 162.93 150.9 135.85 130.85 116.37

9 163.77 151.74 136.69 131.69 116.87

9.5 164.56 152.53 137.48 132.48 117.34

10 165.31 153.29 138.23 133.23 117.79

10.5 166.03 154 138.95 133.95 118.21

11 166.71 154.68 139.63 134.63 118.61

11.5 167.36 155.34 140.28 135.28 119

12 167.99 155.96 140.91 135.91 119.37

12.5 168.58 156.56 141.51 136.51 119.72

13 169.16 157.13 142.08 137.08 120.06

13.5 169.71 157.69 142.64 137.64 120.39

14 170.25 158.22 143.17 138.17 120.71

14.5 170.76 158.74 143.68 138.68 121.01

15 171.26 159.23 144.18 139.18 121.31

15.5 171.74 159.71 144.66 139.66 121.59

16 172.2 160.18 145.13 140.13 121.87

16.5 172.66 160.63 145.58 140.58 122.13

17 173.09 161.07 146.02 141.02 122.39

17.5 173.52 161.49 146.44 141.44 122.65

18 173.93 161.91 146.86 141.86 122.89

18.5 174.33 162.31 147.26 142.26 123.13

19 174.73 162.7 147.65 142.65 123.36

19.5 175.11 163.08 148.03 143.03 123.59

20 175.48 163.45 148.4 143.4 123.81

20.5 175.84 163.81 148.76 143.76 124.02

21 176.19 164.17 149.12 144.12 124.23

21.5 176.54 164.51 149.46 144.46 124.43

22 176.88 164.85 149.8 144.8 124.6322.5 177.21 165.18 150.13 145.13 124.83

23 177.53 165.5 150.45 145.45 125.02

23.5 177.84 165.82 150.77 145.77 125.21

24 178.15 166.13 151.08 146.08 125.39

24.5 178.45 166.43 151.38 146.38 125.57

25 178.75 166.73 151.67 146.67 125.74

25.5 179.17 167.14 152.09 147.09 125.92

26 179.58 167.55 152.5 147.5 126.08


31/36





26.5 179.99 167.96 152.91 147.91 126.25

27 180.4 168.37 153.32 148.32 126.41

27.5 180.8 168.78 153.72 148.72 126.57

28 181.2 169.18 154.13 149.13 126.73

28.5 181.6 169.58 154.53 149.53 126.88

29 182 169.98 154.93 149.93 127.03

29.5 182.4 170.37 155.32 150.32 127.18

30 182.79 170.77 155.71 150.71 127.33

30.5 183.18 171.16 156.1 151.1 127.47

31 183.57 171.54 156.49 151.49 127.61

31.5 183.95 171.93 156.88 151.88 127.75

32 184.34 172.31 157.26 152.26 127.89

32.5 184.72 172.69 157.64 152.64 128.02

33 185.09 173.07 158.02 153.02 128.16

33.5 185.47 173.44 158.39 153.39 128.29

34 185.84 173.82 158.77 153.77 128.41

34.5 186.21 174.19 159.14 154.14 128.54

35 186.58 174.56 159.5 154.5 128.67



80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0.

5 2

3.

5 5

6.

5 8

9.

511

12

.5

14

15

.5

17

18

.5

20

21

.5

23

24

.5

26

27

.5

29

30

.5

32

33

.5

35

Distance (Km)

Path

(dB)

Urban

Suburban

Quasi-Rural

Rural

Free-space



32/36





Table 16: Path losses at 1850MHz with a tower height of 75m.





0.5 119.29 107.26 92.21 91.76 91.76

1 129.11 117.08 102.03 97.79 97.79

1.5 134.85 122.82 107.77 102.77 101.31

2 138.92 126.9 111.85 106.85 103.81

2.5 142.09 130.06 115.01 110.01 105.74

3 144.67 132.64 117.59 112.59 107.33

3.5 146.85 134.83 119.78 114.78 108.67

4 148.74 136.72 121.67 116.67 109.83

4.5 150.41 138.39 123.34 118.34 110.85

5 151.91 139.88 124.83 119.83 111.76

5.5 153.26 141.23 126.18 121.18 112.59

6 154.49 142.46 127.41 122.41 113.35

6.5 155.62 143.6 128.55 123.55 114.04

7 156.67 144.65 129.6 124.6 114.69

7.5 157.65 145.62 130.57 125.57 115.29

8 158.56 146.54 131.49 126.49 115.85

8.5 159.42 147.4 132.35 127.35 116.37

9 160.23 148.21 133.16 128.16 116.87

9.5 161 148.97 133.92 128.92 117.34

10 161.72 149.7 134.65 129.65 117.79

10.5 162.42 150.39 135.34 130.34 118.21

11 163.07 151.05 136 131 118.61

11.5 163.7 151.68 136.63 131.63 119

12 164.31 152.28 137.23 132.23 119.37

12.5 164.89 152.86 137.81 132.81 119.72

13 165.44 153.42 138.36 133.36 120.06

13.5 165.98 153.95 138.9 133.9 120.39

14 166.49 154.47 139.41 134.41 120.71

14.5 166.99 154.96 139.91 134.91 121.01

15 167.47 155.44 140.39 135.39 121.31

15.5 167.93 155.91 140.86 135.86 121.59

16 168.38 156.36 141.31 136.31 121.87

16.5 168.82 156.79 141.74 136.74 122.13

17 169.24 157.22 142.16 137.16 122.39

17.5 169.65 157.63 142.58 137.58 122.65

18 170.05 158.03 142.97 137.97 122.89

18.5 170.44 158.41 143.36 138.36 123.13

19 170.82 158.79 143.74 138.74 123.36

19.5 171.18 159.16 144.11 139.11 123.59

20 171.54 159.52 144.47 139.47 123.81

20.5 171.89 159.87 144.82 139.82 124.02

21 172.23 160.21 145.16 140.16 124.23

21.5 172.57 160.54 145.49 140.49 124.43

22 172.89 160.87 145.82 140.82 124.63

22.5 173.21 161.19 146.14 141.14 124.83

23 173.52 161.5 146.45 141.45 125.02

23.5 173.83 161.8 146.75 141.75 125.21

24 174.13 162.1 147.05 142.05 125.39

24.5 174.42 162.39 147.34 142.34 125.57

25 174.7 162.68 147.63 142.63 125.74

25.5 175.12 163.09 148.04 143.04 125.92

26 175.52 163.5 148.45 143.45 126.08


33/36





26.5 175.93 163.91 148.85 143.85 126.25

27 176.33 164.31 149.26 144.26 126.41

27.5 176.74 164.71 149.66 144.66 126.57

28 177.14 165.11 150.06 145.06 126.73

28.5 177.53 165.51 150.46 145.46 126.88

29 177.93 165.9 150.85 145.85 127.03

29.5 178.32 166.29 151.24 146.24 127.18

30 178.71 166.68 151.63 146.63 127.33

30.5 179.1 167.07 152.02 147.02 127.47

31 179.48 167.46 152.41 147.41 127.61

31.5 179.86 167.84 152.79 147.79 127.75

32 180.25 168.22 153.17 148.17 127.89

32.5 180.62 168.6 153.55 148.55 128.02

33 181 168.97 153.92 148.92 128.16

33.5 181.37 169.35 154.3 149.3 128.29

34 181.74 169.72 154.67 149.67 128.41

34.5 182.11 170.09 155.04 150.04 128.54

35 182.48 170.45 155.4 150.4 128.67



80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0.

5 2

3.

5 5

6.

5 8

9.

511

12

.5

14

15

.5

17

18

.5

20

21

.5

23

24

.5

26

27

.5

29

30

.5

32

33

.5

35

Distance (Km)

Path

(dB)

Urban

Suburban

Quasi-Rural

Rural

Free-space



34/36







Fixed Station Antenna Height 100 MTR

Mobile Station Antenna Height 1.5 MTR


0.5 117.81 105.78 91.76 91.76 91.76

1 127.38 115.35 100.3 97.79 97.79

1.5 132.98 120.95 105.9 101.31 101.31

2 136.95 124.93 109.88 104.88 103.81

2.5 140.03 128.01 112.96 107.96 105.74

3 142.55 130.53 115.48 110.48 107.33

3.5 144.68 132.66 117.6 112.6 108.67

4 146.52 134.5 119.45 114.45 109.83

4.5 148.15 136.13 121.07 116.07 110.85

5 149.61 137.58 122.53 117.53 111.76

5.5 150.92 138.9 123.85 118.85 112.59

6 152.12 140.1 125.05 120.05 113.35

6.5 153.23 141.2 126.15 121.15 114.04

7 154.25 142.23 127.18 122.18 114.69

7.5 155.21 143.18 128.13 123.13 115.29

8 156.1 144.07 129.02 124.02 115.85

8.5 156.93 144.91 129.86 124.86 116.37

9 157.72 145.7 130.65 125.65 116.87

9.5 158.47 146.45 131.39 126.39 117.34

10 159.18 147.15 132.1 127.1 117.79

10.5 159.85 147.83 132.78 127.78 118.21

11 160.5 148.47 133.42 128.42 118.61

11.5 161.11 149.08 134.03 129.03 119

12 161.7 149.67 134.62 129.62 119.37

12.5 162.26 150.24 135.18 130.18 119.72

13 162.8 150.78 135.73 130.73 120.06

13.5 163.32 151.3 136.25 131.25 120.39

14 163.83 151.8 136.75 131.75 120.71

14.5 164.31 152.29 137.23 132.23 121.01

15 164.78 152.75 137.7 132.7 121.31

15.5 165.23 153.21 138.16 133.16 121.59

16 165.67 153.65 138.59 133.59 121.87

16.5 166.1 154.07 139.02 134.02 122.13

17 166.51 154.48 139.43 134.43 122.39

17.5 166.91 154.88 139.83 134.83 122.65

18 167.3 155.27 140.22 135.22 122.89

18.5 167.68 155.65 140.6 135.6 123.13

19 168.04 156.02 140.97 135.97 123.36

19.5 168.4 156.38 141.33 136.33 123.59

20 168.75 156.73 141.68 136.68 123.81

20.5 169.09 157.07 142.02 137.02 124.02

21 169.43 157.4 142.35 137.35 124.23

21.5 169.75 157.73 142.67 137.67 124.43

22 170.07 158.04 142.99 137.99 124.6322.5 170.38 158.35 143.3 138.3 124.83

23 170.68 158.66 143.61 138.61 125.02

23.5 170.98 158.95 143.9 138.9 125.21

24 171.27 159.25 144.19 139.19 125.39

24.5 171.55 159.53 144.48 139.48 125.57

25 171.83 159.81 144.76 139.76 125.74

25.5 172.24 160.22 145.16 140.16 125.92

26 172.65 160.62 145.57 140.57 126.08


35/36





26.5 173.05 161.02 145.97 140.97 126.25

27 173.45 161.42 146.37 141.37 126.41

27.5 173.85 161.82 146.77 141.77 126.57

28 174.24 162.22 147.17 142.17 126.73

28.5 174.64 162.61 147.56 142.56 126.88

29 175.03 163 147.95 142.95 127.03

29.5 175.42 163.39 148.34 143.34 127.18

30 175.8 163.78 148.73 143.73 127.33

30.5 176.19 164.16 149.11 144.11 127.47

31 176.57 164.55 149.5 144.5 127.61

31.5 176.95 164.93 149.88 144.88 127.75

32 177.33 165.31 150.25 145.25 127.89

32.5 177.71 165.68 150.63 145.63 128.02

33 178.08 166.05 151 146 128.16

33.5 178.45 166.43 151.37 146.37 128.29

34 178.82 166.79 151.74 146.74 128.41

34.5 179.19 167.16 152.11 147.11 128.54

35 179.55 167.53 152.47 147.47 128.67



80

100

120

140

160

180

0.

5 2

3.

5 5

6.

5 8

9.

511

12

.5

14

15

.5

17

18

.5

20

21

.5

23

24

.5

26

27

.5

29

30

.5

32

33

.5

35

Distance (Km)

Path

Loss(dB)

Quasi Rural

Freespace

Rural

Suburban

Urban



36/36


Documents

RF Planning Lucent