Revolutionary Activities of Raja

Mahendra Pratap in Foreign & Hindu

Muslim Coordination

Chapter – III

RevolutionaryActivities of Raja Mahendra Pratap in Foreign

& Hindu Muslim Coordination Contents

1. Introduction

2. Neel revolts

3. Khasi and jayantia Struggle

4. Kooki Struggle

5. Namdhari of Punjab

6. Pabna Case

7. The group Farmer,s of Maharastra

8. Murder of Rend

9. Birsa of Bihar

10. Organization of Gurukuk Kangdi

11. Organization made Pramth Nath

11.1 Anusheelan Samiti whose main office in Dhaka

11.2 Bamsul committee

11.3 Manan singh Suhrud committee

11.4 Faridpur Brati Committee

11.5 Manun singh Sadhna Samaj

12. Role of Moulana Abul Kalam

13. Activities of Raja Mahendra Pratap in forien

14. References

Introduction:

The new generation of Indians is hardly in known of the role played by minorities

in our freedom struggle. They think only majority community fought for it. In case of

Muslims partition made them culprits for dividing the country Firstly all Muslims were

blamed for partition and secondly it was thought they played no role in the freedom of the

country. It is this view with which the whole new generation has grown. Even Maulana s

role has been obscured and our textbooks on history of our freedom struggle either totally

ignore him or mention him just casually.

The role played by Muslims in freedom struggle, as this is important for de-

communalizing with the role thinking of our people today. However, before we proceed

further I would like to point out that while it is important to discuss the religious identity

of people who fought for our freedom it is not our intention to communalize the role of

those individuals in history. Those Sikhs, Christians, Paris, Muslims and Hindus fought

for freedom as they loved their motherland and not simply because they belonged to this

or that community. Yet in the Indian subcontinent since nineteenth century religious

identity became main identity as the British rulers divided us on the basis of religions and

each individual despite his/her patriotism also considered himself/herself as belonging to

this or that community. It is for this reason we have to talk of role of minority

communities in freedom struggle.

Most of the rebellions were organized by Hindus but it is not true because after a

deep study of History it is clear that the Muslim revolutionary gave their active

contribution with Hindu revolutionary or Muslim Radicals were contributing actively

with Hindu radicals. It is another point that at the time of Bengal Partition and rebellion

movement the mixed conflict of Hindu-Muslim revolutionaries came to the front. This

Hindu-Muslim coordination is very clear from the time of Bengal revolutionaries ‘Gadar

party’ and ‘Reshmi Rumaal conspiracy’. (Qurashi M.Naeem (1996);1

Before a long discussion on Hindu-Muslim coordination it is necessary to

describe the rebel activities which took place after 1857, in the different parts of nation. It

is also necessary to give a separate description of the works of Saharanpur’s rebels

because the rebels of Saharanpur’s were related from the revolutionaries of Bengal and

later Bengal’s revolutionaries moved ahead with Muslim rebels with or due to the attempt

of Maulana Aazad.

After 1857 where one part was trying to rise or awake the national patriotism

through the religious and social improvement movement, another group was in the favor

of rebellion or armed revolution. There were many rebellions took place in the different

parts of nation against the Bruiser’s divide and Rule Policy, extending Policy, their

actions against the farming of Neel in Bengal and adoption of capitalism Policy by

finishing Indian Business. Among all these revolts some main are noticeable. (Chandra

Bipin et al (1998); 2

Neel Revolt:

In 1833 the Britain’s government finished the monopoly of East-India Company

over the land of India. Now British government gave the right to every British that he can

come and settle in India and become the owner of land and property. The Britisher’s

started setting in Indian and purchasing the land lordship. Among all these Bengal’s land

lordships were biggest. They called the farmers to write the agreement of Neel’s farming

on the Basis of this agreement they had the right to snatch the property or land of farmers

and to make them prisoners. Due to this reason, slowly and gradually the farmers became

aware or excited and the conflict between the farmers and the guards of zamidars and

police was started which took the shape of open revolt in 1859-60. . (Chandra Bipin et al

(1998);3 In the starting the farmers tried to get justice through the applications and

requests to British rulers then they boycott the farming of Neel and finally when British

landlord, police and Government officers, all together tried to farming Neel from them

forcefully, they lifted the weapons. Their revolt was finished only after the end of

farming Neel. Harishchandra Mukhoupdhyaya supported the rebel farmers through the

letter named ‘Hindu Patriot’. (Chandra Bipin et al (1998);4 Deenbandhu Mitra wrote the

play named Neel Darpann’. (Chandra Bipin et al (1998); 5 which became very popular

among the people, after the publication of the repot of the Neel commission.

Khasi and Jayantiya struggle;

In 1860 tax was lived on the people of Khasi and Jayantiya Hill. Being

dissatisfied with this tax the sitengo started revolt. The Britishers crushed it. The Britisher

increased the power of local chiefs and bound them accept their slavery and levied

income tax on tribal leaders. On 23 Feb., 1862 the people of Jayantiya Burnt the Jowai

Police Station. (Assam D J; 6) To suppress this revolt two Regiments of Sikhs and

Artillery were called. To suppress the revolt of these brave tribal’s, the British

Government had to work very hard. The tribal’s took the help of Guerrilla War. (Assam

D J; 7) and fighting continuously till Nov. 1863.

Kooki Struggle;

Kooki was mainly an aboriginal race of Hilly areas of Chatgoan,Manipur and

Tripura.(Pandey S. K. (2002) ;8) Many times there were conflict between the Britishers

and them. In reality the dishonest Banker Looted the Kookies by took the under

advantage of their illiteracy and simplicity. In 1860, under the guidance of Ratan Puinya

they revolted against the Bengali Moneylenders and killed one hundred eighty five

people approximately (Singh Kailash Chandra(1989);9) After defeated by the Britishers

Army Kuki went in to the forest. In 1862 the superintendent Graham of Hill Chatgoan

made a pact with Kukies head Mr. Ratan Puinya. According to this Pact the English

Government will give Four hundred rupees to Ratan Puinya, eight hundred rupees to

Howlango and eight hundred rupees to Saailo(Singh Kailash Chandra(1989)10. This pact

remained till 1867 and then kukies attacks were started. In sep. 1890 British commander

Captain Brown was coming from Sayung to Chang Sheel. Suddenly the Kukies attacked

and killed him. (Singh Kailash Chandra(1989)11) In this way or like this Kukies were

fought with Britishers for a long time.

When the British Government tried to take the opium’s forming of the tribal

farmers of Fullagudi situated in the Naugoan state of Assam, under their control, the

farmers of Fullagudi were become dissatisfied. Amid of these things, there spread a

rumor that the English Government is going to levied income tax and there will be tax on

beetle (pan) (Assm D. J 12).also. So Gram Panchayats meetings were taking place daily.

The Britishers tried to Suppressed these Gram panchayats but the farmers did not care for

it. When Assistant Commissioner came to Naugoan for inquiry, the farmers murdered

him. Under the command of Colonel Hopkinson there was an attack on Naugoan and the

revolt was suppressed with the cruelty.

Namdhari of Punjab;

In the later half nineteenth century in Punjab Balak Singh named a udari faquir

(Punjab D. J.13) tried to establish the pure political religion of Guru Govind Singh. In

1863 after his death, under the leadership of his disciple Ram Singh Kuka this movement

was considerably movement in Punjab’s mid and eastern Districts. This sector

community was known as kuka or Naamdhari Sikh community.

To prevent the Kukas, Britishers took various steps. Kuka’s first rebellion was in

Firozpur in 1869. . (Pandey S. K. (2002) 14) In 1872 one another rebellion took place that

was larger than the previous revolt. The kukas attacked on Malaudh and Kotla. The

Soldiers of Kotla Chased Kukos at the patiyala estate or Homestead where sixty eight

Kukas to Surrendered before the officers in Patiala.

The Britishers blew the forty nine Kukas from the captured Kukas by putting

them in fort of the cannels. The case was held in the court on the others and they were

also given the capital punishment by British Government. After this incident Ram Singh

Kuka was also arrested and he was interned in Rangoon and on the Basis of consent he

died there in 1885. (Punjab D. J.15)

Pabna Case;

Pabna District is now a days in Bangladesh. The main center of rebellion Kisan

singh was in state pabna’s subdivision Yusuf Jaahi in1873. (Chandra Bipin et al (1998);

16) It was the landlord ship of Nator’s state which was sold out due to the reminded

revenue. Due to remain in the contact of British dealers some families become rich and

they bought this land lordship.

These new land-owners increased the lagan recklessly. And beside the lagan

fifteen new taxes were levied. To cheat the farmers they started a low length due to this

form each farmer approximately one forth part of land was snatching. After being

terrified from the Britisher’s ‘Road Men’s’ law the land-owners started writing

agreements forcefully from the farmers. The unified farmers started revolt against it and

burnt the agreement which were lodge by them forcefully. Rebel King Ishaan Chandra

Rai becomes its leader. He was a small land-owner. There was so much terror of the

rebels that many land-owners left the village and ran away to Sirajganj. This revolt was

spread from Pabna Sadar to Boguda State.

To suppress the revolts the British Government sent Police and army. Ishaan

Chandra Rai was arrested with three hundred and two farmers after a legal case Ishaan

Chandra Rai was released but one forty seven farmers were punished for one month to

two years. The land-owners had to stop recovery and British Government was agreed

from the Peaceful collective resistance right of the farmers. For three and four years the

land-owners could not recover the lagan. The revolt was finished.

The group of the farmers of Maharashtra (1875):

In Maharashtra’s Pune and Pune and Ahmed Nagar districts the farmers revolted

against the usurer Banker, or land-owners and their protective British Government in

1875. These Bankers’ were used to destroy the Kunbiyos (Maratha farmers) with the help

of English Government. In 1875 the Kunbiyas repaid its some revenge. They Boycott the

Saahukars and if any Banker tried to resist, his property was burnt out and bound him to

ran away from there. In this front the main purpose of the farmers was to destroy those

papers which the papers of debt, Mortgage and land. By using these weapons the usurer

Mahajans snatched their land, property and homes. The farmers want to snatch their

weapons from them. In the same battle of the farmers of Maharashtra, there was a link

that is the rebellion of Vasudev Balvant Phadke which took the radical shape. He

organized the farmer,s and started to loot. (Chandra Bipin et al (1998); 17) Balvant

Phadke was a Maharashtrian Brahmin who worked in GIP Railway in Great medical

college and worked as a clerk in the financial development of Army. After seeing the

pathatic condition of the people of Maharashtra in 1871 he decided to take revenge from

British Government. (Joshi Vishnudhar (1998) 18)

After1857the condition of Maharashtra was very complicated the one hand there

was starvation and on the hand the usurer mahajans. A group of Brahmans of Pune

Started boycott the English things and adopting swadeshi things the opening of National

Schools was started.

On 23 Feb., 1879 the landowners of Dhamari village were attacked under the

command of Phadke and after that the bankers declared four thousand rupees as prize

money for the capture of Phadke but even after this they could not succeed. Slowly and

gradually the Britishers started dominating and Phadke’s companions were killed one by

one. On 22 July in 1879 he was arrested and after living in the prison of Adan Phadke

was died in 1883. (Joshi Vishnudhar (1998)19)

In Rampa Madras Presidency there was eight hundred square Mile mountainous

zone in Godavari District. There also revolt took place due to the forcefully recovery of

more revenue. The British Government Banned the removal of Toddy by passed a new

excise law and the Toddy contract due to this the people become dissatisfied and they

stared killing the soldiers of police and contractors. The leaders of this revolt were

chandraiya, sander Jangam Pulikant Sambaiya, Tammaan Dora and Boduluru’s Ambul

Reddy. In Nov. 1879(Pandey S. K. (2002) 20) Ambul Reddy was caught and in Feb.

1880 Chandraiya was killed. In oct 1880 Tamman Dora attacked but till the Nov the

revolt was subsided.

Shambhu dhan was used to live in kachhad district that used to claim that he had

some supernatural power in himself. He used to cure various kinds of diseases. He made

his camp in maibaang and his followers started recovering tax from the neighborhood

villages. Shambhu dhan with his twenty followers attacked on North Kachhad’s Sadar

office Gunjong and burnt it. The Britisher attached on him and killed eight-nine

Kachchadiyas. Shambhudhan hid here and there for some days later the police come to

know about his hidden place where he was hiding. After surrounded from all the sides he

tried to escape by running but due to the bullet injury in his leg he could not run and due

to over bleeding he died.(Assam D.J Kochad; 21)

Tikendra jeet Singh or Karang was the son of Maharaja Chandrakiriti of manipur.

The Britisher took the advantage of disunity of Royal family and they tried to seize the

Manipur. When Tikendra jeet Singh revolted against it, Britisher tried to arrest him then

the people of Manipur Become the connetion of telegram When the Englishmen put the

proposal of pct, Tikendra jeet Singh said that Pact can be possible only in one way or

only when, than the Britishers will surrender. The Britishers collected Army from various

places and planned to attack on Manipur. On 27 April. 1891 They seized Imphal. In the

end due unhealthy condition Tikendra jeet Singh surrendered himself and on 21

Aug.1891 Tikendra jeet Singh was hanged to till death in Imphal’s pole field.

Kamroop rebellion;

In 1893 revenue was increased in Kamroop District. The farmers denied giving

the increased revenue.(Assam D. J.; 22) On 24 Dec. 1892 two hundred people attacked

on Rangiya and looted it. The police could not arrest them. After coming the Deputy

Commissioner arrested the leaders. When the people demanded to release them, the

crowd was scattered by police.

In 1894 the farmers attached again the Britishers arrested many farmers but due to

the crowd of farmers they released the arrested farmers. After coming the Deputy

Commissioner arrested fifty nine farmers approximately and with the help of Army and

armed police he becomes successful in suppressing the rebellion.

Paathughat is a Tahsil in DarangDistict of sam. Here the mostly people were

muslims. Due to the revenuenceasingin Asam valley the farmers of Paathrughat Tahsil

Choose the way of lagan bandi.(Assam D. J.; Dareng; 23) The Britisher adopts the path

of repression. When the farmers put their demands in front of Deputy Commissioner, he

ignored their demand and kicked out them from the Bunglow.

After half an hour the farmers came back laced with the stones and sticks and did

not care for the bullets of police and stayed there. In this Skirmish fifteen people were

killed and thirty seven were injured. .(Assam D. J.; Dareng; 24)

Murder of rend;

In Pune chapeker Brothers Damoder Chapheker and his brother BalKrishna

Chapeker were helding a club of rebellion young men Lokmanya Tilak was the inspirer

of this club. At that time plague preventive drugs the policemen were insulting the

women, depossessed the people and hurting their houses. Chapeker Brothers made

planning to take the revenge of this act from the policemen. Then Tilak advised them to

finish the bone of contention the plague commissioner Walter Charlex Rend.

On 22June in 1897 Queen Victoria’s diamond Jubilee was celebrating. (Tilak

(1966); 25) The chief gust of the function was rending. Damoder Chapeker with his

brother Balkrishna Chapeker and one other fellow hide in the bushes near the

Government house. Seeing the horse cart of Rend he shot him quickly in a stunned way. (

Tilak (1966);26)

At the same time one another horse cart passed from there in which Lieutenant

Aryest was riding with his wife, at the same moment Balkrishna Chapeker Shot him in a

stunned way. Rend was seriously injured while arrest was dead. The wounded Rend

Suffered in the hospital and died. Even after the blockade police could not catch the

people who were responsible for it. Tilak was caught; by merging Chapekers fellow

Neelkanth Dravid with them, police arrested Damoder Chapeker. After some days

Balkrishna Chapeker was also captured.

Birsa of Bihar;

On 18 April 1899 Damoder was hanged to till death. In reality Birsa revolt was

the Munda revolt or rebellion. The purpose of this rebellion was to kick out those land-

oweners who seized the lands of Mundas and reestablish the right or command of

Mundas on their land. Their political purpose was to end the British rule and their

religious purpose was to revolt against the Christian religion. This revolt was started from

Raanchi and Spread all over in Singh bhoom.(Bihar D.J. (1958) ;27) This rebellion was

commanded by Birsa Munda who wanted to finish the British rule and settled Gundaraj

on its palace. The Britisher took action against him and on 3rd Feb.1990 Birsa was

arrested and kept in the jail of Ranchi, he died here on 9th June 1900 due to Cholera.

(Pandey S. K. (2002) 28)

When the rebel attempts were going on in the different parts of Nation to kick out

the Britisher from India, at the same time the migrant Indian’s were also not behind. They

were ready to serve their nation even after the living in the foreign countries. Among

these, Shyam ji Krishna Verma,s name is remarkable. In 1897 after the murder of Rend

by Chapeker Brother’s when the case was going on Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Nata

brother’s besides the chapeker brother’s, Shyam ji Krishna Verma went to England. In

1904 he declared to give six fellowships each of two thousand rupees. In Jan.1905 he

published a magazine named Indian sociologist and on 18 Feb. 1905 he established or

founded Indian home rule league with twenty Indian people. In May 1905 he opened a

hostel named India-house. Very soon this India house (Chaturvedi Jagdish (1985);29)

became the base for the revolutionaries.

Among these three main names were Lala Hardyal, Madan Lal Dhingra and

Vinayak Damoder Saverker. Lala hardyal came to England on the scholarship of two

hundred pounds of Punjab Government to get education, here he came into the contact of

Shyam Ji Krishna Verma and took the fellowship of Shyam Ji KrishnaVerma .vinayak

Damoder Saverker came to landon, after getting the degree of graduate, from Mumbai

university, on the fallowship of Shyam ji Krishna Verma. Saverker had already

revolutionary ideas. In 1901 he established his own organization Mitra Mela and at the

time of Bang-Bang movement he changed its name into Abhinav Bharat. In this work his

elder brother Gawesh Saverker was supporting him. Madan lal Dhingda was studying the

engineering. He started living in India house and he becomes attracted towards these

rebels. Being impressed by these rebellions he murdered the contemporary Indian

Secretary’s ADC colonel sir William Curzon Vayli. (Chaturvedi Jagdish (1985); 30)

Till the 1907 the Britishers become so much angry with SJKV’s activities that he

was bound to go to Paris. There he met with Madam Kama who was an Indian-Persian

Woman. For the very first time they hoisted the Indian flag in Germanys Stuttgart city.

When Shyam ji Krishna Verma was in Paris, at that time saverker was captured in

England and Britishers made an arrangement to send him India. Saverker became

succeed in running from Marshal Port but he was caught or captured.

There Madam Kama was sending Pistols and Bombs to the rebels through the

Parcels on the name of the Christmas’s Gift’s. She brought two letter’s named vande

Matram and Talwar with lala Hardyal in Paris. (Chaturvedi Jagdish (1985);31) But after

being left out of the Paris lala Hardyal Founded Gadar Party in senfransisco of America

in 1913, which played an active role in Militant activities. (Chaturvedi Jagdish (1985);

32)

In 1857 after the Failure of independence movement the religious and social

improvement movements were increased rapidly. The spirit of nationalism was originated

in the district through these movements but side by side some Powers were also

originated behind these movements who kept believe in violent movement. These people

used to talk about the independence of nation and renaissance of ancient Indian culture.

The British Government looked at these persons with the suspicious and seemed them

revolutionaries. At that time an organization of saints was working.

In the border regions of district a saint Ramdas was trying to unite the rebels. Sikh

saint Ram Singh Kuka was also encouraged for freedom by him and Ram Singh range the

bugle of rebellion. The 1871-72’s Punjab revolt is known as Kuka Revolt. (Sharma K. K.

(1996); 33) In Saharanpur this tradition of Ramdas was kept alive by Mehant Ram ji Das.

He was contributing to the revolutionaries for freedom. In Old Mandi the present manas

niketan was the centre of Mehantji. Prior to first decade of the Twentieth Century there is

no description of the works of the revolutionaries of Saharanpur.

Their activities were started the work of awaking the rebel emotions and political

awareness among the Hindu young man. At the same time Mahatma MunshiRam was

also working on political awareness in the whole Northern India. Being impressed with

his services Munshi Aman Singh gave his village Kangdi which was situated in Hardwar

to Mahatma Munshi Ram who wanted to establish a Gurukul. Consequently In 1902

Mahatma Munshi Ram Started Gurukul Kangdi by bringing Gunjrawalas’s Gurukul to

Kangdi. In the present country Gurukul Kangdi was the first centre which was always

free from Government control to provide the true national education. (Ray Lala Lajpat

(1967); 34)

In starting such basic theories were accepted by the Gurukul which were full of

the spirit of nationalism. The two main purpose of their planning were the high ability in

Vedic or Ancient culture and the making of good character on the basses of Vedas. . (Ray

Lala Lajpat (1967); 35)

Organization of Gurukul Kangadi;

This organization made not only the good characterizes diligent and devoted

intelligent persons but also made the hard worker and combative freedom fighters. The

British Government seemed them (Mahatma Munshiram and Pandit Ram Dutt) congress

due to their rebel speeches from the time of the establishment of this organization.

(Sharma K. K. (1996; 36); through this Gurukul Araya Samaj presented the plan of

national education policy. And originate to such as educational theory in the dependent

nation which was know in itself. The agents of the USA and England come to study this

theory and on the basis of this theory other national educational institutions were

constructed at the time of Swadeshi movement. I reality Ravindera Nath Tagore’s vishva

Bharti and Varanasi’s Kashi vidyapeeth etc. were mainly established on the ideals of

Gurukul. (Bhartiya Bhawani Lal, (1990); 37)

When the all India become excited due to Bang- Bhang at this time sardar Ajeet Singh

founded Bharat Mata Society in Punjab, its one branch was formatted in Saharanpur by

Jitendra Madan Chariterji. Dwarikanath and Haridwari Singh was his main contributor.

Chaiterji and his both fellows took an oath on the Banks of Dhamola River to devote their

life for revolution and from that time they were engaged in Militant activities. Jatindra

Mohan Chaiterji wrote that lokmanya Tilak and shri Arvind Kumar become rebel after a

deep study of human problems. Though there was an important rote of God in this

decision but the God or time gave us this energy. (Prabhaker Kanhaialal (1972); 38)

Sharanpur was the last district of Uttar Pradesh which merged with the Border of Punjab.

Consequently Saharanpur becomes the center of the activities of Bengali and Punjabi

revolutionaries.

In 1907 after the Surat Conference congress was divided into two Parts Naram

and Garam and now British Government started more concentrates on the Militant

Activities. Due to this Lala Hardiyal, sardar Ajeet Singh and Sufi Amba Parsad were

bounded to leave the country. (Sanyal Sachindra Nath (1994); 39) At that time they made

their liable to Jatindra Mohan Chaiterji. Chaterji also accepted it Cheerfully and took a

get up of a Saint and Became Neelamber Baba.as far as it was possible he did his work

and in the before captured by police he assigned his work to Rash Behari Bose and went

to Landon to study of law . (Sanyal Sachindra Nath (1994); 40)

After coming back from the England he was working to provide weapons and

Bombs in rebellion organization. Once Rash Bihari Bose and Shachindra Nath Sanyal

came to Lakser station to get the weapons. In the condition of hidden jaichandra worked

for long time at Baba Kali Kamli bale and inspected the works of party. (Sanyal

Sachindra Nath (1994); 41)When the revolutionary activities were on the peak in

Saharanpur district, at the sometime Saharanpur’s Ambenta’s omprakash was writing

rebel literature in his student life in Lahore whose songs were sung by the Famous Indian

revolutionaries but Omprakash’s name was always become unnoticeable.

There is no certain information about the date of Birth of Om Prakash but on the

basis of available proofs it seems that he was born in 1884-85. His father Pt. Mangalsen

was an Elite person of Ambentha. After completing his primary education in Ambenta he

went to Lahore to read or study F.A. where he took admission in D.A.V. College. There

he started writing diary in which the first date is 23rd may 1905. ( Sanyal Sachindra Nath

(1994);42) By the style of diary it is clear that he become a confident and revolutionary

person in his student life. Revolution came to his pen. Through his poem he aroused the

feeling of revolution in his neighborhood and burnt a fire among the people of country to

sacrifice their lives for the freedom of nation.

Then –“Sarfaroshi Ki Tammana ab Hamare Dil main Hai.

Dekhna hai Zor Kitna Baaju-E-Katil main Hai.”

And

“Shaheedo ki chitao Par langenge Har baras Mele.” (Sharma K. K. (1996; 43) ;

This time a group of the young men who used to prepare Bombs, was in its form.

The workers of this group were spread in the all sides provincial States. In Hardwar also

they had their camp. From that camp the instructions of these young men’s and other

literature were sending to efforts were fabulous though all the young men of gurukul

were not included in that group but still all the books and grants of preparing Bombs were

reached to five or four students.(Gokhle P.P. (1968);44)

The police came to know about it. Gurukul’s students got the information that

police can raid at any day. The way, in which the police’s detectives work secretly among

them, in the same way their well-wishers were also in police office. So what will be

going to happen in upcoming four or five days, the information already reached there in

Gurukul and the Brahamchari cleaned their rooms. Pt. Satvaleker who was a teacher there

at that time, writes “I was also one from the suspected teachers. I remembered very well

that one night we digged all the granths of preparing Bombs in land and cleaned all the

rooms.” (Gokhle P.P. (1968); 45)

In 1908 when Damoder Satvaleker reached again in Gurukul after spending some

time outside from the Gurukul, that time Police was searching him due to his speeches

against the Government. In Gurukul Swami Shradhanand and other people become very

happy after meeting with him but the postmen who delivered the letters was a

Government detective. He gave the information of the coming of Satveleker to

Magistrate. Three hundred Solders, ten Hours riders and fifty armed policemen were

come with the warrant which was canceled by him and the Gurukul was surrounded from

all the sides. Soldiers were standing from the station Road to till the station. At 1’O’clock

in after-noon after the blockade of Gurukul and asked to the Gurukul’s authority that give

panditji to them. It happened so quickly that everyone was surprised that only after the

forty-eight hours of satveleker’s reaching all this happened. .” (Gokhle P.P. (1968); 46)

The all students of Gurukul were the young men of rebel and nationalism ideas.

They said that we would not give Pandit ji. All these things were going on the ground

floor and Satveleker was taking rest on the second floor. When he saw the police and

horse riders, he asked and came to know that they had come here in search of him. He

himself said to the Brahamchaariers of Gurukul that I am going to surrender myself to

police; none from you people will stop the police. They all agreed on Satveleker’s point

and he was arrested by the police. The Soldiers brought him to magistrate’s office by

Chain in his hands and tying his arms from the Cord. He was blamed for two things first

were to commit a murder and second was to revolt against Government. So after kept him

in the lock up of police station he was sent to the central jail of Bijnor on the next day.

(Vidyalankar Satvaleker (1933); 47) In those days famous rebellion Shri Panurang

Sadashiv Knankhoje founded Gupt Baandhav Samaj which was formulated by Principal

Puran Singh from Lahore but their main office was in Gurukul kangdi. He also took

shelter in Gurukul kangdi like Shri Satveleker. Lala Hardyal was also lived in the

Gurukul Kangdi for many weeks.

Where on the one hand in Saharanpur the Revolutionary ideas were initiated

among the young men by making them aware through the educational from, at the same

time on the other hand in Bengal where for the very first time in country the

revolutionaries made their roots strong, the first well organized group originate in Thakur

Bhawan or house of Kolkata in 1901. Its president was Barrister Pramath Nath Mitra.

Arvind Ghosh and Deshbandhu Chitranjan Das was its vice-president. In 1902 on the day

of Basant Purnima this secret committee was called as Anusheelan Committee.

(Chakravarty Tarini Sankar (1992); 48)

Organization of Pramath Nath;

After the organization of this committee Barrister pramath Nath Mitra planned to

give a creative shape to the revolutionary working method though this organization in

Bengal for the first time, this committee was called Anusheelan committee after the

writing of Bankim Chandra’s Essay named Anusheelan. The meaning of anusheelan

word is practice. So the ideal of this committee was that take the things which are good

due to practice and exam.

The other members of this committee were Nalni Mitra the teacher, Tarini

Shankaer Chakravarti, varindera Ghosh, Ravindra basu, avinash Bhattacharya, Sakharam

Ganesh Deusker and the astrologer Chandra Samajpati. The leaders of Anushreelan

committee were made the imagination of such an ideal society in which the humanity will

completely developed. The complete human is made up of the human body and human

heart. The complete development of the physical and mental activities of human beings is

called humanity and it can be possible only through the Anusheelan. .(Chakravarty Tarini

Sankar (1992);49)

The selection of the members of committee was done through the different

sources or means just like the advertisement, letters, speeches, personal relation and

education. Mainly they (the members) were admitted from the school and colleges. On

the basis of age and ability these members were divided as follows:-

First Group -------- teenage boys

Second Group -------- marriageable Youngman

Third Group -------- married Youngman

Fourth Group -------- Adult and married person

On the basis of need and working ability these four groups were divided into four more

parts:-

First Group -------- boy’s student

Second Group -------- the daring young men who can do any work

Without caring for death.

Third Group -------- who will help only financially?

Fourth Group -------- who used to kept internal sympathy. (Chakravarty Tarini

Sankar (1992); 50)

Each member was given this instruction that he used to seem this committee as a

war organization. Avoiding this instruction was like committing a crime and there was

punishment also for it. There were many reasons for the development of the revolutionary

movement in Indian politics.

Due to the bad administration of administrators and famine the common people who

suffered from the starvation and the feeling of hatred for the foreign rule in the minds of

people after the rise of religious and National awareness .In congress also a New group

was presenting views. It was the stream of rebel ideas. Shyam Sunder Chakravarti, Vipin

Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab, these people had an idea that no real

achievement is possible with demands and prayers.

There is a need of self dependency, unity, sacrifice and great struggle for this

achievement. In these conditions new aims, new purposes and new activities were

aroused in the National awareness and ambiousness.(Kashyap Subhash (1990);51) After

1905 many news papers stated supporting the rebel terrorism openly and some leaders

were also started supporting these movements in an unclear and indirect from. In 1904 in

21st conference of congress Gopal Krishna Goknle who was the President said “that he

always ignored the Indian population, a ignores as insults the deep feelings of people and

concerns about the benefits of the rule on the place of the benefits of colonized. So it is a

mockery for asking to justice in front of him. In India where the people were made

weaponless by government, where the rebels could not arrange the weapons openly, now

these works were maintained by the secret committees. Though these ideas were also

adopted personally and by the small groups before 1905. (Tara chand (1997); 52)

Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Bhupendra Nath Dutt and Brahma Baudhav Upadhyaya were the

Pioneer persons of revolutionaries Movements. Now the aim of Indian National

Movement was turned into a different direction. The hatred for British rule and wish to

become free was original by the patriotism, courage and daring deeds of the young men’s

group.

But the main question was that which way should be adopted to use force? For

this there was a need to prepare country wide cooperation which was a difficult and time

being task. It was also not easy to make the army ready revolt against the British

Government. The young rebels take these things as a long processed purpose and adopted

the ways of the struggle of contemporary Ireland’s Nationalists and Russian’s destructors

and populists. A plan was made to kill the infamous British officers. These

revolutionaries believed that by these murders the British rulers will be afraid and Indian

crowd will be inspired to struggle and the fear of the rulers will be finished from their

hearts.

For this struggle, the dedicated persons were needed so they appealed to young

men and very soon all young men attended this revolt. It became an ideal to New blood

(young men) to give their blood for the freedom.(Chandra Bipin et al (1998);53) In this

way an age of rebel movements was started and slowly and gradually many secret groups

of revolutionaries were made in country in which two most Important and long-lasting

groups were “Anusheelan Committee” and “yoganter”. Their activities were mainly of

two types these were the murdering of cruel officers, detectives and non patriots and

collecting money for purchasing weapons by decoiting.

On 24 March 1903 Anusheelan Samiti originated. In Starting its name was

“Bharat Anusheelan Committee”. Very soon on the request of the founders of club

Barrister P. Mitra took its command and called it ‘Anusheelan Committee’ after

shortened its name. .( Singh Ayodya (1993);54) Shri Arvind Ghosh who was in Mean

while College, Was entered in the rebel group of Maharashtra’s Thakur Sahab. In 1902

he sends Jatindra Nath Bandopadhyaya to Bengal to start the rebel organization. Took

him also with himself and made a rebel organization of whole Bengal. Its president was

P. Mitra himself, vice-president was Chitranjan Das and Arvind Ghosh and incharge of

Finance was Surendra Nath Thakur, Sister Nivedita was also the member of this

organization. There were the five members of first working committee.( Singh Ayodya

(1993);55) The clubs which were opened by ‘Anusheelan Samiti’, in those clubs for the

persons who gave training there Varindra Ghosh, Avinash Bhattacharya, Pt. Sukharam

Deusker, Ravindra Nath Thakur, Vipin Chandra Pal, Guru Das Bainerji etc. were used to

go to deliver speeches in ‘Anusheelan Samiti’. .( Singh Ayodya (1993);56) Anusheelan

Committee used to do some work openly and some secretly.

It gave training of different types of exercises, horse riding, swimming to young

men and how to use the stick, sword and katar etc. by opening its branch at various

places. By these works the young people were attracted. From these young men some

young men were selected for the secret radical works. Anusheelan samiti was for social

welfare and teachings of exercise from surface but its purpose was destroyed the

government rule by decoiting and murdering.

In Eastern Bengal and Assam five main committees were there but in the towns of

provincial state and in villages their many branches were established. These five

committee were

1. Anusheelan committee whose main office was in Dhaka.

2. Barisal’s (Bakar Ganj) ‘Swadesh Dandhav Samiti or committee.

3. Manan Singh’s ‘Suhrud committee’

4. Faridpur’s ‘Brati committee or samiti’ and

5. Manan Singh’s ‘Sadhna Samaj’.

Among these Anusheelan Samiti was more active.

Role of Moulana Abul Kalam;

The whole country was against the partition of Bengal in that condition the

situation of Revolutionary movement was rapidly expanded. At the same time event gave

an unusual twist of Maulana Abul Kalam’s life the Bengal partition of 1905 hurted his

heart and he took a desscion to be active himself in politics.

Maulana told himself “that this was the time my politics views began to changed

Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India at that time. Political dissatisfaction was increasing

so much due to the imperialistic and administrative activities of viceroy Bengal was very

unsatisfied from this. Because Lord Curzon’s main focus was on this state. Bengal was

the highest in the country due to the politics view and the Bengal Hindus contributed the

most in the political awakening in the country.

`Maulana was impressed by the Bengal’s partition because after returning from

Mecca his father started to live in Kolkata and there is culture was closely watched by

Maulana. Bengal was work field of Maulana. He could not see the disunity of state.

(Khan Rasiduddin (1967); 57) Thus he played against decision leaders of the movement

Aurbindo Ghosh and Shyam Sunder Chakerawarti got in touch with the movement on

this Hindu’s revolutionaries of Bengal were surprised because the aim of the Bengal

partition was to give the satisfaction of Muslims that Maulana Azad had cleared the only

a few Muslims loyalty should not be connected with all the Muslims but he gave the

chance to join all the Muslims. He expressed of this also if they are seen with about the

Muslim were changed. The results of independence were depending upon Joint

cooperation of Hindu and Muslim. (Khan Rasiduddin (1967); 58)

In this way Bengal partition was a foolish imperialistic decision made by

imperialistic Lord Cuzoan through this Bengal’s national awareness was hitted and it was

inspired from a imperialistic policy to divide Hindu Muslim partition. (Maulana Abul

Kalam (1963); 59)

Maulana told in this relation, “In 1905 Lord Curzon decided to the partition of

Bengal with the determination that after doing this Hindu will become weak and Hindu

and Muslim of Bengal will be parted forever. Here can see the fact clearly that Maulana

Azad was able to see the real fact of imperialistic conspiracy. This determination presents

Maulana Kalam Azad’s political knowledge to us the angerness of Indian’s was emerged

in the danger from against the Bengal Partition, which was giving the directly challenge

to the imperialistic power Bengal did not bow his head and did not accept the task of

Lord Curzon. (Maulana Abul Kalam (1963); 60)

Politics and revolutionary enthusiasm was the spirit of patriotism was hunted and

the young Maulana Azad was also attracted towards the contemporary Militants activities

like other young men. This time Maulana Azad opinion started to change rapidly. In his

autobiography he told, “I also came in the contact of Shyam Sunder Chakerwarti and he

introduced me from the other revolutionaries’. I also met with Shree Aurbindo Ghosh two

or three times. Maulana Azad attempt that Hindu revolutionary parties should be cleared

that the Aligarh Muslim officers of the royalist camp depending on which opinion has

been created for Muslim loyal extension which is not justified. If we accept all the

Muslim and their national movement revolutionary then we stuck in the imperialistic

diplomacy. Maulana Azad’s opinion was ‘Muslims of India will include in the struggle of

politics if we work between them and accept them as a companion. The struggle of

independence would be typical if the Muslim be opposed. (Maulana Abul Kalam (1963);

61)

Maulana Azad had settled in Kolkata he also hurted personally from the partition

of Bengal as the another Bengalis Because Azad was in young and he naturally felt that

British Empire can thrown out by the revolutionaries activities. Maulana Azad had

though completely this fact that the end of the British rule after the joint efforts of Hindu,

Muslims will be able to succeed British rule was trying to stand against National

movement that is also the intent behind the partition of Bengal. However Hindu

revolutionary group also started to believe that Muslim are the barriers in the way of

Indian Independence movement while it was not completely appropriate so, he felt that it

is necessary to them, they should join the Hindu Muslims which was against of the

British rule before the time of establishment and encouraged him to participate in the

National movement. He started his political life as a revolutionary.

Maulana Abul Kalam did not come directly in politics now but after the partition

he become active in politics, “That was the time when I came in the contact of Shyam

Sunder Chakerwatti who was tone of the revolutionary workers. Through him he met

with another revolutionary. I remember that I had result was that I attract for the

revolutionary politics and joined one of the group of them. Maulana Azad was able to see

the limitations of those revolutionaries Maulana Abul Kalam Azad draws our attention on

the revolutionaries’ activities “In those days mainly Hindu of Middle class people admit

in the revolutionary party (Maulana Abul Kalam (1963); 62)

That was the reality of that time that British government, East Bengal had become

a separate provinces and his lieutenants governor Baamfield Fuller Publicly said,

government had considered that Muslim community as his dear wife. Revolutionaries

used to think Muslim are violator for the receiving first as remove the problems also

except this one more thing that government felt that in the Bengal’s Hindu’s political

awareness was so strong that.

I made him understand that which advice he confirmed about some Muslims

officers of Bengal that advice is not appropriate for all the Muslims. Muslims are

involved in revolutionary activities to gain the independent and democracy in Egypt, Iran

and Turkistan Muslims of Indian will also add in the polities struggle. If we work in

between them and try to get them as a friend.

Firstly I could not made believe to my revolutionary friend that I try to made sight

solution but after some passing the time people has started to accept his views in this time

period. I have started to do work in between Muslims and it got that there was one of the

youngster group which is ready to work in politics works……. Firstly when I entered in

the group of revolutionary then I saw that their activities were limited till the Bihar and

Bengal. I prayed to my friend that we should expend the activities of the parts of India.

(Maulana Abul Kalam (1963); 63)

Maulana Azad did not agree with this statement of the Bengal revolutionary,

‘Bengal and Bihar should not be expended from the view point of the safety of Bengal’s

revolutionary. After the solution of their dost, Maulana was successful to made them

understand that the publicity of those secret group was appropriate in the parts of country,

firstly he showed his unwillingness on the proposed of expansion of another parts of

India and said that their activities are like that those should be kept secretly. He told that

this is dangerous to expansion of relation if branches open in the other provinces so due

to this activities. Which is necessary for its successfully work even I made them agreed

with my revolutionary group between in the two months and made many underground

institutions in Mumbai and other Northern zone in India. (Maulana Abul Kalam (1963);

64)

We reach on the following conclusion from the study of the 1st stage from the

revolutionary life of Maulana Abul Kalam.

1. During the Bengal partition in 1905 Maulana Abul Kalam was attracted on the

revolutionary politics then he came in the contact of Shyam Sunder Chakerwarti and

Aurbindo Ghosh.

2. Maulana had feeled clearly the weakness of revolutionary politics that this

movement is limited mainly on the Hindu medium class. Some Muslims are different due

to the British government and Sir Sayyed Ahmed’s policy. That revolutionary did not

want to add this.

3. Maulana did not agree from the traditions of revolutionary but he made them

understand that this plan is not appropriate that all the Muslims are enemy of him.

4. Maulana used to think that was going on between the British and Muslims outside

from India. After getting the democracy and independency Muslim involves in the

revolutionaries activities. Muslim of Indian will also add in the political struggle if we

work with them and try to get them as a friend. I suggest them also that the political

freedom struggle would be typical. If the Muslim opposed revolutionaries were active in

the foreign countries outside of India. The patriotic Indian revolutionaries were identify

the importance of revolutionary activities in foreign to contact with other revolutionaries

and to gain aid to foreigners to propaganda of India independence very early stage.

Finally by the rise of their movement in India they also made the London and Paris center

of their works firstly the shyam ji Krishna verma’s name came to the front in the

revolutionary activities in foreign countries. (Singh Ayodya (1993); 65)

Shyam ji Krishna Verma established ‘India Home rule society in Jan 1905, London on 9th

May 1905 the first anniversary of 1857 independence movement was celebrated from the

side of India Home rule Society. . (Singh Ayodya (1993); 66)

The western Bank of Canada and USA become a main work station for Indian

revolutionaries till 1907.In1907 Ram Nath Puri, who living a expelled life at western

bank, distribute “circular of Aazadi” in which Swadeshi movement was supported Tarak

Nath Das Started “free Hindustan” from Bikaner. (Chandra Bipin et al (1998); 67)

Madam Bhikhaji Rustam J.R. Kama’ the mother of Indian revolutionary’ leaved India in

1902 and started to publicity against British Empire in India after mooching around in the

Europe and America. He and Sardar Singh Rana were lived in Paris and they represented

of India in stulgart international socialist congress in 1907.

Madam Kama presents a proposal against British rules in India and gave a great

speech (Mazoomdar R.C.(1996);68) but the work established to contact with western

Asia, Arab countries and Turkish revolutionary movement by Maulana Azad after the

death of his father in 1908 he travelled of the Islam country. He went in Syria, Egypt and

Turkey. He impressed by the new atmosphere of thoughts and revolutionary movements.

In Persia he met from the revolutionaries of Iran, who were struggling with constitutional

rules. He made contact with favorers’ of Afghani Shekh Mohammad Abdul, Syed Pasha

and Mustafa Kamal Pasha. He met with Turkish Young men in Kustuntunia.

(Constantinople). (Tarachand (1997); 69) Maulana Azad tried to meet with the

revolutionaries of Arabs, Iran, Egypt and Turkish and also tried to organize the India

revolutionary movement on International level. Maulana also tried to make a

international permission against British imperialism. (Maulana Abul Kalam (1963); 70)

After the starting of 1907 Ajit Singh was not anywhere firstly on the coming of his

magazine ‘Bharat Mata’ this come out that it was a monthly magazine which is now

changed in the weekly newspaper and it was started only for preaching the Rebel ideas.

In its first publication, January month’s name was pressed but it was published in the

month of March which is unknown that who made its fund to establish press and giving

salary to the staff. Arya Samaj gave money for this and the print out come out on the

other of Lala Lajpat Rai. This was such a newspaper which was not famous “these people

stayed here for two months. They work for society and reality. These were nothing like

Bharat Mata press. The paper was pressed in India.

There was someone great behind these movements who were guiding these

things, normally it was believed that Lala Lajpat Ray is its loot, he run this. He was the

real mind of this movement. He was joined from Inqualabi School and his idea was that

Inqualab is only a medium through which freedom can be achieved. He was not satisfied

with the policy of congress and used to say that it cannot get anything by begging,

balance your power and snashed the thing which you want. He thinks that British

government is responsible for the economic ruined of country.

On 29th March in 1907 in Amritsar Ajit Singh told in detail how the Britisher’s

are insulting the Indians he forced the Indian that they boycott the foreign’s good and

increase the national industry because India cannot go ahead in foreign slavery a meeting

was arranged on 1st April in Shan Aalmi Market. In Bharat Mata’s meeting Ajit Singh

forced the crowed to take their business and its arrangement in their hands and kit out the

foreigners; we should not contribute the government.

These meeting were going on continuously Punjab case which becomes the center

of concern especially in India, still it was hanging in the high court. To think over in this

case a rally was held in Lahore on 14th April. The government was abused a magistrate

was targeted of charges. Ajit Singh was also present in this meeting and approximately

three thousand people were present there on 10th April order was annoured from the main

court in which the decision was retained on this the uproars take place everywhere in

which Ajit Singh and his brother Kishan Singh and his Sindren Singh Participated

mainly.

Ajit Singh’s love for people was increased governor of Punjab requested to the

central government. He should order to Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh Capture and send

them of country. There was no strong evidence according to Law. So lieutenant governor

requested that arrest warrant should be issued immediately against them according to the

section of 111/18181 .They were jailed Mandley.

Ajit Singh was arrested in 3rd June, he was moved from Diamond Harbor and

from there, and he was captive in porter Defeant. After 6 months he was released after

this he was doing his work with the other revolutionaries especially some pamphlet as

like Kawar Singh and memorium was distributed to the people of Punjab of the

revolutionaries’ literatures. Ajit Singh had contact with Bengal revolutionaries after the

dissacord in congress in Surat a conversation was organized in the leadership of Amrita

Bazaar Magazine. Chatterji and Ajit Singh attended it as the delegate of Punjab.

The three main important agencies were noticed in Lahore which were working of

preached by rebel literature, means one was the Bharat Mata agency whose manager was

declared Ajit Singh’s brother Swarn Singh, but in public its manager were Amba Prasad

& Ajit Singh Secondly Ishwar Prasad is book stall and thirdly Lal Chand Falak,s vande

Mataram book agency Chand’s Pamphlet which were like rebels.

The contribution of Ajit Singh and Amba Singh were arresting and distreets

rapidly. So that the main power of these revolt parties will be weakened at a highest level.

These were no lack of people for recruitment but they did not find worker properly. Ajit

singh and Amba Prasad were sent to call J.M. Chatterjee. He took a decision for future

that a network should expand in whole north India so that the workers can get the supply

without any interruption.

Ajit Singh and Sufi Amba Prasad both become ready to go Parsia from India

companion Jiya Ull Haq was met with police. Finally Jiya-ull-Huq also trapped in net and

he was lost the game from Amba Prasad. Such he had hid himself in a convoy box and on

the other hand he hid in a house where nobody could find him. After posing as Darvesh

Amba Prasad started to live in a Mosque near the road of Shiraz. He started a newspaper

named “Aab-A-Hyatt of Persian create passion and to highlight the British and anti class

and there Amba Prasad Put his name Aaga Sufi. In 1915 Ajit Singh left Sufi there and

went in Turky. Sufi Amba Prasad died in the city Aaga Shiraz in 1916.

In those days Lala Hradya Lal was one of the famous revolutionary in Punjab he

was the same Hardyal Lal who formed the famous gadar party did whole work to

highlight the soldiers in Punjab. Some of them so hanged and others went to jail of

Andaman (kala-Pani) (Sanyal Sachindra Nath (1995); 71) and some of them awash in the

eyes of the government went foreign but after this gadar party was still working.

The different between this Certified report and the report of committee of

government of America. That same got to know this from one of the old candidate of

gadar party that in 1907, decided to make an organization of this type from the any old

candidate of gadar party of committee. Punjab’s revolutionaries were very active in 1906-

1907 uncle of Sardar Bhagat Singh. Sardar Ajit Singh, Lala Pandit Sufi, Amba Prasad

were doing their organization strong.

One of the characters of Punjab is that revolutionary movement was not limited

only for middly class in Punjab like the Bengal and not only limited in militancy. It

spread in the peasant of Punjab. The thousand farmers had come in the impact of him. In

the revolution of Sardar Ajit Singh, Amba Prasad Thakur Das etc. was successful to go in

forming secretly in 1907 America government’s committee described on the basis of the

publication of the gadar party.

Committee report told this also that the Gadar Party was informal till 1917.

According to report the Gadar Party formally organized in 22 Jan. 1917. (Sanyal

Sachindra Nath (1995); 72) Sometimes that name of given of Hindu germen conspiracy

.Lala Hardayal’s committee of Gadar Party and in this Hindu and Muslims were also add.

In 1915 1st independent government in the power whose President was Raja Mahendra

Pratap, Barkat-Ullah was made the prime minister. The formation of Azad Hind

government cleared that Hindu Muslim coordination had reached on the climax. (Sanyal

Sachindra Nath (1995); 73)

Activities of Raja Mahendra Pratap in forein:-

This government was established in historic Bage Bagar of Kabul on 1st Dec.

1915. These was a small ceremony on the occasion of the Birthday of heroic Military

hero of Raja Mahendra Pratap in the grave of Baber.RajaMahendra Pratap revealed his

secret intention in the party of some German, Turkish and Indians in Baage Baber at

night 8’o clock and told that no person and their birthday is not important then his ideas,

“Life is not only first like flow stream of the river, which ends after flowing. I don’t

know what will happen next. So today I have making in the front of you first India

National government will it should be establishment mainly by the congress government

but today it is not possible in the circumstance. (Agrawal Ramnarayan (1976); 74)

After hearing the views of Raja Mahendra pratap, captain Neidermyre of

Germany Congratulated for the good purpose to the Raja Saheb and captain Kazem Beg

and Dr. Muneer Beg expressed the eruption on the good purpose soon after in the

ceremony of take an oath as in the president Raja Mahendra Pratap and in the prime

Minister Mollvi Barkut Ullah took an oath and Azad government started. . (Agrawal

Ramnarayan (1976); 75)

Lower class in the history of freedom struggle led by the orthodox ulama and

ignores the role played by Muslims. Artisan classes were mostly Muslim population and

is associated with poor peasantry. Most of the Muslim ulama came from these sections of

the society and they fought British rule tooth and nail. Indian National Congress (INC)

1885 Maulana Qasim Ahmed Nanotvi (the Darul Ulum, Deoband was founded) was

formed in the fight against British rule issued a fatwa urging Muslims to join the INC. He

is also on the same line by several other ulama have issued Fatwas and Nusrat al-Ahrar

(help for freedom fighters) in a book form and published them as a result of their efforts,

a large number of Muslims joined Inc.

Ajlaf ulama in North India as a lower class folks when it represented the interests of the

Muslims, the Muslims were to represent the interests of the upper classes of Ashraf.

The reality was quite different in the West. Badruddin Tyebji, Muslim, W.C. Bonnerjee,

Bengal and Phiroz Shah Mehta, a Parsi, a Christian. Dadabhai Naoroji, a critic of British

economic policies, and was dedicated to the welfare of Inda.

The ulama, especially the Deoband School, were greatly devoted to the cause of Indian

independence. Maulana Mahmudul Hasan of the Reshmi Rumal (silk kerchief)

conspiracy fame was a supporter of the independence movement stauch. Another

important name in this context is that Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi. Professor Barkatullah

also played a key role in fighting the British in those days.

In fact a provisional Azad Hind government as Prime Minister Raja Mahendra Pratap as

President and Prof. Barkatullah, was formed in Afghanistan with. The Ulama under the

British rule in India as Darul Harb announced urged the Muslims to migrate to India and

Afghanistan. Thousands of Muslims and faced great difficulties. It was not a wise

decision, but it is a different matter, however. What we want to show the very important

role of Muslims in the freedom struggle.

Another important figure is Maulana Hasrat Mohani, which was worn with the full

freedom. Tilak was a great admirer of the total, and the day the policy was opposed

Home Rule. He was destroyed by the British police and the press and his valuable books

were seized by the British, the Urdu Magazine, is used to publish.

Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, INC important supporter and totally opposed to the

partition of the country, the ulama Jam - I-Hind, the then president must mention here. He

opposed the two-nation theory and a book Muttahida Qaumiyyat aur Islam (Composite

Nationalism and Islam) wrote. Is a seminal contribution by the Maulana. He argued

against separate nationalism and quoted from the Quran to support his contention. He

migrated from Mecca, and Muslims, Jews and pagan Arabs ummah wahidah described as

constituting a political community in Madina with a set of joint city state of the Holy

Prophet gave an example. All communities to practice their religion and the

responsibility to protect from attack Madina were given complete freedom to charge.

Many other Muslim leaders, played a crucial role in the independence struggle and the

United nationalism that Maulana Azad, in addition, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Sarhadi

Gandhi), Hakeem Ajmal Khan, Dr. Ansari, Rafi Ahmad Qidwai and his. We also

Mahatma Gandhi and his mother Bi Amma Khilafat movement plays an important role

with the Ali Brothers ie Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali's role must be

specified.

References;

1. Quareshi M. Naeem(1979); The ulma,s of British India and the Hijarat of

1920, Modern Asian Studies, Vol 13 No, 1 pp41 59

2. Chandra Bipin et al (1998); Bharat ka Swatantrata Sangharsh, Hindi Madhyam

Karyanvayan Nideshalaya Delhi University Delhi pp20

3. Ibid 2 pp19

4. Ibid 2 pp 21

5. Ibid 2 pp22

6. Assam District gazzetier Assam Kamroop pp51-52

7. Ibid 6 pp52

8. Pandey S.K. (2002); Adhunik Bharat prayag academy Govindpur Allahabad

pp 156

9. Singh Kailash Chand (1980); Rajmala (bengla) Kolkata pp365 -66

10. Ibid 9 pp369

11. Ibid 9 pp365

12. Ibid 6 pp58

13. Punjab District Gazetteers’ ;( 1904) Ludhiana District and maler kotla state

pp84

14. Ibid 8 pp 151

15. Ibid 13 pp30

16. Ibid 2 pp 22

17. Ibid 2 pp26

18. Joshi Vishnudhar (1998); Adhya Krantikarak; Vasudev Balvant phadke pune

press pp57 -58

19. Ibid 18 pp271

20. Ibid 8 pp155

21. Assam District gazetteers’ Kocchad pp35

22. Ibid 21 pp58

23. Assam District gazetteers’ derange pp61

24. Ibid 23 pp61

25. Tilak (1966); the struggle for National Freedom, people’s publishing House

New Delhi pp 30

26. Ibid 25 pp30

27. Bihar District Gazzetiers (1958); Singh bhoomi pp150

28. Ibid 8 pp158

29. Chaturvedi Jagdish (1 985);Pravasi Krantikari ,Prakashan Vibhag Delhi pp4

30. Ibid 29 pp45

31. Ibid 29 pp 25

32. Ibid 29 pp27

33. Sharma K. K. (1996); Saharan pur Sandarbh, Saharanpur ki bibhutiyan (1858-

1988) vol. 2 Sandarbh prakashan pp129

34. Ray Lala Lajpat (1967); A history of Arya Samaj , oriental longmens New

Delhi pp144

35. Ibid 34 pp144

36. ibid 33 pp126

37. Bhartiya Bhawani lal (1990); Arya Samaj; Ek Satabdi ki uplabdhiyan Smarika

arya Samaj Delhi ppp63

38. Prabhakar Kanhaiya Lal Mishra (1972); Utter Pradesh sangharsh ki jhanki

,suchna Vibhag U. P. Lucknow pp38

39. Sanyal Sachindra Nath (1994); Bandi Jeevan ; Atmaram and sons Delhi pp406

40. Ibid 39 pp406

41. Ibid 39 pp24

42. Ibid 39 pp398

43. Ibid 33 pp43

44. Gokhle P.P. (1968); Pandit Satvalekar ,Jeevan Pradeep, Usha Prakashan Parde

pp59

45. Ibid 44 pp74

46. Ibid 44pp74

47. Vidyalankar Satyadev (1933); Swami Shradhanand; Vijay Pustak Bhandar

New Delhi pp341-42

48. Chakravarty Tarini Sanker (1992); Bharat main Shastra Kranti ki Bhoomika

Krantikari Prakashan Mirjapur pp88

49. Ibid48 pp91-92

50. Ibid 48 pp111

51. Kashyap Subhash (1990); Bharat ka samvedhnik Vikas and Swadhinta

Sangram Delhi pp59

52. TaraChand (19970); Bhartiya swatantrata Andolan ka Itihas vol I Atmaram

and Sons Delhi pp301

53. Ibid 2 pp102

54. Singh Ayodhya (19930); Bharat ka mukti sangram ;Rekha Prakashan Kolkata

pp239

55. Ibid 54 pp239

56. Ibid 54 pp239

57. Khan Rasiduddin (1967);Abul Kalam Azad ;ek Hamamgir sakhsiyat

Saharanpur press pp368

58. Ibid 57 ppp369

59. Maulana Abul Kalam (1963);azadi ki kahani Asian press Kolkata pp4

60. Ibid 59 pp5

61. Ibid 59 pp5

62. ibid 59 pp5

63. Ibid 59 pp6

64. ibid 59 pp7

65. Ibid 54 pp263

66. Ibid 54 pp464

67. Ibid 2pp 106

68. Mazoomdar R.C.(19960); History of freedom movement of India vol I Delhi pp206

69. Ibid 52 pp301

70. Ibid 59 pp7

71. Ibid 39 pp377

72. Ibid39 pp377

73. Ibid 39 pp378

74. Agrawal Ram Narayan (1976); Raja Mahendra Pratap, Abhinandan

Granth Gyan Deep Mathura pp140 75. Ibid 74 pp141