Reviewing the present - WordPress.com · 2 Grammar reference Present perfect continuous for un˜ nished actions Af˜ rmative Negative Interrogative Short answers I / you / we / they’ve

Performance 2 / Grammar reference © Pearson Educación, S. A., 2013 1

Grammar reference

Starter unitReviewing the present

Present simple

Af� rmative Negative Interrogative Short answers

I / you / we / they live... I / you / we / they don’t (do not) live...

Do I / you / we / they live...?Don’t I / you / we / they live...?

Yes, I / you / we / they do.No, I / you / we / they don’t.

he / she / it / one* lives... he / she / it / one doesn’t (does not) live...

Does he / she / it / one live...?Doesn’t he / she / it / one live...?

Yes, he / she / it / one does.No, he / she / it / one doesn’t.

Uses Examples Expressions often used with the present simple

To describe habits or routines He gets up at eight o’clock every morning.

always, in general, on the whole, usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, neverat one o’clock, every day / week / month / yearin the morning / afternoon / evening, at nightonce a day / week / month / yearhow often …?

To describe facts or scienti� c laws

Many people live in China.

To describe timetables The train leaves at � ve o’clock.

* One rara vez se usa en inglés; se usa everybody / anybody / nobody / people. Does anybody live here? No, nobody does. Do people live in deserts? Yes, people do.

Present continuous


I’m (am) living ... I’m (am) not living ... Am I living ...?Am I not living ...?

Yes, I am. No, I’m not.

you / we / they’re (are) living ...

you / we / they aren’t (are not) living ...

Are you / we / they living ...?Aren’t you / we / they living ...?

Yes, you / we / they are.No, you / we / they aren’t.

he / she / it’s (is) living ... he / she / it isn’t (is not) living ...

Is he / she / it living ...? Yes, he / she / it is.No, he / she / it isn’t.

Uses* Examples Expressions often used with the present continuous

To describe an action or a process that is happening now

She is crossing the road. now, right now, at the moment

To describe situations that are not permanent

He is living with his sister this week.

currently, for the time being, at present, this week / month / year

With always, to express criticism / annoyance

You’re always arriving late. always

* Para ver cómo se usa el presente continuo para expresar futuro, consultar la página 4.

Present perfect simple for un� nished actions


I / you / we / they’ve (have) seen

I / you / we / they haven’t (have not) seen

Have I / you / we / they seen?Haven’t I / you / we / they seen?

Yes, I / you / we / they have.No, I / you / we / they haven’t.

he / she / it’s (has) seen he / she / it hasn’t (has not) seen

Has he / she / it seen?Hasn’t he / she / it seen?

Yes, he / she / it has.No, he / she / it hasn’t.

Use* Examples Expressions often used with the present perfect simple

To describe a situation / an action that started in the past and continues into the present

This has been a big problem up to now.He has read three books so far.

up to / up till / till / until now, so far

* Para ver otros usos del presente perfecto simple, consultar la página 3.

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Grammar reference

Present perfect continuous for un� nished actions


I / you / we / they’ve been (have been) living ...

I / you / we / they haven’t been (have not been) living ...

Have I / you / we / they been living ...?Haven’t I / you / we / they been living ...?

Yes, I / you / we / they have.No, I / you / we / they haven’t.

he / she / it’s been (has been) living ...

he / she / it hasn’t been (has not been) living ...

Has he / she / it been living ...?Hasn’t he / she / it been living ...?

Yes, he / she / it has.No, he / she / it hasn’t.

Uses* Examples Expressions often used with the present perfect continuous

To describe a situation or a continuous / repeated action that started in the past and continues into the present.

They’ve been living in France for two years.

for (a long time / two years / three months)

since (yesterday / last year / his birthday)

We use the continuous form when we want to emphasise the duration of the action.

I’ve been coming here every summer since 2003.

* Para ver otros usos del presente perfecto continuo, consultar la página 3.

Reviewing the past

Past simple


I / you / he / she / it / we / they lived ...

I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t (did not) live...

Did / Didn’t I / you / he / she / it / we / they live...?

Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they did.No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t.

I / you / he / she / it / we / they went

I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t (did not) go

Did / Didn’t I / you / he / she / it / we / they go?

Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they did.No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t.

Uses Examples Expressions often used with the past simple

To describe a � nished single action in the past

I saw a � lm yesterday.We met at the supermarket.

yesterday, last (night / week / year), (two years) ago, in (2007), last, � rst

To describe a � nished continuous action in the past

They lived in Berlin for three years.

for a long time, for (three years)

To describe a series of actions in the past

First he opened the door, then he came in and after that he took off his coat.

� rst, next, then, after that, � nally

Past continuous

Af� rmative Negative Interrogative

I / he / she / it was living I / he / she / it wasn’t (was not) living ... Was / Wasn’t I / he / she / it living ...?

you / we / they were living you / we / they weren’t (were not) living ...

Were / Weren’t you / we / they living ...?

Uses Examples Expressions often used with the past continuous

To describe the context of past events / actions

As she was crossing the road … (she looked at her watch.)

as, while, when

To describe what was happening at a speci� c time

I was watching TV at seven o’clock last night.

at (nine) o’clock, last night

To describe two events or actions which were happening simultaneously

While I was cooking, it was raining very hard outside.

as, while, all the time that …


Grammar reference

Past perfect simple


I / you / he / she / it / we / they had lived ...

I / you / he / she / it / we / they hadn’t (had not) lived ...

Had / Hadn’t I / you / he / she / it / we / they lived ...?

Use Examples Expressions often used with the past perfect simple

We use the past perfect simple to indicate that one action happened before another action in the past

When I arrived, she had already gone to bed.By the time that she had � nished her homework, it was ten o’clock.

already, just, not … yet, after, as soon as, by the time that …, not …until

Present perfect simple: to express past actions

Uses Examples Expressions often used with the present perfect simple

To describe very recent actions / events He’s cut his � nger!I haven’t seen her lately.

just, already, yet, not … yet, still … not, recently, lately, this is the � rst time that …today, this morning / week / yearTo introduce the news War has started in Ruritania.

To talk about an action / event in the past that is still relevant to the present

I have seen him before.She has been to Italy once.I have never read Don Quixote.

before, once, never, it’s a long time since …

Para ver cómo se forma el presente perfecto simple y cómo se usa para describir una acción que continúa en el presente, consultar la página 1.

Present perfect continuous: to express past actions

Use Examples Expressions often used with the present perfect continuous

To describe a continuous / repeated action in the recent past

He’s been reading a lot recently.I’ve been painting the studio this morning.

lately, recentlytoday, this morning / week / year

Para ver cómo se forma el presente perfecto continuo y cómo se usa para describir una acción que continúa en el presente, consultar la página 2.

used to


I / you / he / she / it / we / they used to live …

I / you / he / she / it /we / they didn’t use to live …

Did / Didn’t I / you / he / she / it / we / they use to live ...?

Uses Examples Expressions often used with used to

To describe an action that someone did frequently in the past but doesn’t do now

I used to play football twice a week. in the past, years ago, before, when I was young

To describe a lasting condition or situation that no longer exists

London used to be the biggest city in the world.

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Grammar reference

Reviewing the future

be going to


I’m going to tryyou / we / they’re going to tryhe / she / it’s going to try

I’m not going to tryyou / we / they aren’t going to tryhe / she / it isn’t going to try

Am I going / Am I not going to try?Are / Aren’t you / we / they going to try?Is / Isn’t he / she / it going to try?

Uses Examples Expressions often used with be going to

To describe � xed plans / arrangements I’m going to play tennis tomorrow with Tim. tomorrow, this weekend, next year, soon, in a few daysTo describe resolutions or � rm decisions He’s going to stop smoking.

To make predictions about something that is certain / almost certain to happen

There are lots of dark clouds. It’s going to rain.

will (future simple)


I / you / he / she / it / we / they’ll (will) see I / you / he / she / it / we / they won’t (will not) see

Will / Won’t I / you / he / she / it / we / they see?

Uses Examples Expressions often used with will

To make predictions (without � rm evidence) Life will be better in the future.It will rain tomorrow.

in the future, tomorrow, this weekend, next (week / year), soon, in a few (days / months)

To express spontaneous decisions and offers I think I’ll go for a walk.Don’t get up, I’ll open the window.

To express promises I won’t tell anyone, I promise.

To express requests Will you help me with this?

Present continuous (for future action)

Uses Examples Expressions often used with the present continuous

To describe plans I’m seeing Jill tonight. tonight, this evening, this weekend

To describe a programmed event They’re showing a good � lm on TV tonight.

Para ver cómo se forma el presente continuo, consultar la página 1.

Future perfect


I / you / he / she / it / we / they’ll have travelled

I / you / he / she / it / we / they won’t have travelled

Will / Won’t I / you / he / she / it / we / they have travelled?

Use Examples Expressions often used with the future perfect

To describe an action that will already be complete by a particular time in the future

We’ll have completed the Camino de Santiago by the end of this week.

by (tomorrow / next week), by the end of …, by then, in three weeks, in ten years’ time

Future continuous


I / you / he / she / it / we / they’ll be travelling

I / you / he / she / it / we / they won’t be travelling

Will / Won’t I / you / he / she / it / we / they be travelling?

Use Examples Expressions often used with the future continuous

To describe a continuous action in the future

This time next year he’ll be working in New York.

this time next (week / month / year), next weekend, in a year, in a week’s time, at (� ve) o’clock


Grammar reference

Unit 1 Modal verbs

Meaning Modal verb Examples

Ability See note 1 (page 6)

can He can concentrate very well.

be able to She ’s been able to learn three languages.

could He could be a good student but he’s lazy.

Possibility / Speculation could / may / might I could / may / might pass the exam if I cram.

Positive deduction must He passed all his exams. He must be a good student.

Negative deduction can’t She always does her homework late. She can’t be very disciplined.

Obligation See note 2 (page 6)

must / have to You must / have to wear a tie in the of� ce.

Necessity need to I need to learn Chinese for my new job.

Positive recommendation / Mild obligation

should / ought to I should / ought to be more focused in class. I don’t concentrate enough.

Prohibition See note 3 (page 6)

mustn’t You mustn’t eat in class. It’s not allowed.

can’t You can’t use a dictionary in the exam.

No obligation / No necessity See notes 3 and 4 (page 6)

don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t I’ve already revised a lot, so I don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t cram tonight.

Negative recommendation shouldn’t / oughtn’t to You shouldn’t / oughtn’t to arrive late for school so often.

Permission / Request can / could / may You may start writing now. Can / Could you help me with my homework?

Recommendation to avoid negative consequences / Warning See note 5 (page 6)

had better (not) I ’d better do some work or I won’t pass the exam. You ’d better not steal again because you’ll go to prison.

General La mayoría de los verbos modales ... • tienen la misma forma para todas las personas: I can, you can, he can, etc.• no usan do / does en la forma negativa o interrogativa: Must you come so late?

I shouldn’t be so lazy, etc.• van seguidos de in� nitivo sin to: we must go, they should see, etc.

Watch out!

• Be able to, have to y need to no presentan la misma forma para todas las personas: I am able to, he has to, she needs to, etc.

• Have to y need to sí usan do / does en la forma negativa e interrogativa: Do I have to practise? You don’t need to wait, etc.

• Be able to, have to, need to y ought to no se pueden usar sin to: we have to go, they ought to understand, etc.

Watch out!

• Be able to, have to y need to no presentan la misma forma para todas las personas: I am able to, he has to, she needs to, etc.

• Have to y need to sí usan do / does en la forma negativa e interrogativa: Do I have to practise? You don’t need to wait, etc.

• Be able to, have to, need to y ought to no se pueden usar sin to: we have to go, they ought to understand, etc.

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Grammar reference

1 Capacidad: can, could

Watch out! Can no tiene tiempo futuro ni presente perfecto. Para expresar dichos tiempos se usan will be able to / have been able to.

✔ We’ ll be able to pass the exam after this course. ✘ We’ll can pass the exam after this course. ✔ I’ ve been able to read since I was two. ✘ I’ve could read since I was two.

Could puede expresar dos tipos de capacidad: a) Capacidad real en el pasado (= was able to): Mozart could play the piano when he was very

young.b) Capacidad hipotética en el presente o futuro (= would be able to): They could help us, but they don’t want to.

2 must : diferentes tiempos verbales

Watch out! Must no tiene los tiempos pasado simple, futuro o presente perfecto. Para expresar dichos tiempos se usan: had to / will have to / have had to .

✔ I had to cram for the exam last night. ✘ I must cram for the exam last night. ✔ He’ ll have to say sorry to the head teacher. ✘ He’ll must say sorry to the head teacher.

3 must / have to en negativa

Watch out! Must y have to tienen signi� cados muy diferentes en negativa: We mustn’t smoke. = prohibición We don’t have to smoke. = ausencia de necesidad / obligación

4 need : negativa Need puede formar la negativa de dos formas: a) Con don’t / doesn’t, seguido de in� nitivo: He doesn’t need to revise, He didn’t need to

worry.b) Con not, seguido de in� nitivo sin to: He needn’t revise. Esta forma solo se puede usar en presente.

5 should frente a had better Should no necesariamente expresa una sugerencia con consecuencias negativas: Everyone should be here by nine o’clock tonight.

Had better sin embargo, siempre expresa una sugerencia de que algo malo puede ocurrir: I’m very angry with you all, so everyone had better be here by nine o’clock tonight.

Should no se usa para expresar una amenaza; had better, sí: ✔ Robber: ‘You had better give me the money!’ ✘ Robber: ‘You should give me the money!’

Watch out!Can no tiene tiempo futuro ni presente perfecto. Para expresar dichos tiempos se usan will be able to / have been able to. ✔ We’ll be able to ’ll be able to ’ pass the exam after this course.✘ We’ll can pass the exam after this course.✔ I’ve been able to read since I was two.✘ I’ve could read since I was two.I’ve could read since I was two.I’ve could

Watch out!Must no tiene los tiempos pasado simple, futuro o presente perfecto. Para expresar dichos tiempos se usan: had to / will have to / have had to . ✔ I had to cram for the exam last night.✘ I must cram for the exam last night.I must cram for the exam last night.I must✔ He’ll have to ’ll have to ’ say sorry to the head teacher.✘ He’ll must say sorry to the head teacher.He’ll must say sorry to the head teacher.He’ll must

Watch out!Must y Must y Must have to tienen signi� cados muy diferentes en negativa: We mustn’t smoke.mustn’t smoke.mustn’t = prohibición We don’t have to smoke. = ausencia de necesidad / obligación


Grammar reference

Modal perfects

Meaning Modal perfect verb Example

Positive deduction about a past event See note 1 below

must have + past participle The door is open. Someone must have entered the classroom.

Negative deduction about a past event See note 1 below

can’t have + past participle He’s on holiday at the moment, so he can’t have taken the exam.

Speculation about a past event See notes 1 and 2 below

may have / might have + past participle

I haven’t seen Ms Taylor for a long time. She may have / might have got a new job.

Hypothetical ability in the past See note 3 below

could have + past participle I’m very intelligent. I’m sure that I could have become a scientist if I had studied more.

Criticism or regret should have / ought to have + past participle

Your room is a mess. You should have / ought to have tidied it up yesterday. I failed the exam. I should have / ought to have worked harder.

No necessity in the past needn’t have + past participle You needn’t have worried – the exam was easy.

General Los modales perfectos se forman con el verbo modal + have + participio pasado: he might have seen , you might have gone , etc. Se re� eren a una acción posible o hipotética del pasado.

Watch out!Nunca se usa has delante del participio pasado.

✔ He needn’t have worried. ✘ He needn’t has worried

1 must have; can’t have; may have / might have Se usa must have cuando se tiene la seguridad de que algo ha pasado: The classroom’s empty, so the lesson must have � nished.

Se usa can’t have cuando se tiene la seguridad de que algo no ha pasado: His bedroom light is on, so he can’t have � nished working yet.

Se usa may have / might have cuando no se sabe seguro si ha pasado algo : ‘Where’s Ian?’ ‘I don’t know. He may have / might have got lost.’

2 may have frente a might have Se puede usar tanto may have como might have cuando aún no se sabe qué ha pasado; se debe usar might have cuando existió la posibilidad pero ya se sabe que no pasó. I don’t know if Josh passed the exam. He may have / might have failed. (no sabemos) Mandy didn’t revise, so she was lucky to pass the exam. She might have failed. (pero no ocurrió)

3 could have Se usa could have cuando algo no ocurrió, pero podría haber ocurrido: She could have been a wonderful teacher – she is extremely patient.

Watch out!Nunca se usa has delante del participio pasado. ✔ He needn’t have worried.✘ He needn’t has worried

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Grammar reference

Deductions / Talking about the future 1 be about to + forma base del verbo Be about to se re� ere a una acción que va a tener lugar ahora: ‘You look nervous.’ ‘I ’m about to do my English oral exam.’

2 be bound to + forma base del verbo Be bound to se re� ere a algo que va a pasar seguro: He ’s bound to be happy if he passes the exam.

3 be likely to / be unlikely to + forma base del verbo Be likely to se re� ere a algo que ocurrirá muy probablemente. Be unlikely to se re� ere a algo que muy probablemente no ocurrirá: She ’s likely to get angry if you keep talking in class. You ’re unlikely to concentrate if you are listening to loud music.

4 could / may / might well + forma base del verbo Could well, may well y might well se re� eren a algo que probablemente ocurrirá. Compara: It could / may / might well rain. = Probablemente lloverá. It could / may / might rain. = Es posible que llueva.


Grammar reference

Unit 2 The passive

Simple tenses

Tense Active Passive

Present simple Taro makes the origami models. The origami models are made by Taro.

Past simple Taro made the origami models. The origami models were made by Taro.

Future simple: will Taro will make the origami models.

The origami models will be made by Taro.

Conditional Taro would make the origami models.

The origami models would be made by Taro.

Perfect tenses


Present perfect simple Taro has made the origami models.

The origami models have been made by Taro.

Past perfect simple Taro had made the origami models.

The origami models had been made by Taro.

Future perfect Taro will have made the origami models.

The origami models will have been made by Taro.

Past conditional Taro would have made the origami models.

The origami models would have been made by Taro.

Continuous tenses


Present continuous Taro is making the origami models.

The origami models are being made by Taro.

Past continuous Taro was making the origami models.

The origami models were being made by Taro.

Generalmente, la pasiva se usa solo en los tiempos de presente y pasado continuo. Normalmente no se usa en los demás tiempos continuos.

Modal verbs and be going to


Present modals Taro can / may / might / must / should make the origami models.

The origami models can / may / might / must / should be made by Taro.

Modal perfects Taro can / may / might / must / should have made the origami models.

The origami models can / may / might / must / should have been made by Taro.

have to / need to Taro has to / needs to make the origami models.

The origami models have to be made / need to be made by Taro.

be going to Taro is going to make the origami models.

The origami models are going to be made by Taro.

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Grammar reference

Formation 1 Tiempos simples, perfectos y continuos

• A� rmativa: verbo to be + participio pasado They were photographed. They have been photographed. They were being photographed.

• Negativa: forma negativa del verbo to be + participio pasado They weren’t photographed. They haven’t been photographed. They weren’t being photographed.

• Interrogativa: forma interrogativa del verbo to be + participio pasado Were they photographed? Have they been photographed? Were they being photographed?

2 Verbos modales

• A� rmativa: verbo modal + be / have been + participio pasado Ads should be banned. The road must have been closed.

• Negativa: forma negativa del verbo modal + be / have been + participio pasado This mustn’t be done. It couldn’t have been stopped.

• Interrogativa: forma interrogativa del verbo modal + be / have been + participio pasado Should they be checked? Could this have been prevented?

Uses Se usa la pasiva cuando se tiene más interés en la acción que en la persona o cosa que realiza la acción: The house was completely destroyed by the wind.

También se usa la pasiva cuando se tiene más interés en la persona sobre la que recae la acción que en la persona que la realiza : I can’t believe it! The President has been arrested by the police.

También se usa la pasiva cuando no se sabe (o no se quiere decir) quién realiza la acción: A man has been shot.

Se usa by para presentar la persona o la cosa que realiza la acción (el agente): He was hit by a car. He was hit by his brother.

Pero se usa with para indicar cómo se ha hecho la acción: He was hit with a stick (by his brother).

Watch out! En inglés, se usa con frecuencia la pasiva cuando en otros idiomas se usaría otro tipo de construcción (como una oración activa, una impersonal o un verbo re� exivo): This house was built by my father. I was told that ... It is reported that ... English is spoken here.

Watch out! En inglés, se usa con frecuencia la pasiva cuando en otros idiomas se usaría otro tipo de construcción (como una oración activa, una impersonal o un verbo re� exivo): This house was built by my father.I was told that ...It is reported that ...English is spoken here.


Grammar reference

Verbs with two objects En inglés, algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos tanto de un objeto directo como de un objeto indirecto: He gave me a 3-D TV. En esta frase, a 3-D TV es el objeto directo: es la cosa que se da. Me es el objeto indirecto: se me ha dado a mí . They only told Martin the bad news. En esta frase, the bad news es el objeto directo: es la cosa que se dice. Martin es el objeto indirecto: solo se le ha dicho a Martin. Cuando transformamos estas frases en pasivas, la información que queremos destacar va después del verbo en pasiva y la información menos relevante pasa a ser el sujeto del verbo en pasiva: I was given a 3-D TV . The bad news was only told to Martin .

Causative passive Se usa have / get + nombre + participio pasado para indicar situaciones en las que plani� camos que alguien haga algo por nosotros. We had / got our product tested last week. She ’s going to have / get her bicycle mended next week.

Get es más informal que have .

También se usa have + nombre + participio pasado para indicar acciones desagradables que nos afectan de algún modo. He had his invention rejected last month. I ’ve had my smartphone stolen !

Watch out!

✔ I had my eyes tested last week. ✘ They tested my eyes last week. ✘ I tested my eyes last week.

Impersonal passive 1 It + verbo to be + participio pasado + that It seguido de ciertos verbos en pasiva se puede usar para introducir a� rmaciones: It is said that most inventors are eccentric. It has been suggested that the wheel is the most important invention. It is generally accepted that most inventions have positive effects.

Algunos verbos que se pueden usar de este modo son:

accept believe calculate estimate hope predict say suggest think

Es una construcción propia del inglés escrito formal.

2 Sujeto + verbo to be + participio pasado + in� nitivo La pasiva se puede usar para describir suposiciones sobre algo o alguien: The United States is considered to have a great number of inventors. She is believed to live there. Algunos verbos que se pueden usar de este modo son:

believe calculate consider estimate hope judge predict say show think

También es una construcción propia del inglés escrito formal.

Watch out!

✔ I had my eyes tested last week. ✘ They tested my eyes last week. ✘ I tested my eyes last week.

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Grammar reference

Unit 3 Reported speech

Tense changes En general, los verbos del estilo indirecto retroceden un tiempo verbal más hacia el pasado que el verbo correspondiente del estilo directo.

Tense changes Direct speech Reported speech

present simple → past simple I talk to my boyfriend. She said that she talked to her boyfriend.

past simple → past perfect simple I talked to my boyfriend. She said that she had talked to her boyfriend.

present perfect simple → past perfect simple

I have talked to my boyfriend. She said that she had talked to her boyfriend.

future simple → conditional I will talk to my boyfriend. She said that she would talk to her boyfriend.

future perfect → past conditional I will have talked to my boyfriend. She said that she would have talked to her boyfriend.

present continuous → past continuous I am talking to my boyfriend. She said that she was talking to her boyfriend.

past continuous → past perfect continuous

I was talking to my boyfriend. She said that she had been talking to her boyfriend.

present perfect continuous → past perfect continuous

I have been talking to my boyfriend. She said that she had been talking to her boyfriend.

future continuous → conditional continuous

I will be talking to my boyfriend. She said that she would be talking to her boyfriend.

1 Verbos modales: cambios

Direct speech Reported speech

can could

may might

must / have to had to

2 Verbos que NO cambian

past perfect, conditional, past conditional

could, might , should , ought to, used to, had better

All modal perfects

3 Excepción: verdades generales Cuando alguien describe una verdad general, los tiempos verbales no cambian: He said, ‘People in love are always very happy.’ → He said that people in love are always very happy.

Pronoun changes En el estilo indirecto, a menudo, tenemos que cambiar los pronombres personales: ‘ I like you ,’ he told Emily. → He told Emily that he liked her . ‘ We split up because he cheated on me ,’ said Deborah. → Deborah said that they had split up because he had cheated on her .


Grammar reference

that El uso de that después de un verbo en estilo indirecto es opcional. Se usa that en contextos más formales y cuando ayuda a aclarar el signi� cado. He said (that) he was sorry. (informal) The President said that he had signed the agreement . (formal)

Changes to adverbs and reference


today (on) that day

yesterday the day before / the previous day

tomorrow the next day / the following day

tonight in the evening / that evening / that night

last night the previous evening / the night before

last year / a year ago the year before / the previous year

next (week / year) the following (week / year)

now at the moment / at that moment / then

here there

this / these that / those

that / those the

Statements 1 say / tell Se usa say cuando no hay objeto indirecto : He said that he was sorry.

Se use say to o tell cuando hay un objeto indirecto: He said to us that he was sorry. / He told us that he was sorry.

Watch out!

✘ He said me he was sorry . ✘ He told to me he was sorry .

2 Otros verbos de comunicación Para comunicar lo que dice la gente, generalmente, se usan los siguientes verbos:

add admit agree announce answer argue deny explain maintain point out predict promise remark reply report warn

He denied that he was on the rebound. She argued that he had been unreasonable.

Questions En las preguntas indirectas siempre se usa la forma a� rmativa del verbo y no se usa signo de interrogación.

✔ He asked me where I lived . ✘ He asked me where did I live?

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Grammar reference

1 Preguntas de respuesta Sí / No Para introducir preguntas indirectas en las que la respuesta es yes o no se usa if o whether.


He asked me, ‘Do you live in a � at?’ He asked me if / whether I lived in a � at .

Watch out!

✘ He asked me did I live in a � at ?

2 Preguntas con partícula interrogativa Wh- Las preguntas con partícula interrogativa Wh- empiezan con palabras como what, where, why, how. Estas preguntas no se pueden responder simplemente con yes o no.


She asked me, ‘What time are you leaving? He asked Amy, ‘Why don’t you like me?’

She asked me what time I was leaving. He asked Amy why she didn’t like him.

Watch out!

✘ She asked me what time was I leaving?

Requests and commands 1 ask / tell Las peticiones y las órdenes en estilo indirecto se expresan de la siguiente manera: Peticiones: ask + objeto indirecto ( me, him, her , etc.) + in� nitivo Órdenes: tell + objeto indirecto ( me, him, her , etc.) + in� nitivo

Type Direct speech Reported speech

Request He asked me, ‘Will you marry me?’ He asked me to marry him.

Command He said to him, ‘Stop shouting!’ He told him to stop shouting.

Watch out!

✔ He asked her to wait for him. ✘ He asked her that she waited for him. ✔ They told him to phone them. ✘ They told that he phoned them.

Con las peticiones y órdenes negativas se pone not delante del in� nitivo: He said to me: ‘Don’t do anything stupid!’ →

✔ He told me not to do anything stupid. ✘ He told me don’t do anything stupid.

Watch out!

✘ He asked me did I live in a � at?

Watch out!

✘ She asked me what time was I leaving?

Watch out!

✔ He asked her to wait for him.asked her to wait for him.asked her to wait✘ He asked her that she waited for him.her that she waited for him.her that she waited✔ They told him to phone them.✘ They told that he phoned them.that he phoned them.that he phoned


Grammar reference

Other reporting verbs + indirect object + in� nitive Los siguientes verbos también pueden ir seguidos de un objeto indirecto y un in� nitivo:

advise allow beg encourage force help order persuade remind want warn

They begged us to change our minds. She encouraged him to make a commitment. He ordered us not to touch the food. I advised him not to call her.

Watch out! He warned him not to do it. PERO He warned him that the weather wouldn’t be good.

make and let Detrás de los verbos make y let, se usa el in� nitivo sin to:

✔ They made him come home by taxi. ✘ They made him to come home by taxi. ✔ They let him stay out until midnight. ✘ They let him to stay out until midnight.

Reporting verbs with no object + gerund Los siguientes verbos pueden ir seguidos directamente de un gerundio, siempre que no haya un objeto detrás del verbo.

advise apologise for deny insist on propose recommend suggest

He denied kissing her. She suggested going for lunch. They recommended not going there in the summer. I apologised for not remembering her birthday.

Watch out! He advised splitti ng up with her. PERO He advised me to split up with her.

She denied doing it. PERO She denied that she had done it.

Watch out!He warned him not to do it. PERO He warned him that the weather wouldn’t be good.

Watch out!He advised splitti ng splitti ng splitti up with her. PERO He advised me to split up with her.

She denied doing it.doing it.doing PERO She denied that she had done it.

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Grammar reference

Unit 4 Gerunds and in� nitives

Gerund after prepositions / as subject 1 Se usa el gerundio detrás de una preposición cuando no queremos repetir el sujeto.

He always drinks water before playing the piano. She learnt to play well by / through practising every day. Instead of going to the concert, I decided to watch TV. Despite having a lot of talent, she never became a star. As a result of reserving tickets, we got good seats. We did nothing apart from listening to music.

2 Se usa el gerundio detrás de preposiciones que acompañan a algunos adjetivos y a ciertos nombres y verbos.

He’s good at playing the oboe. She’s got a strange way of playing . She ’s thinking of playing in the orchestra.

3 Se usa el gerundio cuando el verbo funciona como sujeto de la oración. Receiving a clarinet was one of the best things that’s happened to me. Playing for El Sistema must be fantastic.

Common expressions with gerunds Algunas de las expresiones más comunes que van seguidas de gerundio son:

be worth can’t help can’t stand don’t / wouldn’t mind fancy feel like look forward to there’s no point (in)

I can’t help feeling that something bad is going to happen. It ’s worth going to this concert.

In� nitive for general statements Se usa el in� nitivo detrás de algunos nombres y adjetivos para hacer a� rmaciones generales. It’s not easy to play the saxophone. It’s a sensible idea to warm up before you play.

Verb + gerund / in� nitive Algunos verbos van seguidos de gerundio y otros, de in� nitivo.

1 Verbo + gerundio

avoid can’t stand consider deny detest discussdislike don’t mind enjoy � nish give up imaginemiss recommend risk stop suggest

I can’t avoid seeing her. He detests playing the violin.

2 Verbo + in� nitivo

agree appear arrange choose decide demand expect fail hope learn manage mean plan prepare pretend promise refuse tend want would like

He promised to give me a � ute. I ’m planning to visit Nashville.


Grammar reference

3 Verbo + gerundio / in� nitivo 1 Verbos de inicio o continuación: begin, continue, intend, propose, start

Estos verbos pueden ir seguidos de gerundio o de in� nitivo sin cambiar el signi� cado: He proposed going / to go to the concert. Cuando aparecen en la forma continua, suelen ir seguidos de in� nitivo: I ’m intending to start piano lessons next year.

2 Verbos que expresan agrado o desagrado: love, like, hate, prefer Cuando se habla en general, normalmente van seguidos de gerundio: I love listening to rap music. She hates practising the clarinet. Cuando se re� eren a una situación especí� ca, solo se usa el in� nitivo: I prefer to listen to chill-out music at home. I’d love to see Beyoncé.

3 Verbos con dos signi� cados: forget, need, regret, remember, stop, try Algunos verbos tienen un signi� cado diferente en función de si van seguidos de gerundio o in� nitivo:

forget + gerundio = hacer algo y no recordar haberlo hecho I forgot telling him the name of the band but perhaps I did.forget + in� nitivo = olvidar hacer algo I forgot to tell him the name of the band. need + gerundio = alguien tiene que hacer algo (oración impersonal) The music teacher needs paying . need + in� nitivo = tener que hacer algo I need to pay the music teacher.

regret + gerundio = hablar de una equivocación del pasado I regret telling you that you were mean. I take it back. regret + in� nitivo = lamentar tener que (generalmente seguido de una información desagradable que se va a dar) I regret to tell you that you have not been accepted at Cambridge University.

remember + gerundio = traer a la memoria un recuerdo He remembered buying a ticket but couldn’t � nd it anywhere. remember + in� nitivo = no olvidar hacer algo He remembered to buy a ticket – fortunately, because it was a sell-out.

stop + gerundio = dejar de hacer algo de� nitivamenteI stopped smoking two years ago.

stop + in� nitivo = acabar una acción para empezar otraI stopped the car to look at the view.

try + gerundio = experimentar con / probar a hacer algo I tried playing the violin but it’s much harder than I thought. try + in� nitivo = hacer un esfuerzo por I tried to play the violin but the neighbours kept complaining.

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Grammar reference

Past perfect simple vs. continuous

Past perfect simple


I / you / he / she / it / we / they had lived

I / you / he / she / it / we / they hadn’t (had not) lived

Had / Hadn’t I / you / he / she / it / we / they lived ?

Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they had . No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they hadn’t .

Use Example Expressions often used with the past perfect simple

We use the past perfect simple to indicate that one action happened before another action in the past

When I arrived, she had already gone to bed.

already, just, not … yet, after, as soon as, by the time, not … until

1 A� rmativa • sujeto + had + participio pasado (p. ej. I had seen , you had arrived )

2 Negativa • sujeto + hadn’t + participio pasado (p. ej. you hadn’t heard , we hadn’t forgotten )

3 Interrogativa • had + sujeto + participio pasado + …? (p. ej. had they told …? had I been …? )

Past perfect continuous


I / you / he / she / it / we / they had been living

I / you / he / she / it / we / they hadn’t been living

Had / Hadn’t I / you / he / she / it / we / they been living ?

Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they had . No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they hadn’t .

Use Example Expressions often used with the past perfect continuous

We use the past perfect continuous to describe a continuous action that started before another action in the past

When I arrived, she had been playing for a long time.

already, for a long time, for ages, for three days, for hours and hours, continually, without stopping

1 A� rmativa • sujeto + had been + gerundio (p. ej. I had been playing , you had been listening )

2 Negativa • sujeto + hadn’t been + gerundio (p. ej. you hadn’t been practising , we hadn’t been studying )

3 Interrogativa • had + sujeto + been + gerundio + …? (p. ej. had they been singing ? had I been waiting ? )


Grammar reference

Past perfect simple vs. past perfect continuous Tanto el pasado perfecto simple como el continuo describen una acción que tiene lugar antes que otra acción en el pasado. Por ello, en algunos casos se puede usar cualquiera de las dos formas:

He had practised / had been practising the piece a lot, but he still couldn’t play it well. Si la acción se completó antes de que la otra acción tuviera lugar, entonces se usa la forma simple: He had practised the piece ten times , but he still couldn’t play it well.

Si se quiere destacar la duración de la acción, o si la acción no se había completado antes de que la otra tuviera lugar, entonces se usa el continuo: He had been practising the piece for months and months , but he still couldn’t play it well.

(be / get) used to 1 used to Se utiliza used to / didn’t use to + la forma base del verbo:

1 para describir una acción que se hacía habitualmente en el pasado: I used to play the trumpet. We didn’t use to go to concerts. Did you use to go to church?

2 para describir una condición o situación perdurable en el pasado : We used to live in Bilbao. She didn’t use to like classical music. Did you use to be poor?

2 be used to 1 Se utiliza be used to + el gerundio para describir una acción que nos resulta familiar

porque la hemos hecho muchas veces: She ’s used to practising three hours a day. I ’m not used to getting up so early. Are you used to driving long distances?

2 Se utiliza be used to + un nombre para describir una situación que nos resulta familiar porque la hemos vivido o padecido muchas veces:

People in Finland are used to the cold . They aren’t used to the noise of the city. Are you used to lots of pressure ?

3 get used to 1 Se utiliza get used to + el gerundio para describir un hábito que estamos adquiriendo o

ya hemos adquirido . She’s getting used to playing in public. We have got used to eating nothing but vegetables. I haven’t got used to driving on the left yet. Are you getting used to living in the country?

2 Se utiliza get used to + un nombre para describir una situación a la que nos estamos adaptando o ya nos hemos adaptado:

I ’m getting used to life as a professional musician. He ’s got used to his new routine . We haven’t got used to the food here. Have they got used to the long winters ?

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Grammar reference

Unit 5 Conditionals

Type of conditional Formation Uses Examples

Zero conditional If + present simple, present simple

To describe general truths If people work hard, they usually get good grades.

Conditional with imperative

If + present simple, imperative To give a recommendation / order that depends on / applies to a particular situation

If they call , tell them that I’m going to be late.

First conditional If + present simple, will + base form of main verb

To describe an event in the future that depends on another action in the near future

If you prepare well, the interview will go � ne.

Second conditional If + past simple, would + base form of main verb

To describe a hypothetical event in the present or future

If I earned more money, I ’d live in a better house.

Third conditional If + had + past participle, would have + past participle

To describe a hypothetical event in the past

If she had worked harder at university, she would have got a better degree.

General En las oraciones condicionales no es importante el orden. La parte de la oración con if (la oración subordinada) puede aparecer al principio o al � nal. Cuando la oración subordinada con if aparece al principio, va seguida de una coma. I’ll tell you if he comes. / If he comes, I’ll tell you.

First conditional vs. second conditional Se usa la primera condicional cuando hay posibilidades reales de que algo ocurra. Se usa la segunda condicional cuando hay serias dudas de que algo vaya a suceder.

Primera condicional: If you apply for the job, you’ll get it. (Creo que hay una posibilidad real de que solicites el trabajo y lo consigas.)

Segunda condicional: If you applied for the job, you’d get it. (Creo que probablemente no solicites el trabajo, y por tanto no lo conseguirás.)

Contractions in the second and third conditionals

Watch out! La contracción ’d de la segunda condicional siempre se re� ere a would: If you had more self-belief, you’d have a better job. you ’d have = you would have

La contracción ’d en la tercera condicional se re� ere a would en la oración principal y a had en la subordinada con if: I’d have been very angry if you’d cheated on me . = I would have been very angry if you had cheated on me.

was in the second conditional En general, no se considera correcto usar was después de if en la segunda condicional. En su lugar, se usa were*: If I were you, I’d prepare for the interview. If she were better quali� ed, she’d earn more.

* Sin embargo, es común usar was en el inglés oral coloquial.

Watch out! La contracción ’d de la segunda condicional siempre se re� ere a would: If you had more self-belief, you’d have a better job. you’d have a better job. you’d ’d have = have = have you = you = would havewould havewould

La contracción ’d en la tercera condicional se re� ere a would en la oración principal y a had en la subordinada con if: if: ifI’d have been very angry if you’d have been very angry if you’d ’d cheated on me’d cheated on me’d . = cheated on me . = cheated on me I would have been very angry if you had cheated on me.


Grammar reference

unless; as long as / provided (that) / providing (that) 1 unless Unless signi� ca lo mismo que if ... not. Se usa con más frecuencia en la primera condicional: Unless you prepare, you won’t do well in the interview. = If you do n’t prepare, you won’t do well in the interview.

2 as long as / provided (that) / providing (that) Todas estas expresiones signi� can on condition that y se usan para mostrar énfasis. Se pueden usar en oraciones condicionales de tipo cero, primera y segunda.

Condicional cero: Students can usually get a job as long as / provided (that) / providing (that) they have a good degree.

Primera condicional: I’ll give you the job as long as / provided (that) / providing (that) you change your attitude.

Segunda condicional: He’d be prepared to stay at the company as long as / provided (that) / providing (that) they paid him more.

Future time clauses En oraciones que se re� eren a sucesos futuros, se usa el presente después de las conjunciones de tiempo ( before, unless, when, while, as soon as, provided that, until, once , etc.): I’ll be happy when the selection process is � nished. As soon as I fi nish this job, I’m going to go on holiday.

Conditionals with modals Los verbos modales se pueden usar en una gran variedad de situaciones condicionales. Por ejemplo:

1 para referirse a una verdad general sobre una aptitud, necesidad u obligación real: If you possess self-belief, you can do many things. If you have a job interview, you should / need to / must research the company.

2 para referirse a acontecimientos hipotéticos en el futuro (cuando se especula sobre acontecimientos que son posibles o improbables): If we start without him, he could / may / might get angry. If she had better communication skills, she could / may / might get a job.

3 para referirse a acontecimientos hipotéticos en el pasado (cuando se especula sobre acontecimientos que no ocurrieron):

If you had wanted to improve your skills, you should have / ought to have taken a course. If we had managed our money better, we might not have had so many problems.

I wish / If only

Formation Uses Examples

I wish (that) / If only + past simple See note 1 (page 123)

To refer to a situation in the present that you would like to be different

I wish (that) / If only you were nicer to me. He wishes (that) he knew more about marketing.

I wish (that) / If only + past perfect See note 2 (page 123)

To refer to a situation in the past that you would like to have been different

I wish (that) / If only they had given me the job. I wish (that) / If only we hadn’t invited the boss.

I wish (that) / If only + would / could + base form of verb See note 3 (page 123)

To express a desire that something will happen, although you think it is improbable

I wish (that) / If only they would phone me. Do you wish (that) you could move to Bermuda?

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Grammar reference

Watch out! If only solo se puede usar cuando el sujeto de la primera oración implicada es I : I wish (that) you had a better attitude . = If only you had a better attitude. She wishes (that) you had a better attitude. ≠ If only you had a better attitude .

1 Situaciones en el presente Se usa I wish (that) / If only + pasado simple para referirnos a situaciones en el presente que nos gustaría que fueran diferentes: I wish (that) I earned more. If only he took his job more seriously.

Watch out! En general, no se considera correcto usar was después de if en la segunda condicional. En su lugar, se usa were: I wish (that) / If only I were better at sport! He wishes (that) he were taller.

2 Situaciones en el pasado Se usa I wish (that) / If only + pasado perfecto para referirnos a situaciones en el pasado que nos gustaría que hubiesen sido diferentes: They wish (that) they had worked harder at university. If only I had sent the application form on time!

3 Deseos para el futuro Se usa I wish (that) / If only + would + la forma base del verbo para expresar un deseo acerca de un acontecimiento improbable en el futuro cuando los sujetos de las dos partes de la oración son diferentes. I wish (that) he would try harder to � nd a job. / If only he would try harder to � nd a job. He wished (that) they would answer his email.

Se usa I wish (that) / If only + could + la forma base del verbo para expresar un deseo acerca de un acontecimiento improbable en el futuro cuando el sujeto de las dos partes de la oración son el mismo. I wish (that) I could get that job. / If only I could get that job. He wishes (that) he could pass the exam.

would Would puede tener diferentes signi� cados: Condicional : If I were you, I would change jobs. Petición educada: Would you help me with this email?

Acción habitual en el pasado: I would often go to the park when I lived in London. Solo se puede usar would después de que se haya descrito el contexto de la acción.

✘ We would often have sandwiches for lunch. (contexto no establecido) ✔ When we worked in the factory, we would often have sandwiches for lunch. (es correcta

porque se describe el contexto )

No se puede usar would para describir una situación que tuvo lugar durante mucho tiempo. Solo se puede usar para describir una acción concreta.

✘ When I was younger, I would like chocolate. ✔ When I was younger, I used to like chocolate.

Watch out!If only solo se puede usar cuando el sujeto de la primera oración implicada es only solo se puede usar cuando el sujeto de la primera oración implicada es only I : I wish (that) you had a better attitude . = (that) you had a better attitude . = (that) you had a better attitude If only you had a better attitude.If only you had a better attitude.If onlyShe wishes (that) you had a better attitude. ≠ If only you had a better attitude.

Watch out! En general, no se considera correcto usar was después de if en la segunda condicional. En su lugar, se usa were: I wish (that) / If only I were better at sport!He wishes (that) he were taller.


Grammar reference

Unit 6 Relative clauses

Relative pronouns

Relative pronoun Examples

who refers to a person See note 1 below

His sister, who is a gymnast, is sitting over there.

which refers to an object, place or idea See note 2 below

Wembley, which is England’s national football stadium, is in the north of London.

that refers to an object, idea or person in de� ning relative clauses only (see below)

This is a place that I would like to visit. He is someone that is interested in sports psychology.

where refers to a location This is the town where Indurain was born.

whose indicates possession, by both people and things I don’t know whose shirt this is. This is a strategy whose value is clear.

when refers to a time 1966 was the year when we won the Cup.

why refers to a reason or explanation Can you tell me why you didn’t come to training?

1 El pronombre objeto de who (whom) también existe, pero solo se usa en situaciones extremadamente formales: He is the player whom they have hired . (poco común) He is the player who they have hired. (mucho más común)

2 Which también se puede usar para referirse a toda una oración: I lost the match, which annoyed me. She trained a lot, thanks to which she did well.

3 En algunas circunstancias, what puede ser un pronombre relativo para referirnos a una cosa o idea:

I didn’t like what the referee said to me. What we need is a new manager.

De� ning relative clauses Las oraciones de relativo especi� cativas añaden información esencial. She is the person who / that is going to be our new coach. He’s a player who / that we should watch.

A menudo, si se omite la oración de relativo especi� cativa, la frase no tiene sentido. London is the place where I saw my � rst rugby match .

Los pronombres relativos who, that y which se pueden omitir cuando funcionan como objeto de la oración de relativo especi� cativa. Rafael Nadal is someone (who / that) I’d like to meet. This is something (which / that) I’d like to know.

Los pronombres relativos who, that y which no se pueden omitir cuando funcionan como sujeto de la oración de relativo especi� cativa. She is the person who / that was booing the team. This is a sport which / that is becoming popular.

Where, when y why no se pueden omitir siempre, por tanto, es preferible incluirlos siempre.

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Grammar reference

Non-de� ning relative clauses Las oraciones de relativo explicativas no añaden información esencial: My mother, who lives in London, supports Tottenham.

Se puede omitir la oración de relativo explicativa sin que afecte al signi� cado básico de la frase. Rugby , which is a sport I like, is not often shown on TV.

Siempre se usan comas delante y, si es necesario, detrás de una oración de relativo explicativa. Si no se usan, el signi� cado cambia y la oración pasa a ser una oración de relativo especi� cativa.

Comparación: The English teacher, who is a keen footballer, plays three times a week. En este caso, el interlocutor solo conoce a un profesor de inglés. La oración de relativo (who is a keen footballer) proporciona información adicional no esencial sobre dicho profesor de inglés.

The English teacher who is a keen footballer plays three times a week. En este caso, el interlocutor conoce a más de un profesor de inglés. La oración de relativo (who is a keen footballer) es vital porque nos dice de qué profesor está hablando; de� ne al profesor en cuestión.

Watch out! En las oraciones de relativo explicativas no se puede usar that. Mr Rogers, who that works with my father, lives over there. Chess, which that is a game I hate, is getting more popular.

Word order and pronoun use: verbs with prepositions Las preposiciones que acompañan al verbo en la oración de relativo y que afectan al pronombre relativo suelen ir al � nal de la oración de relativo:

✔ He is the person (who / that) I was telling you about . ✘ He is the person about who I was telling you.

En contextos extremadamente formales, se puede poner la preposición antes del pronombre relativo: Competitive sport at a young age is something with which I cannot agree.

Cuando se pone la preposición antes del pronombre relativo, se usa el pronombre formal whom en vez de who: The French are people with whom the British have rarely had good relations.

That no se puede usar después de una preposición; en su lugar, se debe usar which : ✔ This is the door through which he passed. ✘ This is the door through that he passed.

of which / of whom Se usa of which y of whom para referirse a uno dentro de un grupo particular: They played 40 games, 25 of which they won. There were � fteen players at the club, two of whom were from Ghana.

Watch out! En las oraciones de relativo explicativas no se puede usar that. Mr Rogers, who that works with my father, lives over there.that works with my father, lives over there.thatChess, which that is a game I hate, is getting more popular.that is a game I hate, is getting more popular.that

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Reviewing the present - WordPress.com · 2 Grammar reference Present perfect continuous for un˜ nished actions Af˜ rmative Negative Interrogative Short answers I / you / we / they’ve