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Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The American NationA History of the United States, 15th Edition
By: Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Chapter5The American
Revolution
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
5.1 Preliminary Hostilities (1 of 2)
How did a dispute between Massachusetts
colonists and the British Empire escalate into a
wider conflagration?
First Continental Congress prompted British military
response
• The Shot Heard Round the World
British captured militia armory at Concord amid
skirmishes with Minute Men
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Ralph Earl’s painting of British troops at the Battle of Lexington: Painting shows about 200 British troops
marching in orderly lines into Lexington or Concord.
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
5.1 Preliminary Hostilities (2 of 2)
• The Second Continental Congress
Created the Continental Army, chose Washington
• The Battle of Bunker Hill
British captured Bunker Hill and Breed’s Hill with
terrible losses
George III declared colonies “in open rebellion”
After one last plea for compromise, Congress
embraced cause for arms, ordered attack on Canada
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5.2 The Question of Independence (1 of 2 )
How did patriots and loyalists differ?
Reluctance to break with Britain, fear of mobs and
future government
•The Declaration of Independence
Hessian mercenaries
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
Jefferson’s rationale for republican government
Jefferson’s indictment of George III
The global echo of the Declaration
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Engraving of a Stamp Act Protest: Engraving
shows a scene in a street where a mob hangs a
Tory from a pole with his back supported; two
other Tories are seen sprawled on the ground
with a group of poor people around them.
Debating the Past: Was the American Revolution
Rooted in Class Struggle?
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5.2 The Question of Independence (2 of 2)
• The Balance of Force
Pros: familiarity, proximity, divisions in England, poor
English leadership
Cons: lack of resources, industry, weaponry, navy,
experience, smaller population, government in
formation
• Loyalists versus Patriots
20 percent Tories, lacked organization and leadership
40 percent patriots
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5.3 Towards Victory (1 of 3)
What was the path to victory for the patriots?
Continental offensive failed in Québec
•The British Assault on New York City
Defeats on Long Island and Manhattan
Washington’s Christmas surprise at the Delaware
Princeton: A boost for morale
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Map 5.1 New York and New Jersey Campaigns,
1776–1777
Map shows part of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the Atlantic Ocean
highlighting British advances, American advances, American withdrawals, and battles of
British victory and American victory.
Data from the map are shown below:
British advances:
• The British forces arrived by sea along three paths labeled “Sir William Howe,”
“Admiral Lord Howe,” and “Clinton.”
• They initially reached Flatbush Brooklyn Heights, New York, and moved north to
another battle site at Harlem Heights, New York; they continued north, crossed
Westchester and reached the battle site of White Plains, New York.
• From White Plains, the British forces turned southwest; a troop reached Harlem
Heights, while another moved to Princeton, New Jersey. From there, the forces moved
southwest to Trenton, returned to Princeton, and moved north to New Brunswick.
American advances:
• American forces moved north from south Pennsylvania and reached Trenton. Another
troop moved northeast from Newtown to reach Trenton.
• The troops from Trenton moved northeast to Princeton, crossed New Brunswick, and
reached Morristown (Winter Quarters) on the banks of the Passaic River.
American withdrawals:
American forces from Flatbush Brooklyn Heights moved north to Fort Washington and
reached White Plains.
From there, the troops moved south to Hackensack and reached Newark.
• Washington led the troops to Princeton, then to Trenton, and reached Newtown.
Battles of British victory marked are White Plains, Oct. 28, 1776; Fort Washington,
Sept.16, 1776; and Flatbush Brooklyn Heights Aug. 22, 1776.
Battles of American victory marked are Princeton Jan. 3, 1777 and Trenton Dec. 26,
1776.
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Painting shows Washington standing in the bow of a small open boat, being rowed between large chunks
of ice.
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5.3 Towards Victory (2 of 3)
• The Fall of Saratoga and the French Alliance
The adventures of General Howe
General Burgoyne’s defeat at Saratoga
Treaty with France: An opportunity for payback
Suffering and surviving at Valley Forge
• The War in the South
A draw at Monmouth
British captured Savannah and Charleston but had
no control over South
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Map 5.2 Saratoga Campaign, September 19 to
October 17, 1777
Map shows a part of North America covering Canada, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania, highlighting
British advances, American advances, and battles of British victory and American victory.
Data from the map are shown below:
British advances:
• Burgoyne led British forces north of the Richelieu River, Canada, down Lake Champlain, along
the western border of Vermont, to Fort Ticonderoga July 6, 1777.
• The forces continued southward, then split and rejoined in Fort Anne, crossed Fort Edward, and
moved southeast to a battle site in Bennington, New York, Aug. 16, 1777.
• St. Leger led British forces north of Montreal, southwest along the St. Lawrence River to Fort
Oswego, New York, on the south shore of Lake Ontario. Then they continued east over land to
battle sites in Fort Stanwix, New York, and Oriskany, New York.
• Clinton led another troop from New York in Long Island and moved north to reach Fort
Montgomery, Oct. 6, 1777, and Kingston, Oct. 25, 1777.
American advances:
• Arnold led American forces from Albany south of the Fort Stanwix. Another troop moved north
from Albany to Saratoga.
A British victory is marked in Fort Montgomery, Oct. 6, 1777, west of the Hudson River.
American victories are marked in Kingston, Oct. 25, 1777, west of the Hudson River, Battle of
Oriskany, Aug. 6, 1777, west of the Mohawk River, Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777, and Bennington,
Aug. 16, 1777.
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Map 5.3 Campaign in the South, 1779–1781
Map shows a part of United States covering Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland,
Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia highlighting British
advances, battles of British victory and American victory, land with strongholds of
Loyalists, land divided between Patriots and Loyalists, land with strongholds of
Patriots, land occupied by Indians, and towns still held by British, end 1781.
British advances:
• Clinton sailed with Cornwallis from New York, Dec. 1779, and led British forces
from the north by sea to Savannah and then to a battle site in Charleston, South
Carolina.
• The British forces moved north from Charleston to Georgetown, then to a battle site
in Camden, and then moved northwest to Charlotte, North Carolina, and then south
to Winnsboro.
• Some forces moved northwest from Winnsboro to a battle site in Cowpens; another
moved north from Winnsboro to a battle site in Kings Mountain, then continued
northeast past Guilford Court House, and looped back to a battle site there.
• The forces moved southeast from Guilford Court House to Wilmington, then north
to Petersburg, Virginia. From there, some moved east to Yorktown, while others
moved to Richmond. A set detached from Richmond to Monticello and returned to
Richmond.
Battles of British victory are marked in Camden and Charleston (captured), South
Carolina.
Battles of American victory are marked in Guilford Court House, Kings Mountain,
and Cowpens in North Carolina.
Loyalist strongholds: a tiny region in east Pennsylvania adjoining New Jersey; part
of Virginia south of Yorktown; swath of land in North Carolina from Guilford Court
House to Wilmington; region around Winnsboro and Camden in North Carolina;
region around Charleston (captured) and Savannah in South Carolina
Divided between Patriots and Loyalists: New Jersey, southern Delaware, small parts
of Maryland and Virginia, and western part of North Carolina and South Carolina
Patriot strongholds: south Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia,
eastern part of North Carolina and South Carolina
Land occupied by Indians: Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Spanish Territory
Towns still held by British, end 1781: Charleston and Savannah
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5.3 Towards Victory (3 of 3)
• Victory at Yorktown
Cornwallis’s camp at Yorktown and interception by
French Navy
American troops forced surrender, October 17, 1781
• Negotiating a Favorable Peace
Playing off European rivalries for a favorable treaty:
- Independence
- Generous boundaries
- Troop removal
- Fishing rights
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Map 5.4 The Yorktown Campaign,
April to September 1781
Map shows part of the United States covering Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island,
Massachusetts, New Jersey, Delaware, and Virginia, highlighting British, French, and American
movements.
British movements:
• In April–May 1781, Cornwallis led the British forces from the region south of Petersburg, reached
Petersburg, crossed Richmond and reached Yorktown.
• In late August 1781, Graves took the sea route from New York, New Jersey, and moved south up to
Yorktown.
French movements:
• In June–July 1781, Rochambeau led the French forces from Newport and moved southwest to reach
Trenton in New Jersey.
• De Barras, in August 1781, crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Newport to Yorktown.
• De Grasse, in August 1781, also reached Yorktown by a sea route.
• In April 1781, Lafayette moved south from Baltimore in Virginia and reached the region northeast
of Richmond.
American movements:
• Washington moved southwest from the bank of the Hudson River, crossed Philadelphia, and the
forces divided into two; one reached Baltimore while the other, led by Washington, crossed Elkton
and reached Yorktown.
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Table 5.1 Turning Points in the American Revolution
Date, Action, Consequence
Spring and summer 1775
Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Breed’s Hill: Patriots fight well; British sustain heavy losses
Summer 1776
Declaration of Independence: American patriots commit to war
Fall 1776
British take New York City: Patriots retreat to Pennsylvania but win morale-building battle at Trenton, New Jersey
Fall 1777
British fail in attempt to seize Hudson Valley (Saratoga Campaign): Burgoyne’s army surrenders; France allies with
Continental Congress
1778–1780
British move to suppress patriots in southern colonies: Despite taking Savannah and Charleston, British fail to suppress
patriots; British retreat to Yorktown peninsula
Fall 1781
American and French trap British at Yorktown: British surrender at Yorktown
September 1783
Armistice signed: American independence secured; Congress agrees to recommend restoration of lands confiscated from
loyalists
Date Action Consequence
Spring and summer 1775
Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Breed’s Hill
Patriots fight wellBritish sustain heavy losses
Summer 1776 Declaration of Independence
American patriots commit to war
Fall 1776 British take New York City Patriots retreat to Pennsylvania but win morale-building battle at Trenton, New Jersey
Fall 1777 British fail in attempt to seize Hudson Valley (Saratoga Campaign)
Burgoyne’s army surrendersFrance allies with Continental Congress
1778–1780 British move to suppress patriots in southern colonies
Despite taking Savannah and Charleston, British fail to suppress patriots British retreat to Yorktown peninsula
Fall 1781 American and French trap British at Yorktown
British surrender at Yorktown
September 1783
Armistice signed American independence securedCongress agrees to recommend restoration of lands confiscated from loyalists
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5.4 The United States under the Articles of
Confederation (1 of 4)
How did the United States function under the
Articles of Confederation?
A loose union with sovereign states and a weak
central government
• Financing the War
War costs for Congress and states
Paper money and inflation: The hidden tax
Robert Morris: Restoring a stable currency
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Map 5.5 The United States under the Articles of
Confederation, 1787
Map shows a part of the United States highlighting claims by Virginia,
North Carolina, Georgia, joint claim by United States, Georgia and
Spain, New York, England, Western Reserve, and the region ceded by
South Carolina to the United States in 1787.
The map shows the following data.
Northwest Territory 1787: swath of land bordered by the Great Lakes
Spanish Louisiana: region west of the Mississippi River and Spanish
Florida
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia claim the region
to their west, trans-Appalachian, respectively.
A part of land to the southwest of Georgia is claimed by the United
States, Georgia and Spain.
New York claims the region to the west of New Hampshire; the small
region south of Lake Erie is marked “Western Reserve (Conn.).”
The region to the north of Maine is claimed by England.
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5.4 The United States under the Articles of
Confederation (2 of 4)
• State Republican Governments
Early state constitutions provided executive,
legislative, judiciary branches
Rejection of “virtual representation”
Bills of rights protected civil liberties
The novelty of written constitutions
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5.4 The United States under the Articles of
Confederation (3 of 4)
• Social Reform and Antislavery
Legislative reapportionment
Abolition of primogeniture, quitrents, and entail
Jefferson’s Statute of Religious Liberty
Northern move toward gradual abolition
Southern embrace of manumission
More middling Americans in legislatures
Limited social upheaval
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5.4 The United States under the Articles of
Confederation (4 of 4)
• Women and the American Revolution
Late-eighteenth-century trend toward women’s legal
rights
Women’s enhanced authority on the home front
The impact of revolutionary rhetoric
Increased educational opportunities
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Portrait shows Abigail
Adams seated in a
chair, wearing a lace
cap and lace coat.
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5.5 American Nationalism (1 of 3)
How did the war contribute to the creation of
American nationalism?
Freedom preceded nationalism in the United States
Union as a means to an end
•Sources and Expression
Common war sacrifices and experiences
Soldiers’ travel and camaraderie across state lines
Common solutions for practical problems, e.g., postal
service, diplomacy
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5.5 American Nationalism (2 of 3)
• The Great Land Ordinances
1785: Surveying western territories—a checkerboard
pattern
1787: From territorial government to statehood
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Photo shows an aerial
view of a huge farmed
landscape with square
and rectangular plots of
land.
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5.5 American Nationalism (3 of 3)
• Towards a National Culture
Protestant autonomy: From Anglican to Protestant
Episcopalian Church
An American Catholic bishop
Noah Webster and American English
The patriotic themes of writers and painters
National heroes:
- Ben Franklin
- George Washington
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Timeline (1 of 2)
1775 Colonists fight British in Battles of Lexington and
Concord.
Second Continental Congress names George
Washington commander in chief (of Continental
Army).
1776 Second Continental Congress issues Declaration of
Independence. Washington evacuates New York City.
1777 American victory at Saratoga turns the tide and leads
to alliance with France.
1780 British capture Charleston.
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Timeline (2 of 2)
1781 States ratify Articles of Confederation.
General Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown.
1783 Great Britain recognizes independence of United
States by signing the Peace of Paris.
1785 Congress passes the Land Ordinance of 1785.
1787 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 establishes
governments for the West.