REVISING THE BODY (PART 4)

For today Documentation Plagiarism Distinguishing your own ideas or opinions from

your paraphrases Direct quotes Nondiscriminatory languaGE Metadiscourse

Glosses Hedges Distancing

Documentation What to review:

Format of in-text citations: For paraphrases and summaries For direct quotes

Citation of secondary sourcesWRONG: Dadufalza (1994) as

cited in Miciano (2012)

Reference list Check the format per type of

material Different types of sources retrieved

from the Internet have different formats depending on the type:online periodicals: journal articles,

newsletters, newspapers reports retrieved online journal articles retrieved online

REFERENCES: FORMAT FOR THE FINAL PAPER

Bhatt, R.M. & Mesthrie, R. (2008). World Englishes: The study of new linguistic varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 [double space]

Celce-Murcia, M. & Larsen-Freeman, D. (2008). The grammar book: An ESL/EFL teacher’s course. Singapore: Cengage Learning.

hanging indention

Single space

DOCUMENTATION The References should list all the

sources cited in the paper—no more, no less.

The heading should be “References”, not “Reference List” or “Bibliography.”

Take note of the ff. Citing an Author or Authors

Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...

[paraphrase]…(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

A Work by Three to Five Authors: First citation: list all the names. (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, &

Harlow, 1993)In subsequent citations: (Kernis et al., 1993)

Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name

followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.

Harris et al. (2001) argued... (Harris et al., 2001)

Unknown Author: Cite the source by its title in the

signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses.

Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks.

A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).

Corporate authorsFirst citation:

(World Health Organization [WHO], 2011)

Next citations:(WHO, 2011)

Plagiarism

Plagiarism

P - plagiarized

Lifting Close paraphrasing

Lifting – using words/ phrases from the original

Close paraphrase – changing the words but copying the sentence structure of the original

An acceptable paraphrase? Original

material:“Hate-based Web sites have grown dramatically in recent years.  In 1995 at the time of the Oklahoma City bombing, there was only one hate site. . .” (Leets, 2001, pp.287-288).

Hate-based Internet sites have grown by leaps and bounds in recent years.  In 1995 at the time of the Oklahoma City bombing, there was only one website devoted to hate (Leets, 2001).

An acceptable paraphrase?“Although we all possess the same physical organs for sensing the world . . . perception of the world depends to a great extent on the language we speak. Scholars have discovered that we cannot perceive things that we have not named. Each language is like a pair of glasses through which we “see” the world in a particular way.” (Oshima & Hogue, n.d., para. 2)

While we all have similar sense organs, perceiving the world is affected by our language. According to research, each language is like a pair of spectacles which makes us see the world in a certain way, and we cannot perceive things that have no names in our language (Oshima & Hogue, n.d.).

An acceptable paraphrase?“Although we all

possess the same physical organs for sensing the world . . . perception of the world depends to a great extent on the language we speak. Scholars have discovered that we cannot perceive things that we have not named. Each language is like a pair of glasses through which we “see” the world in a particular way” (Oshima & Hogue, n.d., para. 3).

We all have the same sense organs. However, because of the differences in our languages and our own way of assigning names to things, we perceive the world differently (Oshima & Hogue, n.d.).

Distinguishing your ideas or opinions from your paraphrases

Signal phrases:

Consider this example [on the next slide].

The statements in red are the student-author’s opinions. Is it clear they are the student’s opinion?

Without a doubt, the English language is central in the business world. English has become “intrinsic” to business communication, most especially in multinational firms. In these business organizations, English is used in virtually all types of communication, so much so that mastery of the language has been made a key qualification for job applicants (Jackson, 2005, p. 367).

Better: Use of reminder phrases

Without a doubt, the English language is central in the business world. According to Jackson (2005, p. 367), English has become “intrinsic” to business communication, most especially in multinational firms. She explains that in these business organizations, English is used in virtually all types of communication, so much so that mastery of the language has been made a key qualification for job applicants. This pervasiveness of English in business communication makes it an important area of study for language students.

Using direct quotes

Below is a sample source note.

“With the exception of the police and the military, the family is the most violent social group in our society. The home is a more dangerous place than a dark alley. A person is more likely to be murdered in his or her home, by a member of the family, than by anyone else, anywhere else, in society. One in every four murders in the United States is committed by a member of the family’s victim. Our country is not unique in this respect.” (Bassis, Gelles, & Levine, n.d., para. 2)

Problem: Quoting when the source material can be paraphrased.

Bassis, Gelles, and Levine (n.d., para. 2) say that:

“in the process of socialization we learn to associate violence with the family. Our first experience of force nearly always takes place at home. Most of our parents use physical punishment on occasion—for our own good, of course, and because they love us. (The child is told, “This hurts me more than it hurts you.”) From here it is only a small step to the conclusion that the use of violence is legitimate whenever something is really important, and the things that are most important to us are often family matters. In addition, we learn how to be violent from our families. … Study after study has shown that the more violence an individual experiences as a child, the more violent he or she will be as a parent. Brutality breeds brutality.”

Quote only when: The material is already so simply

stated that for you to paraphrase it will be ineffective. Ex.: “Diabetes can lead to

blindness, loss of function in the extremities, and organ failure.”

You want to add credibility = authoritative source

Better: Paraphrase + quoteBassis, Gelles, and Levine (n.d.)

argue that through socialization the link between violence and family relationship is formed. The use of force to punish children, supposedly out of noble intentions, leads to the notion that violence is acceptable as a way of settling family problems. Likewise, they claim it is also through the family that children learn violent behavior. As children receive violence from their parents, they, too, inflict the same level of violence to their children, resulting in a cycle of violence. Indeed, “brutality breeds brutality” (para. 2).

Metadiscourse: Glosses

Gloss = a definition

Options for presenting glosses Sentence definition

Normal cells are often affected by chemo, which causes varying side effects. Damage can occur to the three types of blood cells produced in the bone marrow: red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets. The RBC carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. These can be drastically reduced during chemo.

Options for presenting glosses Parenthetical definition

Damage can occur in the three types of blood cells produced in the bone marrow: red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets. The RBC (blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body) can be drastically reduced during chemo.

Options for presenting glosses Appositive (note comma separators)

Damage can occur in the three types of blood cells produced in the bone marrow: red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets. The RBC, blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body, can be drastically reduced during chemo.

Options for presenting glosses “or” + definition Damage to bone marrow cells can occur

to the three types of blood cells that are produced in the bone marrow: red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets. The RBC, or blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body, can be drastically reduced during chemo.

Types of definitionsYou can use either of the following: A technical definition from textbooks or

specialized dictionariesmitochondria – a body found within the

cell whose function is to manufacture energy by converting. . . A simplified (laymanized) definition

Free radicals damage cellular components, such as the mitochondria . . .