Revolution of 1848 - ~1900 - Angelfire: Welcome to … · Web viewSocially: a classed society with the samurai being similar to Junkers or knights Religious: Declining Buddhism and

Bailes BrownWestern Civilization Notes: Test I

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Revolution of 1848 - ~1900Chapters 12-14

1. Chapter 12a. Revolution of 1848

i. Background1. “Universal Revolution” with liberal ideals followed by conservative

reactionsii. France

1. Backgrounda. Louis-Philippe, the Citizen King had come in after Revolution

of 1830. He was overthrown2. 2nd Republic Declared

a. eliminated slaveryb. established National workshops which relieved unemployedc. elected a constitutional assemblyd. “June Days”

i. Period of class warfare: workers attack “rich”e. New constitution

i. Establishes a president with universal male electorateii. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte runs for president and is

electediii. Legislation is royalist…they control the schools and

remove universal suffragef. Rise of Napoleon III

i. Louis-Napoleon plays to common man, dissolves assembly, and gives right to vote back

ii. He is elected president for 10 yearsiii. Later declares himself emperor

3. 2nd Empirea. Rise of Napoleon III

i. Louis-Napoleon plays to common man, dissolves assembly, and gives right to vote back

ii. He is elected president for 10 yearsiii. Later declares himself emperor

b. Napoleon III’s reigni. Believed in Progress

ii. Rebuilt boulevards (larger) and squaresiii. Became authoritarian…the legislature lost most of its

poweriv. His reign saw the building of Suez canal and the

attempt at Panama


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v. Industry improves thanks to “limited liability” stocksvi. Aiding working class: unions, right to strike, hospitals

vii. Believed in Free Tradec. Downfall

i. Depression of 1857 caused some problemsii. Wars caused more problems

iii. Austria1. Background: Hapsburgs, seated at Vienna2. Varied ethnicity

a. 3 Basic Ethnic regionsi. Austria – Germanish

ii. Bohemia – Czechiii. Hungary – Hungarian

b. 12 different language groupsi. German – largest

ii. Romaniansiii. Slavs – more Russian than Western Europe

3. Revolution of 1848 (Liberal)a. Hungarians, led by Louis Kassuth, push for independenceb. Metternich runs to England a shockc. Bohemia, Venice, and Tuscany all push for more independenced. King Charles Albert of Sardinia even invades Austriae. Bohemians call an all-Slavic conference in Prague, imitating

the Frankfurt Assembly: Anti-German but not anti-Aus or anti-Prussia

f. General goals of Revolution: civil liberties, freedoms, etc4. Conservative Reaction

a. Conservatives force Emperor Ferdinand to abdicate and Francis Joseph succeeds to the throne. Rules 1848-1916

b. Uses military forcec. Opposes all things constitutional and nationalisticd. Bach System – stabilized and centralized the government

through legal reform, free trade, rise of railroadsiv. Prussia (Germany)

1. All Germany Assembly in Frankfurt: concerns both Austria and Germany

a. 39 states at Vienna after Napoleon wanted independence but still were of the German culture

b. German Dualismc. German Federation of states

i. Declaration of the rights of German Peopleii. Great Germany – wanted to include all German-

speaking country, with King of Prussia as headiii. Little Germany – wanted smaller state, with Austrian

King


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iv. Offered Fredrick William the title of “king of Germany”, which he refused, saying it was from the gutter

d. Schlegswing-Holstein2. Fredrick William IV

a. Avoided constitution, but eventually created one with a 2-house parliament with manhood suffrage that worked by 3 estates

b. Improved education, literacyc. Created the Zallereen (SP) which established a Free-trade zone

and promoted economic unity3. Revolution of 1848

a. Election of Liberal legislaturei. Anti-Russian, pro-pole

v. Conclusion of Revolutions1. Revolutions were “springtime of people” but had very little lasting

effect2. Idealism was discredited3. Rise of Industry and Wealth4. Materialism replaces Nationalism5. Realism replaced Romanticism6. Rise of Comte and Positivism

a. Find what is through science, not what should beb. Example: Realpolitik

7. Realpolitik: Internationally, nations began to pursue their own self interest

a. Necessity of warb. Otto von Bismarckc. Karl Marxd. Napoleon III

b. Themes and ism’si. Karl Marx and Marxism

1. Backgrounda. C/C Marx and Englesb. Collaborated for 40 yearsc. Joined Communist League in 1847, participated in Revolutions

of 1848d. Wrote Communist Manifesto, dos Capitale. Thought himself scientific, realistic

2. Communist Manifestoa. Meant to be the cause of an International Revolutionb. Not nationalist, classistc. “Workers of the world, unite. You have nothing to lose but

your chains”3. Effects of Communist Manifesto


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a. Slow to take effect (slow historical importance)i. Not noticeable until 1870’s

ii. Important in Russian Revolution4. Marxism

a. Origins - Blended German idea logy (Hegel), French Revolutions and British Industrial Revolution

b. Economic Theoryi. Iron Law of Wages

ii. Labor theory of value (Labor produces value)iii. Surplus Value (should go to worker)

c. Ideology: Concept of Dialectic Materialismi. Everything depends on the economy

ii. Like Hegel’s dialectic:1. A struggle between the Bourgeoisie class and

the Proletariat class2. Progress through Synthesis3. Classless society through progress

iii. Unlike Hegel’s dialectic1. Reached an ultimate conclusion2. Hegel thought ideas to be roots and conditions

to be trees, where Marx thought ideas to be trees and conditions the roots. Marx said “I found Hegel standing on his head and set him on his feet again”

d. Alienation – true freedom is only possible with the abolishment of individual rights

2. Chapter 13: Rise of Nation-Statesa. Background

i. Before 1860, only Britain and France could be considered nations. (Austria, Ottoman had empires but were not united through people)

ii. This period saw the rise of nation-states in Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, U.S., Canada, Japan, and Russia

iii. What forms a Nation?1. People want and feel a common interest2. Identified Foreigners as opposed to “us”

b. Unificationi. Italy under Cavour, Emmanuel, and Garribaldi

1. Backgrounda. Parts

i. North1. Piedmont/Savoy2. City States

ii. Papal States in Middleiii. South – Kingdom of Two Sicilies


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b. Risorgimento – Term referring to Italian resurgence raising itself up to create a modern state

2. Rise of Nationalisma. Mazzinib. Cavour

i. Prime minister under the king of Savoy, Victor Emmanual

ii. Established Piedmont Parliamentiii. State is anti-clericaliv. Realpolitikv. Unification

3. Italian Wara. Cavour started Italian war and beats Austria with the help of

Franceb. Pope opposes Italian nationalism, excommunicates the

nationalists4. Unification

a. Garribaldi moves north and meets Cavour in the middleb. Together they create the Kingdom of Italy, ruled by Victor

Emmanuel II5. Italia Irridentia – “unredeemed Italy”

a. The belief that ethnic Italians should be part of Italyb. Moves to annex new territoriesc. Led by Mazzini, Garribaldi, Cavourd. Eventually Italy gains Rome and Venetia

ii. Germany under Bismarck1. Background

a. Nationalismi. Hegel

ii. State more important than individual2. Zallwerien – Prussia tariff-free economic union3. Otto von Bismarck

a. Backgroundi. Prussian

ii. Realpolitikiii. Hegelian: duty, order, service, God

b. When Parliament refused funds, Bismarck collected taxes anyway

c. “Blood and Iron” quote Iron Chancellor4. Foreign Policy

a. Schleswig and Halstein i. Denmark territories

ii. Prussia and Austria attacked1. Pr took Schleswig, Austria took Holstein2. Pr then takes Holstein from Austria


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3. Austria-Prussian Wara. Prussia winsb. Established North German Confederacy

with 2 houses and the hereditary Prussian king

c. Bismarck gains popularityb. With Napoleon

i. Background to war1. Bismarck and Napoleon see war as a way to get

what they want2. After Spanish Revolution, Prince Leopold of

Hohenzollern is asked to be king of Spain3. Eventually, he accepts4. France talks the German king out of it, but the

diplomat asked him to deny the Hohenzollern right to the Spanish throne.

5. Ems Dispatcha. Sent to Bismarck who publishes it in an

“edited” formb. Offends both Fr and Prussia and leads to

war6. Franco-Prussian War

a. Germans win quickly7. German empire proclaimed at Versailles in Hall

of Mirrorsa. Little Southern states joinb. Each state within empire controls

internal affairs but the empire controls foreign, etc

iii. Austria-Hungary under Francis Joseph1. Background

a. Had survived because the Nationalistic forces were not strong2. Francis Joseph

a. Conservative, RC, regressive3. Ausgleich – compromise government between Magyars and Germans

to the bad side of the Slavs Dual Monarchya. Leaves out a lot of little ethnic groupsb. Maintains abolishment of serfdomc. Besides that, is no more democratic or liberal

iv. Russia under Alexander II1. Background

a. Hurt after Crimean Warb. Separated from the westc. Czar held power through military


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d. Economically dependent on serfs, much more like American slaves

2. Abolition of Serfdoma. Became less profitableb. Abolished by Alexander II

i. ½ of the land went to gentryii. ½ went to former serfs who had to pay a redemption to

the ownerc. Mir – peasant village assembly

i. Could not sell land outside of village3. Reforms

a. Legal reform: Zemstovs – District Councilsb. Freedom of Pressc. Abolished secret police

4. Intelligentsiaa. Educated Russians who wanted, in general, to break with the

westb. Bakunin - Revolutionary and Anarchist who called for

Revolutionary terrorism5. Assassination

a. Alexander was killed by a bomb in 1881v. United States

1. Sectionalisma. Industrial North and Agricultural Southb. Plantation system and slaveryc. Immigration to North onlyd. Westward expansione. Missouri, 1850 Compromises

2. Civil Wara. Blah, blah

3. Reconstruction, 1876 counter-Revolutionvi. Canada

1. Backgrounda. Many influence: Fr, Eng, USb. Leaned toward Fr (Quebec Act)

2. 1791 Created Upper and Lower Canada3. War of 1812, American hope to take Canada4. Durham’s report: Suggested…

a. Union of Upper and Lower Canadab. Railroads and canalsc. Self-government under the British Crown

5. British North America Acta. Established the dominion of Canadab. 1st successful devolution of power


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c. Success carried over into Australia, New Zealand, South Africa,

d. British Commonwealth of Nationsvii. Japan

1. Backgrounda. Highly civilizedb. Isolated from Europe (although they knew a lot about Europe)

2. In a nutshella. Tokugawa were the shogun dynasty from mid 1600’s to 1867

i. Remember that shoguns were the rulers, but not the emperors

b. Administratively, they had a military bureaucracy c. Socially: a classed society with the samurai being similar to

Junkers or knightsd. Religious: Declining Buddhism and rising Shinto (pro-

emperor, reverence for ancestors)e. Economic: “Opened” by commodore Perry

3. Westernizationa. Internal revolution allows for westernizationb. New legal structure, army (like Pr), navy (like Br), economy,

etcc. Wars

i. Crimean War (1854)1. Causes

a. Russian, under Nicholas I, had claimed the right to protect Christians in Ottoman Empire

b. Napoleon III encourages hostility between Turkey and Russiac. Soon fighting breaks out and Europe sides with Turkey

2. The Wara. Br, Fr, Turkey, Piedmont (Sardinia) vs. Russiab. Britain blockades Russia by sea while they begin a land

invasionc. Austria invades Slavic area and takes Moldavia and Walachiad. Battle of Bastapol – “Charge of the Light Brigade”e. Florence Nightingale and the female nurses seen in the war

3. Resultsa. Prevents further conflict by honoring Turkey’s territory

(Ottoman Empire was described as the Sick Man of Europe”b. Moldavia and Walachia create an independent Romaniac. Serbia gets self-governmentd. No Russian warships are allowed in Black seae. Danube becomes international riverf. National effects

i. Napoleon still has not found the glory he seeks through war


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ii. Italy is still trying to unify to gain poweriii. Prussia never entered

ii. Italian War1. Causes

a. Cavour’s foreign policy and unification plans for Italyb. wanted to get Austria out of Northern Italy

2. Wara. Piedmont, France vs. Austriab. Italian parts rebel, ask to be annex to Piedmontc. Eventually France pulls out

3. Resultsa. Austria and Italy eventually sign peaceb. Italy gets a little territory, but is disappointedc. Revolutions to join Piedmont

iii. Danish War1. Prussia and Austria take Schleswig and Holstein

iv. Austria-Prussian War1. Causes

a. Bismarck’s Foreign policy involving S&Hb. Prussia takes Holstein

2. Wara. Pr vs. Ausb. Major Battle: Sadowa (Königgrätz)c. War is over in 7 weeks, no one else gets in

3. Resultsa. Prussia gets both S&Hb. Ends German Federation Union c. Establishes North German Confederation (21 states and

Prussia)d. Italy gets Venicee. Bismarck gains popularity and power

v. Franco-Prussian War (1870)1. Causes

a. Prince Leopold offered Spanish throneb. Ems dispatch

2. Wara. France vs. Prussiab. Germany unifies to fight Francec. Battle of Sedan – France loses and Napoleon III taken prisonerd. Leads to a French Revolution and the establishment of the IIIrd

Republic3. Results

a. Europe slacks away from previous conditionsi. Russia moves navy into Black sea

ii. Italy takes Rome from France


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b. Bismarck proclaims German Empire (little Southern States join)

c. Germany takes Alsace-Lorrained. France falls into 3rd Republic

vi. Peace (1870-1914)3. Chapter 14: Everything 1870-1914

a. Backgroundi. Relative peace and prosperity

ii. Rise of Nation-statesiii. Intellectual, moral, materialistic, and seculariv. Statistics

1. Rise in life expectancy, literacy rate, labor production, population2. Fall in infant mortality, birth rate

v. The Zones1. Inner Zone – heavy industry; includes Br, Fr, Gr, US2. Outer Zone – more agrarian; Ireland, It, East Europe3. Non-civilized: Asia and Africa

vi. Rise of cities1. 5/7 went to cities2. News and Yellow Journalism develop3. Rise nationalism, socialism

vii. Immigration1. 60 million left2. Causes

a. Countries welcomed immigrantsb. Steamshipsc. Economic possibilityd. Legality of movement

viii. Economic1. Industrial revolution2. Rise of Free trade3. England has an unfavorable balance of trade, but makes up for it by

exporting servicesa. Insurance – Lloyds of Londonb. Shippingc. Banking

4. Export of capital helps both rich and poor5. Gold Standard facilitates international trade6. Big Business, limited liability

a. Finance capitalismb. Cartels (analogous to the American Trusts)c. Ex: Krupp (Gr)d. Monopolies – improve econ, except for workers

b. Countriesi. France under the IIIrd Republic


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1. Backgrounda. Created after Franco-Prussian Warb. Mobs Paris communec. 1875 established by 1 voted. Note that the bureaucracy is mainly the same no matter who is

in power2. 1st Crisis

a. President attempted to release the PMb. Parliament refused to let him and president lost power

3. Early Oppositiona. Church, rich, etcb. Eventually the idea of a republic becomes less radicalc. Republicans eventually win a majority of the house

4. 2nd Crisisa. General Baulanger plans a coup, but panics and takes off to

Europe without doing anything5. Dreyfus Affair

a. The Affairi. Dreyfus was a Jewish army officer that was accused of

treason and deportedii. Evidence later showed a man named Esterokazy (SP)

was guiltyiii. Despite the evidence, people wanted to keep the ruling

because of anti-Semitism, pro-army, pro-nationalismb. Results

i. Created a conservative vs. liberal split, internationallyii. Pardoned after 5 years

iii. Led to a Separation of Church and State, undid the Concordat

ii. England and the Victorian Age (1837 – 1901)1. Cultural

a. Rise of stuff, including architecture, furniture (machine made)2. Political

a. Whigs/Tories Liberal (Gladstone)/ Conservative (Disraeli)b. 2nd Reform Bill extended suffrage to 1/3c. Women’s rights under Pankurst

3. Reforma. Liberal (Gladstone)

i. Public Educationii. Secret Ballot

iii. Unionsiv. Civil Service Reformv. Judicial Reform

vi. Military Commissions and religious tests eliminatedb. Conservative


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i. Public Sanitationii. Public Safety

iii. Housingiv. Shortened work-hours

c. Generali. Old Age

ii. Pensioniii. Minimum Wageiv. Tax reformv. Parliament Act of 1911 reduces the power of the House

of Lords (no veto on money, only 2-year delay on other legislation)

4. Irish Questiona. BG

i. Ireland was annexed during Fr Rev UKii. Absentee landlords

iii. Religious conflict: native RC, Eng Church of Irelandb. Reforms

i. Eliminated Church of Ireland and tried to protect tenetsc. Ireland wanted home rule, eventually received it after WWId. Ulster

i. Presbyterian church region in Northern Ireland, stayed British

iii. German Empire under the Iron Chancellor1. Government

a. 25 states in a Confederation of Monarchiesb. Reichstag – Gr parliament, universal male suffrage

i. Limited powerii. Upper house represented princes

2. Church Council of 1870a. Established Dogma of Papal Infallibilityb. Center Party was RC

3. Kulturkampf – “culture struggle” which attempted to expel Jesuits and limit the church’s power in education

4. Protective tariffa. Helped Gr Industry growb. Led to rise in socialism, which Bismarck strove to repress

5. Drie Kaiser Yahr: “Year of Three Kings”a. William I diesb. Fredrick III marries daughter of Queen Victoria, diesc. William II (1888-1918) accedes

6. New Course under William II a. Fires Bismarckb. DRoKc. Democracy largest in parliament


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iv. Italy1. Regains Rome in 18702. Constitutional Monarchy under Victor Emmanuel3. Papal Quarrel4. Rise of Industry, Suffrage, but illiteracy still high5. Prince Hurbert assassinated6. Unstable

v. Austria-Hungary1. Dual Monarchy from Compromise of 18672. Francis Joseph continues to rule, repressive laws3. Ethnic Minorities

vi. Russia1. Established Duma

c. Rise of Socialism and Unionismi. Background

1. Working classes are the object, but they generally don’t care for the liberal ideas

ii. 2 Themes1. Radical

a. Wanted to abolished capitalism b. Long term goalsc. Often Socialist, Communist

2. Labor uniona. Less radicalb. Wanted to work with the systemc. Short Term, tangible goals

iii. Rise of Unions1. Craft Unions which collaborated in general

iv. Britain1. Gained the right of collective bargaining2. Unionism moved economically to get what they needed3. Socialism moved politically4. Taft-Vale decision said that if a union went on strike it was

accountable for business loses. This kills unions and leads to a rise of the labor parties

5. Fabian Socialism – believed in gradual reform through economic and legal reform

a. George Bernard Shawb. HG Wellsc. Webb Sisters

v. France1. Sorel and Syndicalism

a. Argues that workers/unions must rise to power through a huge strike

b. This took hold in countries with weak socialists and unions


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vi. 1st International1. Headed by Marx2. Trouble in ranks: Marx disagrees with cooperatives and anarchists

(Bakunin) and moves to kick them out of the 1st International3. Dies with the Paris commune’s failure

vii. 2nd International (1889)1. meets every 3 years until WWI

viii. Marxism1. Socialists remain very Marxist even after his death2. Little success on the continent

ix. Revisionist Marxism1. Beliefes

a. Said that a class conflict not inevitableb. Capitalism can workc. Workers can use democratic processesd. Don’t need a dictatorship of proletariat

2. Responsea. Lenin condemned itb. Bolsheviks – “majority” or basic Marxismc. Mensheviks – “minority” or revisionism

d. Cultural Developmentsi. Science

1. People a. Darwin – Struggle, Natural Selectionb. Mendel – Geneticsc. Anthropologists – impact on Christianityd. Pavlov – salivating dogse. Freudf. Einstein – Relativityg. Heisenberg – Uncertaintyh. Herbert Spencer - Agnostici. Neitche – Agnosticj. Zola – novelistk. Ibsen – playwrightl. Gaugan – “retreat” artist

2. Ideasa. Social Darwinismb. Agnosticism – acknowledgement of ignorance

3. The churcha. Higher Criticism wants to go back to translate earlier texts of

the bibleb. Protestants became, in general, more dividedc. RC became more international

i. Council 1870, Papal infallibility ii. Ultra Montanism – absolute acceptance of the pope


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iii. Pope Leo XIII1. Revarum Novarum: argues church has a social

responsibility to provide for social welfared. Judaism

i. Assimilation of Jewsii. Reform and Modernization movement

iii. Zionist movementiv. Rise of anti-Semitism

e. Wane of Classical Liberalismi. Decline of Laissez-Faire capitalism

1. Tariffs2. Imperialism3. Economic nationalism4. Unions5. Role of Government in New Liberalism

ii. Glorification of War


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1900-1930Chapter 15 – 18

1. Chapter 15: Europe’s World Supremacya. Background

i. Imperialism1. Similar to colonialism2. represented European supremacy over the rest of the world3. Europe had always been expansionistic4. Pushed by economic, religious, and scientific motivations

ii. Changes1. Industrial revolution separates developed and undeveloped countries2. Racial factor

iii. Old vs. New Imperialism1. Old

a. 17-18 Centuriesb. England, France, Spain, Portugalc. North America, South America, Indiad. Territorial Ownershipe. Mercantilism

2. Newa. 19 Centuryb. England, France, US, Russia, Germany, Japanc. Africa, China, Pacificd. Economic Exploitation, spheres of influencee. Capitalism, Neomercantilism

iv. Causing Factors1. Need: Economic, Religious, Scientific2. Desire: Wealthy travelers, Exotic goods, public opinion3. Justified: Social Darwinism (SD)

b. England’s UKi. Joseph Chamberlain

1. Introduced municipal Socialism2. UK: establishes “most favored nation” status within the empire

c. The Americasi. US

1. Monroe Doctrinea. Made possible through the navy of Englandb. Although Americas were free from Europe, America still

intervenedi. Mexican War


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ii. Spanish-American War1. Maine 2. Jingo-ism of Yellow Press3. Cuban Independence, Platt Amendment

iii. Panama Canaliv. Colossus of the North

ii. France1. Napoleon puts Maximillion on throne in Mexico, eventually

assassinatedd. Asia

i. Ottoman Empire – “The Sick man of Europe”1. Capitulations – special rights of Europeans in OE2. “Eastern Question” – Europe supported OE to prevent others from

gaining parts of it3. Eventually, Europe takes pieces for itself

a. Greek in India, Russia, Fr Algeria, etc4. Crimean War

a. Reform Edict – abolished Religious hierarchy, established legal equality, tax reform, abolished torture

5. Internal Resistance, debt problems6. Constitution, new sultan7. 1877 first parliament old sultan

ii. India1. Divided between English and Dutch2. Bureaucracy dominated by Europeans3. Indian Mutiny – sepoys rebel against Britain, lose. Leads to more

direct, repressive British rule4. Becomes major exporter

iii. Northern Asia1. Russia seeks a warm water port at Vladivlostok (sp)2. British, Russia loan to Persia to help her develop oil spheres of

influenceiv. China

1. Internal instability2. Opium War (1839)

a. Devised treaty Systemb. Different countries have treaty ports, areas of acknowledged

influence and extraterritorial rights3. Russia tries to build a railroad through Manchuria, opposition from

Japan4. US promotes Open Door Policy

a. Secretary of State John Hayb. Preserve integrity of Chinac. Acknowledged spheres of influence

5. Challenged by Boxer Rebellion, put down


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6. Russo-Japanese Wara. Japan take Manchuria, Koreab. Mediated by US w/ treaty of Portsmouthc. First Modern Great Ward. First defeat of a European nation by a non-white, non-

Europeane. Leads to decline of Russian Government

e. Africai. Background

1. “Dark Continent”2. Coast explored, rest not3. Often used for exportation: “Gold Coast”, “Ivory Coast”, etc4. North is largely Islamic, South is locally religious5. Livingston as missionary6. Stanley finds him, leads to the rape of Africa

ii. Egypt1. Modernizing2. Suez Canal3. Nationalists oppose foreigners]4. “Temporary” occupation by British (1882-1956)

iii. Belgian Congo1. Bought by Leopold II, King of Belgium2. Established as the Congo Free State in 1885, still governed by Leopold

iv. Berlin Conference1. Called by Bismarck2. Establishes rules for Europe colonization3. In general, the international attempt in Africa failed

v. English 1. Building a “Cape to Cairo” railroad (South to North) which leads to

conflict with France, who is moving E-W2. Chinese Gordon is killed in Khartoum by African Muslims3. Lord Kitchner defeats the Muslims 4. Fashada Crisis

a. Kitchner meets French Marcahrt at Fashadab. War barely avoided

vi. South Africa1. Cecil Rhodes – Eng, urges Jameson to conduct Jameson’s Raids

against Dutch (Boers, Afrikaners) in South Africa2. English fight Boer War, 3. Union of South Africa (1910) combines Orange Free State, Transvaal,

etc into British territory4. Hurts English popularity

2. Chapter 16: The Great Wara. Causes

i. Unification of Germany


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1. Became large, powerful, and rich2. Wanted colonies and a “place in the sun”3. Bismarck had opposed war to save German Empire and worked to

isolate France, especially from Britainii. Alliances

1. German Alliances “Triple Alliance”, “Central Powers”a. Austrian-German Alliance of 1879

i. War Conditions1. If Gr or Aus was attacked by Russia, both

fought Russia2. If war with 3rd powers, benevolent neutrality3. If war with 3rd power assisted by Russia, both

foughtii. Was a secret treaty

iii. Forbid separate peacesb. Triple Alliance of 1887

i. War Conditions1. If Fr attacks It, Aus and Gr fight2. If Fr attacks Gr, It, Aus fight3. If 3rd power fights, benevolent neutrality4. If 2 countries ally, then It, Aus, Gr all fight5. Specifically not for use against England

ii. Was a secret Treatyiii. Forbid Separate Peace

c. Reinsurance Treaty with Russia i. Supports peace

ii. Status quo kept in Bulgariaiii. Fails because of clashes between Austria and Russia

2. Allied alliancesa. Dual Alliance (Fr-Rus)

i. War conditions1. If 1 or more of Triple Alliance mobilizes, both

Rus and Fr mobilize2. If Gr (with or without Italy) attacks Fr, Russia

fights Gr3. IF Russia is attacked by Gr or Aus, Fr fights Gr

ii. Lasts as long as the Triple Allianceiii. German Encirclement

b. Entente Cordialei. Background

1. Britain had supported “splendid isolationism”, and had met diplomatic struggles recently

2. Edward VIII goes to Paris for Fair, public opinion improves

ii. Conditions


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1. Br agrees to patrol Fr interests in Channel, Atlantic if Fr patrols Br interests in Mediterranean

iii. Rise of German Sea Power1. Britain had always tried to have the most powerful navy2. Germany increases its naval capacity, influenced by American

Commodore Mahan’s “Influence of Sea Power on History”3. Dreadnaughts bring more equality between England and Germany

iv. Crises1. North Africa: Morocco Crises

a. 1st Crisisi. William (Gr) goes to Tangiers, says that he supports

Moroccan Independence and calls for an international conference

ii. Algeciras Conference – fails to split Moroccob. 2nd Crisis

i. William threatens to attack Morocco unless he got the Congo

ii. Fails to get anything significant2. Balkan Crises

a. 1st Crisisi. Ethnically, Serbs and Bosnians, Creates, and Slovenes

who had different alphabets, religions (orthodox, RC, Muslim)

ii. Yugoslavs resent Dual Monarchy because of its anti-Slavic nature

iii. Serbia is center of Revolutionary movementiv. Bucklav Conference (1908) – Rus-Aus

1. Discussed Slavic nationalism and Young Turks2. Decides that Austria gets Bosnia, Russia gets

straitsb. 2nd Balkan Crisis: Bulgarian Independence

i. Italy attacks Turkey, and everyone takes a shot at the remains of the Ottoman empire

ii. 1st Balkan War, every versus Turkeyiii. Bulgaria takes too muchiv. 2nd Balkan War, everyone vs. Bulgaria

c. 3rd Balkan Crisis: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinandi. 28 June 1914, Gavrib Princip of Black Hand (a serrbian

national group) shoots Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungarian empire

ii. Was in Sarejevo (Bosnia)iii. Serbia gets blamed, asked for recompense

3. Alliances come into play


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a. Austria calls Germany, gets “Blank Check” to do what they need to do in Serbia

b. Serbia counts on Russian support (and they on Fr). Fr gives a blank check to Russia in Serb situation

c. Austria declares war on Serbsd. Russia mobilizes against Austria, as well as Germanye. Germany declares War on Russiaf. Fr declares war on Grg. Gr attacks Fr through Belgium Br upset, declares war on Gr

v. Causes in Brief1. Alliance: Alliance system divides Europe and pulls everyone into

camps2. Economy: world tied by economic interests, nationalism leads to

gainseeking3. Nationalism: protecting Nationalism and national honor4. Imperialism: Fashoda Crisis, Berlin-Baghdad Rail, temptation and

crisis5. Militarism: advances in technology, need for big armies leads to

paranoia between nations….sort of a Cold War arms race6. Political Agenda: stay in power by building fear of another regime

b. War and Strategyi. Schlieffan Plan: Germany plans to beat Fr quickly and then return to fight

Russia1. Western Front

a. Germany moves into France, but as Russia mobilizes they have to switch troops and never are able to get enough momentum to crush the French

i. Fail to beat Fr at the Battle of the Marneii. Becomes a positional war

iii. Heavy casualties for small gainsiv. Tanks and planes not yet in servicev. Trench warfare

vi. By 1916, war is concentrated on Western Frontvii. Italy is initially neutral, eventually joins Allies

b. Fr holds i. Pétain holds at Verdain and emerges as a war hero

ii. Battle of Somme: first use of tanksc. Allies take offensive

i. Appeal to minorities1. Promise A-L to France2. Independence to Poland, Czechs, Slavs, Arabs,

etc2. Eastern Front

a. Gr and Aus successful against Russia on the whole


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i. Allies try to help Russia and attack at Gallipoli, but fail miserably

b. Turkey joins Gr-Aus3. Blockade and Encirclement

a. Violation of Neutral Rightsi. “Contraband” is widely defined

ii. U.S. wants freedom of the seas, but Br ignores contraband laws

b. Germany navy blacked into the Baltici. Uses U-boats

ii. Lusitania sunk for this reasoniii. U.S. upset Sussex pledge: leash the U-boats

4. Coloniala. England and France move into Germany coloniesb. Japan takes German territory in Pacific

i. 21 demands of Japan to Chinaii. America enters the War

1. Causesa. Better British Propagandab. Economic reasons: If Allies don’t win, hurt monetarilyc. U-boats and NRd. Wilson tries to disputee. Russia gone with Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

2. Effectsa. We win

c. Armisticei. 11 hour, 11 day, November 1918

ii. Collapse of Empires1. A-H falls

a. Franz Joseph is dead (succeeded by a Charles)b. Republic established

2. Germanya. Civilian government gets peaceb. War criminal possibility, never realizedc. Myth that German army was never defeated but “backstabbed”

by civilian Governmentd. Establishment of Weimar Republic

iii. Socio-Economic Impact1. Capitalism and Laissez-Faire replaced by government control and

planned economies2. Rise of Woman and Women Rights3. Government controls trade: imports/exports4. U.S. becomes Creditor nation5. Germany and Russia forced to be more self-dependant6. Rapid Inflation threatens stability of fixed wages


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7. Non-European Nations rise in power: U.S., Japan, Argentina, Brazil, and India

8. Rise of Progagandad. Peace: Treaty of Paris 1919 (Treaty of Versailles

i. Background1. Woodrow Wilson (WW) had influenced signing of armistice with his

14 Points, but allies did not wholly accept these ideals2. 27 Nations at Paris, but not Germany, Russia, or A-H3. Big Four:

a. U.S.: WW, who wanted Self Determination and a League of Nations

b. Fr: Clemenceau (Little Tiger) who wanted Revenge, A-L, and Security

c. Eng: David Lloyd George, who wanted Revenge and Sea Power

d. It: Orlando: Irredentia and ethnic areas4. Big Five: Big Four plus Japan

ii. Treaty of Versailles1. Territory

a. Self Determinationb. Alsace Lorrainec. Cause problems

i. Ethnic minorities1. Scapegoat effect2. Source of agitation, wanting their own

nationalismii. Polish corridor – gave Poland the Dansig in order to

have a seaport, Thus splitting Germany into East and West parts

2. Coloniesa. Mandates – gave the colonies to the league of Nations which

gave them back to the winning powers3. Military

a. WW wanted disarmamentb. Germany only was demilitarized, no more than 100,000 in the

armyc. Demilitarized the German side of the Rhined. Kaiser Wilhelm declared a war criminal

4. #231 and #232a. 231

i. Germany is Totally responsible for causing the warb. 232

i. B/c Germany caused the war, they must pay the total cost of the war

ii. Reparations was coined to refer to this payment


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iii. Rainbow books – published diplomatic documents which try to relinquish responsibility from many nations

5. League of Nations: WW sacrifices to put the LoN in the treatyiii. Failure

1. Not a successful Treaty2. Neither strong enough or weak enough3. Never accepted by America4. League of Nations fails

3. Chapter 17: Back in Old Country (I mean, the Russian Revolution)a. Background

i. C/C French1. Similarities

a. Liberationb. Message to World (communist is international)c. Strong reaction by people who don’t like revolution (émigrés,

exiles)d. Revolution is unified at the start, then falls into disarray, and

ends up with a small minority in control2. Differences

a. France was European leader (politics, military, economics, culture) while Russia was “backward” and not influential

b. French – middle class revolution, Russia – working class (and intelligentsia)

c. Fr – Impromptu, not planned, Russia – planned, organizedd. Fr – eventually leads to Bourbons, Rus – burned all bridgese. Fr – ideals were largely accepted (liberté, egalité, fraternité),

while Russia’s were less acceptedii. History in Brief

1. Peter the Great had Westernization movement (upper class)2. Industrialization (small for Europe, big for Asia)3. Middle of West and Colonial World4. Czarist autocracy5. Intelligentsia6. Serfs freed in 1861 by Alexander II7. Alexander III and a strong reactionary movement8. Culture: Tolstoy, Doestoevsky, musicians, etc9. Parties:

a. Constitutional Democratsb. Social Revolutionistsc. Social Democrats

10. Kulaks – wealthy farmers, 11. Mir – peasant assembly12. Populist movement peasants, agrarian

b. Lenin


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i. Father of Russian Communismii. Exiled to Siberia for 3 years

iii. 1900 went to Western Europe until Germany moved him back in sealed railroad car

iv. Split of Social Democrats: Bolsheviks, Mensheviks1. Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, form a small elite central organization and

purge deviations 2. Mensheviks are more open and tried to cooperate. They were more

like Reformed Marxistsv. What did Lenin add to Marx?

1. Rejected attempts to alter Marxism2. Imperialism as the highest order of Capitalism3. Concept of Unequal Distribution of Capital

vi. Saw Dictatorship of Proletariat as being led by a small group which would “impose their opinion upon the masses”

c. Causesi. Formation of Party Concept: Socialist intellectual leaders led the Conspiracy

Wonderland. Thus the elite could provide the brains while the masses provided brawn. anti-democratic

ii. Autocracy of Czar Nicholas: he opposed anyone who opposed himiii. Russo-Japanese War

1. Loss of Money2. Popular Discontent

d. Revolution of 1905i. Bloody Sunday (1905)

1. Father Gapon a. Intended by Nicholas to counter the revolutionary propagandab. Gapon sympathized with the workers and took grievances to

St. Petersburg2. Troops ordered to fire on crowd3. Separated people from the czar and the government4. Led to

a. Soviets – worker organizationsb. Peasant revolts

ii. October Manifesto 1. Social Revolutionaries demanded a democratic representation, while

cities struck2. The October Manifesto called for a Duma, a constitution, and civil

liberties3. Led to split among parties: Constitutional Democrats were happy with

representation, while the other revolutionaries wanted moreiii. Results of Revolution

1. Gave Russia the appearance of a European Constitutional Monarchy, although in reality, little had changed


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2. The Right still supports the czar: the Greek Orthodox Church, w/ Black Hundreds (raids to terrorize peasants)

3. Left does not support government: urges workers to boycott Dumae. Dumas

i. 1st Duma (1906) - Constitutional Democrats won a majority, but their legislation was so liberal that the czar dismissed the duma

ii. 2nd Duma (1907) – 83 Socialists elected, so the government arrested a lot of them, and the Duma collapsed

iii. 3rd Duma (1907-1912) – Conservatives win, it is a little more permanentiv. 4th Duma (12-1916)

f. Peter Stolypini. Leader of Moderate Reform

ii. Wanted to align nobles and czariii. Replaced the Mir with more private property (gave peasants more private

control)1. Eliminated redemption payments2. Peasants could sell land3. Strengthens Kulaks4. Leads to more capitalistic Economy

iv. Assassinated by revolutionariesg. Problems with WWI

i. War problems1. Don’t have support of the people2. Unhappy ethnic minorities (think loss will help independence)3. Socialist in Russia go against the war4. Soldiers feel no nationalism (unlike Fr, Gr, etc)5. Really high peasant casualties

ii. Rasputin1. Controls czarina through Alexis’ hemophilia2. Eventually assassinated

iii. Riots in Petrograd (St. Petersburg), army refuses to put down revolutionh. Karensky Government

i. Nicholas abdicates on March 17, 1917ii. Alexander Karensky becomes the head of a republic

iii. Continues wariv. Rural unrest, soldiers abandonv. Opposition to War

vi. Lenin returns, joins soviets in fighting Karensky governmenti. Leninism

i. Ideology1. Lenin’s 4 Points

a. Immediate Peaceb. Redistribution of land to peasants (not just proletariat)c. Ownership of factories passed to workers


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d. Recognized soviets as governmental power instead of provisional government

2. “Peace, Land, and Bread”ii. Coup

1. “All Power to the Soviets”2. Bolsheviks boycott the Karensky parliament3. Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin believe that it is time to seize power, and so

the Bolsheviks doa. Trostky becomes commissar of Foreign Affairsb. Stalin becomes commissar of Nationalities

iii. Party renamed Communists (March 1918)iv. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1. Major loss of territoryj. Civil War

i. Although Brest-Litovsk may have ended foreign wars, internal wars still blazed

ii. Lenin fought this resistance1. Cheka (later KGB) was established as a secret police force2. Established Red Army (Army of communist state)3. Constitution

iii. Problems with food, famineiv. Areas proclaim independence, suppressedv. Allies sent in “White” troops to put down Red army, led to White Terror and

Red Terrorvi. 1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established

k. Leninismi. Liberalism

1. Supports Cultural nationalism2. New constitution (1924), organized by soviets, “toiler”-suffrage 3. New constitution (1936) provides secret ballot, universal suffrage

ii. Party System1. 1 Party2. Power comes from top (The Politburo) down, with Secretary General

at head3. The function of the parliament was to carry out the dictatorship of the

Proletariat 4. Majority of party were “followers”5. Communists often turned into bureaucrats and developed invested

interestsiii. Economics

1. After war, there was famine, starvation2. NEP (1921-1929)

a. New Economic Programb. Introduced some Capitalismc. Peasants could sell surplus (over quota) for profit


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d. Neo-Bourgeoisie developediv. Death of Lenin

1. Lenin dies 19242. Built up as a cult hero Leningrad3. A fighter ensues over control of the party4. Stalin wins, and Trotsky is exiled

a. Trotsky believed in “Constant Revolution”, was more Marxistsb. Charged with being a “Leftist Deviation”

l. Stalinismi. Real vs. Ideal

1. Marxism had dealt heavily with general theories but had no blue print for the government after the revolution.

2. Engel noticed that big companies, although competing with other companies, internally had no competition and worked well. Thus the government should be run as a huge monopoly

ii. Economy under the Five Year Plans1. Background

a. All were quantitativeb. Gosplan – agency that determined how much was to be

produced, set wages and prices, etcc. Extremely intricate system: looked good on paper but in reality

was difficultd. Huge bureaucracye. Aim was to build heavy industry and develop capital first, in

order to be self-sufficient2. C/C to Western Europe

a. Western Europe had undergone an agricultural revolution that enabled industrialization to occur; Russia accelerated this process with collectivization (1929)

3. Collectivization and Revolutiona. Greatest Revolution to people was in 1929 with the

collectivization and forced migration to citiesb. Peasants killed livestock Famine of 1932c. Government still required mass exporting to raise capital. d. Collective farms had Machine Tractor Stations and were

required to get a quota. e. Industry does rise quickly

4. Social Cost of Agricultural Collectivization and Industrial Rapidization

a. Deathb. Austerity and self-denialc. Propagandad. But it did eliminate some problems with capitalism, such as

unemployment and economic cycles while establishing a wealth floor


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iii. Socially1. Class struggle

a. Did not encourage equalityb. Peasants were often against the bureaucracy

2. Propaganda: Slakhanov – a really hard worker who made a lot of money through piecework payments

iv. Politically1. Totalitarianism

a. No criticism was allowedb. Religion discouragedc. Little freedomd. Conformity

2. Great Purge Trials of 1930’sa. New constitution: 1936 b. Any who opposed it or Stalin were purged

i. 1/3 party expelledii. Kiroff, others assassinated

iii. Killed ~800,000, tried 4 millionc. Gets rid of “Old Bolsheviks” who remember the early

revolutionm. International Impact

i. Opposition to Communism1. Marxists in Western Europe have become opposed to Russia and

Stalin. 2. Emphasis on Socialism as opposed to Communism

ii. International Communists1. Rosa Luxemburg and Carl Legnig – German communists2. Belakun – Hungarian Communist

iii. Cominterns1. 3rd International Communist International (Comintern)2. purges itself of socialist label3. Not truly international as USSR makes it theirs4. 2nd Comintern 1920 – Lenin’s 21 Points

iv. Communism leads to Fascism, a conservative reaction to the growing left-wing

1. Popular Fronts – leftist collaborations in opposition to Fascism4. Chapter 18: The Apparent Victory of Democracy

a. Peace after the wari. Generalizations

1. Economica. Agricultural Surplusb. Economy is “out of whack”

2. Politicala. Self-Determination: Little states formed with democratic

constitutions out of Russia, A-H, Germany, Greece, Poland


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b. Rise of Universal Suffrage, Women’s Rightsii. Italy: rise of Fascism under Mussolini

b. Europei. Eastern Europe

1. Moves toward Modernizationa. Tariffsb. Industrialization (not very effective)c. Land Reform

ii. Germany1. After War

a. Reichstag controlled by Social Democrats, who are more conservative and supported by RC (Center Party)

b. Sparticists – German communists who attempt a Communist revolution and fail

c. Weimar Republic – very democratic, generally liberald. Opposition to Treaty of Versailles

i. “Dicktat”ii. 231: War guilt

iii. 232: Reparationse. Polish corridor and Danzig, which separates East Prussia from

the rest of Germany2. In between

a. Treaty of Rapalla – Germany looked towards Russia for helpb. French seize Rhûr valley when Germany fails to pay

reparationsc. Inflation

i. Leads to Social revolution and the Dawes Planiii. England/America

1. Isolation2. “Normalcy”3. Dawes Plan – US loans Germany money

iv. Peace Attempts1. League of Nations not successful because it was missing so many

important states2. Spirit of Locarno (1920)

a. Results from treaty of Locarno in which Germany promises to respect boundaries of France and Belgium

3. Kellogg-Briand Pacta. Originally an American-French treaty in which the 2 countires

promise not to go to warb. Becomes 63 nations against warc. “Renounce war as an instrument of national policy”

c. Asiai. Background

1. Condemnation of Imperialism: The “highest form of capitalism”


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2. Revolutions leading up to ita. Russo-Japanese war of 1905b. Young Turksc. Assassination of Sun Yet-sen

3. Asia leans towards socialism, Russificationii. Turkey

1. Ottoman Empire crumbles into Turkey2. Kemel leads a resistance movement and is supported by the Russians3. Constantinople Istanbul 4. Separates church and state5. WR6. Westernization

iii. Persia (Iran)1. Asa Khan overthrows government and renegotiated oil agreements

iv. India1. Class division2. “Mohatma” (The Holy One) Gandhi

a. Fought caste systemb. Used nonviolence and civil disobedience, fastsc. Refused representative gov’t and supported the boycottd. Assassinated in 1948

3. Nehru – Gandhi follower, favored full Independence4. Received Independence after WWII

v. China1. Had a republic instead of an emperor but still a dictatorship under

Genera Yuan2. Sun Yat-sen

a. Organizes a nationalist party, known as the Kuomintangb. 1st leader of the Republicc. 3 People’s Principals

i. Democracyii. Nationalism

iii. Livelihoodd. Agreed with Marxism that imperialism was bad, but decided it

inappropriate for China e. Favored state-controlled economy instead of capitalismf. Turned to Russia for support

3. Communists join Kuomintang 4. Chiang Kai-shek

a. Leads military offensive against warlords and strives for Chinese unification

b. Fights communists5. Mao Tse Teung

a. Communistb. Breaks from Kuomintang


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c. Flees to south and forms the Chinese Red Armyd. Forced into Long March (6000 miles north in retreat from

Chiang Kai-Shek)6. Japanese in Manchuria

a. Mutually, Mao and Chiang fight the Japanesevi. Japan

1. Concerned by Chinese rise of power and nationalism2. Government appears to be democratic but in reality is a dictatorship3. Predominance of Shinto-ism, the worship of the emperor4. Renamed Manchuria “Manchuko” and made it an independent state

d. Great Depressioni. Causes

1. Rise of world marketa. Regional division of laborb. Rich countries benefit, poor ones sufferc. As the depression begins, US pulls out of markets, causing

problems everywhere2. Financial

a. Creditb. Speculationc. Stock Market Crash

3. Agriculturala. An agricultural depression helped stimulate the depressionb. Oversupply, a lot of output but little demand

4. Industrya. Didn’t fare well


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1930 – 1965Chapters 18 – 21

1. Chapter 18: Response to Depressiona. Background

i. World Depressionii. Agricultural depression

iii. World Production down 38%b. Generalizations

i. Socialists1. Depression and Stock Market Crash was the fall of Capitalism

ii. Capitalists1. Correction in market

iii. Western Nations1. move towards economic nationalism and Planned Economy

iv. Decline in Internationalism1. Moves off Gold Standard (Br first)2. Rise of Tariffs (Harley-Smoot in America, Imperial Tariff Union in

Britain)c. US

i. Circle of Reparations, Dawes Plan, War debts1. Allies default on war debts and Germans on the Reparations

ii. Hoover1. “Prosperity is just around the corner”

2. Chapter 19: Democracy and Dictatorshipa. Democracies

i. Generalizations1. Rise of Welfare State2. Established democracies survive, while new ones don’t3. Only 10 of 27 European nations were democracies

ii. America1. Democrat FDR beats HH2. New Deal Acronyms *=were declared unconstitutional

a. AAA* – Agricultural Adjustment Act - subsidiesb. CCC –Civilian Conservation Corps - employmentc. NRA* – National Recovery Administration – Labor, Industryd. FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation e. TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority – “yardstick”f. SS – Social Security

i. Old Age pensionsii. Unemployment insurance

iii. Disabled/handicapped Insurance


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g. WPA – Works Projects Administrationh. CIO – Congress of Industrial Organizations - unskilledi. AFL – American Federation of Labor – skilled

3. Keynesian Economicsa. The Federal government has a role in economics (as opposed to

L-F)b. Deficit Spending to stimulate economy (pump priming)

iii. Great Britain1. Welfare State

a. “Dole” – unemployment payments2. Labor

a. Consolidation attemptsb. General strike, put down by army

3. Politicsa. Labor Party replaces Liberal to challenge Conservativesb. PM’s

i. Ramsey McDonaldii. Stanley Baldwin

iii. Neville Chamberlain4. Empire

a. Controlled 1/5 of people and 1/5 of landb. Statue of Westminster – gave dominions equality with

themselves and Great Britain5. Problems

a. Irelandi. Sinn Fein – Irish nationalists who want independence

ii. Black and Tans – British army which opposes Sinn Fein

iii. Eventually Ireland becomes a dominion with Ulster still part of the UK, and later becomes a independent state

iv. France1. Physically difficult to recover from WWI

a. Importance of Reparations to Fr recovery2. Coalition government, headed by

a. Socialists (not radical at all), under Léon Blumb. Moderates, under Poincare

i. Takes Ruhr valley, stabilizes Frank3. Depression wasn’t as rough on France because she was so weak4. 1934 Popular fronts are founded5. parliament aids labor, establishes a 40h workweek, paid vacations, etc6. Democracy preserved

b. Dictatorshipsi. Totalitarianism C/C

1. Totalitarianism vs. Dictatorship, see book2. Totalitarianism


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a. Historical Nationalism, dependency on nation (cell theory)b. Absolutes gone, state dictated truthc. National culture – “Nazi” art, etcd. Press Controle. History controlf. Racism – biological Germanyg. Escape from class conflicth. Violence, wari. Body over mind

3. Communist vs. Fascistsa. Similarities

i. Policeii. Violence

iii. Denying individuality

Communists FascistsFar Left Far RightHave nots HavesRevolution LegalInternational National and NationalismCollective Ownership Private Property, Corporate stateDemocratic (pretensions) ElitismTemporary Permanent

ii. Italy under Mussolini1. Mussolini takes control

a. Shock because not Democraticb. Called Fascism, from Roman word for bounded sticks, a

symbol of powerc. March on Rome: Italy collapses and VE III calls on Mussolini

to form a coalition government Legald. Passes law saying whatever group wins the most votes in the

election is given a 2/3 majority in legislatures2. Maintaining control

a. Eliminates opposition (violence)b. Controls Pressc. 1 Partyd. “Il Duce” – Italian for Leadere. Denounced Cap, Dem, Comm, Soc, etcf. Rise of Corporate state – divides Italy into 22 corporations

3. Improvementsa. Lateran Accord: Italy and Pope are reconciledb. “Makes trains run on time”

4. Rise of militarism, and opposition to Communismiii. Germany under Hitler


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1. Hitler takes controla. Joins group which becomes National Socialist German

Workers Party Nazib. Weimar gov’t has little support within Germanyc. Beer Hall Putsch fails, Hitler is jailed where he writes Mein

Kampf d. Depression hurts Germany Nazism risese. Appeals to Volkf. Propaganda: denounces Treaty of Versaillesg. Anti-Semitism

i. Nuremberg laws – loss of citizenshipii. 1938 Crystal night, Jews property wrecked

h. 1932 Nazis have largest following of partiesi. 1933 Hindenburg names Hitler Chancellor Legal

2. Maintaining controla. Purges opposition, eliminates leftist nazisb. Gestapo - policec. Der Fuhrer – leaderd. Nazi Youth – indoctrinatione. “Big Lie” theory

3. Economicsa. National Labor Front Replaces labor unionsb. Militarism leads to less unemployment and a better economyc. Has 4 Year Plans which aim at self-sufficiency, both

agriculture and industry3. Chapter 20: WWII

a. Before the Wari. Background

1. Revisionisma. Many countries wanted to revise treatyb. Germany hated the treatyc. Italy hadn’t gotten any landd. Japan hadn’t gotten any lande. USSR had lost so much territory

2. Winners, Am, Br, Fr were happy enougha. No revision but no enforcement eitherb. Isolationism, Pacifism

3. Seeing the Treaty of Versailles as a mistakea. Both winners and losers see the unfairnessb. Blame the war on self-interests, war-munition companies and

less on Germany4. Pacifism

a. “Peace at any Price”b. French build Maginot line as a defensive military strategyc. America and Britain pursue isolationism


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i. Neutrality Acts, Cash and Carry laws ,which gives (negative) support to the aggressors

d. Russia joins LoN in fear of Germanyii. Non-German steps to war

1. Italy invades Ethiopia and establishes an East African Empire2. Spanish Civil War – “Dress rehearsal for WWII”

a. Under Alfonso XIII, Spain was divided based on land into an almost medieval system. (aristocracy, RC church, land owners)

b. A revolution in 1931 established the Spanish Republicc. Under Francisco Franco, the Spanish nationalists begin the

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)d. Big powers form a “Non-Intervention Committee” NIC

i. But Russia and Mexico aid the legitimate Republicii. Germany and Italy aid the Fascist Franco

iii. Volunteers from America and other places aid the republic (Hemmingway)

e. Franco wins, and establishes a “liberal Fascist” government3. Japanese invasion of China

a. LoN condemns, but does nothing4. England and France are not as prepared to fight as Germany is,

militarily, economically, politically, and even morallyiii. Hitler-Steps to War: Hitler made gradual encroachments through

“emergencies”1. Germany leaves LoN and Disarmament conferences (1933)2. Signs non-aggression pact with Poland, which is uncomfortable for the

rest of Europe (1934)3. Dolphus of Austria is assassinated, but Mussolini prevents German

annexation4. Saar reunites Germany by plebiscite 5. Germany begins rearming, in defiance of the treaty6. Repudiates Lacarno Treaties by moving into the Rhineland (1936)

(note, this was Germany’s own territory). ‘Hitler knows Best’ mentality

7. Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)8. Anschluss – reunion with Austria (1938)9. Sudetenland – Hitler’s desire of it leads to Munich Conference10. Munich Conference

a. Fr, Br, Gr, and It meetb. Hitler is allowed to take just the Sudetenland, out of SDc. Chamberlain preserves “Peace for our time”

11. Nazi-Soviet Pact: USSR and Gr sign a non-aggression pact and decide on the partition of Poland

12. Invasion of Czechoslovakia: Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia and soon took all the way to Danzig


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13. Invasion of Poland: Hitler Blitzkriegs and England and France declare war

b. The Wari. 1939 – 1942: Axis Victory

1. European Theatrea. Western Front

i. “Phony War”1. “All is quiet on the Western Front”2. Bore War

ii. Western Blitzkrieg1. Germany attacks Norway and Denmark in

April 1940a. “Quisling” – term for a traitor, originates

with a Nazi collaborator in Denmark b. “5th Column” – term for the Nazi

collaborators who made blitzkrieg so effective

2. Invasion of Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, and France

a. Goes through Ardennes Forest, bypassing the Maginot lines

b. Paris falls on June 13, and France surrenders on June 22 (6 weeks into the war)

c. Dunkirk: British and some French forces are able to escape the continent at the Evacuation of Dunkirk

iii. Europe falls the Axis1. French Government

a. Charles de Gaulle leads “Free” French from England

b. In France a resistance movement formsc. General Petain heads the Vichy

collaboration government.2. Italian Movements

a. Italy invades France, Greece, and North Africa

3. Germany’s control of Europea. Festung Europa - “Fortress Europe”b. Hitler Controls the same area that

Napoleon had once rulediv. Britain survives

1. Churchill promises “Blood, toil, tears, and sweat”


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2. Blitz, Operation Sea Lion, and the Battle of Britain

a. Hitler hopes to bomb England into submission

b. RAF was England’s only line of defense – “Never have so many owed so much to so few”

c. Ultra used to break Enigma code3. The failure of the Blitz in Britain is the

turning point of the war in the Western Front

v. US’s involvement1. We gave “all aid short of war” to the allies, but

kept “peace” in namea. Repealed Neutrality lawsb. Exchanged Warships for naval basesc. Lend-Lease Program – lent aid to

anyone fighting the axis powers, even USSR

d. Convoys used to ship2. FDR’s 4 Freedoms: Speech, Worship, From

Want, From Fear3. Peacetime draft4. Hemispheric solidarity – an attack on the

American hemisphere would be viewed as an attack on the entire Americas

b. Eastern Fronti. Invasion of Poland

1. Begins war on September 1, 19392. Blitzkrieg takes Poland by surprise, they

surrender in one month3. USSR takes their share of Poland, as decided in

the Nazi-Soviet Pact. a. Baltic, where they expel Baltic baronsb. Balkans

ii. Finland and the Winter War1. Finland defends against the USSR attack

iii. Invasion of Russia1. Hitler invades Russia in June 1941 over a 2000

mile front2. Soviet retreat combined with scorched-earth

policies and guerrilla warfare causes the Germans to suffer heavy casualties

3. Besieges Stalingrad, but fails…this is the turning point of the Eastern Front


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c. North African Fronti. Italy

1. Takes Libya and the heads east toward Egypt2. Britain gives fight in Ethiopia

ii. Germany1. Sends Rommel with the Afrika Korps2. British General Montgomery defeats him at the

Battle of El Alamein, which is the turning point in the North African Front

2. Pacific Theatrea. Before Pearl Harbor, Japan had fought many people, including

Chinab. Japanese movements

i. Pearl Harbor: Dec 7, 1941ii. Creates Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

iii. Japanese Conquer Philippinesc. Battle of Midway 1942

i. Turning point of war in Pacificii. 1st time the Japs were stopped

iii. Guadalcanal: first American attackii. 1942 – 1945: Allied Victory

1. European Theatrea. North African-Western Invasions

i. North Africa Nov. 19421. Takes pressure off of Russia

ii. Italy, from North Africa1. We fake at Sardinia and invade in Sicily2. Mussolini kicked out and Victor Emmanuel

switches to the allied sideiii. D-Day: June 6, 1944, Normandy

1. We fake Calais, invade Normandy2. land 1 million men3. by August had liberated Paris4. Partisans – citizens who had harassed the Nazis

during the occupationiv. Battle of the Bulge: December 1944

1. Germany fails to break throughv. VE: May 8, 1945

b. Easterni. Russia moves in from the east

ii. Takes Berlin2. Pacific

a. US reclaims captured territoriesb. Iwo Jima and Okinowa

i. Japanese islands


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ii. Cave wars were really bloodyc. Bombing of Hiroshima (Aug. 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (Aug 9)d. VJ: September 2

c. The Bombi. Created in Manhattan Project

ii. Used because:1. lowered the death rate2. Question of willingness to continue war in America3. Russia might take more land

d. Peacei. Conferences throughout the war

1. Atlantic Charter (FDR and Churchill)a. Before America entered the warb. The leaders met to decide terms of peacec. Idealistic, gives reason for fighting

2. Casa Blanca (FDR-Churchill)a. Unconditional Surrender

3. Teheran (Stalin, FDR, Churcill)4. Yalta

a. Western powers gave in some to Russia’s demands in order to secure their participation in the rest of the war

b. “Uncle Joe” Stalinc. FDR has been given flack now for “selling out to Stalin”

5. Potsdam (Truman, Atlee, Stalin)a. After Germany, before Japan

ii. After War1. Germany

a. Divided into 4 occupational zones: Am, Br, Fr, and Rus2. Korea

a. Divided at 38th Parallel3. UN

a. General Assembly: equal votesb. Security Council

i. 5 Permanent Members with veto: Br, US, Fr, Rus, Chii. 10 Rotating Members

c. Chartered in San Francisco until Rockefellar gave land in NYd. Declaration of Universal Rights: idealistic but unenforceablee. More effective than LoNf. Better with little countries than big countries

4. Treatiesa. 1st Treaty: 1946b. American-Japanese: 1951c. Germany: Never

4. Chapter 21: Superpowers in the Postwar Worlda. Three Major Problems


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i. Science: Atomic bomb shatters innate goodness view of Scienceii. Organization of Industrial Society: USSR’s collective society as opposed to

the US’s private property with government regulationiii. National Sovereignty: “One Worldism” clashes with the Nationalism

following the war. Exemplified by UN and European Unionb. Cold War

i. Overview1. War for minds of people2. Fear of “monolithic communism”3. Containment: US policy to prevent encroachment but not expand

within Soviet territory4. Truman Doctrine: give military aid to help fight communism5. Marshall Plan: gives economic aid to rebuild countries after the war

a. Both altruistic and selfishb. USSR-controlled countries don’t take aid

6. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization in which western powers united against communism

7. Warsaw Pact: Russia’s response to NATOii. Japan

1. Douglas McArthur runs occupation, widely admired2. Emperor becomes a figure-head, economy rebuilt3. Peace Treaty signed 1951

iii. Consolidation of sides in cold war1. Greece and Turkey join NATO, SU has Warsaw Pact2. SU establishes the Cominform, a newer version of the Comintern

iv. Germany1. Berlin Blockade (1948)

a. Berlin was “Window on the West” for the Communist countries

b. SU closed the roads and railroads to Berlin, creating a blockade and challenging the US to respond

c. Important because it shows US’s commitment to Europe instead of isolation, nuking, or pansy-ing

d. Response to blockade: air. We flew over every four minutes, 24h/day.

e. West countries unite their sectorsf. Results in two Germanies with different capitals, etc no

treaty2. Rearmament sometime around Korean War3. West Germany (wGr) joins Nato (1955)

v. China1. Communists move into China, were Mao Tse-Tung overthrows

Chiang Kai-shek (1949)2. We (and UN) recognize Chinese Nationalists instead of Red China

vi. Korea (1950)


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1. North Korea (NK) invades South Korea (SK)2. UN, heavily influenced by US, declares NK the aggressor state and

sends coalition forces “Peace-keeping”3. SU aids NK4. McArthur clashes with Truman over limited war, fired5. Korean War disproves “Atomic Bomb Peace” theory, which said that

atomic power was so awesome that it would prevent war6. Notice the use of client states, and the limited war7. 1951 Ceasefire, 1953 armistace8. Viewed in West as a firm response to communism, while the east saw

it as another example of Western Imperialism9. Both SU and US test Hydrogen Bomb

vii. Hungarian Revolution: we don’t support because it is behind the iron curtainviii. Sputnik

ix. Cuban Missile Crisisx. Invasion of Afghanistan

xi. SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Treatyc. The World in the Post-war years

i. European Economics1. MP2. ERP – European Recovery Program

a. Restores world wide market3. Mixed economy: economic planning with free-enterprise

a. Western Europe nationalizes industries such as railroadsb. Keynesian economics

4. Labor shortage caused by loss of life in wara. WRb. Immigration: from East Europe, Asia, and Africa

cultural/ethnical problems5. Common Market (Jean Monnet)

a. Started by Benelux, the cooperation between Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg. Eventually includes most of Eastern Europe

b. Drop Tariffs6. European Parliament (1967)

a. Britain stays outii. Global Economy

1. Bretton-woods Conference strives to eliminate tariffs2. GATT (General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade) forms the basis of

the new international economy3. Standardizing currency: gold-dollar standard for a while4. IMF, World Bank

iii. England 1. Labour party comes into prominence, competes with conservatives2. Problems with India, Ireland, etc


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iv. France under de Gaulle1. 4th Republic (1946)

a. Leftist governmentsb. Purge Trialsc. Unstable, de Gaulle leavesd. Colonial problems

i. Lose Indochina in war (1954)ii. North Africa/ Algeria problems lead to civil strife, de

Gaulle comes back2. 5th Republic (1958)

a. De Gaulle is President until referendum of disapproval in 1968b. Algerian Independencec. Nuclear capabilitiesd. Socialist strike

v. Federal Republic of Germany (wGr)1. Organized as a Federation of 10 Gr states under a Constitution, with a

President and a Chancellor (PM)2. Christian Democrats - largest political group at first, led by Adenhaur3. Social Democrats – powerful later, under Brandt

a. Ostpolitik (eastern politics), recognizes East Germany4. Nuremberg war trials5. Denazification6. Problem with division: as wGr grows, eGr is still bad

vi. Italy1. Monarchy2. Christian Democrats party, which opposes clergy, and favored

democracy and free-enterprisea. De Gasperi was the leader

3. Communist party was also strong (anti-Fascist more than pro-comm)4. Joins NATO

vii. SU1. Khrushchev replaces Stalin after his death

a. “Thaw” in the cold warb. DeStalinization by telling the bad and the good things that

Stalin did. Stalingrad Volgograd2. Brezhneu comes into power later, ends the “thaw”3. The SU economy rises (thanks in part to a 4th 5YP), but the people

don’t see the benefits b/c it does not increase the standard of living4. Revolts in Poland by Gromulka and in Czechoslovakia during the

Prague Spring are both put down by Force

Documents

Revolution of 1848 - ~1900 - Angelfire: Welcome to … · Web viewSocially: a classed society with the samurai being similar to Junkers or knights Religious: Declining Buddhism and