Review: Present Simple, Present Continuous

Language Reference in Context

Review: Present Simple, Present Continuous

Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso do Present Simple e do Present Continuous.

From: NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC KIDS. World Atlas. Fourth Edition. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2013, p.38.

No texto “Leading Languages”, as primeiras frases apresentam fatos sobre algumas línguas. Nelas, encontramos os verbos no Present Simple (have, stand out, has, account for). Já a última frase do texto expressa uma tendência atual para o uso da língua inglesa e, dessa forma, utilizou-se o Present Continuous (is becoming).

Usamos o Present Simple para:

• falar de fatos e generalizações.

“Some languages have only a few hundred speakers…”

“…23 languages stand out with more than 50 million speakers each."

“Earth’s population giant, China, has 845 million speakers of Mandarin…”

“Colonial expansion, trade, and migration account for the spread of the other most widely spoken languages.”

• falar de rotinas, hábitos, ações do dia a dia.

They always speak English at school.

We have Portuguese classes every Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday.

da língua inglesa e, dessa forma, utilizou-se o

90 122 144178 181 182

221

328 329

845

Chinese (Mandarin)

SpanishEnglish

ArabicHindiBengaliPortugueseRussianJapaneseGerman

LanguagesPopulation of �rst languagespeakers (in millions)

Leading Languages

Some languages have only a few hundred speakers, but 23 languages stand out with more than 50 million speakers each.Earth’s population giant, China, has 845 million speakers of Mandarin, more than double the next largest group of language speakers. Colonial expansion, trade, and migration account for the spread of the other most widely spoken languages.With growing use of the Internet, English is becoming the language of the technology age.

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Usamos o Present Continuous para:

• falar de ações que ocorrem no momento da fala/escrita.

They are talking about leading languages.He is exploring a graph right now.

• expressar mudanças que ocorrem momentaneamente (tendências atuais).

“English is becoming the language of the technology age.”Many people are using English on the Internet nowadays.

Veja, no quadro a seguir, as regras ortográficas para verbos terminados em -ing.

Regras ortográficas para verbos terminados em -ing Exemplos

A maioria dos verbos: verbo + ing

do + ing ѧ doingtalk + ing ѧ talking

Verbos terminados em e: verbo - e + ing

use - e + ing ѧ�usingbecome - e + ing ѧ�becoming

Verbos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante:verbo + última consoante + ing

stop + p + ing ѧ�stoppingswim + m + ing ѧ�swimming

Verbos terminados em ie: verbo - ie + y + ing

die - ie + ing ѧ�dyinglie - ie + ing ѧ�lying

Extra Practice

The text below is about school enrolment. Complete it with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous tense. Education (prepare) children to

participate in society and to find a place in the world of

work. School enrolment rates (rise),

but many children still (grow up) without

access to a basic education. There are many reasons why children

(not get) even a primary education. (...)

From: COLLINS World Watch: a dynamic visual guide packed with fascinating facts about the world. 2nd edition. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 2012, p. 34. (fragment)

Future with will

Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso de will.

What is the Future of the English Language?

English, as any other language, is a living and dynamic system, and it transforms according to the way its speakers use it. For this reason, today’s English will be very different in about a century. (...)

From: <http://termcoord.eu/2014/07/future-english-language>. Accessed in: March 2015. (fragment)

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No texto “What is the Future of the English Language?”, o trecho “today’s

English will be very different in about a century” refere-se ao futuro da língua

inglesa daqui a aproximadamente cem anos.

• Usamos will para nos referirmos ao futuro.

New varieties of English will spread.

Forma afirmativa

I

will bevery different in the future.

You

He / She / It

We / You / They

Veja, nos quadros a seguir, as formas negativa e interrogativa de will.

• Em frases negativas, usamos not depois do will e antes do verbo principal.

English will not be the same in about a hundred years.

Forma negativa

I

will not bethe same in the future.

You

He / She / It

We / You / They

(will not = won’t)

• Em frases interrogativas, usamos will antes do sujeito.

According to the text, will English be different in the future? Yes, it will.

Forma interrogativa

Will

I

bedifferent in the

future?

you

he / she / it

we / you / they

Respostas curtas

Afirmativa Negativa

Yes,

I

will. No,

I

won’t.you you

he / she / it he / she / it

we / you / they we / you / they

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Making Comparisons (The Comparative Form)

Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Comparative Form.

Available at: <www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1950/11/01>. Accessed in: February, 2015.

Na tirinha, a menina faz várias comparações entre Charlie Brown e o outro menino. Usamos o comparativo de superioridade (more… than) para dizer que um elemento é superior a outro em algum aspecto.

“Are you stronger than Charlie Brown?”

“Are you older than Charlie Brown?”

“Are you smarter than Charlie Brown?”

Regras ortográficas para formar adjetivos no grau comparativo Exemplos

Adjetivos curtos

A maioria dos adjetivos:adjetivo + er

strong + er ѧ�strongerold + er ѧ�older

Adjetivos terminados em e:adjetivo + r

wise + r ѧ�wisernice + r ѧ�nicer

Adjetivos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante:adjetivo + última consoante + er

fat + t + er ѧ�fatterbig + g + er ѧ�bigger

Adjetivos terminados em consoante + y:adjetivo - y + ier

angry - y + ier ѧ�angrierfunny - y + ier ѧ�funnier

Adjetivos longos

more + adjetivodifficult ѧ�more + difficultimportant ѧ�more + important

Formas irregulares

good ѧ betterbad ѧ worsefar ѧ farther / further

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Extra Practice

In each item below, put the words into the correct order to make sentences.

a. be/Online learning/a more efficient way to learning languages/will

b. will/English/be/the most important language in the future

c. won’t/Spanish/so popular worldwide as English/be

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Extra Practice

Based on the characteristics of the following characters, complete the sentences below with the comparative form of the adjectives in parentheses.

Lucybossy, crabby (bad-tempered)

Pattynot so smart, good at sports

Marciesmart, bad at sports

a. Lucy is than Marcie. (bossy)

b. Lucy is than Patty. (crabby)

c. Patty is at sports than Marcie. (good)

d. Marcie is than Patty. (smart)

Making Comparisons (The Superlative Form)

Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso da Superlative Form.

Speaking of São Paulo state without using superlatives is difficult. The southern hemisphere’s largest city! Its finest museums! Its best restaurants! Its worst traffic! (Well, you can’t have everything.) São Paulo city – Sampa to locals – serves as Brazil’s Boom Town, commercially, financially, industrially and culturally (...).

From: LONELY Planet Brazil. 9th Edition, November 2013, p. 215.

No texto, vemos que São Paulo é a maior cidade do hemisfério sul, com os melhores museus e restaurantes, mas o pior trânsito. Usamos o superlativo (the most…) para dizer que um elemento, em um grupo, alcança o grau mais alto no aspecto em que é comparado.

“The southern hemisphere’s largest city.”

São Paulo has the � nest museums, the best restaurants, but the worst traf� c.

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Regras ortográficas para formar adjetivos no grau comparativo

Exemplos

Adjetivos curtos

A maioria dos adjetivos:the + adjetivo + est

the + strong + est ѧ the strongestthe + old + est ѧ the oldest

Adjetivos terminados em e:the + adjetivo + st

the + large + st ѧ the largestthe + fine + st ѧ the finest

Adjetivos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante:the + adjetivo + última consoante + est

the + fat + t + est ѧ the fattestthe + big + g + est ѧ the biggest

Adjetivos terminados em consoante + y:the + adjetivo - y + iest

the + angry - y + iest ѧ the angriestthe + funny - y + iest ѧ the funniest

Adjetivos longos

the most + adjetivodifficult ѧ�the most + difficultimportant ѧ�the most + important

Formas irregulares

good ѧ the bestbad ѧ the worstfar ѧ the farthest/the furthest

Extra Practice

Complete the following sentences with the superlative form of the adjectives in parentheses.

a. Brazil has some of beaches on earth. (fine)

b. Spread between Argentina and Brazil, Iguaçu Falls are some of

waterfalls on earth. (spectacular)

c. Seen from the peak of Pão de Açúcar, Rio is undoubtedly city in the world. (beautiful)

d. By far diving in the country is in the Fernando de Noronha archipelago. (good)

From: LONELY Planet Brazil. 9th Edition, November 2013.

Past Simple (Verb To Be)

Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso do verb to be no Past Simple.

FAQFrequently Asked Questions

3. When was Nelson Mandela’s birthday?18 July

4. How old was Nelson Mandela?The late former President Mandela was 95 when he died.

5. What were the names of Nelson Mandela’s parents?His father was Nkosi (Chief) Mphakanyiswa Mandela and his mother was Nosekeni Mandela.

Available at: <www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/faqs>. Accessed in: March 2015. (fragment)

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• Was e were são a forma do verb to be no Past Simple.

“When was Nelson Mandela’s birthday?”

“How old was Nelson Mandela?”

“What were the names of Nelson Mandela’s parents?”

Forma afirmativa

I was

from South Africa.You were

He / She / It was

We / You / They were

Veja, nos quadros a seguir, as formas negativa e interrogativa do verb to be no Past Simple.

Extra Practice

Based on the FAQ about Nelson Mandela, complete the following sentences with was or were.

a. Nelson Mandela born on 18 July.

b. He 95 when he died.

c. His parents Nkosi Mandela and Nosekeni Mandela.

• Em frases negativas, usamos not depois do verb to be (was/were).

Mandela’s parents were not teachers.

Forma negativa

I was

notfrom South

Africa.

You were

He / She / It was

We / You / They were

• Em frases interrogativas, usamos o verb to be (was/were) antes do sujeito.

Was Mandela an anti-apartheid leader? Yes, he was.

Forma interrogativa

Was I

from South Africa?

Were you

Was he / she / it

Were we / you / they

(was not = wasn’t; were not = weren’t)

Respostas curtas

Afirmativa Negativa

Yes,

I was.

No,

I wasn’t.

you were. you weren’t.

he / she / it was. he / she / it wasn’t.

we / you / they were. we / you / they weren’t.

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Past Simple (Regular Verbs)

Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple.

DAVIS, Jim. Garfield. Available at: <http://garfield.com/comic/2013-10-14>. Accessed in: March 2015.

Na tirinha, o Past Simple é utilizado para dizer que Garfield ficou acordado por muito tempo na tarde passada. Note que, na tirinha, foi utilizado o verbo regular no Past Simple (stayed).

• Todos os verbos regulares no Past Simple terminam em ed.

“I stayed up too late last afternoon.”

He watched TV in the morning.

Regras ortográficas para verbos regulares no Past Simple Exemplos

A maioria dos verbos:verbo + ed

stay ѧ stayedwatch ѧ watched

Verbos terminados em e:verbo + d

live ѧ liveduse ѧ used

*Verbos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante:verbo + última consoante + ed

shop ѧ shoppedplan ѧ planned

Verbos terminados em consoante + y:verbo - y + ied

cry ѧ criedstudy ѧ studied

* Exceto os verbos terminados em w, x, y. Também não dobramos a última consoante quando a primeira sílaba for tônica, como em offered, visited.

• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações e estados completos no passado.

We studied English yesterday.

They visited their grandparents last weekend.

Forma afirmativa

I

lived in Brazil last year.You

He / She / It

We / You / They

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• Em frases negativas, usamos didn’t (= did not) antes do verbo principal. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica.

She didn’t work last Saturday.

They didn't attend the same school when they were kids.

Forma negativa

I

didn’t livein Mexico last year.

You

He / She / It

We / You / They

• Em frases interrogativas, usamos Did antes do sujeito. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica.

Did you study English yesterday? Yes, we did.

Did she work last Saturday? No, she didn’t.

Forma interrogativa

Did

I

livein Brazil last

year?

you

he / she / it

we / you / they

Respostas curtas

Afirmativa Negativa

Yes,

I

did. No,

I

didn’t.you you



Extra Practice

The following text is about the organizations Nelson Mandela established. Complete it with the verbs in parentheses. Use the Past Simple tense as in the example.

FAQFrequently Asked Questions

15. Which organisations did Nelson Mandela establish?

Mr. Mandela (help) to found the African National Congress Youth

League in 1944. He also (help) in 1961 to establish Umkhonto

we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress and was its first

Commander-in-Chief. When he was President of South Africa he

(start) the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund and (donate) one-third

of his salary every month to the organisation. In 1999 after he stepped down

(step down) as President he (start) the Nelson Mandela Foundation

as a post-presidential office and charity to assist in various causes. In 2003 he

(found) the Mandela Rhodes Foundation to assist postgraduate

students from throughout Africa to further their studies. He also

(establish) the Mandela Institute for Education and Rural Development.

Available at: <www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/faqs>. Accessed in: March 2015. (fragment)

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Past Simple (Irregular Verbs)

Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple.


Na tirinha, o Past Simple é utilizado para dizer que Garfield emprestou/deu seu livro a Odie. Note que, no texto, foram utilizados os verbos irregulares no Past Simple (lent e gave).

• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações e estados completos no passado.

“I lent Odie a book.”

“I gave Odie a book.”

Forma afirmativa

I

became popular.You

He / She / It

We / You / They

• Em frases negativas, usamos didn’t (= did not) antes do verbo principal. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica.

Odie didn’t read Gar� eld’s book.

Gar� eld didn’t get back his book.

Forma negativa

I

didn’t become popular.You

He / She / It

We / You / They

• Em frases interrogativas, usamos Did antes do sujeito. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica.

Did Gar� eld lend his book to Odie? Yes, he did.

Did Odie read Gar� eld’s book? No, he didn’t.

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Forma interrogativa

Did

I

become popular?you

he / she / it

we / you / they

Respostas curtas

Afirmativa Negativa

Yes,

I

did. No,

I

didn’t.you you



Verbos irregulares no passado agrupados por ordem alfabética

Forma básica* Passado Tradução**

be was, were ser, estar

bear bore suportar; ser portador de

beat beat bater

become became tornar-se

begin began começar

behold beheld contemplar

bend bent curvar

bet bet apostar

bid bid oferecer, fazer uma oferta

bind bound unir, vincular, comprometer

bite bit morder

bleed bled sangrar, ter hemorragia

blow blew assoprar; explodir

break broke quebrar

breed bred procriar, reproduzir

bring brought trazer

broadcast broadcast transmitir, irradiar

build built construir

burn burnt/burned queimar

buy bought comprar

can could poder

catch caught pegar, capturar

choose chose escolher

come came vir

cost cost custar

cut cut cortar

deal dealt negociar, tratar

dig dug cavar, escavar

do did fazer

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draw drew desenhar

dream dreamt/dreamed sonhar

drink drank beber

drive drove dirigir, ir de carro

eat ate comer

fall fell cair

feed fed alimentar

feel felt sentir(-se)

fight fought lutar

find found achar, encontrar

flee fled fugir, escapar

fly flew voar; pilotar

forbid forbade proibir

forget forgot esquecer

forgive forgave perdoar

freeze froze congelar; paralisar

get got obter

give gave dar

go went ir

grow grew crescer, cultivar

hang hung*** pendurar

have had ter; beber; comer

hear heard ouvir

hide hid esconder

hit hit bater

hold held segurar

hurt hurt machucar

keep kept guardar; manter

know knew saber, conhecer

lay laid colocar em posição horizontal, assentar

lead led liderar, conduzir

learn learnt/learned aprender

leave left deixar, partir

lend lent emprestar (dar emprestado)

let let deixar; alugar

lie lay deitar

lose lost perder, extraviar

make made fazer, fabricar

mean meant significar, querer dizer

meet met encontrar, conhecer

overcome overcame superar

overtake overtook alcançar; surpreender

pay paid pagar

put put colocar

quit quit deixar, abandonar, desistir

read read ler

ride rode andar de (bicicleta, carro etc.), andar a (cavalo)

ring rang tocar (campainha, sinos, telefone etc.)

rise rose subir, erguer-se

run ran correr, concorrer; dirigir

saw sawed serrar

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* Forma básica = infinitivo sem a partícula to.** Apresentamos aqui os sentidos mais comuns dos verbos listados. Em vários casos, os verbos

podem assumir outros sentidos. É necessário sempre observar o contexto para compreender o significado do verbo em uso.

*** Quando hang é usado no sentido de enforcar, é um verbo regular (hang/hanged).

say said dizersee saw verseek sought procurar obter, objetivarsell sold vendersend sent mandarset set estabelecer; colocar; pôr em determinada

condição; marcar; ajustarshake shook sacudir, tremershine shone brilharshoot shot atirar, alvejarshow showed mostrar, exibirshrink shrank encolher, contrairshut shut fechar, cerrarsing sang cantarsink sank afundar, submergirsit sat sentarsleep slept dormirslide slid deslizar, escorregarsmell smelled/smelt cheirarspeak spoke falarspend spent gastarspin spun girar; fiarspit spit/spat cuspirspread spread espalharstand stood parar; ficar de pé; aguentarsteal stole roubarstick stuck furar, fincar, enfiarstink stank cheirar malstrike struck golpear, desferir, atacarstrive strove esforçar-se, lutarswear swore jurar, prometer, assegurarsweep swept varrerswim swam nadarswing swung balançar, alternartake took tomarteach taught ensinar, dar aulatear tore rasgar, despedaçartell told contar, dizerthink thought pensarthrow threw atirar, arremessarundergo underwent submeter-se a, suportarunderstand understood entenderuphold upheld sustentar, apoiar; defenderwear wore vestir, usar; gastarweep wept chorarwin won vencer, ganharwrite wrote escrever, redigir

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Verbos irregulares no passado agrupados por formas

semelhantes

Forma básica e Passado com a mesma forma

Forma básica Passado Tradução

bet bet apostar

bid bid oferecer, fazer uma oferta

broadcast broadcast transmitir, irradiar

cast cast atirar, deitar

cost cost custar

cut cut cortar

hit hit bater

hurt hurt machucar

let let deixar, alugar

put put colocar

quit quit deixar, abandonar, desistir

read read ler

set set estabelecer; colocar; pôr em determinada condição; marcar; ajustar

shut shut fechar, cerrar

spread spread espalhar

Passado com o som /an/ /D�/


begin began começar

drink drank beber

run ran correr, concorrer; dirigir

ring rang tocar (campainha, sinos, telefone etc.)

shrink shrank encolher, contrair

sing sang cantar

sink sank afundar, submergir

stink stank cheirar mal

swim swam nadar

Passado com o som /��/


break broke quebrar

choose chose escolher

drive drove dirigir, ir de carro

freeze froze congelar, paralisar

ride rode andar de (bicicleta, carro etc.), andar a (cavalo)

rise rose subir, erguer-se

speak spoke falar

steal stole roubar

write wrote escrever, redigir

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Passado com o som /��W/


bring brought trazer

buy bought comprar

fight fought lutar

seek sought procurar obter, objetivar

think thought pensar

catch caught pegar, capturar

teach taught ensinar, dar aula

Passado com o som /X�/


blow blew assoprar, explodir

draw drew desenhar

fly flew voar, pilotar

grow grew crescer, cultivar

know knew saber, conhecer

throw threw atirar, arremessar

Passado com o som /�QW/


bend bent curvar

lend lent dar emprestado

send sent mandar

spend spent gastar

Passado com o som /HSW/


keep kept guardar, manter

sleep slept dormir

sweep swept varrer

weep wept chorar

Extra Practice

The following text is about Steve Jobs, a famous inventor. Complete it with the verbs from the box below. Use the Past Simple tense as in the example.

be born give go teach not want

Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, to a pair of graduate students who him up for adoption because their parents

them to marry. Steve was adopted at birth by Clara and Paul Jobs. His mother him to read before he to school. Steve and his father would work on electronics in the family garage, taking apart and reassembling televisions, radios and stereos.

Available at: <http://mrnussbaum.com/steve-jobs>. Accessed in: March 2015.Steve Jobs, inventor

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Past Simple or Past Continuous?

Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple e do Past Continuous.


Na tirinha, encontramos a maioria dos verbos no Past Simple porque a gata descreve ações completas que aconteceram no passado como, no primeiro quadrinho, em “I had a dream about us last night, Garfield.” Já no segundo quadrinho, encontramos ações em andamento no passado (“We were having a picnic, eating sandwiches”) e, dessa forma, utilizou-se o Past Continuous.

• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações no passado.

“a huge bear jumped out and attacked us."

“ Then you sprang into action, fought him off with your bare paws, swept me into your arms and carried me to safety!”

• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Continuous para falar de ações em andamento no passado.

“We were having a picnic, eating sandwiches.”

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Extra Practice

In each item below, put the words into the correct order to make sentences.

a. saved/from a huge bear/Garfield/his girlfriend

b. sandwiches/were/They/a bear attacked them/eating/when

c. about sandwiches/was/Garfield/while/thinking/she was talking

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Documents

Review: Present Simple, Present Continuous