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About the Philippines

Bodies of Water

The Philippinesboast of many different kinds of natural water forms, such as bays,rivers, lakes falls, gulfs, straits, and swamps. Because it is made up of islands, the

country's coastline, if laid end-to-end, would measure around 1.! thousand

kilometers. The Philippines is blessed with e"cellent natural harbors for ports like #anila

Bay. $ther e"cellent harbors with port potentials are found in %locos, Pangasinan,

&isayas, and #indanao. The three largest rivers in the country are the agayan (iverin

)orthern *u+on, the (io rande de #indanao, and the gusan (iver, also in #indanao.

lso noteworthy in terms of si+e are the gno, Pasig, ngat Pampanga, and Bicol rivers

in *u+on. #ost popular among tourist is the famous underground river in Palawan.

side from rivers, the country also abounds with lakes. asily the most famous is the

heart-shaped *aguna de Bay. $ther famous lakes are Taal in Batangas, /ampaloc in

*aguna, Buhi and Bulusan in Bicol, )au0an in #indoro oriental, and *anao and #ainit in

#indanao. enerating power for the )ations growth are the magnificent waterfalls that

serve as tourist attractions, as well. The biggest is waterfalls is the #aria ristina falls, it

can be found in the )orth 2estern part of *anao province in #indanao, while the most

popular is Pagsan0an falls in *aguna, where tourist came in droves.

Natural Resources

The Philippines is rich in natural resources. %t has fertile, arable lands, diverse flora and

fauna, e"tensive coastlines, and rich mineral deposits. bout 345 of the land area of

the country was determined be geologically prospective by the Philippine #ines and

eo-/ciences Bureau. But $nly 1.!5 of country's land area is covered with mining

permits. 6espite the rich natural resources of the Philippines, the government is

restricting its e"ploitation. logging ban is imposed on many areas of the country and

only in select areas are 7sustainable logging7 allowed. 8owever illegal logging and

small-scale illegal mining continues is many areas. %n 9uly :41:, President Benigno

;uino %%% ordered a stop to all mining activities in all protected and eco-

tourism sites. positive step in the right direction to protect the natural resources of the

Philippines.

Our Land

The Philippines primary source of livelihood is its fertile land. (ich, wide plains suitable

for farming are found in the agayan &alley, entral *u+on, /outh western Bicol, Panay,)egros, 6avao, otabato, gusan and Bukidnon. The country ?s si" ma0or crops
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are rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut, abacaand tobacco. "cept for rice and corn, all

these products are e"ported, along with bananas and pineapples.

Our Forests

The Philippines also boasts of wide tracts of lush, green forests. %n fact, almost half ofthe countrys total land area is forested. /i"ty percent of these forests are found in

#indanao.

Mineral resources

"cept for petroleum and a number of metals, mineral resources abound in Philippine

soil. The countrys mineral deposits can be classified into metals and non-metals. $ur

metal deposits are estimated at :1.! billion metric tons, while non-metal deposits are

pro0ected at [email protected] billion metric tons. )ickelranks first in terms of deposits and si+e, it is

found in /urigao del )orte, 6avao, Palawan, (omblon and /amar. %ron is found in%locos )orte, )ueva ci0a, amarines )orte and otabato. 2hile copperin

Aambales,Batangas, #indoro, Panay and )egros. mong non-metal deposits, the most

abundant are cement, lime, and marble. $ther non-metals include asbestos, clay,

guano,asphalt, feldspar, sulfur, talc, silicon, phosphate, and marble.

Fishery Resources

2ith its territorial waters measuring as much as 1. million s;uare kilometers and

located in the worlds fishing center, the Philippines is definitely rich in marine resources.

$f the :,C44 fish species found in the country. ! have good commercial value. $ther

marine products include corals, pearls,crabsand seaweeds. /ome of the countries

best salt water fishing areas are found in /intangki %sland in /ulu stancia in Bohol,

#alampaya in Palawan, *ingayen ulf in Pangasinan, /an #iguel lake in amarines

)orte, Bantayan hannel in ebu, and the seas of Due+on and /orsogon.

$n the other hand, among our biggest fisher water fishing areas are *aguna de

Bay, Bombon *ake in Batangas, Bato *ake in anmarines /ur, )au0an *ake in #indoro

and #ainit lake in gusan del )orte. Continue to Early Filipinos

The First Filipinos

#any historians and scientists believe that the first inhabitants of the Philippine islands

emerged during the Pleistocene period. There are two theories on where the inhabitants

came from namelyF Beyers G#igration TheoryH and 9ocanos Gvolution

TheoryH. )oted social scientist 8enry $tley Beyer believes that Eilipinos descended

from different groups that came from /outheast sia in successive waves of migration.

ach group had a distinct culture, with its own customs and traditions. 2hile 9ocanobelieves that sians, including Eilipinos are the result of a lengthy process of evolution

and migration.

Miration Theory

The first migrants were what Beyer caked the G6awnmenH . The 6awnmen resembled9ava #an, Peking #an

, and other sian

8ome sapiens who e"isted about :!4,444 years ago. They did not have any knowledge

of agriculture, and lived by hunting and fishing. %t was precisely in search of food that

they came to the Philippines by way of the land bridges that connected the Philippines
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and %ndonesia. $wing perhaps to their migratory nature, they eventually left the

Philippines for destinations unknown.

The second group of migrants was composed of dark-skinned pygmies called Getas or

G)egritoesH. bout 34,444 years ago, they crossed the landbridged from #alaya,

Borneo, and ustralia until they reached Palawan, #indoro and #indanao. They werepygmies who went around practically naked and were good at hunting, fishing and food

gathering. They used spears and small flint stones weapons.

The etas were already in the Philippines

when the land bridges disappeared due to the

thinning of the ice glaciers and the subse;uent increase in seawater level. This natural

events GforcedH them to remain in the country and become its first permanent

inhabitants.

Because of the disappearance of the land bridges, the third wave of migrants was

necessarily skilled in seafaring. These were the %ndonesians, who came to the islands

in boats. They were more advanced than the etas in thatF they had tools made out

of

stone and steel, which enabled them to build sturdier housesF they engaged in

farming and mining, and used materials made of brassI they wore clothing and other

body ornaments.

*ast to migrate to the Philippines, according to Beyer, were #alays. They were believed

to have come from 9ava, /umatra, Borneo, and the #alay Peninsula more than :,444

years ago. *ike the %ndonesians, they also traveled in boats.

The #alays

were brown-skinned and of medium height, with straight black hair and flat

noses. Their technology was said to be more advanced than that of their predecessors.

They engaged in pottery, weaving, 0ewelry making and metal smelting, and introduced

the irrigation system in rice planting.

!ocano"s Theory

(enowned Eilipino anthropologist Eelipe *anda 9ocano disputes Beyers belief that

Eilipinos descended from )egritoes and #alays who migrated to the Philippines

thousands of years ago. ccording to 9ocano, it is difficult to prove that )egritoes werethe first inhabitants of this country. The only thing that can positively concluded from

fossil evidence, he says is that the first men who came to the Philippines also went to

)ew uinea, 9ava, Borneo, and ustralia.

%n 1@:, a skullcap and a portion of a 0aw-presumed to be a human origin-were found in

the Tabon avesof Palawan by archaeologist (obert Eo" and #anuel /antiago, who

both worked for the )ational #useum. arbon dating placed their age at :1,444 to

::,444 years. This proves, 9ocano argues, that man came earlier to the Philippines than

to the #alay PeninsulaI therefore, the first inhabitants of our islands could not have

come from the region. The GTabon #anH is said to resemble 9ava #an and Peking #an.8e gathered fruits, leaves and plants for his food. 8e hunted with weapons made

of

stone. lthough further research is still being done on his life and culture, evidence

shows that he was already capable of using his brain in order to survive and keep

himself safe.

%nstead of the #igration Theory, 9ocano advances the volution Theory, as a better

e"planation of how our country was first inhabited by human beings, 9ocano believes

that the first people of /outheast sia were products of a long process of evolution and

migration. 8is research indicates that they shared more or less the same culture,

beliefs, practices an even similar tools and implements. These people eventually went
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their separate waysI some migrated to the Philippines, the others to )ew uinea, 9ava

and Borneo. Proof, 9ocano says, can be found in the fossils discovered in different parts

of /outheast sia, as well as the recorded migrations of other peoples from the sian

mainland when history began to unfold. Continue to Spanish Expeditions to the

Philippines

. lso see 7About the Philippines

7.

#panish $%peditions to the Philippines

The Maellan $%pedition

Eerdinand #agellan, a Portuguese in the service of the /panish crown, was looking for

a westward route to the to the /pice %slands of %ndonesia. $n #arch 1, 1!:1,

#agellan's e"pedition landed on 8omonhon island in the Philippines. 8e was the first

uropean to reach the islands. (a0ah 8umabon of ebu was friendly with #agellan and

embraced hristianity, but their enemy, *apu-*apu was not. 8umabon wanted #agellan

to kill *apu-*apu while #agellan wanted to convert *apu-*apu into hristianity. $n pril

1, 1!:1, #agellan sailed to #actan and ensuing battle killed #agellan by the natives

lead by *apu-*apu. $ut of the five ships and more than 344 men who left on the

#agellan e"pedition in 1!1@, only one ship and 1= men returned to

/eville, /pain on /eptember , 1!::. )evertheless, the said e"pedition was considered

historic because it marked the firstcircumnavigation of the globe and proved that the

world was round.

9uan /ebastian de lcano, the master of ship 7oncepcion7 took over the command of

the e"pedition after the death of #agellan and captained the ship 7&ictoria7 back to/pain. 8e and his men earned the distinction of being the first to circumnavigate the

world in one full 0ourney. fter #agellan's death in ebu, it took 1 more months for

lcano to return to /pain. The #agellan e"pedition started off through the westward

route and returning to /pain by going eastI #agellan and lcano's entire voyage took

almost three years to complete.

#pain sends other e%pedition

fter the /pain had celebrated lcanos return, Jing harles %decided that /pain

should con;uer the Philippines. Eive subse;uent e"peditions were then sent to the%slands. These were led by arcia 9ofre *oaisa ,

/ebastian abot , lvaro de /aavedra , (udy *ope+ de &illalobos

and #iguel *ope+ de *ega+pi . $nly the last two actually reached the PhilippinesI

and only *ega+pi succeeded in coloni+ing the %slands.

The &illalobos $%pedition

(uy *ope+ de &illalobosset sail for the Philippines from )avidad, #e"ico on )ovember

1, 1!C:. 8e followed the route taken by #agellan and reached #indanao on Eebruary

:, 1!C3. 8e established a colonyin Saranganibut could not stay long becauseof insufficient food supply. 8is fleet left the island and landed on Tidore in the #oluccas,

where they were captured by the Portuguese.

&illalobos is remembered for naming our country G%slas Eilipinas,H in honor of Jing

harles son, Prince Philip, who later became king of /pain.

The Lea'pi $%pedition

/ince none of the e"pedition after #agellan from *oaisa to &illalobos had succeeded in

taking over the Philippines, Jing harles % stopped sending coloni+ers to the
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%slands. 8owever, when Philip %% succeeded his father to the throne in 1!!, he

instructed *uis de &elasco, the viceroy of #e"ico, to prepare a new e"pedition K to be

headed by #iguel *ope+ de *ega+pi, who would be accompanied byndres de

Lrdaneta, a priest who had survived the *oaisa mission.

$n Eebruary 13, 1!!, *egaspi's e"pedition landed in ebu island. fter a shortstruggle with the natives, he proceeded to *eyte, then to amiguin and to Bohol. There

*egaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain, 6atu /ikatuna as a sign of friendship.

*egaspi was able to obtain spices and gold in Bohol due to his friendship with /ikatuna.

$n pril :, 1!!, *egaspi returned to ebuI destroyed the town of (a0a Tupas and

establish a settlement. $n orders of the Jing Philip %%, :,144 men arrived from #e"ico.

They built the the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became the /panish trading

outpost and stronghold for the region.

8earing of the riches of #anila, an e"pedition of 344 men headed by #artin de oitileft

ebu for #anila. They found the islands of Panay and #indoro. oiti arrived in #anila

on #ay =, 1!4. t first they were welcomed by the natives and formed an alliance with

(a0ah /uliman, their #uslim king but as the locals sensed the true ob0ectives of the

/paniards, a battle between the troops of /uliman and the /paniards erupted. Because

the /paniards are more heavily armed, the /paniards were able to con;uer #anila.

/oon after #iguel *ope+ de *ega+pi arrived to 0oin oiti in #anila. *egaspi

built alliances and made peace with (a0ahs /uliman, *akandula and #atanda. %n 1!1,

*egaspi ordered the construction of the walled city of %ntramuros and proclaimed it as

the seat of government of the colonyand the capital of the islands. %n 1!:, *egaspi

died and was buried at the /an gustin hurch in %ntramuros. %n 1!C, #anila wasbestowed the title 7Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Espaa7 by Jing Philip %%of /pain.

Why the Philippines (as easily con)uered

Through largely outnumbered, the /paniards who came to coloni+e the

Philippines easily took control of our country. 8ow did this happenM

The best possible e"planation is that the natives lacked unity and a centrali+ed form of

government. lthough the barangays already functioned as units of governance, eachone e"isted independently of the other, and the powers that each 6atu en0oyed were

confined only to his own barangay. )o higher institution united the barangays, and the

/paniards took advantage of this situation. They used the barangays that were friendly

to them in order to subdue the barangays that were not. Continue to Spain as Colonial

Masters.

The #paniards as *olonial Masters

/pain reigned over the Philippinesfor 333 years, from 1!! to 1=@=. since /pain was

far from the country, the /panish king ruled the %slands through the viceroy of #e"ico,which was then another /panish colony. 2hen #e"ico regained its freedom in 1=:1,

the /panish king ruled the Philippines through a governor general.

special government body that oversaw matters, pertaining to the colonies assisted the

king in this respect. This body became known by many names. ouncil of the %ndies

, $verseas ouncil , and #inistry of the olonies .

%t is implemented the decrees and legal codes/painpromulgated although many of its

provisions could not apply to condition in the colonies. %t also e"ercised legislative and

0udicial powers.

The Political #tructure
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/pain established a centrali+ed colonial government in the Philippinesthat was

composed of a national government and the

local governments thatadministered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities. 2ith

the cooperation of the local governments the national government maintained peace

and order, collected ta"es and built schools and other public works.

The +o,ernor +eneral

s the Jing's representative and the highest-ranking official in the Philippines, the

governor general saw to it that royal decrees and laws emanating from /pain were

implemented in the Philippines. 8e had the power to appoint and dismiss public

officials, e"cept those personally chosen by the Jing. 8e also supervised

all government offices and the collection of ta"es.

The governor general e"ercised certain legislative powers, as well. 8e issued

proclamations to facilitate the implementation of laws.

The Residencia

This was a special 0udicial court that investigates the performance of a governor general

who was about to be replaced. The residencia, of which the incoming governor general

was usually a member, submitted a report of its findings to the Jing.

The &isita

The ouncil of the %ndies in /pain sent a government official called the &istador eneral

to observe conditions in the colony. The &isitador eneral reported his findings directly

to the Jing.

The Royal Audiencia

part from its 0udicial functions, the (oyal udienciaserved as an advisory body to the

overnor eneral and had the power to check and a report on his abuses. The

udiencia also audited the e"penditures of the colonial government and sent a yearly

report to /pain. The rchbishop and other government officials could also report the

abuses of the colonial government to be /panish king. 6espite all these checks,

however, an abusive governor general often managed to escape stiff fines, suspension,

or dismissal by simply bribing the &isitador and other investigators.

The Pro,incial +o,ern-ent

The /paniards created local government units to facilitate the countrys administration.

There were two types of local government units K the alcadia and the corregimiento.

The alcadia, led by the alcalde mayor, governed the provinces that had been fully

sub0ugatedF the corregimiento, headed by corregidor, governed the provinces that were

not yet entirely under /panish control. The alcalde mayors represented the /panish

king and the governor general in their respective provinces. They managed the day-to-

day operations of the provincial government, implemented laws and supervised the

collection of ta"es. Through they were paid a small salary, they en0oyed privileges such

as the indulto de comercio, or the right to participate in the galleon trade.

The Municipal +o,ern-ent

ach province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by obernadordcillos,

whose main concerns were efficient governance and ta" collection. Eour lieutenants

aided the overnardorcilloF the Teniente #ayor , the Teniente de

Policia , the Teniente de /ementeras and the

Teniente de anados .

The $nco-ienda #yste-

/pain owed the coloni+ation of the Philippines to #iguel *ope+ de *ega+pi, who
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valiantly and loyally served the /panish crown. To hasten the sub0ugation of the

country, Jing Philip %%instructed *ega+pi to divide the Philippines into large territories

called encomiendas, to be left to the management of designated encomenderos.

To show his gratitude to his con;uistadors, the Jing made them the first encomenderosin the colony. s the Jings representatives in their respective encomiendas, the

encomenderos had the right to collect ta"es. 8owever, the encomiendas were not there

to own. The encomenderos were only territorial overseers who had the duty toF 1>

protect the people in the encomiendaI maintain peace and orderI promote

education and health programsI and help the missionaries propagate

hristianity.Continue to he !alleon rade.

The +alleon Trade

2hen the /paniards came to the Philippines,our ancestors were already trading with

hina, 9apan, /iam, %ndia, ambodia, Borneo and the #oluccas. The /panish

government continued trade relations with these countries, and the #anila became the

center of commerce in the ast. The /paniards closed the ports of #anilato all

countries e"cept #e"ico. Thus, the #anilaKcapulco Trade, better known as the

7alleon Trade7 was born. The alleon Trade was a government monopoly. $nly two

galleons were usedF $ne sailed from capulco to #anila with some !44,444 pesos

worth of goods, spending 1:4 days at seaI the other sailed from #anila to capulco with

some :!4,444 pesos worth of goods spending @4 days at sea.

%t also allowed modern, liberal ideas to enter the country, eventually inspiring the

movement for independence from /pain. nd because the /paniards were so

engrossed in making profits from thealleon Trade, they hardly had any time to further

e"ploit our natural resources.

Basco"s Refor-s

Eilipinofarmers and traders finally had a taste of prosperity when overnor eneral

9ose Basco y &argas instituted reforms intended to free the economy from

its dependence on hinese and #e"ican trade. Basco implemented a Ggeneraleconomic planH aimed at making the Philippines self sufficient. 8e established the

Gconomic /ociety of Eriends of the ountryH, which gave incentives to farmers for

planting cotton, spices, and sugarcaneI encouraged miners to e"tract gold, silver, tin,

and copperI and rewarded investors for scientific discoveries they made.

Tobacco Monopoly

The tobacco industry was placed under government control during the administration of

overnor eneral Basco. %n 1=1, a tobacco monopoly was implemented in the

agayan &alley, %locos )orte, %locos /ur, *a Lnion, %sabela, bra, )ueva ci0a, and#arindu;ue. ach of these provinces planted nothing but tobacco and sold their harvest

only to the government at a pre-designated price, leaving little for the farmers. )o other

province was allowed to plant tobacco. The government e"ported the tobacco to other

countries and also part of it to the cigarette factories in #anila.

The tobacco monopoly successfully raised revenues for the colonial governmentand

made Philippine tobacco famous all over sia. Continue to Se"ularization o# Priests

$uring the Spanish Period.

The #eculari'ation of Priests .urin #panish Period
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8/37

The Openin of the #ue' *anal

The /ue+ anal, which connected the (ed /ea and the #editerranean /ea, was

inaugurated in 1=@. %t was built by a Erench engineer named Eerdinand de *esseps.

By passing through the anal, vessels 0ourneying between Barcelona and #anila no

longer had to pass by the ape of ood 8ope, at the southern tip of frica. Thus, theywere able to shorten their traveling time from three months to 3: days.

Thanks to the /ue+ anal, trading in the Philippines became increasingly profitable.

#ore and more foreign merchants and businessmen came to the colony, bringing with

them a lot of progressive ideas. The Eilipinos not only gained more knowledge and

information about the world at largeI they also gained the desire for freedom and

improvement in their lives.

The #eculari'ation *ontro,ersy

Two kinds of priests served the atholic hurch in the Philippines. These were the

regulars and the seculars. (egular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main task

was to spread hristianity. "amples were the Eranciscans, (ecollects, 6ominicans,

and ugustinians. /ecular priests did not belong to any religious order. They were

trained specifically to run the parishes and were under the supervision of the bishops.

onflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that were being run by

regular priests. %t was their duty, they argued, to check on the administration of these

parishes. But the regular priests refused these visits, saying that they were not under

the bishops 0urisdiction. They threatened to abandon their parishes if the bishops

persisted.

%n 1C, rchbishop Basilio /anta 9usta decided to uphold the dioceses authority over

the parishes and accepted the resignations of the regular priests. 8e assigned secular

priests to take their place. /ince there were not enough seculars to fill all the vacancies

the rchbishop hastened the ordination of Eilipino seculars. royal decree was also

issued on )ovember @, 1C, which provided for the seculari+ation of all parishes or the

transfer of parochial administration from the regular friars to the secular priests.

The regulars resented the move because they considered the Eilipinos unfit for the

priesthood. mong other reasons they cited the Eilipinos brown skin, lack of education,

and inade;uate e"perience.

The controversy became more intense when the 9esuits returned to the Philippines.

They had been e"iled from the country because of certain policies of the order that

the/panish authoritiesdid not like.

The issue soon took on a racial slant. The /paniards were clearly favouring their own

regular priest over Eilipino priests.

#onsignor Pedro Pelae+, ecclesiastical governor of the hurch, sided with the Eilipinos.

Lnfortunately, he died in an earth;uake that destroyed the #anila athedral in 1=3.

fter his death, other priests took his place in fighting for the seculari+ation movement.

mong them were Eathers #ariano ome+, 9ose Burgos and 9acinto Aamora.

The .eath of +o-bur'a / The Propaanda Mo,e-ent
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9/37

%n Eebruary 1, 1=:, Eathers #ariano ome+, 9ose Burgos and 9ocinto Aamora

, all Eilipinopriest, was e"ecuted by the /panish coloni+ers on charges of

subversion. The charges against Eathers ome+, Burgos and Aamora was their alleged

complicity in the uprising of workers at the avite )aval Nard. The death of ombur+a

awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among the Eilipinos. They

;uestioned /panish authoritiesand demanded reforms. The martyrdom of the three

priests apparently helped to inspire the organi+ation of the Propaganda #ovement,

which aimed to seek reforms and inform /pain of the abuses of its colonial government.

The illustrados led the Eilipinos ;uest for reforms. Because of their education and newly

ac;uired wealth, they felt more confident about voicing out popular grievances.

8owever, since the illustrados themselves were a result of the changes that the /panish

government had been slowly implementing, the group could not really push very hard

for the reforms it wanted. The illustrados did not succeeded in easing the sufferings of

the EilipinosI but from this group arose another faction called the intelligentsia. Theintelligentsia also wanted reformsI but they were more systematic and used a peaceful

means called the Propaganda #ovement.

+oals of the Propaanda Mo,e-ent

#embers of the Propaganda #ovement were called propagandists or reformists. They

worked inside and outside the Philippines. Their ob0ectives were to seekF

O (ecognition of the Philippines as a province of /pain

O ;ual status for both Eilipinos and /paniards

O Philippine representation in the /panish ortes

O /eculari+ation of Philippine parishes.

O (ecognition of human rights

The Propaganda #ovement never asked for Philippine independence because itsmembers believed that once /painreali+ed the pitiful state of the country, the /paniards

would implement the changes the Eilipinos were seeking.

The Propaandists

The Eilipinos in urope were much more active in seeking reforms than those in #anila.

They could be divided into three groupsF The first included Eilipinos who had been

e"iled to the #arianas %slandsin 1=: after being implicated in the avite #utiny. fter

two many years in the #arianas, they proceeded to #adrid and Barcelona because they

could no longer return to the Philippines. The second group consisted of illustrados in

the Philippines who had been sent to urope for their education. The third group was

composed of Eilipinos who had fled their country to avoid punishment for a crime, or

simply because they could not stand /panish atrocities any longer. /till, not all Eilipinos

living in /pain were members of the Propaganda #ovement. 9ose (i+al, raciano

*ope+ 9aenaand #arcelo 8. del Pilarwere it most prominent members.

*ope+ 9aena was a brilliant orator who wrote such pieces as 7Fray %otod,7 7speran+a,7

and 7La &i'a del Fraile,7 which all critici+ed the abuses of /panish friars in the

Philippines. 6el Pilar was an e"cellent writer and speaker who put up thenewspaper $iarion agalogin 1==:. 8is favorite topic was the friars. /ome of his most
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10/37

popular writings included 7Caiingat Cayo7, ($asalan at o"sohan,7 and 7Ang Sampung

)autusan ng mga Prayle7. 7Caingat Cayo7 was a pamphlet answering the criticisms

received by 9ose (i+als novel *oli Me angere. 7$asalan+7 was parody of the prayer

books used by the hurch, while 7Ang Sampung )autusan+7 was a satirical take on

the Ten ommandments, which highly ridiculed the /panish friars.

9ose (i+al was recogni+ed as the great novelist of the Propaganda #ovement. 8e was

the first Eilipino become famous for his written works. 8e wrote a poem entitled GSa

A,ing mga )ababataH when he was only eight years old. 8is novels, *oli Me

angereand El Filibusterismo, clearly depicted the sufferings of the Eilipinos and the

rampant abuses committed by the friars in the colony. Because of his criticisms of the

government and the friars, (i+al made a lot of enemies. 8e was e"ecuted at

Bagumbayan on 6ecember 34,

1=@.

The writings produced by the Propaganda #ovement inspiredndres Bonifacioand

other radicals to establish the Jatipunanand set the Philippine (evolution in

place.Continue to La Solidaridad - La Liga Filipina.

La Lia Filipina

%n 1=@:, 9ose (i+al returned to the

Philippines and proposed the establishment of a civic organi+ationcalled G*a*iga Eilipina.H $n 9uly 3, 1=@:, the following were elected as its officersF mbrosio

/alvador, presidentF gustin dela (osa, fiscalI Bonifacio revalo, treasurerI and

6eodato rellano, secretary. (i+al functioned as its adviser.

*a *iga Eilipina aimed toF

O Lnite the whole country

O Protect and assist all members

O Eight violence and in0usticeO /upport education

O /tudy and implement reforms

*a *iga Eilipina had no intention of rising up in arms against the governmentI but

the /panish officialsstill felt threatened. $n 9uly , 1=@: only three days after *a

*igaEilipinas establishment, 9ose (i+al was secretly arrested. The ne"t day, overnor

eneral ulogio 6espu0ol ordered (i+als deportation to 6apitan, a small, secluded

town in Aamboanga.

*a *iga Eilipina's membership was active in the beginningI but later, they began to drift

apart. The rich members wanted to continue supporting the Propaganda #ovementI but

the others seemed to have lost all hope that reforms could still be granted. ndres

Bonifaciowas one of those who believed that the only way to achieve meaningful

change was through a bloody revolution.

La #olidaridad
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11/37

%n order to help achieve its goals, the Propaganda #ovement put up its own newspaper,

called *a /olidaridad. The /oli, as the reformists fondly called their official organ, came

out once every two weeks. The first issue saw print was published on )ovember 1!,

1=@!.

The /olidaridads first editor was raciano *ope+ 9aena. #arcelo 8. del Pilar took over

in $ctober 1==@. 6el Pilar managed the /oli until it stopped publication due to lack of

funds.

Why the Propaanda Mo,e-ent Failed

The propaganda movement did not succeed in its pursuit of reforms. The

colonial government did not agree to any of its demands. /painitself was undergoing a

lot of internal problems all that time, which could e"plain why the mother country failed

to heed the Eilipinos petitions. The friars, on the other hand, were at the height of theirpower and displayed even more arrogance in flaunting their influence. They had neither

the time nor the desire to listen to the voice of the people.

#any of the reformists showed a deep love for their country, although they still failed to

maintain a united front. Because most of them belonged to the upper middle class, they

had to e"ercise caution in order to safeguard their wealth and other private interests.

Personal differences and petty ;uarrels, apart from the lack of funds, were also a

hindrance to the movements success. *astly, no other strong and charismatic leader

emerged from the group aside from 9ose (i+al. Continue to he )atipunan.

The 0atipunan Finally #tarts a Re,olution

The 0atipunan is born

ndres Bonifaciowas also a member of *a *iga Eilipina, although he soon lost hope in

gaining reforms though peaceful means. This feeling was especially heightened

when 9ose (i+al was e"iled to 6apitan. Bonifacio became convinced that the only way

thePhilippinescould gain independence was through a revolution.

Bonifacio then founded the G)atastaasang )agalanggalangang )atipuanan ng mga

Ana, ng %ayanH on 9uly , 1=@: in a house on +carraga street , in Tondo #anila.

The Jatipunan had colorful beginnings. s a symbol of the members loyalty, they

performed the solemn rite of sanduguan, wherein each one signed his

name with his own blood..

The members agreed to recruit more people using the Gtriangle systemH of enlistment.

ach original member would recruit tow new members who were not related to each

other. ach new member would do the same thing, and so on down the line. #embers

were also asked to contribute one (eal each month in order to

raise funds for the association.

The 000 -e-bers areed on the follo(in ob1ecti,es2

O The political goal was to completely separate the Philippines from /pain after

declaring the countrys independence.O The moral goal was to teach the Eilipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene, fine
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12/37

morals, and how to guard themselves against religious fanaticism..

O The civic goal was to encourage Eilipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor

oppressed.

The G)ataastaasang SanggunianH was the highest governing body ofthe Jatipunan. %t was headed by a supremo, or president. ach province had a

GSangguaniang %ayanH and each town had a GSangguniang

%alangayH .

The Leaders of the 0atipunan2

O 6eodato rellano -/upremo

O *adislao 6iwa -Eiscal

O Teodora Plata -/ecretaryO &alentine 6ia+ -treasurer

O ndres Bonifacio -controller

!ose Ri'al and the 0atipunan

9ose (i+alnever became involved in the organi+ation and activities of the JatipunanI

but the Jatipuneros still looked up to him as a leader. %n fact, (i+als name was used as

a password among the societys highest-ranking members, who were called bayani.

ndres Bonifaciohad already known (i+al during his *a *iga Eilipina days, although

(i+al did not know Bonifacio personally )evertheless, Bonifacio so respected (i+als

intelligence and talent that in 9une 1=@, he sent 6r. Pio &alen+uela to 6apitan to seek

(i+als advice on the planned revolution.

(i+al told &alen+uela that the timing was not right for a revolution. The people were not

yet ready and they did not have enough weapons. 8e suggested that the Jatipunan

obtain the support of wealthy and influential Eilipinos first, in order to gain financial

assistance. 8e also recommended ntonio *una as commander of its armed forces,

since *una had much knowledge and e"pertise in military tactics.

&alen+uela returned to #anila on 9une : and relayed (i+als advice to Bonifacio, who

admitted that it would indeed be fatal for the Eilipinos to fight without enough weapons.

8owever, there was no stopping the (evolution. Bonifacio ordered his men to prepare

for battle. 8e directed them to store enough food and other supplies. Battle plans were

made with the help of milio 9acinto. %t was suggested that the revolutionary

head;uarters be located near the seas or mountains to provide for an easy retreat, if

necessary.

The 0atipunan is .isco,ered

(umors about a secret revolutionary societyhad long been in circulation, although no

solid evidence could be found to support them. The big break as far as the /panish

authorities was concerned, came on ugust 1@, 1=@ when a JJJ member, Teodoro

Patio told his sister 8onoria about the e"istence of the Jatipunan. Patio was a worker

in the printing press of $iario de Manila. 8onoria was then living with nuns in a

#andaluyong orphanage.

The information upset 8onoria so much that she told the orphanages #other /uperior,/or Teresa de 9esus, what her brother had revealed. /or Teresa suggested they seek
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13/37

the advice of Eather #ariano il, the parish priestof Tondo.

fter hearing Patios revelations, Eather #ariano il-accompanied by several

uardias iviles immediately searched the premises of $iario de Manilaand found

evidence of the Jatipunans e"istence. The governor general was ;uickly informed. Theprinting press was padlocked and hundreds of suspected JJJ members were

arrested. Continue to Cry o# Pugad La/in - Andres %oni#a"io0s Exe"ution.

The *ry of Puadla(in

)ews about the discovery of the Jatipunanspread to #anila and nearby suburbs,

andndres Bonifacioimmediately called for a general meeting. &arious wings of the

Jatipunan gathered at the house of 9uan (amos in Pugadlawinon ugust :3,

1=@. (amos was the son of #elchora ;uino, also known as GTandang /oraH and waslater acknowledged as the #other of the Jatipunan.7

Bonifacio asked his men whether they were willing to fight to the bitter end. veryone

shouted their approval, e"cept for Teodoro Plata, who though that it was too soon for a

revolution. 8eartened by his mens response, Bonifacio then asked them to tear

their cedulas to pieces, as a sign of their defiance and

determination to rise against the /paniards.The men immediately tore up their cedulas,

shouting, #abuhay ang Pilipinas -known as the ry of

Pugadlawin.

The 0atipunan in *a,ite

avite soon became the center of the (evolution, and the Jatipuneros there divided

themselves into the #agdalo and #agdiwang factions. Baldomero guinaldo, brother of

milio guinaldo, headed the #agdalo group, which was stationed in Jawit. eneral

#ariano lvare+ led the #agdiwang group, which was stationed in )oveleta.

The two groups fought in separate battles. milio guinaldooverran Jawit on ugust

31, 1=@, while lvare+ attacked )oveleta. %n Bacoor, guinaldo tried to intercept

/panish reinforcements coming from #anilaI but he was repulsed and forced to retreat

to nearby %mus. 8ere, on the morning of /eptember !, he defeated the /panish troops

under the command of eneral guirre. hundred /paniards were killed and 4

weapons were confiscated. guinaldo was hailed as a hero. The adoring aviteos

referred to him as General #iongH and no longer GJapitan #iong.H

eneral guinaldos numerous victories in the battlefield made him the acknowledgedrevolutionary leader in avite. 8e issued a proclamation on $ctober 31, 1=@ en0oining

the people to take courage and continue fighting for Philippine independence.

$wing to the defeat of the /paniards in avite, amilo de Polavie0a replaced (amon

Blanco as governor general on 6ecember 13, 1=@. Polavie0a was more successful

than his predecessor and slowly regained one-third of the province.
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14/37

Andres Bonifacio3s $%ecution

2hile guinaldo was recogni+ed as leader by the #agdalo faction, Bonifacio was

recogni+ed as the leader of the Jatipunan by the #agdiwang faction. n assembly was

held in %mus, avite on 6ecember 31, 1=@ to settle the leadership issue but was not

successful. Then on #arch ::, another assembly was held at Te0eros to elect officers of the revolutionary government. guinaldo won as

president while Bonifacio was relegated as the 6irector of the %nterior. Bonifacio re0ected

the elections and declared it void. Bonifacio later formed the )aic #ilitary greement,

essentially creating a government contending guinaldo's. /oon after, Bonifacio was

captured, stood trial, and was sentenced to death by a 2ar ouncil of guinaldo's

government. guinaldo initially commuted the sentence to deportation but later reversed

the commutation upon pressure from Pio 6el Pilar and other officers. $n orders from

eneral #ariano )oriel, ndres Bonifacio was e"ecuted at the foothills of #t. Buntis by

#a0or *a+aro #akapagal on #ay 14, 1=@.

The Re,olution *ontinues

Bonifacios death did not deter the Eilipinos from fighting for their freedom. The /panish

government, for its part, doubled its efforts in trying to control avite, which was

considered the seat of the (evolution. 2hen overnor eneral Primo de

(ivera replaced amilo Polavie0a on pril :, 1=@, he immediately marched to )aic,

avite to persuade the Eilipinos to surrender. The rebels, however, stood their ground.

guinaldo reali+ed that avite was no longer safe for his men. They moved

to Batangas, where they temporarily set up camp in the town of Talisay. 8owever,

/panish soldiers were able to pursue them there. Thus, they retreated to #orong on

9une 14, 1=@ and proceeded to Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan. Cli", here to "ontinue /ith

Pa"t o# %ia,na%ato.

The Bia45na Bato Republic

milio guinaldoestablished his head;uarters in Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan province. The

news immediately spread throughout the country, and the revolutionaries were once

more in high spirits. eneral llanera, who was in )ueva ci0a, declared his support for

guinaldo. %n 9uly 1=@, guinaldo established the Biak-na-Bato (epublic and issued

aproclamation stating the following demandsF

O "pulsion of the friars and the return of the friar lands to the EilipinosO (epresentation of the Philippines in the /panish ortes

O Ereedom of the press and of religion

O bolition of the governments power to banish Eilipinos

O ;uality for all before the law.

charter based on the uban onstitutionwas also drafted by Eeli" Eerrer and %sabelo

rtacho. %t was signed on )ovember 1, 1=@. The Biak-na-Bato onstitution provided

for the establishment of a /upreme council that would serve as the highest governing

body of the (epublic. %t also outlined certain basic human rights, such as freedom of
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15/37

religion, freedom of the press, and the right to education. milio guinaldo and #ariano

Trias were elected /upreme ouncil president and vice president, respectively.

The Pact of Bia45na5Bato

Pedro Paterno, a /paniard born in the Philippines volunteered to act as negotiator

between guinaldo and ov. Primo de (ivera in order to end the clashes. Paternos

effort paid off when on, 6ecember 1!, 1=@, the Pact he sign the Pact as the

representative of the revolutionaries, and de (iveraas the representative of the /panish

government. The *eaders areF milio guinaldo-President, #ariano Trias-&ice

President, ntonio #ontenegro-/ecretary, Baldomero guinaldo-Treasurer, and milio

(iego de 6ios.

$n 6ecember :3, 1=@, enerals elestino Te0ero and (icardo #onet of the /panish

army arrived in Biak-na-Bato and became hostages of the rebels. ceasefire was declared by both camps and an agreement between guinaldo and the

/panish forces was made -that the /panish government will grant self-rule to the

Philippines in 3 years if guinaldo went to e"ile and surrender his arms. %n e"change,

guinaldo will receive P=44,444


16/37

t that time, ssistant /ecretary of the )avy Theodore (oosevelt, wanted a war to

erupt between the L/ and /pain so he could strengthen and e"pandthe L/ )avy, he

immediately put his plan into place. $n Eebruary :!, 1=@, he

ordered ommodore eorge 6eweyto make 8ong Jong the head;uarters of the

merican siatic /;uadron. 8e also directed 6ewey to attack #anila Bay and destroy

the /panish fleet, the moment hostilities between /pain and L/ break out.

The #panish5A-erican War

/pain did not relish merican intervention in its affairs. 8owever, with the Philippineand uban revolutions going on, it could not afford to add the mericans to its enemy

list, especially since the Lnited /tates had more advanced technology and weaponry. %n

the face of /pains declining power, it tried to repair its rift with the L/ in order to avoid a

disastrous war. $n Eebruary 1!, 1=@=, how ever a fateful event accrued in uba. The

merican warship #aine was blown up in 8avana harbor, resulting in the death of its

:4 officers and crewmembers. lthough it was not proven that the /paniards had sunk

the #aine, the mericans called for war against /pain. (oosevelt was one of many L/

officials who considered the destruction of the #aine as act of treason and supported

the declaration of war.

/pain declared war on the Lnited /tates on pril :3, 1=@=. The Lnited

/ates declared war against /pain on pril :!, 1=@=. $n #ay 1, 1=@=, the Lnited /tates

)avy lead byommodore eorge 6ewey crushed the /panish s;uadron in #anila Bay

and the /panish naval base at /angley Point in avite. By 9une, 1=@=, the merican

had control of portions of the Philippine islands. The /panish-merican 2ar ended with

the Treaty of Paris signed on 6ecember 14, 1=@=. The treaty conferred ownership of the

/panishcolonies of uam, Puerto (ico and the Philippinesto the Lnited /tates. %n turn,

the L./. paid /pain L/Q :4 million.

The Battle of Manila Bay

eorge 6ewey, then a ommodore Lnited /tates )avys siatic /;uadron was waiting

in 8ong Jong when 8e received a cable from the then secretary of )avy, Theodore

(oosevelt, stating that the war had begun between the L/ and /pain. 6ewey sailed

from 8ong Jong on board his flagship $lympia with si" other heavily armed ships. 8e

brought with him a report on the location of the /panish ships in orregidor and#anila at dawn of #ay 1, 1=@=. 6ewey entered #anila Bayalmost undetected. 2hen

he saw the /panish ships, which were under the command of eneral Patricio

#ontoya, he ordered his men to fire. The battle began at !FC1 in the morning and by

1:F34 of the same day, the /paniards were raising the white flag in surrender. lthough

The /panish ships outnumbered those of the mericansI the weapons of the mericans

were far more superior to those of the /paniards. The battle proved to be too costly for

the /paniards, who lost 1 men and had :1C others wounded. s for the mericans,

no ships were destroyed, and no soldier was killed or in0ured. The Battle of #anila Bay

is considered one of the easiest encounters ever won in world history.
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The #iee of Manila

By 9une 1=@=, eneral milio guinaldohad captured the whole of *u+on and was

ready to storm #anila with the help ofregorio del Pilar, rtemio (ecarte, ntonio#ontenegro, Pantaleon arcia, and many other able generals. t that time, the term

G#anilaH referred to the walled city of %ntramuros. guinaldos men surrounded the walls

of %ntramuros. )earby areas like Tondo, /ta. ru+, /an 9uan, and aloocan were

likewise secured. The /paniards stubbornly hoped for the arrival of reinforcements from

the /panish mainland, but none ever came. guinaldo on the other hand, was firmly

convinced that it 0ust was a matter of days before the /paniards surrendered. Therefore,

he started planning for the declaration of Philippine independence.

The Philippine Re,olutionary +o,ern-ent

The Malolos *onress

milio guinaldoissued a decree on 9uly 1=, 1=@= asking for the election of delegates

to the revolutionary congress, another decree was promulgated five days later, which

declared that guinaldo would appoint representatives of congress because holding

elections is not practical at that time. 8e appointed !4 delegates in all . %n accordance with these two decrees, guinaldo

assembled the (evolutionary ongress at the Brasoain hurch in #alolos, Bulacan on

/eptember 1!, 1=@=.

The atmosphere was festive and the Pasig Band played the national anthem. fter

guinaldo had read his speech congressional elections were held among the delegates

present. The following were among the most important achievements of the #alolos

ongressF

1. %n /eptember :@, 1=@=, ratified the declaration of Philippine independence held at

Jawit, avite on 9une 1:, 1=@=

:. Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines to borrow P :4 million from banks for

government e"penses

3. stablishment of the Lniversidad Literatura de Filipinasand other schools

C. 6rafting of the Philippine onstitution

!. 6eclaring war against the Lnited /tateson 9une 1:, 1=@@

Malolos *onstitution

committee headed by Eelipe alderon and aided by ayetano rellano, the

constitution was drafted, for the first time by representatives of the Eilipino people and it

is the first republican constitution in sia. The constitution was inspired by the

constitutions of #e"ico, uatemala, osta (ica, Bra+il, Belgium and Erance. fter some

minor revisions , the final draft of the
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18/37

constitution was presented to guinaldo. This paved the way to launching the first

Philippine (epublic. %t established a democratic, republication government with three

branches - the "ecutive, *egislative and the 9udicial branches. %t called for the

separation of church and state. The e"ecutive powers were to be e"ercise by the

president of the republic with the help of his cabinet. 9udicial powers were given to the

/upreme ourt and other lower courts to be created by law. The hief 0ustice of the

/upreme ourt was to be elected by the legislature with the concurrence of the

President and his abinet.

First Philippine Republic

The first Philippine (epublic was inaugurated in #alolos, Bulacan on 9anuary :1, 1=@@.

fter being proclaimed president, milio guinaldo took his oath of office. The

constitution was read article by article and followed by a military parade. polinario

#abini was elected as a prime minister. The other cabinet secretaries wereF Teodoro

/andico, interiorI Baldomero guinaldo, warI en. #ariano Trias, finance R warI

polinario #abini, foreign affairsI racio on+aga for welfare, guedo &elarde, public

instructionI #a"imo Paterno, public works R communicationI and *eon #arSa uerrero

for agriculture, trade R commerce.

The Philippine National Anthe-

guinaldo commissioned 9ulian Eelipe, a composer from avite province was asked to

write an an instrumental march for the proclamation of independence ceremony. The

original title was 7Mar"ha Filipina Magdalo7. This was later changed to 7Mar"ha

*a"ional Filipina7. The lyrics was added in ugust 1=@@ based on the poem titled

7Filipinas7 by 9ose Palma. The original lyrics was written in /panish, then to nglish

then later, wastranslated to Tagalog, which underwent another change of title to GLupang &inirangH, the

Philippine )ational nthem.

Filipino5A-erican 7ostilities

milio guinaldoagreed to hold a peace conference between Eilipino and merican

leaders. The conference lasted from 9anuary @ to :@ in 1=@@. %t ended without definite

results, because the mericans were actually 0ust biding time, waiting for morereinforcements to arrive from the L/. 8ostilities finally e"ploded between the Eilipinos

and mericans on Eebruary C, 1=@@ in /an 9uan. n merican soldier named (obert

rayson, saw C armed Eilipino men on /an 9uan 6el #ote Bridge and ordered them to

stop, but they ignored him. This prompted rayson to fire at the men, who immediately

fired back. The following day #acrthur ordered his troops to openly engage the

Eilipinos in battle. The Eilipino merican 2ar was on. Erom /an 9uan, merican

soldiers marched on to Pasig and nearby areas. %n a matter of days, they were able to

overrun uadalupe, Pateros, #arikina, and aloocan.
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19/37

eneral ntonio *una and his men showed great heroism when they attacked #anila

on the night of Eebruary :C, 1=@@. They burned the living ;uarters of the mericans in

Tondo and Binondo, and reached as far as +arraga /treet , where they met by formidable merican troops. *una was forced to retreat to

Polo, Bulacan two days later. 2hen merican reinforcements arrived in the Philippines,

eneral lwell $tis immediately attacked the northern part of #anila, while eneral

8enry *awton went to the south. eneral rthur #acrthu, 9r.marched to #alolos,

which was then the capital of the Philippine (epublic. #alolos was taken on #arch 31,

1=@@. By this time, however, guinaldo had already moved his head;uarters to /an

Eernando, Pampanga. eneral Eredrick Eunston crossed the Pampanga (iver in pril

1=@@ and entered /an Eernando. $n #ay !, the mericans had gained control

of Pampanga. Eortunately, guinaldo was able to flee to /an %sidro, )ueva ci0a.

The death of Antonio Luna. significant event that greatly weakened guinaldos

forces was the death of eneral ntonio *una, acknowledged as the best and mostbrilliant military strategist of the Philippine (evolution. 8e was brave, intelligent, and

well educatedI but he also had a fiery temper, and was a strict disciplinarian. 8is harsh

and rough manner earned him a lot of enemies, who latter plotted to kill him. %n 9une

1=@@ *una was at his command post in Bayambang, Pangasinan when he received a

telegram allegedly sent by guinaldo. The telegram instructed him to proceed to

guinaldos head;uarters in abanatuan, )ueva ci0a. $n 9une !, *una arrived at the

head;uarters, a convent on the town pla+a in abanatuan, but was told that guinaldo

left for Tarlac. ngry, *una went out of the convent and was met and killed

by aptain Pedro 9anolino with Jawit, avite troops. eneral *una was buried at the

nearby churchyard. guinaldo's role on his death is not clear and his killers were nevercharged or investigated.

Auinaldo Flees. Philippine military strategies began to fail with the death of ntonio

*una. The generals started to disagree among themselves, and the

Eilipinos began losing battles. $n )ovember 13, 1=@@, eneral milio guinaldo fled to

alasiao, Pangasinan with his wife, son, mother sister, and some abinet members.

The mericans followed in hot pursuitI but guinaldo still managed to elude them.

8owever, he soon reali+ed that being constantly on the run put the women in his group

at great disadvantage. /o, on 6ecember :!, 1=@@, he surrendered them to the

merican guinaldo then continued his march from Pangasinan to Palanan, %sabela.There he stayed for some time, since the place was mountainous and difficult to

approach. guinaldos loyal men guarded all roads leading to the area.

$nd of the Philippine Re,olution

Auinaldo is *aptured

en. Eunston plotted the capture of en. milio guinaldo. $n the night of #arch ,

1@41, 8e boarded the merican warship &icksburg and docked at asiguran Bay on

#arch 1C. Erom Palanan Eunston group reached guinaldos head;uarters in Palanan

on #arch :3, 1@41. The #acabebe /couts pretended to have been sent by *acuna,

with the merican officials as their prisoners. Thus guinaldo have no idea of his

impending capture until Tal Placido of the #acabebe /couts embraced him. The

mericans then declared the arrest of guinaldo and his men in the name of the Lnited

/tates government. guinaldo was brought to #anila and presented to then military
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20/37

overnor-eneralrthur #acrthur, 9r.

at #alacanang Palace. $n pril 1@, 1@41 he finally pledged allegiance to the Lnited

/tates.

The Philippine Re,olution $nds

The first to yield to the mericans was by eneral /imion $la. 8e surrendered to

olonel 8arry Bandolt+ in uinobatan lbay on /eptember :!.1@43. $ther

revolutionaries soon followed.

Military +o,ern-ent

eneral 2esley #errittwas the highest-ranking merican official in the Philippines after

/paniards surrendered #anila on ugust 13, 1=@=. 8e established a military

government and became the first merican #ilitary governor of the Philippines. The

ob0ectives of the #ilitary government areF 1> to establish peace and order to

the Philippines, and :> to prepare Philippines for civil governance. The government in

the Philippines can be classified into opposition and collaboration. The mericans used

propaganda and other means to win the Eilipinos to their side.

The #chur-an

The first commission was chaired by 6r. 9acob . /churman, president of ornell

Lniversity. Thus it became known as the/churman ommission. Their group arrived on

the Philippines on Eebruary C, 1=@@. The commission proposed the followingF

1. stablish civil governments in areas were peace and order had been restored

:. /et up a bicameral legislature with members of the lower house to be all elective

3. ppoint merican and Eilipino member of the Lpper house to head the cabinet

C. Preserve Philippine natural resources

!. reate a civil service system. ssign highly ;ualified Eilipinos to important government positions

The L/ ongress adopted all the recommendation of the /churman commission.

The Taft *o--ission

$n #arch 1, 1@44, Lnited /tates President 2illiam #cJinleyappointed the then

9udge 2illiam 8oward Taftto head the second Philippine ommission, which would

also be known as the Taft ommission. Taft would become overnor-eneral ofthePhilippines and later, the president of the L./.

#cJinley wanted to hasten the transition of the Philippine military government into a

civil one. The Taftommissions was given e"ecutive and legislative powers it could use

to achieve the Presidents ob0ective.

The ommission arrives in the Philippineson 9une 3, 1@44. %t began legislative work on

/eptember 1, thefirst law it passed set aside P: million for the construction of treads
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21/37

and bridges. Erom /eptember 1@44 to ugust 1@4:, the ommission was able to enact

CC4 pieces of legislation for the Philippines. /ome of theselaws included the #unicipal

and Provincial codes, which established municipal and provincial governments all over

the country, and laws organi+ing the Philippine onstabulary and the

countries 0udicial system. side from enacting laws the commissions also visited various

provinces and help it in the government peace efforts.

The #pooner A-end-ent

The modification sponsored by /enator 9ohn . /pooner,allowed the L/ president to

fully administer the Philippines. Thus, the military government of the Philippines was

replaced with a civil one albeit temporary pending the legislation of

permanent colonial government by the Lnited /tates.

*i,il +o,ern-ent under Taft

The Philippine civil government was inaugurated on 9uly C, 1@41, with 2illiam 8oward

Taft as its first governor, the powers and duties of a governor were passed on to Taft.

The Taft ommissioncontinuing functioning as legislative body. ayetano rellano was

the first Eilipino to hold a high position of government he was named hief 9ustice of the/upreme ourt on #ay :=, 1=@@. regorio raneta was appointed as /ecretary of

9ustice and finance. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Benito *egarda, and 9ose *u+uriaga

were selected as members of the Philippine ommissions.

The ommonwealth era is the 14 year transitional period in Philippine history from 1@3!

to 1@C! in preparation for independence from the Lnited /tates as provided for under

the Philippine %ndependence ct or more popularly known as theTydings-#c6uffie

*aw. The ommonwealth era was interrupted when the 9apanese occupied the

Philippines in 9anuary :, 1@C:. The ommonwealth government, lead by #anuel *.

Due+onand /ergio /. $smeawent into e"ile in the L./., Due+on died of tuberculosis

while in e"ile and $smea took over as president. t the same time, the 9apanese

forces installed a puppet government in #anila headed by 9ose P. *aurel as president.

This government is known as the /econd Philippine (epublic. $n $ctober :4, 1@CC,

thellied forces led by en. 6ouglas #acrthurlanded on the island of *eyte to liberate

the Philippines from the 9apanese. 9apan formally surrendered in /eptember :, 1@C!.

fter liberation, the ommonwealth government was restored. ongress convened in its

first regular session on 9uly @, 1@C!. %t was the first time the peoples representatives

have assembled since their election on )ovember 11, 1@C1. #anuel (o"as

was elected /enatePresident, and lpidio Duirinowas chosen President Pro Tempore.

9ose Aulueta was speaker of the house, while Prospero /anidad became speaker pro

Tempore. The first law of this congress, enacted as commonwealth act :, organi+ed

the central bank of the Philippines. The commonwealth deal also tackled the issue of

collaboration. %n /eptember 1@C! the counter intelligence corps presented the people

who were accused of having collaborated with, or given aid to, the 9apanese. %ncluded
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22/37

were prominent Eilipinos who had been active in the puppet government that the

9apanese had been established. H Peoples ourt7 was created to investigate and

decide on the issue.

midst this sad state of affairs, the third commonwealth elections were held on pril :3,

1@C. /ergio $smea and #anuel (o"as vied for the Presidency. (o"as won thus

becoming the last president of the Philippine ommonwealth. The ommonwealth era

formally ended when the Lnited /tates granted independence to the Philippines, as

scheduled on 9uly C, 1@C.

%mportant legislations and events during the merican period that made the Philippines

a commonwealth of the Lnited /tatesF

The Philippine Bill of 89:; 5 *ooper Act

Lnited /tates ongressman 8enry llen ooper sponsored the Philippine Bill of 1@4:,

also known as the ooper ct. The bill proposed the creation and administration of a

civil government in the Philippines. President Theodore (ooseveltsigned it into law in

9uly :, 1@4:.

8ere are some of the more important provisions of the ooper ctF

O (atification of all changes introduced in the Philippine government by the president of

the L./., such as the establishment of the Philippine ommission, the office of the civil

governor and the /upreme court

O "tension of the merican Bill of (ights to the Eilipinos e"cept the right of trial by 0ury

O reation of bicameral legislative body, with the Philippine ommission as the upper

house and a still-to-be-elected Philippine ssembly as the *ower 8ouse

O (etention of the e"ecutive powers of the civil governor, who was also president of the

Philippine ommission

O 6esignation of the Philippine ommission as the legislating authority for non-

hristian tribes

O (etention of the 9udicial powers of the /upreme court and other lower courts

O ppointment of two Eilipino resident commissioners who would represent the

Philippines in the L/ ongress but would not en0oy voting rights

O onservation of Philippine natural resources

The bill contained 3 provisions that had to be fulfilled first before the Philippine

ssembly could be establishing these were theF

O omplete restoration of peace and order in the Philippines

O ccomplishment of a )ationwide census
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23/37

O Two years of peace and order after the publication of the census

The Philippine Asse-bly

The assembly was inaugurated on $ctober 1, 1@4 at the #anila rand $pera 8ouse,

with L/ secretary of 2ar2illiam 8oward Taftas guest of honor. /ergio $smea

was elected /peaker while #anuel Due+on was elected #a0ority Eloor leader. The

(ecognition of the Philippine ssembly paved the way for the establishment of the

bicameral Philippine *egislature. The ssembly functioned as the lower 8ouse, while

the Philippine ommission served as the upper house.

Resident *o--issioners

Benito *egarda and Pablo $campo were the first commissioners. $ther Eilipinos whooccupied this position included #anuel Due+on, 9aime de &eyra, Teodoro Nangco, %saro

abaldon, and amilo $sias.
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24/37

The !ones La(

To further train the Eilipinos in the art of government, the L./. ongressenacted the

9ones *aw on ugust :@, 1@1. %t was the first official document that clearly promised

the Philippine independence, as stated in its preamble, as soon as a stable governmentwas established. The 9ones *aw or the Philippine utonomy act, (eplace the Philippine

bill of 1@4: as the framework of the Philippine government. %t provide for the creation of

the e"ecutive powers. The vice governor general, assisted by his abinet, would

e"ercise e"ecutive powers. The vice governor would act concurrently as the /ecretary

of ducation.

*reation of the *ouncil of #tate

Lpon the recommendation of #anuel *. Due+onand /ergio $smea, overnor

eneral Erancis Burton 8arrison issued an e"ecutive order on $ctober 1, 1@=1,

creating the first ouncil of /tate in the Philippines. %t was the ouncils duty to advise

the governor general on matters such as the creation of policies for administering

government offices.

The ouncil held meetings once a week and whenever the governor general called for

one. %t was composed of the governor general, the department secretaries, the speaker

of the *ower 8ouse, and the /enate president. 6uring 8arrisons term, the e"ecutive

and legislative branches of government worked harmoniously with each other.

The Os5Ro% Mission

$ne delegation, however, that met with partial success was the $s-(o" #ission, so

called because it was headed by /ergio $smea and #anuel (o"as. The $s-(o"

group went to the Lnited /tates in 1@31 and was able to influence the L./. ongress to

pass a pro-independence bill by (epresentative Butter 8are, /enator 8enry 8awes,

and /enator Bronso utting. The 8are-8awes-utting *aw provided for a 14-year

transition period before the Lnited /tateswould recogni+e Philippine independence.

L./.President 8erbert 8ooverdid not sign the billI but both 8ouses of ongress ratified

it. 2hen the $s-(o" #ission presented the 8are-8awes-utting *aw to the Philippine

*egislature, it was re0ected by a the merican 8igh ommissioner representing the

L/ president in the country and the Philippine /enate, specifically the provision that

gave the L./. president the right to maintain land and other properties reserved for

military use. #anuel Due+on was tasked to head another independence mission to the

united /tates.

The Tydins5Mc.uffie La(

%n 6ecember 1@33, #anuel *. Due+on returned to the Philippines from the Lnited

/tates with a slightly amended version of the 8are-8awes-utting bill authored by

/enator #illiard Tydings and representative #c6uffie. President Eranklin 6elano

(oosevelt, the new L./. president, signed it into law on #arch :C, 1@3C. The Tydings-

#c6uffie ct or more popularly known as the The Tydings-#c6uffie *aw provided
http://www.house.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezonhttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osmenahttp://www.usa.gov/http://www.usa.gov/http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/hh31.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/fr32.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/fr32.htmlhttp://www.house.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezonhttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osmenahttp://www.usa.gov/http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/hh31.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/fr32.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/fr32.html


25/37

for the establishment of the ommonwealth government for a period of ten

years preparatory to the granting of %ndependence.

!apanese Occupation of the Philippines

6uring 2ord 2ar %%

$n 6ecember =, 1@C1, 9apan invaded the Philippines. lark ir Base in Pampanga was

first attacked and also )ichols Eield outside #anila was attacked, then on 6ecember

::, The 9apanese forces landed at the *ingayen ulf and continued on to #anila.

eneral 6ouglas #acrthurdeclared #anila an open city on the advice

of commonwealth President #anuel *. Due+on to avoid its destruction. #anila wasoccupied by the 9apanese on 9anuary :, 1@C:. #acrthur retreated with his troops to

Bataan while the commonwealth government withdrew to orregidor island before

proceeding to the Lnited /tates. The 0oint merican and Eilipino soldiers in Bataan

finally surrendered on pril @, 1@C:. #acrthur escaped to orregidor then proceeded

to ustralia. The ,444 captured soldiers were forced to embark on the infamous

76eath #arch7 to a prison camp more than 144 kilometers north. n estimated 14,444

prisoners died due to thirst, hunger and e"haustion.

The 7u4s

%n the midst of fear and chaos, some farmers of Pampanga banded together and

created local brigades for their protection. *uis Taruc, 9uan Eeleo, astro le0andrino,

and other leaders of organi+ed farmers held a meeting in Eebruary 1@C: in abiao,

)ueva ci0a. %n that meeting, they agreed to fight the 9apanese as a unified guerrilla

army. nother meeting was held the following month, where in representatives from

Tarlac, Pampanga and )ueva ci0a threshed out various details regarding their

organi+ation, which they agreed to call 7&u,bo ng %ayan Laban sa mga &apon7

or &2)%ALA&AP. Taruc was chosen to be the *eader of the group, with le0andrino ashis right hand man. The members were simply known as 8uks

The Philippine $%ecuti,e *o--ission

%n accordance the instructions of President #anuel Due+onto 9orge &argas, the Eilipino

officials in #anila were told to enter into agreements and compromises with the

9apanese to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the iron-clad rule of the

9apanese. $n 9anuary :3, 1@C: the Philippine "ecutive ommission was established,

with &argas as chairman. the following wa

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