Revista Aranzadi Doctrinal Civil Mercantil

7/31/2019 Revista Aranzadi Doctrinal Civil Mercantil

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-aranzadi-doctrinal-civil-mercantil 1/34

_jvistf FrfhzfìAivim'Gjrafhtim

Hu°gjrl 1 • Kuhil ?>6?



ALHQJKL @J _J@FAAIÑH@irjaaiñh

_L@_IDL OJ_ALSIP[ _L@_I°DZJ['AFHL JH_IVZJ _ZOIL PL__FHLAftj`rætial `j @jrjabl Aivim Aftj`rætial `j @jrjabl Aivim

Zhivjrsi f` Futñhlgf `j Gf ri ( Foldf l Zhivjrsi f` û°omiaf `j Hfvfrrf( Foldf`l

Algisiñh ^jrgfhjhtjF°HDJM AF__FQAL J_J_F KLQJ° GFQQFDZJ_ CZJHPJQAftj`rætial `j @jrjabl Aivim Aftj`rætial `j @jrjabl Gjrafhtim

Zhivjrsi f `j Afstimmf'Mf Gfhabf Zhivjrsi f` ^lgpju Cforf `j OfrajmlhfKJQZ°Q @JMDF@L JABJSJ__I°F KZFH FHPLHIL GL_JHL GF_PI°HJ[

Aftj`rætial `j @jrjabl Aivim Aftj`rætial `j @jrjabl AivimZhivjrsi`f` j [frfdlzf Zhivjrsi`f` j Fmiafhtj

Alhsjkjrls

GFHZJM KJQZ°Q GF_I

°H ML

°^J[Gª MZIQF F_ALQ SIJI_F Aftj`rætial `j @jrjabl Aivim^rlcjslrf Pitumfr `j @jrjabl Aivim

Zhivjrsi`f` `j Afstimmf'Mf GfhabfZhivjrsi`f` û°omiaf `j HfvfrrfKZFH KLQJ° GF_I°H ML°^J[KLFVZI°H FPF[ ML°^J[Aftj`rætial `j @jrjabl AivimAftj`rætial `j @jrjabl Aivim

Zhivjrsi`f` `j Afstimmf'Mf GfhabfZhivjrsi`f` `j GuraifFHPLHIL L_PI SFMMJKLJGIMIL OJMP_F°H QF°HABJ[

Aftj`rætial `j @jrjabl AivimAftj`rætial `j @jrjabl GjrafhtimZhivjrsi`f` `j Drfhf`fZhivjrsi`f` Qfh ^foml'AJZ `j Gf`ri`

Gª F°HDJMJQ ^F__F MZAF°HKLQJ° GFHZJM OZQPL MFDLAftj`rætial `j @jrjabl AivimAftj`rætial `j @jrjabl Aivim

Zhivjrsi`f` `j [frfdlzfZhivjrsi`f` `j F AlruöfGª SIAPL_IF ^JPIP MFSFMM_FGL°H AFQFQ SFMMJQ

Aftj`rætiaf `j @jrjabl Gjrafhtim^rlcjslr Pitumfr `j @jrjabl AivimZhivjrsitft Kfugj I `j AfstjmmñhZhivjrsi`f` `j Ofrajmlhf

F°HDJM MZIQ _JOLMMJ@L SF_JMFQFHPIFDL AFSFHIMMFQ GZ°DIAF Aftj`rætial `j @jrjabl AivimAftj`rætial `j @jrjabl AivimZhivjrsi`f` `j Qfhtifdl `j AlgplstjmfZhivjrsi`f` `j mfs Ismfs Ofmjfrjs

CJ@J_IAL FH@_J°Q _L@_I°DZJ[ GL_FPFCFZQPIHL AL_@L°H GL_JHLAftj`rætial `j @jrjabl AivimAftj`rætial `j @jrjabl ^rlajsfm

Zhivjrsi`f` `j Afstimmf'Mf GfhabfZhivjrsi`f` `j HfvfrrfKZMIF _ZI['_IAL _ZI['GL_L°HGª F°HDJMJQ JDZQVZI[F OFMGFQJ@F

Aftj`rætiaf `j @jrjabl AivimAftj`rætiaf `j @jrjabl AivimZhivjrsi`f` `j Drfhf`fZhivjrsi`f` û°omiaf `j Hfvfrrf

KLQJ° F°HDJM PL__JQ MFHFCAL( KFSIJ_ CJ_HF°H@J[ Z_[FIHVZIAftj`rætial `j @jrjabl AivimGfdistrf`l `jm PQKH

Zhivjrsi`f` `j mfs Ismfs OfmjfrjsKLQJ° DF_OJ_I° MMLO_JDFPJPJMSIHF SFMMF@F_JQ _FQAL°HAftj`rætial `j @jrjabl ^rlajsfm

Aftj`rætiaf `j @jrjabl AivimZhivjrsi`f` `j Afstimmf'Mf GfhabfZhivjrsi`f` `j MjñhKLQJ° _FGL°H DF_AI°F SIAJHPJ FSJM SJIDF AL^L^rlcjslr Pitumfr `j @jrjabl Aivim

^rlcjslr Fdrjdf`l `j @jrjabl GjrafhtimZhivjrsi`f` `j QfmfgfhafZhivjrsi`f` ^lhti aif Algimmfs `j Gf`ri`_FCFJM MF_F DLH[F°MJ[

Aftj`rætial `j @jrjabl GjrafhtimZhivjrsi`f` û°omiaf `j Hfvfrrf

_j`faaiñh Frfhzfì;Fsuh Qlmf ^fsaufmj'gfim; fsuh(slmfNtblgslhrjutjrs(algJvf Bjrhæh`jz Duimméhj'gfim; jvf(bjrhfh`jzNtblgslhrjutjrs(algAfgihl `j Dfmfr- 6: ' 1669> ' Aizur Gjhlr "Hfvfrrf)Pjm(; "902) ?94?41 CFR; "902) ?2>16:



QZGF_IL

FO_JSIFPZ_FQ(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

P_IOZHF_L@_IDL OJ_ALSIP[ _L@_ÇDZJ['AFHL

JH _JAZJ_@L @J GFHZJM FMOFMF@JKL DF_AÇF((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

MJDIQMFAIÑHJQPZ@IL

F_IF@HF FDZIMJ_F _ZMM

MF ALHCIDZ_FAIÑH @J MF ALG^JHQFAIÑH @JM P_FOFKL ^F_F MF AFQF "F_6012 AA) ALHCL_GJ ALH JM ^_IHAIÎL @J IDZFM@F@ JHP_J GZKJ_JQ Y BLG'O_JQ(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

_JQJÖFQ(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

KZ_IQ^_Z@JHAIFALGJHPF_ILQ

JH_IVZJ _ZOIL PL__FHL

_JQ^LHQFOIMI@F@ AISIM GÉ@IAF Y CFMPF @J ALHQJHPIGIJHPL IHCL_GF@L5@I@F @J L^L_PZHI@F@ "F ^_L^ÑQIPL @J MF QPQ @J 63 @J JHJ_L @J ?>6?)((((((((( :1



3 FA'G ?>6? • 1

FHPLHIF ^FHI[F CZMMFHF

MFQ JHPI@F@JQ FQJDZ_F@L_FQ @J FQIQPJHAIF QFHIPF_IF FHPJ MF CFMPF @IMIDJHAIF @JM GÉ@IAL ^L_ LGIQIÑH @J IHCL_GFAIÑH "F ^_L^ÑQIPL @J M

QJHPJHAIF @JM P_IOZHFM QZ^_JGL @J 63 @J JHJ_L @J ?>6?)(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 36AF_GJH ^É_J[ ALHJQF

@ISIQIÑH @J MF AL^_LÎJ@F@ Y JM @J_JABL @J ZQL QLO_J SISIJH@F CFGIMIQJHPJHAIF @JM P_IOZHFM QZ^_JGL @J ?4 @J CJO_J_L @J ?>6?(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4:

@LAP_IHF_FVZJM MZVZIH OJ_DF_JABJ

MLQ ^ZHPLQ @J JHAZJHP_L CFGIMIF_ ALGL DF_FHPÇF @JM IHPJ_ÉQ @JM GJHLJH JM JKJ_AIAIL @JM «IZQ SIQIPFH@Iµ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

FHJRL OIOMILD_ÆCIAL(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((



Priouhf



JH _JAZJ_@L @J GFHZJM FMOFMF@JKL DF

_L@_IDL OJ_ALSIP[ _L@_ÇDZJ['AFHL((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Aftj rætial `j @jrjabl Aivim( Zhivjrsi`f Futñhlgf `j Gf`ri ( Foldf l

Jm prlcjslr FMOFMF@JKLcfmmjaiñ jm pfsf`l 4 `j forim f mls 96 föls( GfhujmFMOFMF@JKLDF_AÇF- hfai`l jh Afrtfdjhf jh 69?>- bforçf augpmi`l 9? f öls jm

prñxigl ?0 `j latuorj(Jh mf plrtf`f `j mfs ûmtigfs jìailhjs `j sus gfhufmjs pl`jgls mjjr fmdu'hls `j sus tçtumls- prlofomjgjhtj fqujmmls quj ém alhsi`jrfof gæs rjmjvfhtjsjh rjmfaiñh alh jm @jrjabl Aivim;

«Aftj`rætial jgéritl `j @jrjabl Aivim `j mfs Zhivjrsi`f`js Algpmutjhsj`j Gf`ri` y Qfh ^foml AJZ- Jx _jatlr y _jatlr blhlrfril vitfmiail `j mf `jOfrajmlhf- Jx Alhsjkjrl `j mf Algpmutjhsj `j Gf`ri`- Jx ^rjsi`jhtj y ^rjsi'`jhtj `j blhlr `j mf _jfm Faf`jgif `j Kurispru`jhaif y Mjdismfaiñh- Faf`égialhugjrfril `j mf `j Aftfmu öf y hl hugjrfril `j mfs `j Drfhf`f- Misolf- Alstf

_iaf- Añr`lof "Frdjhtihf) y Abimj- Jx Alhsjkjrl `j Jstf`l- Slafm ^jrgfhjhtj`j mf Algisiñh Djhjrfm `j Alì afaiñh- Jx ^rjsi`jhtj y ^rjsi`jhtj `j blhlr`j mf Fslaifaiñh `j ^rlcjslrjs `j @jrjabl Aivim- @latlr plr mfs Zhivjrsi`f`js`j Gf`ri` y Olmlhif- y @latlr blhlris afusf plr ltrfs hugjrlsfs Zhi'vjrsi`f`jsµ

Pçtumls f mls quj aforçf föfìr- jh ltrl lr`jh `j alsfs y mjkls `j prjtjh`jrsjr jxbfustivl- mls hlgorfgijhtls `j bikl f`lptivl `j mf aiu`f` `j Drfhf`f y`j bikl prjìmjatl `j mf aiu`f` `j Afrtfdjhf- mf alhajsiñh `j mf gj`fmmf `j lrl`j mf _jdiñh `j Guraif y mf `jm ^rjgil ^jmfyl pfrf kuristfs `j rjalhlai`lprjstidil(

@js`j mf f`girfaiñh l `js`j mf jhviìf hl afoj sihl rjalhlajr mls jxtrflr'ìhfrils géritls `jm ^rlcjslr F MOFMF@JKL- su ihìsautiomj éxitl prlcjsilhfm- faf'



62 FA'G ?>6? • 1

`égial y slaifm( Arjl hl jquivlafrgj fm f rgfr quj ìabl éxitl slorjsfmj plrjhaigf `jm `j aufmquijrf `j mls aivimistfs `j su djhjrfaiñh( Jstly sjdurl `j qujmj dustfrçf sfojr quj fsç sj rjalhlaj plrquj- sijh`l pjrslhf `j alhùatf sjhai'

mmf y trftl fgfomj- ìscrutfof hfturfmgjhtj `j su prltfdlhisgl- algl js crj'aujhtjgjhtj prlpil `j mls triuhcf`lrjs( Gujstrf `j jsj dustl plr jm éxitl jsjsj mistf`l `j tçtumls frriof trfhsaritl- quj- algl yf bj ìabl- durf jh mfplrtf`f `j sus gfhufmjs(

Gfhujm FMOFMF@JKLDF_AÇF faajìñ f uhf aætj`rf `j @jrjabl Aivim `j mfZhivjrsi`f` `j Lvij`l jh 69:1- f uhf `j mf Zhivjrsi`f` `j Ofrajmlhf jh 69:3-y hfmgjhtj- jh 6939- f uhf `j mf Zhivjrsi`f` Algpmutjhsj `j Gf`ri`- jh mfquj lstjhtñ mf @irjaaiñh `jm @jpfrtfgjhtl `j @jrjabl Aivim bfstf su kuoimfaiñhjh 6996( ^jrgfhjaiñ fativl bfstf plal fhtjs `j su cfmmjaigijhtl(

Zh pjrslhfkj `j tfhtl éxitl y `j tfh prlmlhdf`f fh`fùrf hl pfsf plr mfvi`f sih `jkfr bujmmf( Hl gj rj jrl fm rjstrihdi`l ægoitl cfgimifr y slaifm jh jmquj tl`ls `jkfgls fmdl- guabl l plal- sihl f mls jspfails faf`égials jh mlsquj Gfhujm Fmofmf`jkl Dfraçf `jsfrrlmmñ su fh`fùrf(

Jm prlcjslr FMOFMF@JKLcuj uh uhivjrsitfril y uh aivimistf( @jìañ su vi`foæsiafgjhtj f mf Zhivjrsi`f` y fm @jrjabl Aivim(

F ìcjrjhaif `j guabls `j sus almjdfs- hl jkjraiñ mf foldfaçf- sih pjrkuiail`j quj jgitijsj ìatægjhjs y fatufsj jh fmduhls alh iatls algl æroitrl( Hlsj migitñ f igpfrtir `lajhaif- sihl quj fsugiñ tfgoiéh mf pjsf`f y algpmjkf

tfrjf `j pfrtiaipfr jh jm dloijrhl `j mf Zhivjrsi`f`( Yf bj gjhailhf`l su alhì'aiñh `j _jatlr `j mf Zhivjrsi`f` `j Ofrajmlhf y `j @irjatlr `jm @jpfrtfgjhtl`j @jrjabl Aivim `j mf Zhivjrsi`f` Algpmutjhsj( Pfgoiéh cuj Siaj`jafhl `jmfs Cfaumtf`js `j @jrjabl `j Lvij`l y `j Ofrajmlhf rjspjativfgjhtj- y @jafhl`j jstf ûmtigf(

@iridiñ ihhugjrfomjs tjsis `latlrfmjs( Cuj `jtjrgihfhtj jh guabls `j mlsrjsumtf`ls `j mls alhaursls f aætj`rfs `j @jrjabl Aivim ajmjorf`ls jh hujstrlpfçs `js`j algijhzls `j mls f öls 4> bfstf oijh fvfhzf`ls mls f öls 9> `jmpfsf`l sidml( Qih jgofrdl- jm prlcjslr Fmofmf`jkl hl arjñ hi ìridiñ uhf prlpifjsaujmf `j aivimistfs( Hugjrlsls aftj`rætials `j @jrjabl Aivim jstfofh ìspujs'tls f rjspjtfr sus aritjrils y sus lpailhjs f mf blrf `j `jaiìr- algl gijgorls`j triouhfmjs l algisilhjs- slorj jm rjsumtf`l `j mls alhaursls f aætj`rf alrrjs'plhìjhtjs( Ltrls sj fmmfhfrlh f su ihù`fomj afpfai`f` pfrf algplhjr ihtjrj'sjs( Alhtfr alh jm fplyl `jm prlcjslr Fmofmf`jkl jrf crjaujhtjgjhtj dfrfhtçf`j éxitl pfrf aufmquijr afhì`ftl f aætj`rf `j @jrjabl Aivim( Bfy quj tjhjr jhaujhtf quj jmml sj prlùkl jh mls föls `j arjaigijhtl `j mf Zhivjrsi`f` jspf'ölmf "gj rj jrl f mf pûomiaf cuh`fgjhtfmgjhtj)- alh mf alhsiduijhtj prlmicjrf'aiñh `j aætj`rfs- tfhtl jh Zhivjrsi`f`js trfìailhfmjs algl jh Zhivjrsi`f`jshujvfs( Hl js jxfdjrf`l alhsi`jrfr quj jm ^rlcjslr F MOFMF@JKLjs rjsplhsfomj

`j oujhf pfrtj `j mf sijgorf `j aftj`rætials `j @jrjabl Aivim quj sj prlùkljh jsls f öls- y quj alhstituyj ìrjatf l ihìrjatfgjhtj jm lridjh `j mf alsjabffatufm `j prlcjslrjs `j @jrjabl Aivim( Jmml sj puj`j prjìafr jspjaifmgjhtj-



P_IOZHF

plr jkjgpml jhtrj ltrfs- `j mfs Zhivjrsi`f`js `j Fmiafhtj- Fmgjrçf- Ofrajmlhf yFutñhlgf `j Ofrajmlhf- Algpmutjhsj `j Gf`ri`- Añr`lof- Djrlhf- Drfhf`f- Kféh- Méri`f- Guraif- Pfrrfdlhf(

Afoj rjsfmtfr jh jsj pfpjm `jtjrgihfhtj jm quj `jsjgpj öñ alh rjspjatl fmhfaigijhtl `j mf jsaujmf aftfmfhf `j @jrjabl Aivim( Jm prlcjslr FMOFMF@JKLpjrgfhjaiñ jh mf Zhivjrsi`f` `j Ofrajmlhf trjaj f öls- `js`j mls 13 f mls 09föls `j j`f`( Yf bj ìabl quj lstjhtñ mls afrdls `j Siaj`jafhl- @jafhl y_jatlr suajsivfgjhtj- y quj ihdrjsñ jh mf Faf`jgif `j Kurispru`jhaif y Mjdismf'aiñh `j Aftfmuöf( F`jgæs cuj @irjatlr `j mf Aætj`rf @uræh i Ofs `j @jrjablaivim aftfmæh( Qus ìsaçpumls `j jhtlhajs slh mls gfjstrls j igpumslrjs `jm @jrj'abl aivim aftfmæh `j bly( Ém sijgprj dufr`ñ uh jspjaifm fcjatl plr su vihaumfaiñhalh Aftfmuöf- auyf vjaih`f` aivim quisl alhsjrvfr bfstf su cfmmjaigijhtl(

Jh 6996 aufh`l jm prlcjslr F MOFMF@JKLfaaj`j f su prjsi`jhaif- mf Fslaif'aiñh `j ^rlcjslrjs `j @jrjabl Aivim mfhdui`jaçf( Mfs klrhf`fs quj pjriñìaf'gjhtj lrdfhizfof pfrf jm jstuìl `j tjgfs `j mf ìsaipmihf hl alhsjduçfh jméxitl `j fsistjhaif y `j ihtjrés quj jrf `j `jsjfr( Qu prjsi`jhaif tuvl jm faijrtl`j frtiaumfr mfs klrhf`fs slorj mfs ofsjs `j ihajhtivfr su aijhtjgjhtj jm jhafrdl`j mfs plhjhaifs quj `joçfh prjsjhtfrsj y `joftirsj- y `j lcrjajr- fm gisgltijgpl- uh algpmjgjhtl turçstial y `j lail ftrfativl pfrf pfrtiaipfhtjs y falg'pföfhtjs( Jm rjsumtf`l cuj jspjatfaumfr( Aufh`l jm prlcjslr FMOFMF@JKL- fdltf'`ls tl`ls mls gfh`ftls plsiomjs- `j faujr`l alh mls jstftutls `j mf Fslaifaiñh-fofh`lhñ mf prjsi`jhaif- mfs klrhf`fs sj bfoçfh alhvjrti`l jh uh mudfr `j jh'aujhtrl `jsjf`l y crjaujhtf`l plr mf gfylr pfrtj `j mls prlcjslrjs `j @jrjablAivim `j hujstrfs Zhivjrsi`f`js pûomiafs( Mf Fslaifaiñh alhtfof alh gæs `j1>> gijgorls y su aujhtf `j rjsumtf`ls- ofsf`f jh mfs aultfs `j mls slailsy jh uhf aui`f`lsf f`gihistrfaiñh- jrf jspjatfaumfr( Jm prlcjslr F MOFMF@JKLprlaurfof hl `jkfr huhaf mfs alsfs sih ftfr( @j gfhjrf quj- alh jm fsjhtigijhtl`j tl`ls- ém siduiñ `jtjrgihfh`l bfstf tijgpls rjaijhtjs quijh laupfrçf mf prj'si`jhaif `j mf Fslaifaiñh(

Yf bj ìabl quj jm prlcjslr Fmofmf`jkl `jìañ su vi`f fm @jrjabl Aivim-tfhtl f su jstuìl algl f mf lrdfhizfaiñh y pfrtiaipfaiñh `j puomiafailhjs slorjmf ìsaipmihf( Jh jstj sjduh`l fspjatl ofstf alh `jstfafr su ìrjaaiñh `j mf

_jvistf `j @jrjabl ^rivf`l y- slorj tl`l- su ìrjaaiñh `j mls Algjhtfrils fmAñìdl Aivim y Algpimfailhjs Clrfmjs- puomiaf`ls plr J`jrsf `js`j hfmjs `jmls föls 4> bfstf algijhzls `j mls f öls 9>( @iabls jxtjhsçsigls Algjhtfrilsalhstituyjh uhf lorf sih pfrfhdñh jh mf quj pfrtiaipñ ml gjklr `j hujstrlsaivimistfs- y jh mf quj sj alhtijhj uhf pfrtj sustfhaifm `j mf `latrihf jmfolrf`fplr fqujm tijgpl( Jsf lorf cuj jm rjsumtf`l `j sus alhstfhtjs jscujrzls y djstil'hjs( Fmmç `lh`j ltrls- quj ml bfoçfh ihtjhtf`l- crfafsfrlh jm prlcjslr Fmofmf`jklsupjrñ mfs ì aumtf`js drfaifs f su trfofkl- f su afpfai`f` `j ihtjrmlauaiñh alhsus almjdfs- y f mfs sñmi`fs f`bjsilhjs alh mf quj pl`çf alhtfr f mf blrf `jfolr`fr aufmquijr prlyjatl( ^jrl su mfolr hl sj migitñ jh jstj afsl f lrdfhizfr-

ìstriouir- alhtrlmfr( Ém gisgl pfrtiaipñ `j clrgf guy sidhi aftivf jh mf rj`fa'aiñh `j mf lorf- jh mf quj fsugiñ tlgls jhtjrls y pfrtjs jxtjhsfs `j guabls`j jmmls(

69



?> FA'G ?>6? • 1

Jstj js jm glgjhtl `j bfomfr `j su `jìafaiñh pjrslhfm- alhstfhtj- afsibfstf sus ûmtigls `çfs- fm jstuìl `jm @jrjabl Aivim( Crutl `j jmmf js uhf jxtjhsfj ihtjrjsfhtj lorf aijhtç af- jh mf quj fouh`f mf rjjxiñh pjrslhfm- ofsf`f

prihaipfmgjhtj jh jm gétl`l jxjdétial- alh rjsumtf`ls jh lafsilhjs sidhi afti'vfgjhtj lridihfmjs( Qus puomiafailhjs glhldræ afs slorj jm rjalhlaigijhtl `jmf mifaiñh hfturfm- mfs sustituailhjs bjrjìtfrifs- jm hjdlail kurçìal- jm fmof'ajfzdl- mf ihstituaiñh alhìailhfm `j bjrj`jrl- mf rjsplhsfoimi`f` alhtrfatufmy jxtrfalhtrfatufm- mfs frrfs- mf pjrslhfmi`f` `jm rjaiéh hfai`l- mf gjklrf- mfprjsaripaiñh- mf usuafpiñh- mf `lhfaiñh- alhstituyjh lorfs `j mjaturf ihjxausf'omj pfrf quijh quijrf laupfrsj `j jsls tjgfs- y cujhtj pjrgfhjhtj `j alhsumtf(Jm jgpjöl alh jm quj `jcjh`çf sus tjsis jrf tfm quj tjrgihfof plr trfsmf`frìrjatfgjhtj fm tçtuml `j sus trfofkls jm pmfhtjfgijhtl y hfmi`f` `j mls gis'gls( ûj`j vfmjr algl jkjgpml jm puomiaf`l jh 6992 alh jm tçtumlQlorj si vfmj

l hl- sjdûh mf kurispru`jhaif `jm PQ- mf clrgf jsariturfrif pûomiaf `j mf vjhtfsigumf`f pfrf auorir mf clrgf `j mf `lhfaiñh `j ihgujomj ìsigumf`f (

Jm prlcjslr FMOFMF@JKLcuj vlmafh`l tl`f jsf `latrihf jmfolrf`f plr ém jhsus gfhufmjs `j @jrjabl Aivim- jspjaifmgjhtj jh su vjrsiñh gæs fgpmif- su@jrjabl Aivim- y jh su vjrsiñh gjhls jxtjhsf- su Aursl `j @jrjabl Aivim( @jgfhjrf quj mls gisgls rjaldjh jh guabfs `j sus pfrtjs mf `latrihf prjvif'gjhtj `jsfrrlmmf`f plr ém gisgl jh glhldrfcçfs- algjhtfrils y frtçaumls(

Losérvjsj quj- `j tl`ls mls gfhufmjs igplrtfhtjs `j su éplaf- mls gfhuf'mjs `jm prlcjslr Fmofmf`jkl slh mls ûhials rj`fatf`ls plr uh ûhial futlr( Quafræatjr pjrslhfmçsigl quj`fof rj jkf`l jh mfs `jìaftlrifs quj `jìafof jhmls gisgls f mls mudfrjs f mls quj sj sjhtçf vihaumf`l(«F Drfhf`f- f mf qujsijgprj mmjvl jh jm alrfzñh y jh jm rjaujr`lµ- «Fm Afgpl `j Afrtfdjhf jhtjrl-gæs jh pfrtiaumfr f Mf ^fmgf- y jh su ajrafhçf f mf «Bfaijh`f `jm Vuçgialµ-`lh`j tfh cjmiajs `çfs pfsé alh gis pf`rjs y bjrgfhfs jh mf yf mjkfhf ihcfhaif `jgi vi`f vistf `js`j bly f mls labjhtf y sijtj f ölsµ - pl`jgls mjjr jh mfs ûmtigfsjìailhjs `j mls vlmûgjhjs I y II `j su @jrjabl Aivim(

Qu@jrjabl Aivimjs jm ûhial gfhufm jh jm quj sj rjaldçf mf kurispru`jhaiffatufmizf`f jh af`f hujvf jìaiñh( Alh mf pfrtiaumfri`f` `j quj ùrfhtj guabl

tijgpl "prlofomjgjhtj bfstf quj su fvfhzf`f j`f` y jm alhstfhtj iharjgjhtlaufhtitftivl `j mf kurispru`jhaif ml bizl igplsiomj) jm prlcjslr FMOFMF@JKLtjhçff dfmf- alh cuh`fgjhtl- fmjdfr quj sus aitfs `j kurispru`jhaif `jrivfofh `juhf mjaturf pjrslhfm `j mfs sjhtjhaifs `j mf Qfmf prigjrf `jm Priouhfm Quprjgl(Ml quj aijrtfgjhtj mj pjrgitçf jh lafsilhjs plhjr `j rjmijvj quj `jtjrgihf`fsjhtjhaif hl `jaçf jh rjfmi`f` ml quj mls `jgæs jstuìlsls- rjpitijh`l f ltrls-arjçfh- l quj su fmafhaj rjfm jrf guabl gæs migitf`l `jm prjtjhì`l jh ltrfsaitfs `j mf gisgf(

Qu trftfgijhtl `j mfs prihaipfmjs aujstilhjs lokjtl `j af`f pfrtj `jm @jrj'

abl Aivimjs bfoitufmgjhtj guy algpmjtl( Crjaujhtjgjhtj- uhf mjaturf ftjhtfpjrgitj algprlofr quj fquém js gæs algpmjtl quj jm `j ltrls gfhufmjs- f pjsfr`j mfs fpfrijhaifs( Y js quj jm alhtjhi`l hl sj vj jh lafsilhjs falgpf öf`l `j



P_IOZHF

uhf rj`faaiñh vistlsf( Mf prlsf `jm prlcjslr Fmofmf`jkl js gjhls orimmfhtj qujsu pjhsfgijhtl(

Alhvijhj rjsfmtfr tfgoiéh jm éxitl uhivjrsitfril `j sus gfhufmjs- auyfsjìailhjs sj bfh i`l gumtipmiafh`l f ml mfrdl `jm tijgpl( Bf si`l sih ù`f jmgfhufm `j gfylr igpmfhtfaiñh- quj tl`fvçf pjrùrf- jh hujstrfs Zhivjrsi`f'`js( Hl js jxfdjrf`l f rgfr quj vfrifs djhjrfailhjs `j kuristfs jspf ölmjs sjihiaifrlh jh oujhf pfrtj fm jstuìl `jm @jrjabl Aivim alh mls gfhufmjs `jmprlcjslr F MOFMF@JKL(

Js `j kustiaif ihsistir jh mf jhtrjdf alhstfhtj `jm prlcjslr F MOFMF@JKLfmjstuìl `jm @jrjabl Aivim y su afpfai`f` pfrf trfùairmf jh trfofkls puomiaf`ls(Losérvjsj quj jm quj bj aitf`l fhtjs slorj mfs `lhfailhjs `j ihgujomjs ìsigu'mf`fs js `j 6992- aufh`l jm prlcjslr F MOFMF@JKLtjhçf yf 42 föls( Fuhquj sj

trftj `j glhldrfcçfs jh mfs quj sj rjcuh`jh trfofkls fhtjrilrjs- kuhtl alh huj'vfs fplrtfailhjs- gjrjaj mf pjhf rjpfrfr jh quj `jm f öl ?>>1 fm föl ?>>3puomiaf auftrl glhldrfcçfs- Mf gjklrf- Mf prjsaripaiñh jxtihtivf- mf usuafpiñh yMf `lhfaiñh ( Alh hlvjhtf f öls sjduçf fsistijh`l f mfs sjsilhjs `j mf _jfm Faf`j'gif `j Kurispru`jhaif y Mjdismfaiñh- y sjduçf jsarioijh`l frtçaumls pfrf mf _j'vistf `j @jrjabl ^rivf`l; `ls algjhtfrils `j sjhtjhaifs jh jm hûgjrl alrrjs'plhìjhtj f gfyl'kuhil y ^fdl `j ml ih`joi`l jh jm hûgjrl alrrjsplhìjhtj fsjptijgorj'latuorj `j ?>>4- Fmduhfs rj jxilhjs slorj mf lomidfaiñh fmtjrhftivfjh jm hûgjrl alrrjsplhìjhtj f gfyl'kuhil `j ?>6>(

^lal puj`l dmlsfr `j su fativi`f` algl faf`égial hugjrfril( ^jrl ofstfalh bfojrmj alhlai`l y trftf`l pfrf sfojr quj- bfoijh`l ihdrjsf`l jh mf _jfmFaf`jgif `j Kurispru`jhaif y Mjdismfaiñh jh 694:- bfoijh`l si`l Siajprjsi'`jhtj y ^rjsi`jhtj `j mf gisgf- su pfsl plr jmmf hl bf plì`l prlùairsj sih`jkfr tfgoiéh bujmmf- f`jgæs `j sus alhtriouailhjs jh plhjhaifs- ìsaursls ypuomiafailhjs( Gj ftrjvl f pjhsfr- sih tjglr f jquivlafrgj- quj- fm idufm qujjh mf Zhivjrsi`f`- guabls `j sus fatufmjs ihtjdrfhtjs `jojh jh gfylr l gjhlrgjì`f su alhìaiñh `j faf`égials hugjrfrils f mf ihspirfaiñh `jm prlcjslr Fm'ofmf`jkl(

Yf bj bjabl fmusiñh f su clrgf `j sjr- sjhaimmf y fgfomj( Zh afræatjr

foijrtl( Mlaufz( Jspjaifm f aiñh f mf orlgf- alh mf quj `jsalhajrtfof y bfaçfrjçr f sus ihtjrmlautlrjs- y- jh lafsilhjs- `jsalmlafof bæoimgjhtj f sus lplhjh'tjs( ^rltfdlhistf sih rjpfrls `j su éxitl- mf jhcjrgj`f` vihl f fgfrdfrmj mf vi`ffm privfrmj `j mf vlz f mls labjhtf föls- aufh`l mj tuvijrlh quj jxtirpfr mfsaujr`fs vlafmjs algl alhsjaujhaif `j uh aæhajr( Y- sih jgofrdl- su çgpjtujrf tfh cujrtj quj sjduçf fajptfh`l `fr alhcjrjhaifs y pfrtiaipfr jh mjaturfs `jtjsis `latlrfmjs- quj sjduçf qujrijh`l bfomfr plr tjméclhl- fuhquj su vlz sjbuoijsj rjùai`l f uh quj`l susurrl- ìcçaim `j jhtjh`jr sfmvl pfrf jh mf ìstfh'aif alrtf pfrf sus gæs ajrafhls(

Mf vi`f `j uh triuhcf`lr- algl js jm afsl `j Gfhujm F MOFMF@JKLDF_AÇF-tijhj sijgprj fspjatls ìsautiomjs kuhtl f ltrls ihìsautiomjs( Jhtrj jstls ûmti'gls gj bj rjcjri`l jxtjhsfgjhtj f su pfsiñh plr jm @jrjabl Aivim y mf lorf

?6



?? FA'G ?>6? • 1

quj `j jmmf `jrivf( Jh su cuhjrfm jm sfajr`ltj quj dmlsñ sudurf mj afmiañ `jsjölr `jm @jrjabl Aivim( Fajrtñ( Bf gujrtl jm prlcjslr FMOFMF@JKL( Bf gujrtluh sjölr `jm @jrjabl Aivim(



Mjdismfaiñh



Jstuìl



MF ALHCIDZ_FAIÑH @J MF ALG^JHQFAIÑHP_FOFKL ^F_F MF AFQF "F_P( 6012 AA

ALHCL_GJ ALH JM ^_IHAIÎL @J IDZFM@JHP_J GZKJ_JQ Y BLGO_JQ

F_IF@HF FDZIMJ_F _ZMM((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Zhivjrsitft ^lgpju Cforf

QZGF_IL; I(IHP_L@ZAAIÑH( II(MF ALG^JHQFAIÑH @JM F_PÇAZML 6(012 @JM AÑ@IDL AISIM Y QZ CGJHPL( III(MF ALG^JHQFAIÑH @JM P_FOFKL ^F_F MF CFGIMIF JH JM @J_JABL IHDMÉQ( IS(MFCZHAIÑH- MLQ ^_JQZ^ZJQPLQ Y MF SFML_FAIÑH @J MF ALG^JHQFAIÑH JH MF QJHPJP_IOZHFM QZ^_JGL @J 60 @J KZMIL @J ?>66( S(ALHAMZQILHJQ(

_JQZGJH;Jstj trfofkl fhfmizf mf cuhaiñh- mls FOQP_FAP;Pbis pfpjr fhfmyzjs tbj purplsj- mj'prjsupujstls y mf clrgf `j vfmlrfaiñh `j mf dfm rjquirjgjhts fh` fssjssgjht lc tbj alg'algpjhsfaiñh prjvistf jh jm frt( 6(012 `jm Añ' pjhsftilh rjdumftj` ih sjatilh 6(012 lc tbj Qpf'ìdl Aivim( Qlorj jstls jxtrjgls sj bf prlhuh' hisb Aivim Al j( Pbis sjatilh fmmlws tbj splusjaif l uhf rjaijhtj sjhtjhaif `jm Priouhfm Qu' wbl bfs lhj tbj blusjblm` wlre tl sjje clrprjgl `j 60 `j kumil `j ?>66 "_K ?>66- :6??)- algpjhsftilh- wbjh tbj gftriglhifm rjdigjquj bf `jsafrtf l quj mf algpjhsfaiñh jsté fppmyihd tl tbj gfrrifdj is tbj sjpfrftilh lc alhìailhf`f f quj sj bfyf prlùai`l uh iharj' prlpjrty( Pbj Qpfhisb Quprjgj Alurt ih its `jai'gjhtl jh jm pftriglhil `jm ltrl añhyudj y quj silh lc Kumy 60tb ?>66- jstfomisbj` tbft tbj ridbtbf f`giti l quj sj kj su aufhtçf jh cuhaiñh tl sjje clr tbis algpjhsftilh is hlt alhìtilhj``jm sujm`l quj alorfrçf uhf tjrajrf pjrslhf plr tl fh iharjfsj lc tbj ltbjr pfrtijs prlpjrty ù'bfajr jm trfofkl lgéstial( F rfçz `j jstf sjh' rihd tbj gfrrifdj( Pbj Quprjgj Alurt bfs fmsltjhaif- jstj frtçauml trftf `j sfafr f mf muz mf bjm` tbft tbj algpjhsftilhs fgluht alum` ojrjmjvfhaif quj mf f`jauf f vfmlrfaiñh `jm trf' sjt tfeihd ihtl faaluht f lgjstia wlrejrs sf'ofkl `lgéstial tijhj pfrf mf alhsjauaiñh `j mf mfry( Pbis pfpjr trijs tl sblw tbj rjmjvfhaj lc idufm`f` jhtrj blgorjs y gukjrjs( Plgfh l f jquftj fssjssgjht lc cfgimy wlre tl fabijvjalgl gl jml jm `jrjabl ihdmés- sj prlplhj quj rjfm jqufmity ojtwjjh wlgjh fh` gjh( Pbj frti'jh mudfr `j prjtjh`jr rjguhjrfr jm trfofkl cfgi' amj prlplsjs ihstjf lc trjftihd tbj splusj’smifr algl si sj trftfrf `j uhf rjmfaiñh mfolrfm blgj mfolr fs f mfolr rjmftilhsbip ojtwjjhjhtrj jxtrföls- éstj sjf ihtjrprjtf`l algl uhf strfhdjrs- tl uh jrstfh` it fs f alhtrioutilh lc alhtriouaiñh- `j idufm vfmlr quj jm trfofkl rjgu' jqufm vfmuj tl tbj hfhaifm cruits lc tbjhjrf`l- f mf djhjrfaiñh `j mls crutls `jm gf' pfrthjrsbip(triglhil(^FMFO_FQ AMFSJ;rédigjh jalhñgial `j sjpf' EJYTL_@Q;gftriglhifm prlpjrty systjg5 fhai'



?2 FA'G ?>6? • 1

rfaiñh j oijhjs5 algpjhsfaiñh `jm trfofkl `l' mmfry rjmijc5 sjx isarigihftilh5 jqufmity ojtwjjhgéstial5 ìsarigihfaiñh plr rfzñh `j sjxl5 wlgjh fh` gjh(idufm`f` jhtrj gukjrjs y blgorjs(

I( IHP_L@ZAAIÑHJm pfsf`l 60 `j kumil `j ?>66 "_K ?>66- :6??)- jm Priouhfm Quprjgl ìatñ

uhf igplrtfhtj sjhtjhaif jh mf quj sjhtñ `latrihf slorj mls prjsupujstls `j mfalgpjhsfaiñh `jm frt( 6(012 `jm Añìdl Aivim y jh mf quj sj prlhuhaiñ slorjmf clrgf `j vfmlrfaiñh `jm trfofkl cfgimifr l `lgéstial(

Mls bjabls quj ìjrlh mudfr fm prlhuhaifgijhtl jrfh mls siduijhtjs; Jm 60`j sjptijgorj `j 6996- @ilhisil y Gfafrjhf alhtrfkjrlh gftriglhil- bfoijh`lpfatf`l jm ?1 `j fdlstl `jm gisgl f öl- jh afpitumfailhjs gftriglhifmjs- quj jmrédigjh jalhñgial fpmiafomj f su gftriglhil sjrçf mf sjpfrfaiñh `j oijhjs( Gfaf'

rjhf- fûh sijh`l miajhaif`f jh `jrjabl- huhaf trfofkñ cujrf `j afsf- jspjaifmizæh'`lsj jh jm trfofkl cfgimifr y jh jm aui`f`l `j mf bikf algûh `j fgols- hfai`f jh699:( Jh ?>>4 Gfafrjhf prjsjhtñ `jgfh`f `j ìvlrail y slmiaitñ mf austlìf `jsu bikf y ?(6>> gjhsufmjs jh alhajptl `j fmigjhtls f cfvlr `j éstf- mf ftriou'aiñh `jm usl `j mf vivijh`f cfgimifr- uhf pjhsiñh algpjhsftlrif `j 6(:>> fmgjs y uhf algpjhsfaiñh plr rfzñh `j trfofkl `j 634(0>> ( Jm kuzdf`l `j pri'gjrf ihstfhaif alhajìñ f mf `jgfh`fhtj mf austlìf `j mf hi öf y uhf pjhsiñhfmigjhtiaif f cfvlr `j éstf `j 2>> - jm usl `jm `lgiaimil cfgimifr- uhf pjhsiñhalgpjhsftlrif quj fsajh`çf f 6(>>> gjhsufmjs plr jm pjril`l `j aihal f öls y-jh alhajptl `j algpjhsfaiñh `jm frt( 6(012 `jm AA- mf afhti`f` `j 6>2(>>> (Jm gétl`l `j aæmauml fpmiaf`l pfrf `jtjrgihfr jstj ûmtigl alhajptl alhsistiñ jh

gumtipmiafr mf rjtriouaiñh `j uhf jgpmjf`f `jm bldfr "3>>) plr jm tijgpl `jì'af`l plr Gfafrjhf fm aui`f`l `j mf cfgimif- js `jair- mf ùrfaiñh `jm gftriglhil(Jm kuzdf`lr `j prigjrf ihstfhaif jxprjsfgjhtj jxamuçf mf plsioimi`f` `j jstfomjajrmf algpjhsfaiñh jh ofsj fm iharjgjhtl pftriglhifm jxpjrigjhtf`l plr @ilhisilplr alhsi`jrfr quj jm frt( 6(012 `jm AA- hl pjrgitçf mf pfrtiaipfaiñh `jm añhyudj-quj bf fsugi`l jm trfofkl cfgimifr- jh mfs dfhfhaifs `jm añhyudj- quj sj bf `jì'af`l fm trfofkl rjguhjrf`l( @ilhisil prjsjhtñ uh rjaursl `j fpjmfaiñh- jstigf`lpfraifmgjhtj plr mf Fuìjhaif ^rlvihaifm- quj rjùkl mf ùrfaiñh `j mf vidjhaif`j mf pjhsiñh algpjhsftlrif `j aihal f trjs f öls y jmigihñ mf algpjhsfaiñh plrrfzñh `j trfofkl fm jhtjh`jr quj hl bfoçf quj`f`l farjìtf`l quj jm trfofklcfgimifr f afrdl `j mf jsplsf buoijrf pjrgiti`l uh iharjgjhtl pftriglhifm f cfvlr`jm gfri`l( Fhtj ìabl prlhuhaifgijhtl- Gfafrjhf prjsjhtñ uh rjaursl `j afsf'aiñh plr ihcrfaaiñh `jm frt( 6(012 `jm AA- quj jm Priouhfm Quprjgl jstigñ- sjh'tfh`l mf siduijhtj kurispru`jhaif; «Jm `jrjabl f lotjhjr mf algpjhsfaiñh plrbfojr alhtrioui`l uhl `j mls añhyudjs f mfs afrdfs `jm gftriglhil alh trfofkl`lgéstial jh jm rédigjh `j sjpfrfaiñh `j oijhjs rjquijrj quj bfoiéh`lsj pfatf`ljstj rédigjh- sj bfyf alhtrioui`l f mfs afrdfs `jm gftriglhil slml alh jm trfofklrjfmizf`l pfrf mf afsf( Qj jxamuyj- plr tfhtl- quj sjf hjajsfril pfrf lotjhjr mfalgpjhsfaiñh quj sj bfyf prlùai`l uh iharjgjhtl pftriglhifm `jm ltrl añh'yudjµ( F`jgæs jm Priouhfm Quprjgl jhtjhìñ quj mf aufhtçf `j mf algpjhsfaiñhpl`çf `jtjrgihfrsj «jh cuhaiñh `jm sujm`l quj alorfrçf plr rjfmizfr jm trfofkluhf tjrajrf pjrslhf- `j gl`l quj sj alhtriouyj alh ml quj sj `jkf `j `jsjgolmsfrl sj fblrrf plr mf cfmtf `j hjajsi`f` `j alhtrftfr sjrviail `lgéstial fhtj mf `jì'afaiñh `j uhl `j mls añhyudjs fm aui`f`l `jm bldfrµ(

Jstf sjhtjhaif orih`f mf lplrtuhi`f` `j rj jxilhfr `j hujvl slorj jm trftf'



JQPZ@IL

gijhtl quj jh hujstrl lr`jhfgijhtl kurçìal sj `f fm trfofkl cfgimifr- quj bfsi`l trfìailhfmgjhtj y siduj sijh`l- gfylritfrifgjhtj- uhf jspjaifmi`f` `j mfsgukjrjs( Jh aufhtl tfm- mf rjdumfaiñh `jm trfofkl cfgimifr fcjatf f éstfs ûmtigfs

`j clrgf pfrtiaumfr y `joj- plr tfhtl- sjr fhfmizf`f tjhijh`l jh aujhtf su ihai'`jhaif jh mf situfaiñh `j `jsidufm`f` jalhñgiaf `j mfs gukjrjs rjspjatl `j mlsblgorjs( ¼Alhslmi`f mf rjdumfaiñh `jm trfofkl `lgéstial ìabl `jsjquimioriljalhñgial l tijh`j f rjjquimiorfrml< Mf igplrtfhaif `jm vfmlr quj sj `é fmtrfofkl `lgéstial hl `joj suojstigfrsj- pujs jm bjabl `j hl rjtriouir ìabltrfofkl js- jh rjfmi`f`- uhf `j mfs prihaipfmjs afusfs `j mf plorjzf rjmftivf `jmfs gukjrjs algl almjativl( Fsç mfs aujstilhjs slorj mfs quj sj prlhuhaif mfsjhtjhaif algl mf cuhaiñh quj mf algpjhsfaiñh plr rfzñh `j trfofkl `joj aug'pmir- mfs rjcjri`fs f mls prjsupujstls `j ìabf algpjhsfaiñh y f su clrgf `jvfmlrfaiñh- f`quijrjh uh hujvl sjhti`l si éstfs sj fhfmizfh tjhijh`l jh aujhtf

prihaipils algl jm `j hl ìsarigihfaiñh plr rfzñh `j sjxl l jm `j idufm rjtriou'aiñh plr uh trfofkl `j idufm vfmlr(F`jgæs- jm trftfgijhtl `jm trfofkl cfgimifr hl tijhj- pfrf mfs gukjrjs- tfh

sñml igplrtfhaif jalhñgiaf- sihl quj fcjatf f sus jmjaailhjs pjrslhfmjs( ¼@jojf`lptfr jm `jrjabl- algl gl`jml `j alhùatf- jm rlm gfsaumihl ajhtrf`l jh jmtrfofkl cujrf `j afsf l `joj éstj clgjhtfr mf miojrtf` `j jmjaaiñh- quj ihamuyjtfgoiéh mf lpaiñh plr jm trfofkl cfgimifr< Qi uh blgorj l gukjr `jai`jh `jì'afrsj fm trfofkl cfgimifr-¼hl `jojrçf jm lr`jhfgijhtl kurçìal prltjdjr ìabf`jaisiñh- fsugijh`l quj sj trftf `j uh jkjraiail `j miojrtf` l futlhlgçf rjmfail'hfm tfh væmi`l- algl jm `j fqujm quj lptf plr uh trfofkl jh jm gjraf`l< Jhmf `jìafaiñh f mfs tfrjfs `j aui`f`l `jojrçf `jkfr `j vjrsj uhf situfaiñh `j`jpjh`jhaif f jrrfìafr- pfrf fsugir quj jm «orjf`wihhjrµ y jm«afrjdivjrµ slhgutufgjhtj `jpjhìjhtjs jm uhl `jm ltrl 6 ( Mf alhsjaujhaif `j fsugir jsf `j'pjh`jhaif rjaçprlaf igpmiaf- jh ûmtigf ihstfhaif- fsugir quj ml quj af`f uhl`j jmmls bf djhjrf`l- bf si`l jh rjfmi`f` djhjrf`l drfaifs f mf alhtriouaiñhidufmgjhtj igprjsaihìomj `j fgols(

II( MF ALG^JHQFAIÑH @JM F_PÇAZML 6(012 @JM AÑ@IDL AISIMCZH@FGJHPLJm frtçauml 6(012 cuj ihtrlùai`l jh jm Añìdl Aivim gjìfhtj mf Mjy 66,

6926- `j 61 `j gfyl- `j glì afaiñh `jm Añìdl Aivim jh gftjrif `j mifaiñh-pftrif pltjstf` y rédigjh jalhñgial `jm gftriglhil- jh jm ihtjhtl `j pfmifrmls jcjatls hjdftivls quj jm rédigjh `j sjpfrfaiñh `j oijhjs puj`j tjhjr slorjjm añhyudj quj bf trfofkf`l jh jm bldfr( Jstf ìsplsiaiñh- quj jstfomjaj quj«Mls añhyudjs alhtriouiræh fm slstjhigijhtl `j mfs afrdfs `jm gftriglhil( F cfmtf`j alhvjhil ml bfræh prlplrailhfmgjhtj f sus rjspjativls rjaursls jalhñgials( Jmtrfofkl pfrf mf afsf sjræ algputf`l algl alhtriouaiñh f mfs afrdfs y `fræ `jrjabl

6( Qlorj mf i`jf `j mf ihjvitfoimi`f` `j mf `jpjh`jhaif jhtrj ihìviùls; Klhftbfh BJ__IHD -«_jmftilhfm futlhlgy fh` cfgimy mfwµ- jh; KumijT FMMOFHE ,Qbfzif ABLZ@B_Y ,KlhftbfhBJ__IHD - _idbts- Djh`jr fh` Cfgimy Mfw - _lutmj`dj- Hjw Ylre- ?>6>- pd( ?33(

?9



JQPZ@IL

jspjaifm69 ( Jstl ml alrrlolrfh- jh rjfmi`f`- fqujmmls jstuìls quj gujstrfh qujjm gftriglhil prlplrailhf f mls blgorjs uh gjklr jstiml `j vi`f- gæs miojrtf`y gæs pl`jr- gijhtrfs quj éstj tijhj jm jcjatl `j jgplorjajr f mfs gukjrjs ?> (

Jh mf gjì`f jh quj uhf `j mfs ìcjrjhaifs amfvjs jhtrj fgols js quj mf gukjrsujmj aui`fr y jm blgorj sujmj sjr aui`f`l- jm gfylr oijhjstfr `j mls blgorjsafsf`ls crjhtj f mls slmtjrls- plhj `j rjmijvj quj hl js ml gisgl sjr aui`f`lplr mf prlpif jsplsf- quj plr uhf trfofkf`lrf `jm bldfr(

_jguhjrfr jm trfofkl cfgimifr- algl éstj sj rjguhjrfrçf jh jm gjraf`l hltijhj tfgplal jh aujhtf quj jh guabfs lafsilhjs- algl laurrj jh jm afslrjsujmtl plr jstf sjhtjhaif- mf gukjr quj ml mmjvf f afol tijhj uhf aufmiafaiñhquj mj pjrgitirçf laupfr uh pujstl `j rjsplhsfoimi`f` l oijh rjguhjrf`l( Mfgukjr quj `jìaf oujhf pfrtj `j sus jscujrzls l tl`ls jmmls fm trfofkl jh jmbldfr- prlofomjgjhtj hl `jsjgpj öfrçf tfmjs tfrjfs jh jm gjraf`l- cujrf `jmalhtjxtl cfgimifr(

Jh tl`l afsl- tlgfr algl puhtl `j rjcjrjhaif mf rjguhjrfaiñh `j uhfprlcjsiñh quj js jspjaifmgjhtj ofkf- plr sjr cjgihizf`f y plr bfojr si`l fsu'gi`f bistñriafgjhtj plr mfs gukjrjs jh jm sjhl `j mf cfgimif sih rjtriouaiñh-mjkls `j rjvfmlrizfr uhf alhtriouaiñh igprjsaihìomj fm oijhjstfr cfgimifr- ihai`jjh su `jsvfmlrizfaiñh(

S( ALHAMZQILHJQMf sjhtjhaif fquç algjhtf`f- fuhquj `jspjkf fmduhfs ù`fs slorj jm cuh'

ailhfgijhtl `j mf algpjhsfaiñh plr rfzñh `j trfofkl `jm frtçauml 6(012 `jm AAy sus prjsupujstls- pfrjaj f`bjrirsj f mf ihtjrprjtfaiñh `j ìabf algpjhsfaiñhquj mj ftriouyj uhf cuhaiñh rjstitutlrif( Hl pfrjaj quj sjf éstf mf mjaturf gæsfalr`j alh jm prihaipil `j hl ìsarigihfaiñh plr rfzñh `j sjxl- hi mf gæsf`jauf`f f jcjatls `j rjjquimiorfr mf tl`fvçf jxistjhtj situfaiñh `j `jsidufm`f`jalhñgiaf `j mfs gukjrjs rjspjatl `j mls blgorjs- hi mf gæs dfrfhtj `j mfmiojrtf` `j jmjaaiñh `j gukjrjs y blgorjs(

Buoijrf si`l prjcjriomj alhsfdrfr- algl bfaj jm `jrjabl ihdmés- jm trfofklcfgimifr præatiafgjhtj algl uh tçtuml quj `f `jrjabl f uhf plraiñh `j mf ri'

qujzf djhjrf`f- prjsjhtj l ihamusl cuturf- y `j jstf clrgf ltlrdfr vfmlr jalhñ'gial f mfs tfrjfs `j aui`f`l( Jm bjabl `j quj mf alhtriouaiñh quj suplhj jmaui`f`l sj alhvijrtf jh uh tçtuml præatiafgjhtj `j prlpij`f`- mj `f uh sjhti`lìstihtl fm rlm `jm«afrjdivjrµ ( Qu plsiaiñh jalhñgiaf ùrfhtj jm gftriglhil sjvj rjclrzf`f y sj alrridj- jh aijrtf gjì`f- mf rjmfaiñh `j `jpjh`jhaif `j éstjrjspjatl `jm «orjf`wihhjrµ (

Jh fqujmmls supujstls jh quj fgols añhyudjs trfofkfh cujrf `jm bldfr y

69( ^lhj `j rjmijvj jstf gisgf i jf; G ª ^fz DF_AÇF_ZOIL- «Algprjh`jr y trfhsgitir jm`jrjabl `j mfs gukjrjsµ- jh Afrlmihf GJQF GF__J_L "J`()- Gukjrjs- alhtrftls y jgprjsf

`js`j mf idufm`f` `j déhjrl - Pirfht ml Omfhab- Sfmjhaif- ?>6? "jh prjhsf)(?>( Fmislh@I@ZAE ,CjmiaityEFHFDFQ- Cfgimy Mfw- Djh`jr fh` tbj Qtftj; Pjxt- Afsjs fh`Gftjrifms - Bfrt ûomisbihd- ?ª J`(- Lxclr`- ?>>3- pd( 10

06





_jsjöfs



I( _JQLMZAIÑH @J 63 @J GF_[L @J ?>6?- @J MF ALGIQIÑH @JM GJ_A@J MFQ PJMJALGZHIAFAILHJQ- ^L_ MF VZJ QJ ^ZOMIAF MF AI_AZ?>6?- VZJ GL@ICIAF MF AI_AZMF_ 6,?>>9- ^L_ MF VZJ QJ IHP_L@ZAALHQJHPIGIJHPL SJ_OFM ALH SJ_ICIAFAIÑH ^L_ PJ_AJ_L JH MF ALHPPFAIÑH @J QJ_SIAILQ GFYL_IQPFQ _JDZMF@LQ @J ALGZHIAFAILHJQFQÇ ALGL JH MFQ QLMIAIPZ@JQ @J ALHQJ_SFAIÑH @J HZGJ_FAIÑHÛG( 94- ?1 @J FO_IM @J ?>6?Jh jm fpfrtf`l Qjduh`l sj f öf`j uh ûmtigl pærrfcl f mf Airaumfr 6,?>>9

alh mf siduijhtj rj`faaiñh;«Jm lpjrf`lr rjajptlr `jojræ dfrfhtizfr fm folhf`l mf plsioimi`f` `j afhajmfr

mf trfgitfaiñh `j su slmiaitu` `j mf gisgf clrgf jh quj sj ajmjorñµ (Jh jm tjrajrl- jm aujstilhfril rjmftivl f mfs slmiaitu`js `j plrtfoimi`f` kf

quj`f rj`fatf`l `j mf siduijhtj gfhjrf;«6( Qj ihclrgfræ fm amijhtj `j quj mf alhvjrsfaiñh sj jstæ drfofh`l y sj mj

prjduhtfræ si jstæ `j faujr l alh quj mf alhvjrsfaiñh sjf drfof`f ( ?( Jm vjri af`lr ihìafræ mf cjabf "`çf- gjs- f öl y blrf) jh quj tijhj mudfr

mf alhvjrsfaiñh(1( Jm vjri af`lr ihclrgfræ fm folhf`l `jm añìdl i`jhti aftivl `j mf slmiaitu`(0( Qj slmiaitfræ fm amijhtj quj fplrtj l alh rgj mf siduijhtj ihclrgfaiñh;+ Hlgorj `jm titumfr `j mf mçhjf l `jhlgihfaiñh `j mf jhti`f` titumfr y hlgorj

`jm fpl`jrf`l (+ Qi js jm titumfr `j mf mçhjf l jm fpl`jrf`l `j mf jgprjsf "mf rjspujstf tijhj

quj sjr f rgftivf- `j ltrl gl`l mf vjri afaiñh js hjdftivf) (+ @irjaaiñh(+ Hûgjrls ihìviùfmjs y,l rfhdl `j hugjrfaiñh "jh jstj afsl jm folhf`l

`jojræ `fr jm alhsjhtigijhtl jxprjsl `j quj `jsjf plrtfr tl`f mf hugjrfaiñh fsl'aif`f f mls hûgjrls `j afojajrf ihìaf`ls) (

+ Pipl `j faajsl "jm folhf`l `jojræ ihìafr si su faajsl js `j tipl ihìviùfmfhfmñdial- `j tfricfs jspjaifmjs l `j faajsl gûmtipmj pfrf jm afsl `j hugjrfailhjsdjldræ afs `j mçhjfs ìditfmjs "_@QI)- `j ofh`f fhabf pfrf Slz slorj I^ l `jalh durfailhjs tipl ajhtrfmitf)( Jh fqujmmls afsls jh quj jm folhf`l hl sjpf i`jhti' afr jstj `ftl- sj fsugiræ quj jm tipl `j slmiaitu` js `j faajsl ihìviùfm (

+ Lpjrf`lr alh jm quj afusfræ fmtf alhsjrvfh`l su hugjrfaiñh"lpjrf`lr rjajptlr) (

+ Lpjrf`lr alh jm quj afusfræ ofkf"lpjrf`lr `lhfhtj) (+ Blrfril pfrf jm afgoil prjcjri`l plr jm folhf`l alhsistjhtj jh mf cjabf y



03 FA'G ?>6? • 1

mf blrf `j ihiail `j mf vjhtfhf `j afgoil "tfm y algl rjalkf mf hlrgftivf vidjhtjjh jsj glgjhtl) (

:( Jm folhf`l `jojræ alguhiafr su `jsjl `j afusfr ofkf y prjstfræ su alhsjh'

tigijhtl pfrf jm quj lpjrf`l rjajptlr rjfmiaj mfs djstilhjs hjajsfrifs pfrf plrtfr mf hugjrfaiñh slmiaitf`f (3( Jm folhf`l fajptfræ mf plsiomj ihtjrrupaiñh l migitfaiñh jh mf prjstfaiñh

`jm sjrviail ùrfhtj jm tijgpl gçhigl ihìspjhsfomj pfrf rjfmizfr mls trfofkls `jafgoil `j lpjrf`lr "sj `jojræ ihclrgfr fm folhf`l `jm pmfzl gæxigl rjdumftlrif'gjhtj jstfomjai`l jh jm glgjhtl `j mf alhtrftfaiñh) (

4( Qj mj ihclrgfræ fm folhf`l `jm pjrçl`l `j tijgpl gæxigl rjdumftlrifgjhtjjstfomjai`l pfrf rjfmizfr jm prlajsl algpmjtl jh jm afsl `j slmiaitu`js `j plrtfoimi'`f` quj hl vfyfh fslaif`fs f uhf slmiaitu` `j uh sjrviail quj algplrtj `jsfdrjdf'

aiñh `j ouamj "jstf ihclrgfaiñh hl sjræ hjajsfrif jh afsl `j quj jm folhf`l bfyfjsaldi`l uh pmfzl supjrilr fm rjdumftlrifgjhtj jstfomjai`l) (2( Jm folhf`l prjstfræ su alhsjhtigijhtl jh aufhtl fm trftfgijhtl `j `ftls

pjrslhfmjs quj mj alhaijrhjh- tfhtl `j mls ihamui`ls jh mf slmiaitu` algl `j mls qujalhlaj jm lpjrf`lr alh quijh tijhj alhtrftf`l jm sjrviail- `j gfhjrf vlmuhtfrif-miorj- ihjquçvlaf- jspjaç af j ihclrgf`f- futlrizfh`l mf ajsiñh `j sus `ftls `jmlpjrf`lr alh quijh tijhj alhtrftf`ls sus sjrviails- bfaif fquém quj mls prjstfræ jhf`jmfhtj fm lokjtl y alh jm h jxamusivl `j mf alhsjrvfaiñh `j su hûgjrl jh jm prlajsl `j plrtfoimi`f` y alhìailhæh`lmf f jstj gltivl (

9( Jm vjri af`lr rjalr`fræ fm folhf`l su `jrjabl `j rjvlafaiñh- ihìafh`l jm pmfzl ìsplhiomj y mf clrgf `j bfajrml(µJh jm aufrtl- rjmftivl f mf glì afaiñh `jm aujstilhfril rjmftivl f mfs slmiai'

tu`js `j plrtfoimi`f` gñvim- sj jstfomjaj quj;«6( Qj ihclrgfræ fm amijhtj `j quj mf alhvjrsfaiñh sj jstæ drfofh`l y sj mj

prjduhtfræ si jstæ `j faujr l alh quj mf alhvjrsfaiñh sjf drfof`f ( ?( Jm vjri af`lr ihìafræ mf cjabf "`çf- gjs- f öl y blrf) jh quj tijhj mudfr

mf alhvjrsfaiñh(1( Jm vjri af`lr ihclrgfræ fm folhf`l `jm añìdl i`jhti aftivl `j mf slmiaitu`(0( Qj slmiaitfræ fm amijhtj quj fplrtj l alh rgj mf siduijhtj ihclrgfaiñh;+ Hlgorj `jm titumfr `j mf mçhjf l `jhlgihfaiñh `j mf jhti`f` titumfr y hlgorj

`jm fpl`jrf`l (+ Qi js jm titumfr `j mf mçhjf l jm fpl`jrf`l `j mf jgprjsf "mf rjspujstf tijhj

quj sjr f rgftivf- `j ltrl gl`l mf vjri afaiñh js hjdftivf) (+ HIC , AIC(+ @irjaaiñh,`lgiaimil slaifm(+ Hugjrl l hugjrfaiñh f plrtfr (+ Lpjrf`lr alh jm quj afusfræ fmtf alhsjrvfh`l su hugjrfaiñh "lpjrf`lr

rjajptlr) (



_JQJÖFQ

+ Lpjrf`lr alh jm quj afusfræ ofkf "lpjrf`lr `lhfhtj) (+ IAA' I@ l hûgjrl `j sjrij `j mf QIG "slml pfrf jm afsl `j usufrils `j

prjpfdl) (+ Glgjhtl `jsjf`l pfrf plrtfr "`çf- gjs y f öl jh jm quj jm folhf`l `jsjf sj

mmjvj f afol mf plrtfoimi`f` tfm y algl rjalkf mf hlrgftivf vidjhtj jh jsj glgjhtl) (:( Jm folhf`l `jojræ alguhiafr su `jsjl `j afusfr ofkf y prjstfræ su alhsjh'

tigijhtl pfrf quj jm lpjrf`lr rjajptlr rjfmiaj mfs djstilhjs hjajsfrifs pfrf plrtfr mf hugjrfaiñh slmiaitf`f (

3( Jm folhf`l fajptfræ mf plsiomj ihtjrrupaiñh l migitfaiñh jh mf prjstfaiñh`jm sjrviail ùrfhtj jm tijgpl gçhigl ihìspjhsfomj pfrf rjfmizfr mls trfofkls `jafgoil `j lpjrf`lr "sj `jojræ ihclrgfr fm folhf`l `jm pmfzl gæxigl rjdumftlrif'gjhtj jstfomjai`l jh jm glgjhtl `j mf alhtrftfaiñh) (

4( Qj mj ihclrgfræ fm folhf`l `jm pjrçl`l `j tijgpl gæxigl rjdumftlrifgjhtjjstfomjai l pfrf rjfmizfr jm prlajsl algpmjtl `j plrtfoimi f` "jstf ihclrgfaiñhhl sjræ hjajsfrif jh afsl `j quj jm folhf`l bfyf jsaldi`l uh pmfzl supjrilr fmrjdumftlrifgjhtj jstfomjai`l) (

2( Jm folhf`l prjstfræ su alhsjhtigijhtl jh aufhtl fm trftfgijhtl `j `ftls pjrslhfmjs quj mj alhaijrhjh- tfhtl `j mls ihamui`ls jh mf slmiaitu` algl `j mls qujalhlaj jm lpjrf`lr alh quijh tijhj alhtrftf`l jm sjrviail- `j gfhjrf vlmuhtfrif-miorj- ihjquçvlaf- jspjaç af j ihclrgf`f- futlrizfh`l mf ajsiñh `j sus `ftls `jmlpjrf`lr alh quijh tijhj alhtrftf`ls sus sjrviails- bfaif fquém quj mls prjstfræ jhf`jmfhtj fm lokjtl y alh jm h jxamusivl `j mf alhsjrvfaiñh `j su hûgjrl jh jm prlajsl `j plrtfoimi`f` y alhìailhæh`lmf f jstj gltivl (

9( Jm vjri af`lr rjalr`fræ fm folhf`l su `jrjabl `j rjvlafaiñh- ihìafh`l jm pmfzl ìsplhiomj y mf clrgf `j bfajrml(µ

II( MJY ?,?>6?- @J ?2 @J GF_[L- DFMMJDF @J ^_LPJAAIÑH DJHJ_FM @J^J_QLHFQ ALHQZGI@L_FQ Y ZQZF_IFQ( OLJ HÛG( 6>6- @J ?4 @J FO@J ?>6?@jrldf mf Mjy 6?,6920- `j ?2 `j ìaijgorj- `jm Jstftutl dfmmjdl `jm alhsu'

gi`lr y usufril f`fptæh`lsj fm _jfm @jarjtl Mjdismftivl 6,?>>4- `j 63 `j hl'vijgorj- plr jm quj sj fprujof jm Pjxtl rjcuhì`l `j mf Mjy djhjrfm pfrf mf`jcjhsf `j mls alhsugi`lrjs y usufrils y ltrfs mjyjs algpmjgjhtfrifs- iharj'gjhtfh`l jm hivjm `j prltjaaiñh `j mls `jrjabls `j mls alhsugi`lrjs(

III( _JFM @JA_JPL 442,?>6?- @J 0 @J GFYL- @J _ÉDIGJH KZ_Ç@IAL @JHPI@F@JQ @J @IHJ_L JMJAP_ÑHIAL( OLJ HÛG( 6>2- @J : @J GFYL?>6?(

@jsfrrlmmf mf rjdumfaiñh alhtjhi`f jh mf Mjy ?6,?>66- `j ?3 `j kumil- `jìhjrl jmjatrñhial y f trfvés `j ém hfmizf mf trfhsplsiaiñh algpmjtf `j mf @irja'tivf ?>>9,66>,AJ `jm ^frmfgjhtl Jurlpjl y `jm Alhsjkl- `j 63 `j sjptijgorj

04





Kurispru`jhaif



Algjhtfrils



_JQ^LHQFOIMI@F@ AISIM GÉ@IAF Y CFALHQJHPIGIJHPL IHCL_GF@L5 ^É_@I@F

L^L_PZHI@F@ "F ^_L^ÑQIPL @J MF QPQ @@J JHJ_L @J ?>6?)

JH_IVZJ _ZOIL PL__FHL((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Aftj rætial `j @jrjabl Aivim( Foldf l

_JQZGJH;Alh lafsiñh `jm jxfgjh `j mf QPQ FOQP_FAP;Lh laafsilh lc tbj rjvijw lc Qpfih’s"Qfmf `j ml Aivim)- `j 63 `j jhjrl `j ?>6?- sj Quprjgj Alurt @jaisilh "Aivim Abfgojr) lc 63mmjvfh f afol fmduhfs alhsi jrfailhjs slorj mls Kfhufry ?>6?- slgj alhsi jrftilhs bfvj ojjh

jmjgjhtls quj jstruaturfh mf rjsplhsfoimi`f` ai' gf`j rjdfr ihd tbj struaturfm jmjgjhts lc gjì'vim géìaf- y- jh pfrtiaumfr- slorj jm alhsjhti' afm aivim mifoimity- fh` ih pfrtiaumfr- tblsj rjdfr'gijhtl ihclrgf l y mf pér i`f `j lplrtuhi f`( ìhd ihclrgj` alhsjht fh` tbj mlss lc lp'

plrtuhity(

^FMFO_FQ AMFSJ;rjsplhsfoimi`f` aivim géìaf- EJYTL_@Q;gj iafm aivim mifoimity- ihclrgjàlhsjhtigijhtl ihclrgf`l- pérì f `j alhsjht- mlss lc lpplrtuhity(lplrtuhi`f`(

Mf Mjy 06,?>>?- `j 60 `j hlvijgorj- oæsiaf rjdumf`lrf `j mf futlhlgçf`jm pfaijhtj y `j `jrjabls y lomidfailhjs jh gftjrif `j ihclrgfaiñh y `lau'gjhtfaiñh amçhiaf- lcrjaj ihtjrjsfhtjs hlvj`f js jh mf rjdumfaiñh `j mf rjmfaiñhgéìal'pfaijhtj- jh pfrtj igpumsf`fs plr mf jhtrf`f jh vidlr jm 6 `j jhjrl `j?>>> `jm Alhvjhil `jm Alhsjkl `j Jurlpf pfrf mf prltjaaiñh `j mls `jrjablsbugfhls y mf ìdhi`f` `jm sjr bugfhl rjspjatl `j mfs fpmiafailhjs `j mf oilml'dçf y mf gjìaihf "Alhvjhil `j Lvij`l- susaritl jm 0 `j forim `j 6994)( Jstjtjxtl prlùkl jm jcjatl `j ihtjhsi afr jm prlajsl `j rj jxiñh fajraf `j mf f`j'aufaiñh fm gisgl `j mfs hlrgfs jspf ölmfs prjjxistjhtjs slorj mls `jrjabls `jmls aiu`f`fhls jh su alhìaiñh `j pfaijhtjs- y pusl jh gfrabf uh prlajsl `jmjdismfaiñh futlhñgiaf y jstftfm `jm quj bfh rjsumtf`l- f`jgæs `j mf aitf`fMjy `j ?>>?- mfs alrrjsplhìjhtjs mjyjs `j mfs Alguhi`f`js Futñhlgfs alhalgpjtjhaif jh mf gftjrif(

Jh pfrfmjml f mf hlrgftivf slorj ihclrgfaiñh amçhiaf y alhsjhtigijhtl ih'clrgf`l sj bf vjhi`l jmfolrfh`l uhf `latrihf kurispru`jhaifm- hl jxajsivf'



:0 FA'G ?>6? • 1

gjhtj uhiclrgj- slorj jm alhsjhtigijhtl ihclrgf`l- pfrtiaumfrgjhtj f prlpñ'sitl `j supujstls `j rjsplhsfoimi`f` aivim sfhitfrif(

Jm `jrjabl f mf ihclrgfaiñh amçhiaf l fsistjhaifm prjsjhtf uhf alh durfaiñhfutñhlgf rjspjatl fm `jrjabl `jm pfaijhtj f `jaiìr ‑jh su afsl y slorj mf ofsj`j mf ihclrgfaiñh rjaioi`f‑ fajraf `jm slgjtigijhtl f mf fpmiafaiñh `j uhftéahiaf- ihtjrvjhaiñh l trftfgijhtl `jtjrgihf`ls( ^frjaj amfrl quj rjsumtf ihù'`fomj quj ûhiafgjhtj slorj mf ofsj `j uhf ihclrgfaiñh fsistjhaifm alrrjatfpuj`j f su vjz sftiscfajrsj jm `jrjabl `jm pfaijhtj f alhsjhtir `j clrgf alhs'aijhtj- pjrl jmml hl igpi`j ìslaifr fgofs cfajtfs `j mf fativi`f` sfhitfrif-fhfmizfh`l alh aijrtf ih`jpjh`jhaif mls `jrjabls jh jxfgjh(

Js bly uh aritjril djhjrfmgjhtj algpfrti`l plr mf `latrihf y mf kurispru'`jhaif quj jm augpmigijhtl `j mls `jrjabls `j mls pfaijhtjs f sjr ihclrgf`ls-

y f alhsjhtir prjvifgjhtj uhf ihtjrvjhaiñh l uh trftfgijhtl- alhstituyj uhfgfhicjstfaiñh gæs `j mf mjx frtis l ìmidjhaif prlcjsilhfm jxidiomj( ^lr tfhtl- jmihaugpmigijhtl tltfm l pfraifm `j tfmjs `jojrjs alhstituyj uhf ihalrrjaaiñh jhmf prjstfaiñh `jm sjrviail sfhitfril plr mf qujjh prihaipil- sj `joj rjsplh`jr(

Fsç- mf QPQ "Qfmf `j ml Alhtjhailsl'F`gihistrftivl) `j ?> `j sjptijgorj?>>: "_K ?>>:- 4:>1) plhj h f uh prlajsl jh quj mf rjaurrjhtj slmiaitfof uhfaufhtilsf ih`jghizfaiñh f alhsjaujhaif `j mf tjtrfpmjkif quj sj mj fprjaif ‑fmls ?6 föls `j j`f`‑ jh jm plstlpjrftlril `j uhf ihtjrvjhaiñh `j rjsjaaiñhtrfqujfm( Hl quj`fh amfrfs mfs afusfs alharjtfs `j mf mjsiñh gjùmfr quj fcjatff mf rjaurrjhtj- quj `ls gjsjs fhtjs bfoçf sucri`l uh trfugftisgl ajrviafm(Mf Fuìjhaif Hfailhfm "KZ_ ?>>1- :236:) bfoçf `jsjstigf`l jm rjaursl fm hlalhsi`jrfr prlof`f uhf afusf `j uh `f öl fhtikurçìal quj pjrgitijrf igputfrmf rjsplhsfoimi`f` f mf F`gihistrfaiñh sfhitfrif(

^lr ml quj rjspjatf f mf ih`jtjrgihfaiñh afusfm- jm PQ fpmiaf mf `latrihf`jm `föl `jsprlplrailhf`l- y jh aufhtl f mf tltfm fusjhaif `j ihclrgfaiñh jmPQ rjaujr`f quj;

«mf rjaurrjhtj cuj slgjti`f f uhf ihtjrvjhaiñh quirûrdiaf jh jm Blspitfm `laj`j Latuorj quj algplrtfof mls rijsdls ihbjrjhtjs f aufmquijr lpjrfaiñh- gæs mlsquj jrfh prlpils `j jmmf- y quj- f`jgæs- pl`çf alhmmjvfr ltrls `jrivf`ls `j mfjspjaifm situfaiñh `j mf pfaijhtj quj gjsjs fhtjs bfoçf sucri`l uh faai`jhtj `jtræ al `jm quj yf jstfof rjpujstf pjrl quj jh uh prigjr glgjhtl lomidñ f mfalmlafaiñh `j uh almmfrçh jh mf zlhf jh mf quj iof f sjr ihtjrvjhi`fµ( Qj alhsi`jrfprlof`l quj mf pfaijhtj «hl rjaioiñ mf gjhlr ihclrgfaiñh jh tlrhl f mf ihtjrvjh'aiñh quj sj mj iof f rjfmizfr y `j mf quj `jrivfrlh mfs alhsjaujhaifs yf alhlai`fsµhi ltlrdñ jm prjajptivl alhsjhtigijhtl ihclrgf`l(

«Jh jsfs airauhstfhaifs ‑alhtihûf jm PQ‑ hl js plsiomj alhamuir quj fhtj jm`jsalhlaigijhtl foslmutl `j ml quj sj mj iof f bfajr y `j mfs alhsjaujhaifs `jtl`l lr`jh quj pl`çfh prlùairsj- hl hjajsfrifgjhtj hjdftivfs sihl jh prihaipilojhj ailsfs pfrf mf pfaijhtj- hl puj`j ihcjrir quj ml laurri`l cuj uh faai`jhtjigprjvisiomj quj miojrf `j tl`f rjsplhsfoimi`f` f mf F`gihistrfaiñh y quj mlspjrkuiails pf`jai`ls jrfh uh `f öl quj mf `jgfh`fhtj tjhçf jm `jojr kurçìal`j slplrtfrµ(



ALGJHPF_ILQ

Mf lgisiñh tltfm `j ihclrgfaiñh sj alhtjgpmf plr jm PQ f pjsfr `j quj-algl fpuhtf mf Ihspjaaiñh Géìaf- alhstf jh mf bistlrif amçhiaf uhf «Blkf `jFutlrizfaiñh `j @ifdhñstial y Prftfgijhtlµ- si oijh `j alhtjhi`l djhérial(

@iabf blkf- f`jgæs- cuj rgf`f plr jm pf`rj `j mf pfaijhtj gfylr `j j`f`(Qlorj jstj pfrtiaumfr- famfrf jm Fmtl Priouhfm quj mf F`gihistrfaiñh vumhjrñ `jgl`l fdrfhtj ml ìspujstl jh mf Mjy Djhjrfm `j Qfhi`f` plr lgitir ihclrgf'aiñh f mf pfaijhtj «quj jrf quijh bfoçf `j rjaioirmf- pujstl quj jrf gfylr `jj`f` y jstfof jh pmjhl usl `j sus cfaumtf`js pfrf algprjh`jrmf y tlgfr mfs`jaisilhjs quj tuvijrf plr alhvjhijhtjsµ(

Jh jstls ûmtigls f öls- jm Priouhfm suprjgl bf fauì`l f ìvjrsls jxpj'ìjhtjs pfrf cuh`fr mf rjsplhsfoimi`f` jh afsl `j fusjhaif l ihvfmi`jz `jm alh'sjhtigijhtl ihclrgf`l( Fsç- bf faldi`l mf tjsis `j mf cfmtf `j hjxl afusfm- alh'clrgj f mf aufm mf lomidfaiñh `j ihclrgfr jm `föl f mf sfmu` prlùatl `j uhfihtjrvjhaiñh géìaf `jpjh`j `j mf jxistjhaif `j uh hjxl `j afusfmi`f` jxamusi'vfgjhtj jhtrj mf ihcrfaaiñh `j mf mjx frtis jh quj bfyf ihaurri`l jm prlcjsilhfmgéìal y jm rjsumtf`l `f ölsl prlùai`l( Fpmiaf`f jstf `latrihf f mf fusjhaif`j alhsjhtigijhtl ihclrgf`l- sj alhamuyj quj hl `f mudfr f mf ih`jghizfaiñhjh jm afsl `j quj jm rjsumtf`l `fölsl lafsilhf`l afrjzaf `j rjmfaiñh `j afusfmi'`f` alh mf cfmtf `j ihclrgfaiñh- plr sjr prjsugiomj quj jm pfaijhtj sj bforçfslgjti`l f mf gisgf ihtjrvjhaiñh jh jm afsl `j bfojr rjaioi`l mf `joi`f ihclr'gfaiñh plr sç l plr gjìl `j sus rjprjsjhtfhtjs- sjdûh mls afsls "fsç- QPQ ‑Qfmf`j ml Aivim‑- `j 6> `j hlvijgorj `j 6994 U_K 6994- 4232W)(

Mf ihvlafaiñh `jm `föl glrfm js ltrl `j mls frdugjhtls quj sj bfh jsdri'gi`l pfrf sustjhtfr mf rjsplhsfoimi`f` aivim( Mf QPQ `j 0 `j forim `j ?>>> "_K?>>>- 1?:2) "Qfmf Pjrajrf) alhsi`jrf mf fusjhaif `j alhsjhtigijhtl ihclrgf`ljh mls afsls `j ihtjrvjhailhjs quj suplhdfh uh rijsdl drfvj pfrf mf sfmu` algluh `f öl glrfm drfvj plr si gisgl pfrf mf sfmu`- ih`jpjhìjhtjgjhtj `j qujìabl rijsdl sj alharjtj l hl- jh aufhtl ìabf cfmtf `j alhsjhtigijhtl almlaffm pfaijhtj jh uhf situfaiñh `j ihalhsaijhaif crjhtj f uhf situfaiñh `j drfvjrijsdl- mj igpi`j tlgfr `jaisilhjs jh rjmfaiñh alh jm trftfgijhtl- l mj igpi`jf`lptfr gjì`fs `j prjvjhaiñh jh jm lr`jh bugfhl( Jstf situfaiñh `j ihalhs'aijhaif ‑sj öfmf mf sjhtjhaif aitf`f‑ suplhj plr si gisgf uh `f öl glrfm drfvj-

ìstihtl y fkjhl fm `föl alrplrfm `jrivf`l `j mf ihtjrvjhaiñh(Ltrf `j tjsis quj rjaijhtjgjhtj bf tjhi`l jal js mf `jhlgihf`f tjlrçf `j

mf pérì`f `j lplrtuhi`f`( @j faujr`l alh jmmf- hl puj`j jstfomjajrsj uhfrjmfaiñh `j sigjtrçf jhtrj mf hjdmidjhaif `jm géìal y jm `föl f mf sfmu` `jmpfaijhtj- pujstl quj fquémmf sigpmjgjhtj ìsgihuyj mfs prlofoimi`f`js `j aurf'aiñh l supjrvivjhaif- jstl js- uhf pérì`f `j lplrtuhi`f`js pfrf jm pfaijhtj-quj jm Priouhfm `joj plh`jrfr jh cuhaiñh `j mfs airauhstfhaifs alhaurrjhtjs-pjrl tlgfh`l ìrjatfgjhtj algl ofsj pfrf mf vfmlrfaiñh jm `f öl f mf sfmu`pf`jai`l( Alharjtfh`l jm rijsdl fajraf `jm aufm hl sj ihclrgñ- mf ih`jghizfaiñh

`joj aufhti afrsj jxamusivfgjhtj jh cuhaiñh `jm vfmlr `j mf pérì`f `j lplrtu'hi`f`js `j aurfaiñh l supjrvivjhaif y hl plr mf ihtjdri`f` `jm `f öl f mf sfmu`sucri`l plr jm pfaijhtj f rfçz `j mf fatufaiñh géìaf( Mf pérì`f `j lplrtuhi`f'

::



:3 FA'G ?>6? • 1

`js sj vfmlrf bfaijh`l uh kuiail `j prlofoimi`f` jh rjmfaiñh alh mf lpaiñh `jsustrfjrsj f mf ihtjrvjhaiñh rjfmizf`f l `j lptfr plr uhf fmtjrhftivf tjrfpéutiafjh jm afsl `j bfojr alhlai`l pmjhfgjhtj mls rijsdls pjrslhfmjs- prlofomjs l

tçpials `j mf ihtjrvjhaiñh((Jh jstf ûmtigf tjlrçf sj fsijhtf mf cuh`fgjhtfaiñh prihaipfm `j mf rjaijhtjsjhtjhaif `jm Priouhfm Quprjgl "Qfmf `j ml Aivim)- `j 63 `j jhjrl `j ?>6? "_K?>6?- 6420)( Mls bjabls gæs sidhiaftivls `j mls quj trfj afusf mf rjslmuaiñh kuìaifm slh mls siduijhtjs( Jm 1 `j cjorjrl `j ?>>:- @lh ^j`rl Jhriquj cujihtjrvjhi`l quirûrdiafgjhtj plr jm @r( F`rifhl pfrf jcjatufr uhf ìsjatlgçfajrviafm( Jm @r( F`rifhl tjhçf fsjdurf`f mf rjsplhsfoimi`f` aivim jh mf algpföçf[uriab "pñmizf almjativf `jm almjdil `j Géìals) y pjrtjhjaj fm auf`rl géìal`j mf algpf öçf Frjsf- alh quijh jm pfaijhtj tjhçf alhajrtf`l sjdurl `j jhcjr'gj`f` jh mf gl`fmi`f` `j fsistjhaif sfhitfrif( F alhsjaujhaif `j mf lpjrfaiñh-@lh ^j`rl Jhriquj- jhtlhajs `j 02 f öls- quj`ñ fcjatf`l `j uhf tjtrfpmjkif alhpfrjsif sjvjrf `j fgofs jxtrjgi`f`js ihcjrilrjs- trlhal y pfrtj `j mfs jxtrjgi'`f`js supjrilrjs- alh fmtjrfaiñh `j mf sjhsioimi`f` plr `jofkl `jm hivjm gjtfgé'rial `j mf mjsiñh- cfmtf `j alhtrlm vlmuhtfril slorj jm jscçhtjr rjatfm- sijh`l `j'pjhìjhtj pfrf sj`jstfaiñh y `jspmfzfgijhtl `j uhf simmf `j ruj`fs- alhhjajsi`f` `j fyu`f pfrf mfs fativi`f`js `j mf vi`f ìfrif( @lh ^j`rl Jhriquj ysu cfgimif clrgumfrlh `jgfh`f alhtrf jm @r( F`rifhl- alhtrf mf fsjdurf`lrf`j éstj- [uriab- y alhtrf Frjsf- algpf öçf fsjdurf`lrf `j sfmu` `jm pfaijhtj(_jamfgfofh 6(124(:69 jurls `j ih`jghizfaiñh- gæs jm igplrtj `j mfs gjhsufmi'`f`js `j mf rjsi`jhaif fsistjhaifm jh mf quj sj jhalhtrfof ihdrjsf`l- fsç algl:4(:62-90 jurls pfrf sus bikls y jsplsf jh alhajptl `j pjrkuiails glrfmjs fcfgimifrjs algl alhsjaujhaif `j mfs sjaujmfs plstlpjrftlrifs sucri`fs(

Qj `joj f`vjrtir quj jh jm pmjitl hl sj ìsautj mf jvjhtufm jxistjhaif `jgfmf prfxis jh mf fatufaiñh prlpifgjhtj quirûrdiaf5 ml quj sj aujstilhf alhafræatjr prihaipfm js si mf cfmtf `j ihclrgfaiñh bf prlùai`l fm pfaijhtj fmdûhpjrkuiail5 si jstf cfmtf `j ihclrgfaiñh js l hl jquipfrfomj f mf hjdmidjhaif y sijm cfaumtftivl `joj fsugir mf tltfmi`f` `j mls pjrkuiails quj sj bfh irrldf`l fm`jgfh`fhtj jh uh fatl rjfmizf`l alhclrgj f mf mjx frtis( Jm prlomjgf sj pmfhtjf‑algl ìaj mf prlpif sjhtjhaif‑- slorj jm prlajsl `j i`jhti afaiñh y `jtjrgihf'

aiñh `jm `föl tjhijh`l jh aujhtf quj mf sjhtjhaif `j mf Fuìjhaif ^rlvihaifmrjvlañ jh pfrtj mf `jm Kuzdf`l- quj bfoçf `jsvihaumf`l mf rjsplhsfoimi`f` plr`j aijhtj ihclrgfaiñh `j mfs alhsjaujhaifs gftjrifmjs rjsumtfhtjs `j mf ihtjr'vjhaiñh- ih`jghizfh`l jxamusivfgjhtj uh `f öl glrfm jstigf`l jh 662(?:1-49jurls y jh 6>(>>> jurls f cfgimifrjs- pfrf ih`jghizfrmj mf tltfmi`f` `j mls `fölssucri`ls gjìfhtj mf fpmiafaiñh `jm ofrjgl jstfomjai`l pfrf mf rjsplhsfoimi`fàivim `j mf airaumfaiñh `j vjbçaumls f gltlr- quj mfs pfrtjs tlgfrlh algl rjcj'rjhtj- aicrfh`l jm igplrtj `j mf alh`jhf jh :>9(9:0-99 jurls f cfvlr `jm Qr(^j`rl Jhriquj y jh 69(64?-92 jurls f af`f uhl `j mls rjstfhtjs `jgfh`f`ls-jsplsf y `ls bikls(

Clrgumfrlh rjaursl `j afsfaiñh @lh ^j`rl Jhriquj- @lh F`rifhl- mfsalgpf öçfs [uriab y Frjsf( F`jgæs- jm @r( F`rifhl ihtjrpusl rjaursl jxtrflrì'



ALGJHPF_ILQ

hfril plr ihcrfaaiñh prlajsfm( Jm Priouhfm Quprjgl `jsjstigñ mls rjaursls `jafsfaiñh `j @lh ^j`rl Jhriquj y @lh F`rifhl- fsç algl jm rjaursl jxtrflrìhf'ril ihtjrpujstl plr jstj ûmtigl- y jstigñ jh pfrtj mls rjaursls `j afsfaiñh clr'

gumf`ls plr mfs algpf öçfs [uriab y Frjsf- aicrfh`l mf alh`jhf tfhtl `j fgofsrjaurrjhtjs algl `j @lh F`rifhl jh mfs afhti`f`js `j ?:0(944-0: jurls fcfvlr `jm Qr( ^j`rl Jhriquj y `j 9(:23-09 jurls f cfvlr `j af`f uhl `j mlsrjstfhtjs al`jgfh`fhtjs(

Jm sjduh`l gltivl `j afsfaiñh pmfhtjf`l plr mf algpf öçf [uriab alhsi'`jrf quj hl bfh si`l `joi`fgjhtj fpmiaf`ls mls frtçaumls 66>? y 69>? `jmAñìdl aivim y quj mf ih`jghizfaiñh plr cfmtf `j ihclrgfaiñh `jojræ migitfrsjfm `föl glrfm lafsilhf`l qujjh `j hitivf- tijhj lridjh jh mf pérì`f `j lplr'tuhi`f`- y hl mf quj alrrjsplh`j f mfs sjaujmfs lridihf`fs plr mf ihtjrvjhaiñhquirûrdiaf f mf quj sj slgjtiñ( ^frf vfmlrfr jstj gltivl jm Priouhfm Quprjgljstfomjaj algl prlof`ls mls siduijhtjs bjabls; 6 ») Jhtrj jm pfaijhtj y su gé'ìal jxistiñ uhf rjmfaiñh `j mfrdf ùrfaiñh5 ?») jm `laugjhtl `j «alhsjhti'gijhtl ihclrgf`lµ quj sj prlplrailhñ fm pfaijhtj jstfof sih rgfr y f`jgæsrjsumtfof ihsu aijhtj- pujs hl gjhailhfof siquijrf mf drfvj alhsjaujhaif `j mfihtjrvjhaiñh quj bf alhstitui`l jm gltivl `j mf `jgfh`f- rjsfmtfh`l mf lgisiñhjh jm gisgl `j mf ihìafaiñh `j ìfdhñstial- `jm tipl `j ihtjrvjhaiñh y- slorjtl`l- `j mls rijsdls jspjaç als5 1») hl bf plì`l sjr alh rgf`f mf su aijhaif`j mf ihclrgfaiñh vjrofm- plr sus prlpifs afrfatjrçstiafs5 0») mf algpmiafaiñhsurdi`f js `j jsafsf ihai`jhaif jstf`çstiaf "jhtrj jm >-? y jm >-0)- pjrl jm rijsdl`j rjsumtf`ls algl jm jhkuiaif`l jh uhf lpjrfaiñh vjrtjorfm js ml su aijhtj'gjhtj igplrtfhtj algl pfrf hl bfojr si`l lgiti`l( Jstfs airauhstfhaifs pmfh'tjfh uh `lomj prlomjgf- f kuiail `jm Priouhfm sjhtjhaif`lr( Jh prigjr térgihl-mf i`jhti afaiñh `jm `föl "alrplrfm- glrfm y pftriglhifm)( Jh sjduh`l- mf aufh'ti afaiñh `j mf sugf ih`jghizftlrif- quj puj`j bfajrsj; f) plr mf tltfmi`f` `jmls pjrkuiails afusf`ls- mf cfmtf `j ihclrgfaiñh y mf prlofoimi`f` `j quj jmpfaijhtj `j bfojr alhlai`l mfs alhsjaujhaifs rjsumtfhtjs hl sj buoijrf slgj'ti`l f uh `jtjrgihf`l trftfgijhtl l ihtjrvjhaiñh5 o) alh jm fmafhaj prlpil `jm`f öl glrfm- jh rfzñh f mf drfvj`f` `j mf ihtjrvjhaiñh- sus rijsdls y mfs airauhs'tfhaifs `jm pfaijhtj- fsç algl `jm pftriglhifm sucri`l plr mjsiñh `jm `jrjabl `j

futl`jtjrgihfaiñh- ihtjdri`f` cçsiaf y psçquiaf y ìdhi`f`5 a) plr mf pérì`f `jlplrtuhi`f`js l `j jxpjatftivfs- jh mfs quj hl sj i`jhti af hjajsfrifgjhtj alhmf drfvj`f` y trfhsajh`jhaif `jm `f öl- sihl alh uhf crfaaiñh `jm `f öl alrplrfmalhsi`jrf`l jh su ihtjdri`f` jh rfzñh f uhf jvi`jhtj ihajrtiùgorj afusfmslorj jm rjsumtf`l hfm- prjvif plh`jrfaiñh `j fqujmmfs airauhstfhaifs quj sjjstigjh rjmjvfhtjs `js`j jm puhtl `j vistf `j mf rjsplhsfoimi`f` géìaf "drfvj'`f` `j mf ihtjrvjhaiñh- virtufmi`f` rjfm `j mf fmtjrhftivf tjrfpéutiaf hl ihclr'gf`f- plsioimi`f`js `j crfafsl)(

Mf sjhtjhaif algjhtf`f plhj `j gfhi jstl añgl mf rjslmuaiñh kuìaifm

rjaurri`f bfaj alihaiìr jm `f öl quj ih`jghizf alh mfs drfvjs sjaujmfs qujrjsumtfrlh `j mf ihtjrvjhaiñh f quj cuj slgjti`l jm `jgfh`fhtj- «algl si mfsbuoijrf afusf`l ìrjatfgjhtj jm géìal plr uhf `j aijhtj fatufaiñh géìal'

:4



:2 FA'G ?>6? • 1

quirûrdiafµ( Js aijrtl ‑siduj f rgfh`l mf sjhtjhaif‑ quj jxistiñ uhf ihtjrvjh'aiñh quirûrdiaf y quj jh térgihls `j afusfmi`f` cçsiaf éstf js mf afusf `jm `fölsucri`l- plrquj mfs sjaujmfs sj djhjrfrlh algl alhsjaujhaif `j mf gisgf y sih

éstf hl sj buoijrf prlùai`l( Fblrf oijh- jm `f öl quj sj `joj plhjr f afrdl`jm cfaumtftivl hl js jm quj rjsumtf `j uhf ihtjrvjhaiñh `jcjatulsf- pujstl qujmls bjabls prlof`ls `j mf sjhtjhaif `jsafrtfh uhf hjdmidjhaif jh jstj fspjatl-algl tfgplal `j uhf ihtjrvjhaiñh jh mf quj puj`f vfmlrfrsj algl rjmjvfhtjmf privfaiñh fm pfaijhtj `j tlgfr mfs `jaisilhjs gæs alhvjhijhtjs f su ihtjrés(Jm `föl quj cuh`fgjhtf mf rjsplhsfoimi`f` hl js plr tfhtl- ftjhì`fs mfs air'auhstfhaifs `j jstj afsl- uh `f öl glrfm rjsfraiomj alh ih`jpjh`jhaif `jm `f ölalrplrfm plr mjsiñh `jm `jrjabl `j futl`jtjrgihfaiñh- sihl jm quj rjsumtf `jbfojrsj lgiti`l uhf ihclrgfaiñh f`jauf`f y su aijhtj slorj uh rijsdl guyofkl y `j su plstjrilr gftjrifmizfaiñh- `j tfm clrgf quj mf rjmfaiñh `j afusfmi`f`

sj `joj jstfomjajr jhtrj mf lgisiñh `j mf ihclrgfaiñh y mf plsioimi`f` `j bfojrsjsustrfç`l f mf ihtjrvjhaiñh géìaf auyls rijsdls sj bfh gftjrifmizf`l y hl jhtrjmf hjdmidjhaif `jm géìal y jm `föl f mf sfmu` `jm pfaijhtj( Mf hjdmidjhaifgéìaf ‑ìaj mf sjhtjhaif‑ bf algplrtf`l uhf pérì`f `j lplrtuhi`f` pfrf jmpfaijhtj quj `joj vfmlrfrsj jh rfzñh f mf prlofoimi`f` `j quj- uhf vjz ihclr'gf`l `j jstls rijsdls pjrslhfmjs- prlofomjs l tçpials- buoijrf `jaiì`l alhti'hufr jh mf situfaiñh jh quj sj jhalhtrfof l sj buoijrf slgjti`l rfzlhfomj'gjhtj f uhf ihtjrvjhaiñh quj dfrfhtizfof jh uh fmtl plrajhtfkj mf plsioimi`f``j rjaupjrfaiñh- pujs si oijh hl bfoçf hjajsi`f` vitfm pfrf mmjvfrmf f jcjatl- sçjrf amçhiafgjhtj falhsjkfomj jh rfzñh f mf jxistjhaif `j uhf pftlmldçf prjvif y

fm crfafsl `jm trftfgijhtl alhsjrvf`lr ihstfurf`l ùrfhtj fmdûh tijgpl(Jh `j hitivf ‑alhamuyj mf sjhtjhaif- vfmlrfh`l jm sjduh`l gltivl `j afsf'

aiñh fmjdf`l plr mf algpf öçf [uriab‑ «jxistj uhf jvi`jhtj ihajrtiùgorj afu'sfm jh tlrhl f mf sjaujhaif quj buoijrfh tlgf`l mls bjabls `j bfojr si`lihclrgf`l jm pfaijhtj- jh ofsj f ml aufm y `jhtrl `jm ægoitl `j mf afusfmi`f`gftjrifm l cçsiaf quj rjsumtf `j mf sjhtjhaif- js plsiomj bfajr jcjativl uh rédigjhjspjaifm `j igputfaiñh prlofoimçstiaf quj pjrgitj rjpfrfr jh pfrtj jm `f öl-algl js mf pérì`f `j lplrtuhi`f`- quj tlgf algl rjcjrjhaif- `j uh mf`l- jm`f öl f mf sfmu` sucri`l f rjsumtfs `j mf ihtjrvjhaiñh y- `j ltrl- mf afpfai`f` `j`jaisiñh `j uh pfaijhtj rfzlhfomj quj vfmlrf su situfaiñh pjrslhfm y `jai`jmiorjgjhtj sustrfjrsj l hl f mf ihtjrvjhaiñh quirûrdiaf sih jm ojhj ail `j alhl'ajr mfs alhsjaujhaifs pfrf su sfmu` uhf vjz quj éstfs yf sj bfh prlùai`l( Jmmljxidj uhf prjvif plh`jrfaiñh `j fqujmmfs airauhstfhaifs gæs rjmjvfhtjs `js`jjm puhtl `j vistf `j mf rjsplhsfoimi`f` géìaf- quj jh jm afsl sj alharjtfh jhuhf ihtjrvjhaiñh amçhiafgjhtj falhsjkfomj- jh mf rjmfaiñh `j alhfhzf jxistjhtjjhtrj pfaijhtj'géìal- jh su jstf`l prjvil `j sfmu`- jm crfafsl `jm trftfgijhtlalhsjrvf`lr- mfs algpmiafailhjs `j jsafsf ihai`jhaif jstf`çstiaf y jh mfs alhsj'aujhaifs quj sj `jrivfrlh `j mf gisgf5 tl`l ml aufm pjrgitj aufhti afr mf ih'`jghizfaiñh jh ?:0(944-0: jurls f cfvlr `jm Qr( ^j`rl Jhriquj y jh mf afhti`f`

`j 9(:23-09 jurls f cfvlr `j af`f uhl `j mls rjstfhtjs `jgfh`fhtjs- js `jair-uh :>* `j ml quj buoijrf alrrjsplhì`l plr uhf gfmf prfxis géìaf farjì'tf`f- tlgfh`l algl rjcjrjhaif mf gisgf quj rjaldj mf sjhtjhaif `j mf Fuìjh'



FhjxlOiomildræ al



AISIM

F@GIHIQP_FAIÑH @J KZQPIAIF "LP_FQ AZJQPILHJQ)

^JMFYL PL__JHP - _fgñh; « ¼ uj jh vumhjrfr mls /^rltlalmls `jCuhailhfgijhtl/ `jm Qistjgf Mjxhjt ml ìspujstl- rjspjatl fm añgputl `j ^mfzls^rlajsfmjs- jh mf Mjy `j Jhkuiaifgijhtl Aivim<µ(_F@ "^fgpmlhf)- ?,?>6?- Jstu'ìl "gfyl ?>6?)µ(

F__JH@FGIJHPLQ Z_OFHLQ

BZ_PF@L YJML- Kufh Klsé; «Jm `jsfbuail plr cfmtf `j pfdl y mf hujvf rjfmi`f`slaifmµ(_F@ "^fgpmlhf)- ?,?>6?- Jstuìl "gfyl ?>6?)(

ALGZHI@F@ @J OIJHJQ

^É_J[ ALHJQF- Afrgjh; «@ivisiñh `j mf alprlpij`f` y jm `jrjabl `j uslslorj vivijh`f cfgimifr( Qjhtjhaif `jm Priouhfm Quprjgl `j ?3 `j cjorjrl `j?>6?µ(FA "^fgpmlhf)- 1,?>6?- Algjhtfril "kuhil ?>6?)(

@J_JABL AISIM

OJ_ALSIP[ _L@_ÇDZJ['AFHL- _l`ridl; «Jh rjaujr`l `j Gfhujm Fmofmf`jklDfraçfµ(FA "^fgpmlhf)- 1,?>6?- Priouhf "kuhil ?>6?)

HZMI@F@- QJ^F_FAIÑH Y @ISL_AIL

FDZIMJ_F _ZMM- Frif`hf; «Mf alh durfaiñh `j mf algpjhsfaiñh `jm trfofklpfrf mf afsf "frt(6012 AA) alhclrgj alh jm prihaipil `j idufm`f` jhtrj gukjrjsy blgorjsµ( FA "^fgpmlhf)- 1,?>6?- Jstuìl "kuhil ?>6?)

AF__FQAL ^J_J_F - Æhdjm; «Bipltjafs y `jsfbuails ofkl jm ugorfm `j suosis'tjhaifµ( FKF"^fgpmlhf)- 20?,?>6?- Priouhf "gfyl ?>6?)

J MI[FM@J_J@ÇH- Djrgæh; «Pçtuml; Alhtfdil `j jhcjrgj`f` `j trfhsgisiñhsjxufm jh jm gftriglhil; ¼ih`jghizfomj fm fgpfrl `jm frt( 92 AA< QF^ Gf`ri`"Qjaaiñh ??ª)- hûg( 21?,?>66- `j 61 ìaijgorj "KZ_ ?>6?- ??934)µ( _F@"^fgpmlhf)- 1,?>6?- Ciabfs `j Kurispru`jhaif "kuhil ?>6?)

_JDÇGJHJQ JALHÑGIAL GFP_IGLHIFMJQFDZIMJ_F _ZMM- Frif`hf; «Mf alh durfaiñh `j mf algpjhsfaiñh `jm trfofkl



6?2 FA'G ?>6? • 1

pfrf mf afsf "frt(6012 AA) alhclrgj alh jm prihaipil `j idufm`f` jhtrj gukjrjsy blgorjsµ( FA "^fgpmlhf)- 1,?>6?- Jstuìl "kuhil ?>6?)

_JQ^LHQFOIMI@F@ "LP_FQ AZJQPILHJQ)J MI[FM@J_J@ÇH- Djrgæh; «Pçtuml; Alhtfdil `j jhcjrgj`f` `j trfhsgisiñh

sjxufm jh jm gftriglhil; ¼ih`jghizfomj fm fgpfrl `jm frt( 92 AA< QF^ Gf`ri`"Qjaaiñh ??ª)- hûg( 21?,?>66- `j 61 ìaijgorj "KZ_ ?>6?- ??934)µ( _F@"^fgpmlhf)- 1,?>6?- Ciabfs `j Kurispru`jhaif "kuhil ?>6?)

SISIJH@FFDZIMJ_F _ZMM- Frif`hf; «Mf alh durfaiñh `j mf algpjhsfaiñh `jm trfofkl

pfrf mf afsf "frt(6012 AA) alhclrgj alh jm prihaipil `j idufm`f` jhtrj gukjrjsy blgorjsµ( FA "^fgpmlhf)- 1,?>6?- Jstuìl "kuhil ?>6?)

ÆMSF_J[ LMFMMF- Gfrçf `jm îmfr; «Ihstituaiñh tjstfgjhtfrif jh usucruatlsuajsivl sih sigumtæhjf ihstituaiñh jh mf hu`f prlpij`f`( Algjhtfril f mf Qjh'tjhaif `jm Priouhfm Quprjgl `j 9 `j kuhil `j ?>66 "_K ?>66,0:62)µ(FA "^fg'pmlhf) ?,?>6?- Algjhtfril "gfyl ?>6?)

J MI[FM@J_J@ÇH- Djrgæh; «Pçtuml; Alhtfdil `j jhcjrgj`f` `j trfhsgisiñhsjxufm jh jm gftriglhil; ¼ih`jghizfomj fm fgpfrl `jm frt( 92 AA< QF^ Gf`ri`"Qjaaiñh ??ª)- hûg( 21?,?>66- `j 61 ìaijgorj "KZ_ ?>6?- ??934)µ( _F@"^fgpmlhf)- 1,?>6?- Ciabfs `j Kurispru`jhaif "kuhil ?>6?)

BZ_PF@L YJML- Kufh Klsé; «Jm `jsfbuail plr cfmtf `j pfdl y mf hujvf rjfmi'`f` slaifmµ( _F@ "^fgpmlhf)- ?,?>6?- Jstuìl "gfyl ?>6?)

^É_J[ ALHJQF- Afrgjh; «@ivisiñh `j mf alprlpij`f` y jm `jrjabl `j uslslorj vivijh`f cfgimifr( Qjhtjhaif `jm Priouhfm Quprjgl `j ?3 `j cjorjrl `j?>6?µ(FA "^fgpmlhf)- 1,?>6?- Algjhtfril "kuhil ?>6?)

GJ_AFHPIMALGJ_AIL

ML_AF- Pjrjsf; «Mf futlhlgçf prlajìgjhtfm `j mfs Futlri`f`js Hfailhf'mjs `j Algpjtjhaif trfs mf sjhtjhaif Pjmj? ^lmsef;¼jvlmuaiñh l ihvlmuaiñh<µ( FKF"^fgpmlhf)- 206,?>6?- Algjhtfril "forim ?>6?)

ALHQZGI@L_JQ Y ZQZF_ILQ

ML AF Pj j f Mf f lhl f l jì jh f `j f F l i`f`j Hf ilhf'

Documents

Revista Aranzadi Doctrinal Civil Mercantil