Review Session 1

1607-1800

Colonization• 3 types – Royal, Proprietary, and Charter

• New England: Religious influence of the Puritans – Plymouth settled by Pilgrims (many were Separatists) in 1620

-Mass. Bay – Puritans (but not Separatists) came in 1630 – over 15,000 came by 1640 – Great Migration

Rocks and Religion

• Chesapeake/Middle Atlantic: Economic influence in Jamestown – hardships-establishment of tobacco (Rolfe and Pocahontas) ensured survival-some religious influence

Sotweed and Slavery• Southern: Economic influence – rice, tobacco,

indigo, cotton-Caribbean influence-Restoration colonies

Sotweed and Slavery**both areas strongly influenced first by indentured

servant labor, then slavery

Puritans and Religion• “City Upon A Hill” (Boston)

-Mayflower Compact – majority rule

-Education (must read the Bible!)

-voting and ‘democracy’ – representative government

-Half-Way Covenant – allowed people to be Puritans even if they did not have a ‘conversion experience’ (church membership was waning)

*limits – not all men could vote and no women; persecution – witchcraft!

Puritans and Religion• Religion in Colonial America

-Great Awakening – colony wide movement in 1730s-1740s-response to Enlightenment’s influence – de-emphasized religion-Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield-New Lights vs. Old LightsNew: pro-GAOld: pro-Enlightenment

*challenged power of ministers*competition among new churches (i.e.: Baptists,

Presbyterians)*challenge to authority

Great Britain and the Colonies Pre-1756• Political Heritage

-Self-government – expansion of voting throughout the 1700s-colonial assemblies – taxation with representation

• Colonial Unity – pre-1756-New England Confederation (1640s)-Albany Plan of Union (failed)-diverse society shared a national character characterized by political tradition of an English majority, free speech, free press (Zenger Case), elections, religious tolerance, and an occasional spirit of rebellion (Bacon)

GB and the Colonies – Pre 1756• Mercantilism

Salutary Neglect vs. Navigation Acts

-British established rules but ignored them since it was good for business

British did maintain some control:

2 of 13 Govs. elected but assemblies maintained the “power of the purse”

Colonial Institutions• Role of Slavery (and Indentured Servants)

-Ind. Servants tried to fill demand for labor but slavery eventually took over-Ind. Servants fazed out after Bacon’s Rebellion

• Colonial Autonomy-Economic: shipbuilding, home industries, agriculture, some professions-Religious: MD toleration Act (Catholics protected), PA – religious tolerance-Political: distance from GB, Freedoms, unique “American” identity developed

The American Revolution• Causes and Change in Policy

-Role of French and Indian War and Proc. of 1763

-1764: Sugar Act and Quartering Act

-1765: Stamp Act – internal, virtual vs. actual, Protest – Stamp Act Congress, repealed (Declaratory Act)

-1767: Townshend Acts – external on goods, boycotts, repealed (except tea tax)

The American Revolution-1770: Boston Massacre – creates unity –

Committees of Correspondence, cooling off period

-1773: Tea Act – actually lowered cost of tea to save British East India Co., Tea Party – viewed as overboard by many but led to unity because of…

-Coercive/Intolerable Acts – Boston closed, military rule in Mass. Quartering Act, Quebec Act, Unity!!!, 1st Continental Congress – boycotts and militias

Was the Revolution revolutionary?• Evolution: democracy and freedoms

existed long before 1770s-forces had been gathering for years and were simply carried out (Conservative view)

• Revolution: American society radically altered, new nation formed, equality stressed (state constitutions, B of R), Rev. lasted until the 1830s (War of 1812, Jacksonian Democracy – expansion of voting rights)

Articles of Confederation and Constitution

• Critical Period:

Successes of Articles: Ordinance of 1785, NW Ordinance (1787) and Treaty of Paris (1783)

Failures: Economic issues, weaknesses of central government (no taxation, 1 branch, no uniform currency), Shays’ Rebellion – economic struggles

Constitution• Areas of Disagreement:

-Large states vs. Small states

-Slave states vs. Free states

-Strong state gov’t vs. Strong Fed. Gov’t

Compromises!

• Ratification:

-Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

-Compromise

Domestic Issues of the 1790s• Parties develop:

-Ratification debate

-Federalists:

-Democratic-Republicans:

• Hamilton’s Financial Plan:

-Gov’t assumes debts of states

-Tariff and Whiskey Tax

-National Bank – controversial!!

Domestic Issues of the 1790s• Elections of 1796 and 1800

-peaceful transition in power

-Revolution of 1800

• Liberty vs. Order

-Bill of Rights

-Whiskey Rebellion

Foreign Policy of the 1790s• Influence on Domestic Issues:

-French Rev. divides a dividing country-Jay’s Treaty -Pinckney’s Treaty

• Isolationists:-Proc. of Neutrality and Farewell Address-Adams and the XYZ Affair

-Alien and Sedition Acts and VA-KY Resolutions

AP Review Session 2

1800-1850

Nationalism vs. Sectionalism

Jefferson and Marshall

• Liberty (TJ):

-suspended Alien and Sedition Acts

-reduced size of army and navy

-canceled Whiskey Tax• Order:

-TJ – purchased LA, kept bank, Embargo Act

-Marshall – supreme court cases – strengthened power of the Federal Government

Era of Good Feelings• Political Parties: one party politics –

Federalists dead from War of 1812

• Cultural Nationalism: anthem, art and literature

• Economic Nationalism: American System and War of 1812 spurred growth of American business (Lowell System, Slater)

Jacksonian Democracy• Political Changes: expansion of suffrage,

nominating conventions (Anti-Masons)

• Elections of 1824 and 1828:

-1824: “Corrupt Bargain”

-1828: first national campaign – Jackson’s coalition

Parties

• Democrats:

• Whigs

Foreign Policy• War of 1812

-Foreign events:

-Domestic events:

-sectionalism:

James K. Polk

• Texas:

• Oregon

• Mexican-American War:

Polk

• Wilmot Proviso:

Economic Development• American System

-Nullification:

-Bank War

-Internal Improvements:

Expansion and Sectionalism

• Indian Removal:

• King Cotton:

• Compromises over slavery:

Causes of early industrial growth• Population:

• Transportation:

• Technology:

Reform and Intellectual Movements• Temperance:

• Asylums:

• Education:

Reforms…• Abolitionism:

**Role of Market Revolution:

Second Great Awakening• CG Finney:

• Thoreau and Emerson: