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REVOLUTION: 1980 - PRESENT
• FROM • PSYCHOLOGICAL• PERSONALITY• EARLY LIFE• PSYCHOTHERAPY
• TO • BIOLOGICAL• DISEASE• BRAIN• MEDICATION
HISTORY
• DOMINANT IN 19TH CENTURY - DISEASE OF BRAIN
• RISE AND DOMINANCE OF PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
• LITTLE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN
• DISCREDITING OF GENETIC THOUGHT WITH NAZIS
EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY
• SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION BEGAN ABOUT 1980
• MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN – HUMAN GENOME PROJECT NOW
• NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF THE BRAIN (CAT; MRI; PET)
EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY
• PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
• INSURANCE AND MANAGED CARE
• DRUGS CHEAPER AND MORE EFFICIENT THAN THERAPY
• CAN TREAT SERIOUSLY ILL
DIAGNOSTIC MODEL
• PARTICULAR DIAGNOSIS VERY IMPORTANT
• NOT CONTINUOUS, BUT CATEGORICAL
• SYMPTOMS INDICATE UNDERLYING DISEASES
• BUT, NO “GOLD STANDARD” OTHER THAN SYMPTOMS
CAUSES
• BRAIN DISORDERS
• OFTEN GENETIC VULNERABILITIES
• EARLY CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES OR TRAUMAS
• CURRENT TRAUMAS CAN CHANGE BRAIN
EVIDENCE FOR GENETIC
• PROBABILITY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• NO SCHIZ RELATIVES 1%
• UNCLES/AUNTS/COUSINS 2-4%
• ONE PARENT 6%
• FULL SIBLING 10%
• DZ 6-15%
• MZ 30-40%
BASIC PROBLEM
• FAMILIES TRANSMIT GENES AND BEHAVIORS, VALUES, CULTURE, ETC.
• HOW SEPARATE GENETIC FROM ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES?
• TWO MAJOR WAYS
ADOPTION STUDIES
• GET GENES FROM ONE SET OF PARENTS AND ENVIRONMENT FROM ANOTHER SET
• NATURAL CHILDREN OF M.I. PARENTS RAISED BY NON-M.I. FOSTER PARENTS
• COMPARE TO ADOPTED CONTROL GROUP
HESTON STUDY
• 47 CHILDREN BORN TO SCHIZ. MOTHER IN OREGON M.H. 1915-45 AND TAKEN AWAY AT BIRTH
• CONTROL GROUP OF 47 CHILDREN OF NON-M.I. MOTHERS ADOPTED AT BIRTH
HESTON (CONT.)
• 17% OF CHILDREN BORN OF SCHIZ. MOTHERS BECAME SCHIZ.
• 0% OF CONTROL GROUP
• OTHER STUDIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ALSO SUPPORT GENETIC INFLUENCE (ALTHOUGH NOT AS STRONGLY)
OTHER ILLNESSES
• DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOLISM
• RATES IN ADOPTEES SOMETIMES RESEMBLE FOSTER PARENTS MORE THAN NATURAL PARENTS
• INDICATES ENVIRONMENTAL AS WELL AS GENETIC INFLUENCES
COMPARE MZ - DZ TWINS
• MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (MZ) - SHARE 100% GENES
• DYZYGOTIC TWINS (DZ) - SHARE 50% GENES
• RAISED IN SAME FAMILY, ETC.
• CONTROL ENVIRONMENT, VARY GENES
DIFFERENCES IN SCHIZ.
• SIBLINGS 10%
• DZ 6-15%
• MZ 30-40%
• OTHER DISORDERS LESS DIFFERENCE BUT ALWAYS MORE MZ THAN DZ