Revision essentials

12th June

Plan your Revision timetable

Revision environment

20 minute chunks

Vary the practice

Revision strategies

Read your notesNotes on your NotesChunk cardsKeywordsQuestion PracticeTop up ReadingWriting practice

Historical StudyHistorical Study

Setting the SceneSport reflects the

Society in which it is played

Sports are as old as time !

• “SPORT” is young

• PE is a modern phenomenon1939 syllabus“sport = high organisation and highly sophisticated

Sports development

• Sports are developmental

• They come from :• CONQUEST e.g. Colonialisation

OR

SOCIAL HIERARCHY e.g.gentry

Get your dates right

• 1600’s

• 1700’s

• 1800’s

• 1900’s

• 2000’s

• C17th

• C18th

• C19th

• C20th

• C21st

• Pre – Indus

• Pre –into industrial

• Indus

• Post indus

The Historical Development of Sport

Ancient Origins1) POPULAR RECREATION C15 - 17th

2) PUBLIC SCHOOL C18-19th

3) RATIONALISATION& INDUSTRIALISATION C19th

4) 20th CENTURYDEVELOPMENTS (PE) C20th

Revision Chunks

Popular Recreation Athleticism Rational Recreation Development of P.E.

Overview of sport before 1800’s

Festival games and the role of the church, court and peasant

- Popular recreations 2-3 examples- characteristics of games (x8)- characteristics of society (x8)- difference between gentry and

peasant sport (Real tennis v mob football)

- Patronage of church/local gentry

Popular Recreations• Ashbourne Game• Haxey Hood Game• Stamford Bull Running• Robert Dover’s Games• Hallaton Bottle Game• The Derby Game• Alnwick Game• Lutterworth Mob Hockey• St Columb hurling

Pre 1800- characteristics

• P• L• U• C• I

• C• R• O• W

reocalisedncodedruelndustrial

ourtly/Popularuralccasionalager

Athleticism Sport as a means of social control within the C19th Public schools

- Public school games 2-3 examples

- characteristics of games (x8)

- characteristics of school society (x8)

- Muscular Christianity and the Rec Ethic

- Tom Brown’s School days

Public School Case studies

• Eton Wall Game• Rugby Football• Harrow Football• Winchester Football• Cricket• Fives (Rugby/Eton/Winchester)• Hare & Hounds

Public School- characteristics• A• T• H• L• E• T• I• C• I• S• M

ll Round - Body & Mindemperamentealthohesion/competitionnstrument of Educationportsmanshipuscular Christianityeadershipndeavoureamworkntegrity

Phases of Development of Sport in Public Schools

Boys as undisciplined - animals

Mob Games

Field Sports

Folk Games

Cricket - acceptable team game

Improvised Country Pursuits

Boys in control

Phase 1 - The Barabarians Turn of C19th

Phases of Development of Sport in Public Schools

Reforms of Dr Arnold 1828 - 1842

Games as a medium of social

control

Technical development

Regular Inter House competitions

Link - Christian Gentlemen &

Manliness

Tom Brown’s School Days

Phase 2 - Arnoldian 1830 - 1860

Phases of Development of Sport in Public Schools

Athleticism - the “Cult”

Regular Inter - school fixtures

“Oxbridge” as the melting pot

Spread of Middle Class Schools

Excellent facilities

Values of Athleticism

Impact on Society

Phase 3 - The Cult & Philistine Copies - 1860 +

Rational SportImpact of changes in society; industrial, transport and urban

- characteristics of Rational games (x8)- characteristics of Rational society (x8) - case studies (football/tennis/athletics)- spectatorism = professionals =commercialism

This confusion led to the most important meeting in footballs development held at the Free Masons Tavern in London.

Actually took 6 meetings to eventually agree on a common set of rulesThis was not an easy process and their was much debate and votes which at on meting led to a splinter group led bay the Black heath Club leaving to form the Rugby Football Union

A National set of Rules

• Quickly spread across the country

• Facilitated by an advanced industrial society

• Also began to exported around the British Empire and via trade links

Rationalisation of Sport

• Codification and administration of sport

• Codification = The creation and maintenance of rules

• After the Industrial Revolution most people lived and worked in urban areas and the influence of the rural elements from the popular recreation era steadily declined. Modern Sport is also urban sport

Societal change that led to RATIONAL RECREATION

Societal determinants• Urbanisation large population requiring

recreative space & entertainment

• Industrialisation factory system and machine time

• Work Conditions gradual increase in free time, Saturday 1/2 day, 10 hour Act,

Early Closing Movement.

• Economics capitalism and patronage, works teams - professional clubs

The move towards Rational Recreation

Societal Change

PRE INDUSTRIAL Feudal (gentlemen-peasant) feudalism rural cottage industry free time church constraints horse drawn word of mouth

POST INDUSTRIAL Gentlemen - middle class

- workers capitalism urban manufacturing coal/iron machine time church support railways popular press

The move towards Rational Recreation Sports Change

POP SPORT localised rural cruel/violent courtly-popular ritual occasional limited coding wagering

RATIONAL SPORT local-regional-national rural - urban channeled aggression gentry-middle-working moral regular formal codification gambling curtailed

The spread of the Games Ethic

- Oxbridge melting pot

- Cambridge Football Rules

- Role of the ‘Blues’ and Varsity matches

- Spread of the ‘Games ethic’

- Sport followed the flag

- De Coubertin and international sport

Oxbridge Melting Pots• The Universities of Cambridge and

Oxford played an important role in the development of sport

• They were the first place where compromise rules were developed.

• They also developed regular fixtures - Varsity matches

• Blues became important role models & teachers

Diffusion of Sport through the Empire

• C• A• T

olonial

rmy

eachers

atronsniversityndustryhurchlubsdministration

P U I C C A

The need for more regular fixtures led to the formation

of the Football League in 1888

The first twelve clubs were Accrington Stanley, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Derby County, Everton, Notts County, Preston North End, Stoke City, West Bromwich Albion, Wolverhampton Wanderers.

These were all from the Midlands and North West, all professional and all dominated by working class players

Major Games and the Working Classes

“Games return to the people” 1) Why were elementary children given drill instead of games?

2) Why did factory owners promote football & cricket for their workers?

3) Why is league football played on a Saturday afternoon?

4) Why has professional Sunday cricket only recently become legalised

5) Why didn’t working class girls play football?

6) What has “Broken Time” got to do with rugby and the lower

classes?

7) What effect did the growth of the railways have on the spread of

major games?

8) What was the Church’s attitude to sport?

9) Why are English batsmen still encouraged to “walk” if they think

they’re out?

20th Century developments

•Spectatorism•Professionalism•commercialisation•Influence of the media

Cheap rail excursions meant that the seaside and the countryside came within reach of many ordinary

working people for the fist time.

The development of PE Development of PE in state schools (Elementary) during C20thEuropean influences

(Swedish/German/De Coubertin)- Forster Education Act- Adoption of German Gymnastics/McClaren - Increasing influence of Ling/Osterberg- Boer War – Model Course Military PT- ‘Tug of War’- Military/Education/Medical- 1933 last syllabus/WW II influence

Development of PE in Elementary Schools

Key developments C19th - European Roots Ling and Guth Muths

1870 - Forster Education Act Made education compulsory for all

children 5 - 13 1902 - Model Course

Compulsory military training in schools required to lay the foundations of military spirit in the nation.

Key developments 1904 - Education Board Syllabus

An attempt to reduce the military influence

1909 - Syllabus of Physical Training Written by Medical Board - emphasis on

therapeutic gymnastics

1919 - Syllabus Reflecting horrors of Great War - introduced

recreational & morale boosting activities

Development of PE in Elementary Schools

Key developments 1933 - Syllabus of Physical Training

Last Board of education syllabus split into 2 sections 5 - 11 years and 11- 14 years

1944 - Education Act Made secondary education was available to all

children - rebuild of schools after “ Blitz”

1952 - Moving & Growing Ministry of Education advisory PE publicationfollowed by PLANNING THE PROGRAME (1954)

Development of PE in Elementary Schools

History - Example

During the 19th Century Oxford and Cambridge Universities acted as “melting pots” in terms of the historical development of sport.

Using examples, explain the role these universities played in the development of sport

(6 marks)

June 2000

History - Answer Students had come from different schools Had interest/enthusiasm for sport but difficult to

play each other Need for compromise rules Different school members write up

/rationalisation/codification of rules Example - Cambridge rules of football Graduates took games into society -

football/rugby/ athletics Varsity games led to increase in interest/standards

example - Boat race/rugby/ athletic meets/cricket