Revision of Unit A3 Revision of Unit A3 HazardsHazards

Part 1

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The next 4 weeks: HazardsThe next 4 weeks: Hazards•Key idea 1: Some places are more

hazardous than others.•Key idea 2: Hazards have an impact on

people and the environment.•Key idea 3: Different levels of economic

development affect how people cope with hazards.

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Hazards Week 1: Hazards Week 1: • Key idea 1: Some places are more hazardous

than others Essential content Different types of hazard (climatic, tectonic, etc). The global distributions, causes and

characteristics of tropical revolving storms, volcanic and earthquake activity (plate movements).

Measuring and recording weather conditions, eg strong winds, intense rainfall.

Mapping the global distribution of recent hazards. Collecting and recording weather data (fieldwork

opportunity).

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Hazards Week 2: Hazards Week 2: • Key idea 2: Hazards have an impact on

people and the environment. Essential content Identifying the scale of natural disasters and their

short-term (deaths, injuries, damage to buildings and infrastructure) and long term (homelessness, costs of repairing damage) impacts.

Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from hazard events.

Research into a recent hazard event (egg satellite images, damage photographs).

A comparative study of the impacts of tropical storms, in an LIC and an HIC.

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Hazards Week 3/4: Hazards Week 3/4: • Key idea 3: Different levels of economic

development affect how people cope with hazards. Essential content Managing hazards (tropical storms, volcanic

eruptions and earthquakes) involves taking actions both before and after the event.

Predicting and preparing for hazards (education, early warning systems, shelters).

Responding to hazards: short-term (emergency aid and disaster relief); long-term (risk assessment, adjustment, improving prediction).

Surveying peoples’ views on the management of a hazard event

Case studies of the management of one tropical storm and one tectonic event. One of these should have happened in an LIC and the other in an HIC.

So this week Key Idea 1So this week Key Idea 1

Some places are more hazardous than others

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Different types of hazard (climatic, Different types of hazard (climatic, tectonic, etc).tectonic, etc).

• A natural hazardnatural hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment.

• Many natural hazards are interrelated, e.g. earthquakes can cause tsunamis and drought can lead directly to famine.

• If this threat becomes a serious reality then it becomes a disasterdisaster.

• If you live on the edge of a tectonic plate, then earthquakes are a hazard.

• A natural hazard becomes a natural disaster when it affects people, officially causing more than 10 deaths, injuring more than 100 people, and/or causing US$16 million of damage.

• So the San Francisco earthquake was a disaster because: US$400 million ($9.5 billion in 2009 dollars). Over 80% of the city was destroyed by the earthquake and fire Over 3000 died from the earthquake and the fire that followed as a

result of gas leaks etc About 300,000 of the 410,000 population were made homeless Injury figures have not been established

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Different types of hazard (climatic, Different types of hazard (climatic, tectonic, etc).tectonic, etc).

•Natural hazards include: Avalanche Landslide and mudflows Volcanic eruptions Lahar Flood Tsunami Tropical storms Tornados Wildfire

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The global distributions, causes and The global distributions, causes and characteristics of tropical revolving characteristics of tropical revolving

stormsstorms• They are known under 3 names: They are hurricanes of the United States and the

Caribbean They are tropical cyclones on the India Ocean They are Typhoons in the Pacific

• They have wind speeds of at least 120km/hr• They only usually occur within a band from 20 Deg

North to 20 Deg South of the equator. • They do not happen at all times of the year but are

most common between mid summer and autumn. • So for the Southern Hemisphere this is between

December and April while in the Northern Hemisphere, it is between June and October.Those storms whose wind speed do not reach these higher limits but have wind speeds reaching 60 km/hr are usually called tropical storms.

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Here is a map showing where they Here is a map showing where they form and where they travel toform and where they travel to

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The causes and characteristics of tropical The causes and characteristics of tropical revolving stormsrevolving storms

• They form over warm sea which has a temperature of at least 26 deg C

• The warm sea evaporates and warms the air above it.

• The warm moist air rises, causing low pressure.• As this warm air rises, it cools and the water

vapour condenses into huge tall cumulous clouds

• The trade winds swirl in and towards the low pressure to replace the rising air.

• This air then become warm and moist and rises upwards.

• The swirling air around the centre of the storm pulls the warm, damp, rising air outwards.

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The causes and characteristics of tropical The causes and characteristics of tropical revolving stormsrevolving storms

• This makes the whole storm spin at increasing speed.• Thus the ‘eye of the storm’ is a low pressure centre down

which cold, dense air from above air from above drops and adds to the warm moist spinning air that is rising up.

• It continues to build in size and speed, getting all its energy from the warm water below.

• The force of the spinning storm pushes down on the sea below it so that a wave forms a rim around the storm.

• As the swirling storm picks up speed, it begins to move in a westerly direction away from the equator (so that is NW in the Northern Hemisphere).

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The characteristics of tropical stormsThe characteristics of tropical storms• If it approaches landfall, the wind will begin to pick up

and the dark thunder clouds can be seen approaching.• On the coast, the first real sign might well be a tidal

surge, a big wave up to 7 metres high, caused by the downward pressure of the storm on the sea, made higher in front, like the bow wave on a ship, as the storm moves forward.

• The very high winds and torrential rain will follow.• At some point, the wind may drop and rain lessen, if

the eye of the storm passes over.• But the wind and rain will soon pick up again.• However once the storm has blown onto the land it will

soon loose speed and ferocity, as its source of energy, the warm water, is no longer there to feed the storm.

If this is too wordy for you, go and look at the animation on http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/3.2+Characteristics%2C+distribution+and+causes+of+tropical+storms

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Category Wind Speed Effects

1 120 - 153 km/hr

Storm surge: 1.2 – 1.5mSome flooding but no structural

damage

2 155 - 180 km/hr

Storm surge: 1.8 – 2.4mTrees down and some loose tiles

3 180 – 210km/hr

Storm surge: 2.7-3.7mStructural damage to houses –

severe flooding

4 210 – 250km/hr

Storm surge: 4-5.5mSevere flooding inland – roofs

ripped off major structural damage

5 >250 km/hrStorm surge: >5.5m

Severe flooding inland – severe damage to most structures

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The global distributions, causes and The global distributions, causes and characteristics volcanic and earthquake characteristics volcanic and earthquake

activity (plate movements).activity (plate movements).• The earth’s structure consists of:

A core A mantle A crust

• The crust is broken into a number of pieces called plates.

• The plates are moved by the viscous up-across-down, convection current movement of the mantle.

• It is mostly due to these movements that earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the plate edges.

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The global distributions and causes The global distributions and causes volcanic and earthquake activity volcanic and earthquake activity

•These are the 4 kinds of plate movements.

• I have deliberately grouped them in 2 pairs.

•How the pair on the left different from those on the right?

•On drawing subduction is taking place – which one and what does it mean?

• There are heavy dense oceanic plates and lighter continental plates.

• What kind of plates are in each of these plate movements?

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The global distributions and causes The global distributions and causes volcanic and earthquake activity volcanic and earthquake activity

Can you give me examples of where each type of plate is found?

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The global distributions and causes The global distributions and causes volcanic and earthquake activity volcanic and earthquake activity

Green = major plates – there are lots of small ones that do not showYellow = earthquakes

Red = Volcanoes

Can you see the link

between the plate edge and the type of activity that takes place

along it?

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The causes and characteristics of The causes and characteristics of earthquake activity earthquake activity

• Earthquakes occur mainly on plate boundaries that are moving towards, past or away from each other

• Over many years pressure builds up until eventually the rocks snap along a weak area called the FAULT LINE

• The point of origin of an earthquake is the FOCUS – this is the point where it starts from

• The place at the surface directly above the focus is called the EPICENTRE

What sort of margin is this?

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• The stored energy is released, travelling outwards in SEISMIC WAVES

• Seismic Waves are strongest at the epicentre of an earthquake – this is where the most damage is caused

• Seismic Waves spread out from the focus like ripples

• *AS SEISMIC WAVES TRAVEL OUTWARDS THEY LOSE ENERGY*

The closer to the surface the focus of the earthquake is and the softer the rocks, the higher the magnitude of the seismic waves and the greater the damage

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The causes and characteristics of The causes and characteristics of earthquake activity earthquake activity

•The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the Richter Scale

•An earthquake’s magnitude (the strength) is measured using a seismograph.

•Each subsequent level is x10 more powerful than the previous on was.

•The scale is continuous (has no end) although nothing above 9.2 has not been recorded on land.

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Measuring Earthquakes – one wayMeasuring Earthquakes – one way

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But the only problem with Richter is …But the only problem with Richter is …• That it tells you about the strength of the

earthquake at focus/epicentre and so each earthquake only has 1 value.

• But obviously, this tells you nothing about what it is like further away – is there any damage? How great is the damage?

• So there is another measure of earthquakes, which when you are looking them up you may come across.

• It is called the Modified Mercalli Scale - it is often measured using Roman Numerals I, II, III, IV etc

• Go to the animation where you can get an appreciation of what an earthquake may feel like as various points on the scale

• http://newigcsenotes.wikispaces.com/3+Hazardous+environments

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An exampleAn example• On September 29 there was an

earthquake under the sea, south of Samoa and American Samoa had a Richter scale of 8.0 (or 8.3 depends who you read) the Richter scale predicts serious damage across several hundred kilometres.

• But the Mercalli scales for these were Samoa felt (V) and (IV) at American Samoa.

• But it was the tsunami that did the damage. At least 149 people killed in Samoa, 34 people in American Samoa and nine people killed and four injured on Niuatoputapu, Tonga. Widespread damage to infrastructure at Pago Pago and Samoa.

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The characteristics of earthquake activityThe characteristics of earthquake activity

• There are 2 types of waves in an earthquake

• Body waves and surface waves. • Body waves travel outward in all directions,

including downward, from the quake's focus -- that is, the particular spot where the fault first began to rupture.

• Surface waves, by contrast, are confined to the upper few hundred miles of the crust.

• They travel parallel to the surface, like ripples on the surface of a pond out from the focus. They are also slower than body waves.

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The characteristics of earthquake The characteristics of earthquake activityactivity

• Following an earthquake …• ..the body waves (P-wave) strike first and are the

fastest kind People often report a sound like a train just before they feel a quake, which is the P-wave moving as an acoustic wave in the air.

• Then the secondary, or S-waves, arrive. A person in a building perceives the arrival of S-waves as a sudden powerful jolt, as if a giant has pounded his fist down on the roof.

• Finally, the surface waves strike. In very strong earthquakes, the up-and-down and back-and-forth motions caused by surface waves can make the ground appear to roll like the surface of the ocean, and can literally topple buildings over.

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The causes of volcanic activity The causes of volcanic activity

1.The oceanic crust subducts under the

continental crust

2. It warms up and turns into magma that is trapped

under the crust above it

1.The continental crust is folded and faulted by

the pressure of the subduction

2. The trapped magma escapes through the fault

to form a volcano

This is one worth learning to draw

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• Just to remind you – here are the plates and …

• Where are the places the volcanoes occur most commonly?

• Why is that?

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Ring of FireRing of Fire

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This is one worth learning to draw

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The characteristics of volcanic activityThe characteristics of volcanic activity • Often earthquakes occurring near a volcano can be

one of the first warnings of things to come• LavaLava: it can be thick, viscous (sticky) lava or much

more runny. • The thick lava moves relatively slowly and hardens

quickly to form new rock – and so forms a cone shape a cone shape. Eruptions tend to be violent.

• Eruptions that give out the thin, runny lava tend to be frequent but relatively gentle and come from a shield volcano.

• Pyroclastic flowPyroclastic flow: some volcanoes do not give out lava alone but a mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust.

• A pyroclastic flow can roll down the sides of a volcano at very high speeds and with temperatures of over 400° C.

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The characteristics of volcanic activityThe characteristics of volcanic activity • Ash cloudsAsh clouds may affect more than the immediate

area. They consist of water vapour, sulphur gas as well as small rock fragments and tiny pieces of glass.

• Many of these will return to earth and add a layer of dust to a wide area.

• However, the gases may be carried a long way by the wind once they have reached high enough into the atmosphere. This may be carried all around the world ad has in the past had a lasting impact on the climate, lowering the temperature for a year or more. E.g. Krakatoa in 1883 is the largest volcano eruption in recorded history for which we have data.

• Average global temperatures fell by as much as 1.2 degrees Celsius in the year following the eruption. Weather patterns continued to be chaotic for years and temperatures did not return to normal until 1888.

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Finally LeharsFinally Lehars• These can occur at the same time as a volcanic

eruption but may also occur over succeeding years.• LaharsLahars form when water from intense rainfall, melting

snow and ice, or the sudden failure of a natural dam, mixes with loose volcanic material, creating mudflows that can be particularly dangerous and destructive.

• Although lahars contain a lot of volcanic ash and rock fragments–making them dense and viscous like wet concrete–they actually flow faster than clear-water streams.

• These mudflows can rush down the flanks of a volcano at speeds as great as 65 kilometres per hour and can travel more than 80 kilometres. Lahars that contain the most debris move the fastest and are the most destructive.

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VEI = VEI = Volcanic Explosivity IndexVolcanic Explosivity Index

• This measure the size of the eruption after it is finished.• However, forecasting an eruption on a scale is rather more

complicated, as each volcano has a slightly different way of behaving so there are almost as many scales as there are volcanoes! But most use a variation on the green (no problem), yellow (not much to worry about), orange (watch this space!) and finally red (move NOW) warning system.

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Collecting and recording weather Collecting and recording weather data data •Many of you had a go at a variation on

this. But there is an indication that the way this could be examined is by them asking you how you collect weather data.

•Whilst most data is collected electronically these days, you are still expected to understand the ideas behind how these measurements are made, so you need to know how the basic instruments work even though you will probably never use many of them!

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Collecting and recording weather Collecting and recording weather data data • What you need to

measure:• Temperature

including maximum and minimum

• Pressure• Wind speed and

direction• Precipitation

• What pieces of kit you need to understand:

• Thermometers various

• Stevenson’s screen• Barometer• Anemometer• Weather Vane• Rain gauge

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Collecting and recording weather Collecting and recording weather data data •The thermometer

•Usually consists of a hollow glass bulb attached to a narrow stem with a thread-like bore. The bulb is filled with either mercury or alcohol stained red.

•The liquid in the tube expands when the temperature rises and contracts when the temperature falls. The amount of expansion and contraction is measured by a numbered scale.

•Whilst thermometers are really measuring their own liquid temperature, they are used to measure the temperature of the surrounding air.

•To make sure that the temperature of the surrounding air is the same as the thermometer, it must be shaded from sunlight and be exposed to adequate ventilation. These conditions are provided by a Stevenson screen.

Why is it white? Why are there louvers? Why is it on legs? Why the large roof? Met office Stevenson screens in the UK have doors facing north. Why?

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Collecting and recording weather Collecting and recording weather data data • Wet and dry thermometer

• If the air is dry, any water will evaporate quickly.

• As water evaporates is removes heat from its surroundings to give the energy to change from a liquid to a gas.

• One of these thermometers has a supply of moisture wrapped around its bowl, so on a dry day, this will evaporate and reduce the wet thermometer’s temperature.

• The difference in the temperature between the 2 thermometers can be used to calculate the % of moisture in the air.

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Air Air PressurePressure

• One instrument used to measure air pressure is called a barometer.

• But a more usual one used in weather stations is a barograph.

• The motor rotates the drum containing the paper chart.

• The capsules are flexible metal discs from which nearly all the air has been extracted. As the external air pressure increases, the discs squash together more, and this rotates the arm so that the end with the pen on draws an upward line on the drum.

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Collecting and recording weather Collecting and recording weather data data • Wind speed is measured using an

anemometer. • An anemometer is made up of cups

attached to handle with a scale on it. • The stronger the wind the faster the cups

rotate and the higher the reading on the scale.

• A wind vane is used to measure wind direction.

• It is measured using compass directions (north, south, east or west) from which the wind has blown so in this case the wind is coming from the ENE

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Collecting and recording Collecting and recording weather data weather data

• The instrument used to measure rainfall is a rain gauge.

• Notice that the precipitation runs into a funnel and from there into a bottle.

• The bottle will be calibrated to measure the depth of rain falling on a 127mm circle. Notice that the storage bottle is below ground. Why might that be?

Why do you think the distance above

ground of the gauge top is also

fixed?

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•Key idea 2: Hazards have an impact on people and the environment. Essential content Identifying the scale of natural disasters

and their short-term (deaths, injuries, damage to buildings and infrastructure) and long term (homelessness, costs of repairing damage) impacts.

Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from hazard events.

Research into a recent hazard event (e.g. satellite images, damage photographs).

A comparative study of the impacts of tropical storms, in an LIC and an HIC.

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Short term impacts of natural Short term impacts of natural disastersdisastersAvalanche

Landslide and mudflows

Volcanic eruptions

Lahar

Tropical stormTsunami

FloodTornado

Wild fire

Are these local or national or

international?

Is transport hit?

Are there a few or lots of injuries

Do they high or medium or low mortality

associated with them?

Is a lot of farmland/crops destroyed

Are many home damaged

Can anyone think of any

others?

Is a lot of farmland/crops destroyed

Are the services damaged – water electricity etc

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Long term impacts of natural Long term impacts of natural disastersdisastersAvalanche

Landslide and mudflows

Volcanic eruptions

Lahar

Tropical stormTsunami

FloodTornado

Wild fire

Will there be many long term

homeless?

Is transport hit?

Will it take a long time to repair roads

railways and airports

Will it cost a lot to put right?

Will there be enough food being produced or will

long term aid be needed

Are many home damaged

Can anyone think of any

others?

Will the businesses be able to restart?

Will the services be able to be reinstated?

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Reasons why people continue to live in Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from hazard events.areas at risk from hazard events.

• A natural event (e.g. earthquake, flood, landslide, volcanic eruption, tropical storm) that has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death present as a natural hazard. So Hazard is the potential to cause harm.

• Risk on the other hand is the likelihood of harm (in defined circumstances, and usually qualified by some statement of the severity of the harm).

• How frequently is there a risk? How serious can it be? Is there anything that can be done to reduce the risk?

• This is a risk assessment.risk assessment. 

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Reasons why people continue to live in Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from hazard events.areas at risk from hazard events.

• People make decisions on the basis of: Physical/ environmental – how often will I be at

risk? The climate is good (warm enough and wet enough), soil is fertile, the natural resources for fishing, farming are there to make a good living

Human/social – the family has always lived there, there is a community, work, it is a pleasant place to be, do not have a choice or do not see themselves as having one, lack of education to do other work. There are things that can be done to reduce the risk (but more about that in the next week or 2)

Economic – work, from farming, tourism maybe, fishing, it is where property is owned.

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Reasons why people continue to live in Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from hazard events.areas at risk from hazard events.• In particular near volcanoes:In particular near volcanoes:• The soil is excellent. Lava breaks down over time to

produce the most fertile soil on earth. e.g. around Vesuvius where much of Italy’s tomato crop is grown.

• Along plate edges, geothermal power is often a cheap and clean source of power – e.g. Iceland

• Usually, there are sufficient signs to move to safer places, so while property could be as risk, increasing people are less so, e.g. Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 was the 2nd largest eruption in the 20th century but only 300 died because of mass evacuation of the area.

• Tourism is a strong pull, e.g. in Uganda, a country trying hard to increase its tourist industry, the volcanic region around Mt Elgon is being heavily promoted for it's landscape, huge waterfalls, wildlife, climbing and hiking and its remote 'get away from it all' location.

Can anyone think of any other ideas?

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Reasons why people continue to live in Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from hazard events.areas at risk from hazard events.

• In particular in earthquake zones:In particular in earthquake zones:• Along plate edges, geothermal power is often

a cheap and clean source of power – e.g. Iceland

• Many earthquake areas are close to the coast – the climate is good, fishing and farming are easy.

• Many of these places like Japan get daily earthquakes and they have learnt to deal with them. They causes little or no damage as they adjust building methods for example.

• The big ones are very infrequent – 1906 and 1989 in San Francisco, so people believe they can manage.

Can anyone think of any other ideas?

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Reasons why people continue to live in Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from hazard events.areas at risk from hazard events.

• In particular areas subject to cyclonic In particular areas subject to cyclonic storms:storms:

• These are close to the coast – the climate is good, fishing and farming are easy.

• Transport links tend to be good and the flat land near the coast is a good place to build towns and cities.

• With modern technology, there should be enough time to evacuate areas in danger (although as with Katrina the right choices are not always made), so while danger to property and services are still at risk, the danger to life should be much reduced.

Can anyone think of any other ideas?

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Research into a recent hazard event (e.g. Research into a recent hazard event (e.g. satellite images, damage photographs).satellite images, damage photographs).

• Those of you who were here last autumn had several chances to investigate current recent hazardous events.

• Those of you who were not might like to look at the Haiti earthquake – there is some good stuff on the wiki which you could use as a starter, but do try find some more yourselves. – see list of links under the PP in the wiki

• http://newigcsenotes.wikispaces.com/3+Hazardous+environments

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A comparative study of the impacts A comparative study of the impacts of tropical storms, in an LIC and an of tropical storms, in an LIC and an

HIC.HIC.•For these 2 we did Hurricane Katrina that hit New Orleans, USA (HIC)

•And Cyclone Sidr, Bangladesh (LIC)• I am not going to go over them – that’s

for you guys for homework•There is plenty of information towards

the bottom of:•http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.co

m/3.6+Short+term+%26+long+term+impacts+of+disasters

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*this is what the syllabus says but really once you

are dealing with the reality, it is no longer a hazard but

a disaster

Hazards Week 3/4: Hazards Week 3/4: •Key idea 3: Different levels of economic development affect how people cope with hazards.Essential contentManaging hazards* (tropical storms, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes) involves taking actions both before and after the event.

Predicting and preparing for hazards* (education, early warning systems, shelters).

Responding to hazards*: short-term (emergency aid and disaster relief); long-term (risk assessment, adjustment, improving prediction).

Surveying peoples’ views on the management of a hazard* event

Case studies of the management of one tropical storm and one tectonic event. One of these should have happened in an LIC and the other in an HIC.

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Case studies of the management of Case studies of the management of one tropical storm and one tectonic one tropical storm and one tectonic

event. One of these should have event. One of these should have happened in an LIC and the other in happened in an LIC and the other in

an HIC.an HIC.• For these I have chosen:• HIC + tropical storm + Hurricane Wilma

(which happened a few months after Katrina) and looking at its effect on Florida – why? – because everyone had been so critical of how Katrina was managed that all areas in the US subject to storms had had a severe wake-up call and had started reviewing procedure – and Wilma was responded to in a way more appropriate to an HIC

• LIC + tectonic event - Haiti

The what, the where and The what, the where and the howthe how

Hurricane Wilma

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Hurricane Wilma hits Hurricane Wilma hits FloridaFlorida

• When? Monday October 24, 2005 around 5 o'clock in the evening

• How bad? Winds of 195km with gusts up to 215km ( cat 3)

• Storm surge – less than expected at 2.4m

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ImpactsImpacts• Death: 6 directly caused by the hurricane due

to wind-blown debris and another 23 caused during the response.

• Infrastructure damage- several flyover junctions were severely damages. High rise offices and flats also received damage too. Mobile homes, quite popular with retirees were turned into match wood

• 3 million + lost power some for a couple of weeks

• Water was contaminated and had to be boiled in many areas for a week or 2

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Economic impactEconomic impact• Recall the forces of the

storm was greater in the LICs than the HICs but look at the cost?

• Work buildings in Florida mostly were effected too which prevented the people from going to work which added to the cost.

• Also Florida's sugar and citrus industry was hard hit; the cropping season had already started and had to be halted indefinitely. Damage to sugarcane crops was critical and widespread.“

The what, the where and The what, the where and the howthe how

Haiti

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Haiti EarthquakeHaiti Earthquake• When? • 12th January

2010 at 16.53 (about tea-time) local time

• It was a 7.0 magnitude earthquake.

• But as we know this only tells as the size of the earthquake not the damage it does - see over

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What can you see from this?

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ImpactsImpacts• 217,000–230,000 dead• 300,000 injured • 1,000,000 homeless• 250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial

buildings collapsed or severely damaged• This is a big earthquake, but why were the

number so high? Were they high in fact or is this reasonable for an earthquake that size?

• Let’s see

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Why did so many people die in HaitiWhy did so many people die in Haiti• Three

Earthquakes

• OK, so the Italian earthquake was much less powerful – less than 1/10 of the Chinese one but …

• And what about New Zealand?

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• A 7.0-magnitude earthquake has struck off New Zealand's South Island at 4.35 on Saturday morning, 4th September 2010.

• The epicentre was 55km north-west of Christchurch, at a depth of 12 km – and no-none was killed! But as you can see, there is still a fair amount of mess – might not have been so good a result if it had been when the streets were busy.

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But is not just deaths:But is not just deaths:• With injury and homelessness, the story is a little

different

• The difference appears to be much more in line with the quake strength – although Haiti’s injuries appear higher than expected

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Managing potential disasters involves Managing potential disasters involves taking actions both before and after the taking actions both before and after the

event.event.• One of the issues that is part of living in a hazardous area is to assess the risk and then decide how to deal with it: Carry out risk assessments As a result of these assessments, adjust behaviour

– this could be implement training and information, change building design, change zoning laws, move settlements – lots of things

Improve prediction Devise a plan of action and the resources to

manage the hazard after the event.

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Predicting potential disasters Predicting potential disasters • Predicting some hazards is easier than others:• Tropical storms take time to build over the

ocean, and satellite observation together with weather forecasting can estimate the path and the speed of movement with increasing accuracy. This technology is readily available to all who need it, rich and poor alike. There are enough developed countries in every region who have the scientists, technology and resources to monitor whole areas and the LICs have good access to this information.

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Predicting potential disasters Predicting potential disasters • Predicting some hazards is easier than others:• Predicting volcanic eruptions is becoming increasingly

sophisticated. • There are a number of tools which show when an eruption is

becoming more likely. But there is no certainty that episodes that do happen before every eruption, will necessarily imply that an eruption will occur this time. This means that it is often difficult to persuade people to evacuate in time.

• Warning SignsBefore an eruption, magma moves into the area beneath the volcano and collects in a magma chamber.

• As it comes closer to the surface, the magma releases gases. • The movement of magma produces small earthquakes and

vibrations.• Magma gathering in a chamber causes slight swelling of the

volcano's slopes. • Gases released near the volcano can be measured for changes

in quantity and makeup. • How are these monitored?

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Predicting potential disastersPredicting potential disasters• Seismicity: Changes in seismic activity measured by a

seismograph always occurs as volcanoes awaken and prepare to erupt.

• Electric current: Since magma gives off electric currents, electric meters are used to spot rising magma levels by measuring its electric current. Gravimeters can also detect flowing magma.

• Temperature change: Scientists also take temperatures and gauge gas by using a Landsat satellite. The satellite uses infrared sensors to detect temperatures and changes in volcanoes.

• Gas Emissions: increases in sulphur emissions are another predictor of volcanic activity. There can be monitored by stationary electronic boxes which can radio linked to the base. .

• Ground Deformation: Swelling of the volcano signals that magma has accumulated near the surface. The tiltmeter is a sensor that uses a laser beam to find the rising or lowering of magma levels by measuring changes in ground elevation (angle). GPS (Global Positioning System) uses satellites plot exact positions and can also be used to sense bulges occurring.

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Predicting potential disastersPredicting potential disasters• Earthquakes are the most difficult to predict: • Despite considerable research efforts by

seismologists, scientifically reproducible predictions cannot yet be made to a specific day or month.

• However, for well-understood faults seismic hazard assessment maps can estimate the probability that an earthquake of a given size will affect a given location over a certain number of years.

• The overall ability to predict earthquakes either on an individual basis or on a statistical basis remains remote.

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Preparing for potential disastersPreparing for potential disasters• Preparing for tropical storms:• Since prediction is not a major problem, there is

every opportunity to prepare for them. In HICs for the most part, every thing that can be done is. But in LICs, they have neither the funding nor the personnel to do it all.

• Ideally:• Action plans and practices for the police and

emergency services are essential• Evacuation plans are a major element.• For example, since the disaster of Katrina when little

or no public evacuation transport was organised (even though the yellow school buses rotted in a waterlogged car park), coach companies have contracts in place should the need arise again.

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Preparing for potential disastersPreparing for potential disasters• Preparing for tropical storms:• Also supplies of water, medical help etc need to be

ready to go. • They need to plan where the evacuees should go to.• Families are encouraged to have individual plans,

like emergency boxes with radios, batteries, first aid, essential documents etc and contact details for friends and relatives.

• Also there are building modification which can make a house less likely to be damaged and storm proof local buildings where local housing is inadequate to survive floodwater and high winds

• For examples of this see http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/3.8+Managing+hazardous+events+ for efforts made in Bangladesh

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Preparing for potential disastersPreparing for potential disasters• Preparing for volcanic eruptions:• Local Plan:• Using all tools available assess the danger. Be in contact with all

emergency services.• Plan where evacuees can go – open schools and community buildings

outside immediate danger area.• Plan for water, food, medical care, bedding and clothing to be

available.• Establish who can drive out and who cannot and arrange for the

removal of any unable to transport themselves out of danger, if need be.

• Use local radio/TV to inform the population of what is going on.• When evacuation becomes essential, make sure all facilities are open

and have staff and provisions.• Watch the situation to see when the population can safely return

home.• Have ready temporary medium term accommodation (tents etc) in

case building damage has been significant .• Have a means of supplying clean water and food if there has been a

breakdown of either of these supplies.• Have a plan ready to help repair/rebuild housing and other essentials,

e.g. schools, water, power etc

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Preparing for potential disastersPreparing for potential disasters• Preparing for volcanic eruptions:• Personal Plan:• If you live close to a volcano, plan carefully. Produce a check list and

have a sturdy box to keep valuables. • Have a safe place to go to and have an emergency bag ready to go

with you. Include sufficient water, food and medical equipment supplies, when travelling and at base location (minimum 72hours). Include a portable radio, torch and spare batteries, spare clothing and essential documents and cash.

• When there is an evacuation notice sent out, do not hang about.• In the run yup there maybe earthquakes associated with the eruption –

carry out the usual drill for earthquakes (see later)• Heavy rain + an eruption can lead to landslides which maybe very hot.

Avoid coming into contact.• During a volcanic eruption, sulphur fumes may make breathing

difficult – have a mask in your kit.• Once things have quietened down, wait to be told to go back – the

volcanologists may know something you don’t.• For a maga list ‘ Grab and Go Bag’ check out • http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/3.8+Managing+hazardous+events

+

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Preparing for potential disastersPreparing for potential disasters•Preparing for earthquakes:•As the prediction is so poor, there is

little than can be done before hand to prepare for it.

•So the need for quake-proof buildings and training as to what you should do, is about the sum total of preparation.

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Preparing for potential disastersPreparing for potential disasters• Some small things a homeowner can do NOW before

the quake hits: Fasten shelves securely to walls. Place large or heavy objects on lower shelves. Store breakable items such as bottled foods, glass, and

china in low, closed cabinets with latches. Hang heavy items such as pictures and mirrors away from

beds, couches, and anywhere people sit. Brace overhead light fixtures. Repair defective electrical wiring and leaky gas connections.

These are potential fire risks. Secure a water heater by strapping it to the wall studs and

bolting it to the floor. Repair any deep cracks in ceilings or foundations. Get

expert advice if there are signs of structural defects. Store weed killers, pesticides, and flammable products

securely in closed cabinets with latches and on bottom shelves.

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Preparing for potential disastersPreparing for potential disasters•Teach children how and when to call

police, or fire department and which radio station to tune to for emergency information.

•Teach all family members how and when to turn off gas, electricity, and water.

• Importantly, know what to do if the quake hits – practice often.

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Preparing for potential disastersPreparing for potential disasters• Know What to Do During an Earthquake• Stay as safe as possible during an earthquake. Be aware that some

earthquakes are actually foreshocks and a larger earthquake might occur. Minimize your movements to a few steps to a nearby safe place and if you are indoors, stay there until the shaking has stopped and you are sure exiting is safe.

• If indoors• DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or

other piece of furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. If there isn’t a table or desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the building.

• Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall, such as lighting fixtures or furniture.

• Stay in bed if you are there when the earthquake strikes. Hold on and protect your head with a pillow, unless you are under a heavy light fixture that could fall. In that case, move to the nearest safe place.

• Use a doorway for shelter only if it is in close proximity to you and if you know it is a strongly supported, loadbearing doorway.

• Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to go outside. Research has shown that most injuries occur when people inside buildings attempt to move to a different location inside the building or try to leave.

• Be aware that the electricity may go out or the sprinkler systems or fire alarms may turn on.

• DO NOT use the lifts.

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Preparing for potential disastersPreparing for potential disasters•Know What to Do During an Earthquake•If outdoors•Stay there. •Move away from buildings, streetlights, and utility wires. •Once in the open, stay there until the shaking stops. The greatest

danger exists directly outside buildings, at exits and alongside exterior walls. Many of the 120 fatalities from the 1933 Long Beach earthquake occurred when people ran outside of buildings only to be killed by falling debris from collapsing walls. Ground movement during an earthquake is seldom the direct cause of death or injury. Most earthquake-related casualties result from collapsing walls, flying glass, and falling objects.

•If in a moving vehicle•Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in the vehicle. Avoid stopping

near or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility wires. •Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads,

bridges, or ramps that might have been damaged by the earthquake. •If trapped under debris•Do not light a match. •Do not move about or kick up dust. •Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing. •Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate you. Use a whistle if one is

available. Shout only as a last resort. Shouting can cause you to inhale dangerous amounts of dust.

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Preparing for potential disastersPreparing for potential disasters• Know What to Do After an Earthquake• Expect aftershocks. These secondary shockwaves are usually less

violent than the main quake but can be strong enough to do additional damage to weakened structures and can occur in the first hours, days, weeks, or even months after the quake.

• Listen to a battery-operated radio or television. Listen for the latest emergency information.

• Use the telephone only for emergency calls.• Open cabinets cautiously. Beware of objects that can fall off shelves.• Stay away from damaged areas. Stay away unless your assistance

has been specifically requested by police, fire, or relief organizations. Return home only when authorities say it is safe.

• Be aware of possible tsunamis if you live in coastal areas. These are also known as seismic sea waves (mistakenly called "tidal waves"). When local authorities issue a tsunami warning, assume that a series of dangerous waves is on the way. Stay away from the beach.

• Help injured or trapped persons. Remember to help your neighbors who may require special assistance such as infants, the elderly, and people with disabilities. Give first aid where appropriate. Do not move seriously injured persons unless they are in immediate danger of further injury. Call for help

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Preparing for potential disastersPreparing for potential disasters• Know What to Do After an Earthquake• Clean up spilled medicines, bleaches, gasoline or other

flammable liquids immediately. Leave the area if you smell gas or fumes from other chemicals.

• Inspect the entire length of chimneys for damage. Unnoticed damage could lead to a fire.

• Inspect utilities. Check for gas leaks. If you smell gas or hear blowing or hissing

noise, open a window and quickly leave the building. Turn off the gas at the outside main valve if you can and call the gas company from a neighbor's home. If you turn off the gas for any reason, it must be turned back on by a professional.

Look for electrical system damage. If you see sparks or broken or frayed wires, or if you smell hot insulation, turn off the electricity at the main fuse box or circuit breaker. If you have to step in water to get to the fuse box or circuit breaker, call an electrician first for advice.

Check for sewage and water lines damage. If you suspect sewage lines are damaged, avoid using the toilets and call a plumber. If water pipes are damaged, contact the water company and avoid using water from the tap. You can obtain safe water by melting ice cubes.

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Preparing for potential disastersPreparing for potential disasters• You may have noticed that many of the personal

instructions are for people who live in HICs.• It is authorities in these countries that have the time and

money to publish the guidance. • There appears to be an assumption that money will be

available for essentials, even if they are expensive.• Also that the necessary materials will be there somehow.• But once you consider MICs or LICs, the money and

materials will not be there for a quick fix – think about the Pakistani floods, where people are still waiting, after many days, for basic food supplies and clean water.

• This is because emergency aid is usually only available from the International community and it takes time to gather the materials and personnel and set up a working system.

• These poorer countries, and even those who are well on the way to being developed, do not have the backup to cover disasters – although some like Bangladesh do their best.

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Preparing for WilmaPreparing for Wilma• Friday October 21st: There was close

monitoring of the hurricane as it tracked across Cuba and then stalled over the Yucatan Peninsular in Mexico

• ETA was either later Sunday or sometime on Monday

• County Emergency Management Committee up and running throughout Florida

• Saturday October 22nd : Mandatory evacuations were order for the southern tip – Florida Keys, and also from other low-lying areas and for those living in mobile home, and, while people were encouraged to go North, if they wanted there was an evacuation centre available at the University and in 2 other centres.

• The tolls on the Interstate Highways were openned to relieve traffic jams.

• Schools and government offices were close for the Monday.

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Preparing for WilmaPreparing for Wilma• By Sunday October 23rd about

50+ refuges were open and manned• By Monday morning October 24th

this had risen to 123 refuges with 33,189 evacuees with 2,177 Special Needs evacuees .

• The number of hotel rooms available outside the areas of immediate danger are monitored and updated regularly

• 380,000 people were already without power as the wind picked up

• Conference calls with counties were to be conducted at 1115 hrs and 1715 hrs daily.

• The National guard were out in Munroe, Collier, Dade and Broward.

• Curfews were in place Munroe and Lee.

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Preparing for the worst in HaitiPreparing for the worst in Haiti• Basically they had not done anything. The last 2 major

earthquakes were 1860 and 1770. The building regulations were non-existent and most people lived in shanties that were not really legal anyway.

• There was no practices, no plans for disaster management, no back-up supplies.

• Besides which, they were still reeling from Hurricanes Fay, Gustav, Hanna, and Ike in 2008 in which Haiti suffered over 1000 deaths, 593 injured and 23,000 homes destroyed and more 85,000 damaged. About 800,000 people were affected--8% of Haiti's total population.

• The flood wiped out 70% of Haiti's crops, resulting in dozens of deaths of children due to malnutrition in the months following the storms. Damage was estimated at over $1 billion, which amounted to over 5% of GDP.

• But when you examine what Haiti was like before all this, it is hardly surprising.

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Haitian vital statisticsHaitian vital statistics• Ranks 149th of 182 countries on the Human

Development Index.• 80% of the population lives on less than $2 a day.• An estimated 2.4 million people are food insecure.• Highest malnutrition rate in the region—more than

20% of children are chronically malnourished.• One-third of all babies are born underweight.• Western hemisphere’s highest maternal and infant

mortality rates; the highest HIV/AIDS rates outside sub-Saharan Africa.

• Consistently ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world.

• 60% of energy needs are met through use of charcoal, contributing to 98 percent deforestation.

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Immediate short term response to Immediate short term response to disastersdisasters

• With all disasters, the initial response should, at best, be fairly similar, and grouped around: What does our well rehearsed plan say? Who, what and where are the most immediate needs

to save life? What materials, resources and personnel are needed

where? Do we have them readily available and can we reach

those who need it? If not ask for help as soon as you know you do not

have the resources to do it yourself. What resources are needed to sustain life? Food,

water, housing, etc? Assess immediate needs for repair and put in place

road and water repairs, communication networks etc.

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Immediate short term response to Immediate short term response to disastersdisasters

• The answer to these questions will vary from HIC to LIC.• For example, emergency housing could be plastic sheets in an

LIC but this would be totally unacceptable in an HIC – after Katrina for example many thousands were provided with mobile homes – some still live in them!

• After Wilma, there were comments that water still had to be boiled 10 days later - how dreadful! In Haiti, water is still delivered in tankers months later.

• The availability of helicopters for examples will vary greatly from place to place – vital if you are to deliver essential supplies when the roads have been destroyed.

• Often for LICs, these essentials take days to be shipped in by foreign donor governments, the UN and NGOs – and in some cases, the money to fund the supplies has to wait for appeals to be put out in HICs and the money to be given, to fund the purchase- the Pakistani monsoon floods in August 2010

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Wilma – short term responseWilma – short term response• Tuesday Morning• The RED areas were under

local emergency powers.• The number of shelters and

evacuees had not changed much• Boil water notices have been

issued for several areas • 3,149,479 residents without

power • State of Emergency has been declared• Roads, phones and buildings are being inspected

prior to debris clearance and repair beginning

• 1855 Trucks with Water and 250 trucks of ice are being sent out, together with 2 Trucks Shelf Stable Meals (remember Katrina – 4 days wasn’t it?)

• 9 Power generators had arrived• 8,320 tarps were on order – temporary repairs for people

homes Make a note of the trucks

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Wilma – short term responseWilma – short term response• By Friday(28th ) Morning• Food, Water and Ice:

553 Trucks shipped to Points of Distribution today:

• Water: 168 Trucks • Ice: 300 Trucks • Food: 85 Trucks

• General Shelters: 22, Population: 2,422 + 132 special needs

• Law Enforcement and Military Support • Florida National Guard: 3,445 • Law Enforcement Officers: 960 • Boiled water for Brevard, Broward, Charlotte,

Collier, Glades/Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Okeechobee, Osceola County, Palm Beach.

How have things changed?

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Wilma – short term responseWilma – short term response• By Friday November 4th• Trucks:• Water: 18 Trucks • Ice:  3 Trucks • Food: 4 Trucks • Tarps: 2 Truck (making 58

altogether)

• Food stamp distribution points where anyone who had suffered loss of home/job could claim without the usual paperwork

• Shops mostly open again.• But boiled water notices still in place but far fewer

without power.How have things changed?

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Haiti – short term disaster responseHaiti – short term disaster response "Normally the response moves from search and rescue and medical needs, to helping those who have lost homes with shelter, to water sanitation and food. Then comes more longer-term recovery programmes, like re-building homes and offering families micro-loans."

The Red Cross dispatched a logistics team from the UK to create another entry point to Haiti, he said. We need some kind of trucking system to transfer goods into Haiti from the [neighbouring] Dominican Republic

Easing the gridlock at the airport which has blocking aid getting to the victims was now a priority. The Americans sent in army personnel and their equipment. Their outgoing priority was to get their nationals out quickly

"Port-au-Prince airport is subject to restrictions on fuel and handling equipment and the port is badly damaged.

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Haiti – short term disaster responseHaiti – short term disaster response Oxfam said its priority was "always" water and sanitation. The charity is preparing to send up to 10 tonnes of water, sanitation, health and shelter equipment - valued at around £70,000 - from its Oxford UK warehouse on Saturday afternoon.

Equipment includes emergency sheeting for shelter and latrines, water tubing to create pipes, water purification chemicals and tablets and buckets to enable people to carry and store water.

Large parts of the Haitian capital have been devastated OXFAM said staff already based in Haiti had been providing shovels to clear rubble and search for trapped victims, and 17 international humanitarian experts had arrived in Haiti on Friday.

Kate Akhtar, senior emergency programme officer for Care International, agreed that water and sanitation were "key". It had 600,000 water purification tablets and enough stocks of high protein biscuits to feed 60,000 families.

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Haiti – short term disaster responseHaiti – short term disaster responseActionAid said aid was "trickling in" but the situation was "chaotic". A team of international staff from ActionAid, including some from the UK and Brazil, were travelling to Haiti and should be in the country by Sunday.

"Urban areas are always difficult, but there is so much deforestation in Haiti that it will be difficult to source items to create shelter." Communication was also a problem, with text messaging the only way to communicate with their staff, she said.

As well as delivering shelter, food and sanitary kits for women, ActionAid would provide psycho-social support, a spokeswoman said.

Tearfund was sending a disaster assessment team to Haiti over the weekend with a view to helping in the medium- to long-term, but was already working with partners on the ground.

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Haiti – short term disaster response Haiti – short term disaster response FOOD: The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has warned that while the relief effort in Haiti is beginning to gain its footing, providing food for more than two million people a day represents the most complex task it has ever faced.

Relief agencies have tried to buy goods locally, but local markets affected by the earthquake have been slow to reopen, and Haiti's subsistence farms have been unable to ramp up production. This has forced the WFP to use nearly all of its stores of food which do not require water.

WATER: There is an acute shortage of drinking water. The water supply system, which before the disaster only provided 40% of the population of Port-au-Prince with clean water, has effectively collapsed .

Aid agencies are shipping in bottled water and water purification tablets. But many people, have complained that they have received little, if any, of either.

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Long term response to disastersLong term response to disasters•This involves 2 phases:•1. Completing any restorative work that

cannot be done in the short-medium term, for example major reconstruction like road/rail reconstruction and helping to re-establish agriculture and other production.

•2. Planning for the future: risk assessment, adjustment, improving prediction.

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One of the reasons why Florida (and One of the reasons why Florida (and incidentally New Zealand more recently) incidentally New Zealand more recently)

go off so lightly is …go off so lightly is …• They had changed their

planning laws.• Building have to be built to

withstand locally expected disasters.

These homes’ concrete wall system starts with a steel-reinforcing cage consisting of a 15cm square steel mesh and vertical steel bars placed at 1.2m inches on-centre.

When finished they look like this

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Wilma – examples of Forward planningWilma – examples of Forward planning•August 6, 2010 •Five years later, the aftermath of Hurricane Wilma and

other storms continues to drive forward city actions to prevent some of the power issues that followed that storm. At its July 22 meeting, the Coconut Creek City Commission approved a $464,505 payment to Florida Power and Light for the second of three phases in a project to place a significant portion of utility lines in the city underground.

•August 4, 2010•Parkland city officials have ensured that the city is

prepared to deal with debris it would have to contend with in case of a hurricane strike. City officials unanimously decided in favour of having a temporary debris management site (TDMS) within the city; Parkland has not had such a facility before. They later authorized staff to enter into a contract with D&J Enterprises for emergency debris management and disaster recovery assistance.

•September 21st, 2010: look at the blog - http://lindym.wordpress.com/2010/09/22/hurricane-wilma-martin-county-has-1-million-to-help-families-storm-proof-homes/

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Haiti – medium and long termHaiti – medium and long term• Even 9 months on, Haiti is barely out of the initial phase.• They are only just beginning to move people into

intermediate housing.• The major hold-up is caused by lax and lost (through

earthquake damage) land ownership documents. On some pieces of land there are 6 claimants, all of which, it would appear have some documentation to prove their case.

• The NGOs are very reticent about putting up even intermediate housing on land who ownership is in dispute.

• This type of housing is due to last for 3 years, although many foretell that it will still be being lived for a great deal longer.

• But there are still tons of rubble to be cleared, but removing smashed houses is fraught with who owns them? So this is not happening at anything like the rate it should be.

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From: From: http://lindym.wordpress.com/category/haiti/http://lindym.wordpress.com/category/haiti/

• The wood frame and tarp wall shelters have metal roofs and are built to withstand a Category 1 hurricane.

• Plans to upgrade the shelters to more permanent materials will allow families to move the structure when land is secured.

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Sept 9th 2010

Antoine Fesnell, right, prays as his daughters Nicole, 9,

centre, and Antoine, 6, look on during mass in the rubble

of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Port-au-Prince, Haiti,

Sunday Sept. 26, 2010. Fesnell's wife died in the

magnitude-7 earthquake that struck Haiti on Jan. 12,

2010 and killed a government-estimated 300,000 people

and left millions homeless.

A girl ties her hair next

to her tent after it fell

down due to heavy rain

at a camp for

earthquake survivors in

Port-au-Prince, Haiti,

Saturday, Sept. 25,

2010. A storm blasted

through Haiti's capital

on Friday, killing at least

five people as it tore

down trees, billboards

and tent homes,

authorities said.

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Haiti – medium and long term - Haiti – medium and long term - agricultureagriculture

• Another area of medium/ling term response is to improve job prospects and get agriculture back on track. Even before the earthquake that struck Haiti on 12 January, half the population suffered from malnutrition, three-quarters survived on less than US$2 a day, and 60 percent of the country's food was imported.

• It has been estimated that for every US$1 invested in agriculture, FAO estimates that US$40-60 worth of food will be produced, sufficient to feed one family for several months. But of the initial US$23 million requested as part of the UN Flash Appeal for Haiti's immediate agricultural needs, only twelve percent has been funded.

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Haiti – medium and long term - Haiti – medium and long term - agricultureagriculture

• FAO has distributed 1,074 tons of grain and pulse seed to 72,000 farming families in the areas worst hit by the earthquake in January 2010. More than 100,000 hand tools and almost 2,500 pieces of equipment to help with post-harvesting have also been provided. In addition, plans are underway to reach an additional 10,000 urban households around Port au Price, Ganthier and Cabaret with seed and fertiliser to enable families to establish mobile gardens.

• Other development projects recently launched in Haiti include an 18-month programme funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) to repair irrigation systems, build 300 community and family gardens and provide seeds and tools to 9,000 families. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) will also invest US$200 million over five years to improve land titling, promote farming techniques to reduce soil erosion, and increase market access for farmers.

• According to FAO, the long term priorities include improving natural resource management, food security and nutrition. In order to continue to reduce dependence on imports, FAO will continue to implement ongoing projects to strengthening farmers' organisations to improve their capacity to multiply quality bean, vegetable, maize, rice and sorghum seeds. Promotion of fruit trees such as mangoes, avocados and banana to reforest Haiti and provide food and income will also continue

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Haiti – medium and long term - Haiti – medium and long term - industryindustry•The only industry of any significance is

the garment trade, where the pay is low – about $3 a day (£1.90), barely a living wage – but much better than the alternative – no job at all and hand-outs. It is hoped the number of international investors will increase, as recently the US have passed the HOPE agreement, whereby any Haitian garments can be imported into the US free of import duty.

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Haiti – medium and long term - Haiti – medium and long term - industryindustry• The Coca-Cola Company announced the creation of the Haiti

Hope Project, to create opportunity for 25,000 Haitian mango farmers and their families by supporting the development of a sustainable mango juice industry in the country.

• This five-year project, currently estimated at $7.5 million seeks to double the income of these farmers. It is also aimed to set up a processing industry in Haiti rather than as initially, export the fruit for processing elsewhere.

• The Coca-Cola Company has been a part of the Haitian community since 1927 together with their local bottling partner, Brasserie de la Couronne, is the largest private-sector employer in the country.

• TechnoServe (a not-for profit enterprise) will help Haitian mango farmers grow their crops more efficiently, produce additional crops to boost their incomes, and create businesses that will allow them to access markets.

• Consumers can contribute to this Project by purchasing Odwalla Haiti Hope Mango Lime-Aid launched in the United States in March 2010 and a similar Odwalla Haiti Hope beverage to launch early summer in Canada -- 100 percent of the profits will be directed to the Project.

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In conclusionIn conclusion• Florida after Wilma was disrupted but not

really stalled for than a few weeks, while Haiti's recovery as not even really begun.

• But do keep an eye on the blog, using these searches, as I am trying add updates on both of these disasters whenever I find them:

• http://lindym.wordpress.com/category/haiti/• http://lindym.wordpress.com/category/wilma/ • And if any of you find anything, if you don’t

want to add it yourselves , just send me the link!