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Revolt and Reform. Waves 1 & 2: 1820-1832. Failed!. Revolutions: Spain Wave 1: 1820-1823. Revolt against Bourbon King Ferdinand VII 1812 promises to uphold liberal concessions: liberal constitution, Cortes (leg. body) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Revolt and ReformWaves 1 & 2:
1820-1832
Revolutions: SpainWave 1: 1820-1823
Revolt against Bourbon King Ferdinand VII 1812 promises to uphold
liberal concessions: liberal constitution, Cortes (leg. body)
1814 tears up constitution, dissolved Cortes – officers, merchants, intellectuals revolt
1820 King restores constitution 1823 Principle of Intervention
comes to Ferdinand’s aid (French army invades = Ferdinand restored)
Failed!
Revolutions: Italy Wave 1: 1820-1829 9 Italian states created by
Congress of Vienna (but no Italian Confederation) under the control of Austria
Carbonari under the leadership of Gen. Pepe force King Ferdinand I (King of Two Sicilies) to sign constitution
but...at Congress of Laibach Ferdinand agrees to let Austrian troops “restore order”
Failed!
Revolutions: Greece1821-1827 National Liberation in
Greece Greek nationalists 1st led
by Ypsilanti 1821-1832 vs. Ottoman
Empire – support from Russia (wants Turk land) England, France vs. Turks!
Success! 1829 Treaty of Adrianople
Greece = Independent
DelacroixMassacre at Chios
Success!
Revolutions: Serbia, 1830 Serbia struggle for independence from
Ottoman Empire 1804-1813: Kara George employs guerilla tactics
= fails BUT inspires nationalism; other nations get interested in their cause
1815-16 Milos Obrenovitch = greater autonomous authority
1830 = Ottomans grant independence; gain international recognition
1833 - extends borders 1878 – begin to agitate the Austrians as they
press for more territory
Success!
The Americas
Latin America revolting vs. Spain Argentina, 1810Simon Bolivar – Colombia, 1819; Venezuela, 1820
Jose de San Martin – Chile, 1817; Peru, 1821
Mexico & Central American provinces, 1825
Monroe Doctrine (1823) vs. new colonization Counter Metternich: revolutions ok, if recognized by US! Great Britain agrees
Attempt to exclude Spain and Portugal from Latin American trade market – GB now in control
Revolutions: RussiaWave 1: 1820-1829 Decembrist Revolt 1825 –
death of Alexander (1801-1825) – Nicholas crowned tsar
Northern Union (aka Decembrists) est. after fall of Napoleon
Decembrists revolt?? – who really led the uprising?
Nicholas’ troops crush Decembrists Nicholas reacts CONSERVATIVELY:
Official Nationality program Third Section, wide spread deportation,
surveillance and spying
Reform and Revolution: Wave 2Poland, 1830-31 Suppressed by Russia – Nicholas
I (1825-1855) 1830 uprising in Warsaw – drives
Russian garrison out Declare independence Nicholas I invades – “a land of graves
and crosses”; oppressive Russian military dictatorship
Organic Statute 1832: integral part of Russia
Reform and Revolution: Wave 2The July Revolution of 1830 / July
Monarchy Charles X, Bourbon king vs.
Constitutional Charter By March 1830 – growing opposition vs.
King and increased aristocratic privilege… Charles X dissolves legislature BUT… 1830 elections, liberals win – Charles issues July (Four) Ordinances: dissolves Chamber again, crackdown on press, etc.
Bourgeois furious – but workers, students, intelligentsia lead July Revolution – 3 days barricade vs. army
Charles abdicates – and flees to England
Failed Reform and Revolution: Wave 2
The July Revolution of 1830 / July Monarchy
Lafayette solves dilemma: elect Duke of Orleans Louis Philippe – Cousin of Charles X but of
republican army – so accepted as Bourgeois Monarch
Pledged to uphold Constitutional Charter of 1814
Did little more than protect rich upper middle class
“King of the French” – Tri-color flag – Just who is this man?
meanwhile...in the Chamber of Deputies Party of Movement = ministerial
responsibility, limited expansion of franchise, & active foreign policy
Party of Resistance = currently have “perfect form” of gov’t.; dominant voice in Chamber, supported Louis-Philippe & upper-middle class
and Failure!
Reform and Revolution: Wave 2Belgium
Belgium 1830 – merged with Holland 1815 Students, workers revolt – defeat
Dutch army under King William I of Holland
Propertied classes form a provisional national gov’t.
1831 Liberal Constitution written Wins independence from Holland
– How come the Congress System didn’t tried to stop this uprising??
1831 Leopold of Saxe-Coburg= king of Belgium
Convention of 1839 = Belgian neutrality
Wave 2:Successful Reform in Britain British notice the July Revolution! –
threats work! 1820s Tories more liberal: Robert
Peel Pro free trade – pro secular state (vs.
Church) 1673 Test Act repealed – Catholics
Emancipated!!! (NOT IN IRELAND!!!)
Representation Problem Can’t reform House of Commons
Rotten Boroughs: empty with industrialization…
500 men (mainly House of Lords) elected House of Commons!
Successful Reform in Britain
1830 George IV dies --- William IX --- Whigs under Earl Grey push hard for reform Fear of revolution – the bill for reform
passes BUT with some “encouragement” from the king (pg. 642)
Reform Bill, 1832 (“English”) Increased numbers of voters
significantly House of Commons emerged as major
legislative body Industrial areas gained representation “Rotten boroughs” eliminated
Successful Revolutions
Failed Revolutions
Poland, 1830
Russia, 1825
Italy 1820
Spain 1820
South America
Serbia, 1830
Greece, 1821
• Where do we want to add France and Great Britain?
• How would these two countries impact our perception as to how successful these early revolutions were?
• Why do we even take the time to learn about these revolutions?