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REWARD ALLOCATION ACROSS CULTURES. PSYC338 Research Project. LECTURE OUTLINE. I Background: Doing Social Psychology across Cultures (Bond) Being a cross-cultural psychologist Observation and hypothesizing Designing research A cross-cultural study of reward allocation. LECTURE OUTLINE. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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REWARD ALLOCATION REWARD ALLOCATION ACROSS CULTURESACROSS CULTURES
PSYC338 Research Project
LECTURE OUTLINE
I Background: Doing Social Psychology across Cultures (Bond)
• Being a cross-cultural psychologist• Observation and hypothesizing• Designing research• A cross-cultural study of reward allocation
LECTURE OUTLINE
II Distributive justice and reward allocation• Equity, equality and need• Task and maintenance inputs• Bond, Leung & Wan (1982)• Kim, Park & Suzuki (1990)
III Reward allocation across cultures: A Meta-analysis
IV Conclusions
DOING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY ACROSS CULTURES
Advice to a Young Scientist
A great incentive to learning a new skill or supporting discipline is an urgent need to use it. For this reason very many scientistsdo not learn new skills or master disciplines untl the pressure is upon them to do so.
Reward Allocation
• Equity and equality • Individualism and collectivism• In-groups and out-groups• Hypotheses
A Study of Reward AllocationBond & Leung
• Aim: To examine reward allocation to a stranger in individualist and collectivist cultures.
• Task: To copy words from a known and unknown language
• Manipulation: Own performance either twice as much or half as much as partner
• Equivalence issues• Results• What if-fing?
Cross-cultural Studies of Reward Allocation
• American studies and equity preferences• Chinese prefer equality with in-group
members and equity with out-group (Leung & Bond, 1984)
• Indians more likely than Americans to allocate resources on a need basis (Murphy-Berman et al., 1984)
• Group goals affect resource allocation
Reward Allocation(Bond, Leung & Wan, 1982)
• Collectivism and reward allocation• Research Design
– 2 x 2 x 2 design
– Task and maintenance inputs
– Dependent variables: superordination and intimacy rewards
Rewards Domains
Factor 1 Factor 2
Letter grade .91 .05
% grade .84 .16
Future task-group member .85 .27
Study group partner .82 .09
Friend .46 .65
Discussion of grade assigned
.15 -.81
Reward Allocation(Bond, Leung & Wan, 1982)
• Hypotheses: – Chinese would be more egalitarian in assigning rewards
based on task inputs than Americans– Chinese would be more equitable in assigning rewards
based on maintenance inputs
• Results – Chinese were more egalitarian in assigning rewards
based on both task and maintenance inputs than Americans
Reward Allocation(Kim, Park & Suzuki, 1990)
• Replication and extension with Koreans, Japanese and Americans
• Design: 3 x 3 x 3 • Results: American and Japanese reward patterns
more closely approximate equity than Koreans
Reward Allocation: A Meta-analysis• Fischer & Smith (2003)• Studies where
– Allocator not a recipient– Participants were adults– Equity and equality
• 20 studies, 25 comparisons, 4900+ participants, and 14 countries or cultural groups
Findings• There are cross-cultural differences in preferred reward
allocation norms• Findings on the differences are mixed, but overall support
for the often cited result that collectivists prefer equality over equity and individualists are mote equitable
• Participants from more masculine cultures allocate rewards more equitably
• Participants from countries with greater power distance allocate rewards more equitably
• Hierarchy is associated with equity
Interrelationships amongst Dimensions
2 3 4
1. Individualism -.68* -.43 -.17
2. Masculinity - -.94** -.19
3. Power Distance - -.12
4. Uncertainty Avoidance
-
QUESTIONS
• How would you design a cross-cultural study of reward allocation?
• How would you select the countries of comparison?
YOUR STUDY
• Effects of task and maintenance inputs on reward allocation across cultures
• 2 (country) x 2 (task input) x 2 (maintenance input)
• Attention to dimension of cultural variability
• New Zealand, India, Taiwan and Turkey