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8/14/2019 Revision on Cell Organisation
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Cell Organization
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Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Multicellularorganism
Cell specialization
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Cell specialisation
Process whereby the cell changes
differentiate to give it special structures
and perform a specific function.
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Epithelial tissueConsist of 1 or more layers of cell
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Simple squamous
Location lining of lung, body cavities, heartand blood vessel
Function form a protective barrier againstinfections, mechanical injuries and dehydration.
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Simple cuboidal
Location lining the kidney tubules,
glands and ducts.
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Location lining at the surface of skin andlining of the mouth and oesophagus
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Location lining of the small intestine.
Has goblet cell which secrete mucus into
the digestive tract
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Ciliated Epithelium
The beating cilia help to keepunwanted particles fromentering the lungs.
Location lining of thetrachea
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Muscle tissue
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Cardiac muscle
Can be found in the
walls of the heart
Contract to pump the blood to
all parts of the body
Contraction is involuntary
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Skeletal muscle
Can be found at arms and legs
Involved in voluntary
movements
They contract and relaxes to
move the bones
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Smooth muscle
Can be found in intestines, blood vessels, urinary
and reproductive tracts.Contraction and relaxation are responsible for
involuntary movement
Peristaltic movement along digestive tract
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Smooth muscle vs skeletal muscle
Involuntary movement
Contract slowly than
skeletal muscle but
remain contracted fora longer period of
time.
Voluntary movement
Contract faster than
smooth muscle but
remain contracted fora shorter period of
time.
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Nerve tissue
Composed of neurones or nerve cell
Each neurone consists of a cell body and nerve fibre
Function detect stimuli and transmit electricalsignals (nerve impuls) to muscle or gland.
It controls and coordinates activities of the body
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Connective tissue
Consists of various types of cell and fibres
separated by extracellular matrix
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Connective tissue
Loose connectivetissue
Dense connective
tissue
Cartilage
Bone tissueAdipose tissue
Blood tissue
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Loose connective tissue
Most widespread connective tissue
It binds epithelia to underlying tissues and
hold organs in place.
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Dense fibrous connective tissue
Contains a large no. of collagenous fibres
which are packed closely together
Can be found in tendons which connect
muscle to bones
Can also be found in ligaments which join
bones together at joints
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Cartilage
Strong and flexible connective tissue
Provides support to the nose, ears and
cover the end od bones at joints
In the form of disc which located between
the vertebrae it acts as cushion to
absorb pressure.
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cartilage
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Blood tissue
Blood cells are produced in the bone
marrow located at the end of the long
bones.
Has regulating, transporting and protective
functions
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Bone tissue
Consist of cell embedded in a matrix of
collagen whish are hardened by calcium
Harder than cartilage
Provides protection to organ and support
the body
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Adipose tissue
Consist of tightly packed cell that store fat
Can be found in the dermis of skin and
major organ
Acts as energy reserve and provide
insulation and protection
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Organ
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Cover the body
Act as a barrier against infection, physical
trauma and water loss.
It is organ because it consist of various
types of tissue joined together to perform
specific function.
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Consists of dermis and epidermis
Dermis composed of connective tissue,
nerve tissue, and muscle tissue
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System
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Endocrine system
Coordinates theactivities of the bodyin conjunction with thenervous system
Endocrine glandsuch aspancreas,adrenals,pituitary andthyroid
Function Organ
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Lymphatic system
Returns excess tissuefluid to the circulatorysystemProvides defenses
against microbialinfection and cancer
Spleen, thymusgland, lymphnodes,lymphatic
vessels
Function Organ
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Integumentary system
Cover and protect thebody
SkinFunction Organ
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Circulatory system
Transport respiratorygases, nutrients,hormones andwaste productsthroughout thebody
Heart,blood vessels
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Nervous system
Receives stimuli,integratesinformation and
directs the body
Brain, spinal cord,nerves, sense organs
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Digestive system
Break up food intosmall molecules byphysical andchemical means
Absorb nutrient fromingested food
Mouth, oesophagus,stomach, liver,pancreas, smallintestine, large intestine
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Muscular system
Provides body movementby contraction andshortening of muscles
Skeletal muscles,smooth muscles,cardiac muscles
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Excretory system
Removes metabolic wastessuch as carbon dioxide andureaMaintains homeostatic
conditions in the body
Kidneys, urinarybladder, lungs,skin
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Skeletal muscle
Protect internal organsProvides support for locomotionand movement
Bones, cartilage,tendons andligament
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Respiratory system
Exchange gases between theblood and the externalenvironment
Allow uptake of oxygen anddisposal of carbon dioxide
Lung,trachea,nose
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Reproductive system
Males: produces sperm and malehormonesFemales: produce ovum andfemale hormones
Carries out reproduction
Males: testes,penisFemales: ovary,uterus, vagina