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Revolutions in Russia. Setting the Stage. Russian Revolution is culmination of problems 19 th century czars were cruel and oppressive Caused social unrest Army officials revolt in 1825 Czar Alexander II assassinated in 1881 by revolutionaries. Czars Resist Change. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Revolutions in Russia
Russian Revolution is culmination of problems
19th century czars were cruel and oppressive◦Caused social unrest◦Army officials revolt in 1825◦Czar Alexander II assassinated in 1881 by revolutionaries
Setting the Stage
Alexander III becomes czar in 1881◦Halted all reforms◦Liked autocracy Form of government where one person has total authority
Czars Resist Change
Believed opposition was dangerous:◦Anyone who questioned absolute authority of czar
◦Anyone who worshiped outside Russian Orthodox Church
◦Anyone who spoke language other than Russian
Alexander III wipes out revolutionaries◦Strict censorship codes◦Secret police force Watched secondary schools and universities
Teachers sent reports on every student
◦Political prisoners sent to Siberia
Czar Continues Autocratic Rule
Alexander III tries to establish uniform culture◦Oppressed other groups◦Russian made official language Forbade use of minority languages in schools
◦Targeted Jews with pogroms Russian citizens looted and destroyed homes, stores, and synagogues
Police and soldiers stood by and watched
Rapid industrialization changes Russia◦# of factories doubles from 1863 to 1900 Russia still lagged behind western Europe
◦1890s – Nicolas II launches industrialization plan Government increases taxes and seeks foreign investments
Boosted growth of industry, especially steel
1900 – Russia 4th ranking producer of steel
Russia Industrializes
Trans-Siberian Railway◦Begun in 1891◦Finished 1916◦Linked European Russia with Russian ports on Pacific Ocean
◦Worlds longest continuous rail line
Industrialization causes problems◦Grueling working conditions◦Low wages◦Child labor◦Gov’t outlaws trade unions◦Workers organized strikes Upset over low standard of living Lack of political power
The Revolutionary Movement Grows
Believed workers would overthrow the czar◦Workers would form “dictatorship of
proletariat” Workers would rule the country
1903 – two factions◦Mensheviks Moderate Wanted broad base of popular support
for revolution
Marxist Revolutionaries
Radicals◦Supported small # of revolutionaries
willing to sacrifice everything for change Led by Vladimir Lenin
◦Engaging personality and excellent organizer
◦Extremely ruthless◦Early 1900s fled to western Europe to
avoid arrest◦Waited until he could return and take
power
Bolsheviks
Vladimir Lenin
Russo-Japanese War◦February 1904 Japanese attack Russians in Manchuria
◦News of Russian losses sparks unrest at home
◦Results in revolt during war
Crises at Home and Abroad
January 22, 1905 200,000 workers and families approach the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg◦Brought petition with them Better working conditions More personal freedom Elected national legislature
Soldiers open fire on the crowd◦1,000 wounded◦Several hundred killed
Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905
Provoked wave of strikes and violence Oct 1905 Nicholas II promises more freedom
Approved creation of the Duma◦Russia’s first parliament◦Met in May 1906◦Leaders were moderates who wanted
constitutional monarchy◦Czar dissolved after 10 weeks
Reaction to Bloody Sunday
1914 – Nicholas II drags Russia into WWI◦Russia unprepared Weak generals Poorly equipped troops
◦4 million killed, wounded, or taken prisoner within a year
World War I: The Final Blow
1915◦Nicholas II moves headquarters to war
front Hoped to rally troops
◦Left wife, Czarina Alexandra, in charge of government Ignored czar’s advisers Turned to Rasputin
Began as healer to Czar’s son Alexei Became political figure
◦Alexandra’s most trusted confidant◦Opposed reforms◦Filled positions will loyal friends
Opposed by many nobles◦Murdered in 1916 Poisoned, shot 3 times, clubbed,
stabbed, drowned
Rasputin
Soldiers mutiny◦Desert or ignore orders
Home Front◦Food and supplies low◦Inflation◦People want change
Demand end to war
Effects of War
March 1917 – textile workers strike in Petrograd◦Riots ensue Shortage of bread and fuel
◦200,000 flood the streets Soldiers refuse to shoot rioters Eventually join them
March Revolution
Local protests lead to general uprising across Russia
Forced czar to step down◦1918 Nicholas II and family executed
Revolution takes down czar◦Fails to create stable government
Czar Steps Down
Duma established provisional government◦Led by Aleksandr Kerensky◦Continues WWI Loses support of soldiers and civilians
Russia gets worse◦Peasants demand land◦Workers grow radical
Soviets formed◦Local councils◦Workers, peasants, soldiers
Lots of influence
Lenin returns to Russia◦Germans support Lenin’s return Presence would hurt Russia and the war effort
April 1917 – arrives in Petrograd
He’s Back
Bolshevik Revolution◦Bolsheviks and Lenin take control of Petrograd
◦Fall 1917 People in many cities support Bolsheviks
“Peace, Land, and Bread”
Bolshevik Red Guards◦Nov 1917◦Armed factory workers storm Winter Palace in Petrograd
◦Take over gov’t offices and arrest leaders of gov’t Kerensky and colleagues disappear
Provisional Government Topples
Lenin orders all farmland distributed among the peasants◦Gave control of factories to the workers
Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk w/Germany◦March 1918◦Russia surrenders territory to Germany◦Triggers opposition to Bolsheviks
Bolsheviks in Power
Opposition forms White Army◦Different groups People who supported return to rule of czar
People who wanted democratic government
Socialists that opposed Lenin
Civil War Rages in Russia 1916-1918
◦United by desire to defeat Bolsheviks Barely cooperated
◦Supported by Western Nations Sent military aid and forces to Russia
Red Army led by Leon Trotsky
Deadly struggle◦14 million died Fighting and famine
Russia left in chaosRed Army crushed opposition
◦Bolsheviks could seize power and maintain it
How did Lenin win?◦Red Army was well disciplined Leon Trotsky reinstated draft and insisted on discipline
Soldiers who deserted were executed◦Disunity of White Army
Triumph of the Communists
◦The Cheka Secret police Began Red Terror Destroyed those that opposed Lenin
◦Patriotism Foreign presence led to unification
◦1921- Communists in total command of Russia
New Economic Policy – not state-controlled ◦Allowed peasants to sell surplus crops ◦Didn’t have to turn them over to gov’t◦Gov’t controlled major industries Banks Means of communication
1928 – Russia had recovered from WWI◦Farms and factories produced as much as before the war
Lenin restores Order
1922 – Lenin forms Union of Soviet Socialist Republics◦Bolsheviks saw nationalism as a threat
◦Lenin organized small self-governing republics
Political Reforms
Bolsheviks become Communist Party◦1924 create constitution Based on socialist and democratic ideas
◦Held all the Power◦Established Dictatorship of Communist Party
1922 – Lenin suffers strokeTrotsky vs Stalin (“Man of Steel”)◦Lenin saw Stalin as dangerous
1928 – Stalin gains control of Communists◦1929 – Trotsky exiled
Stalin becomes Dictator