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www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 1, 2018.
443
Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL
STUDY OF PLUMERIA RUBRA
Abhishek R. Bura*1, Ajit K. Nangare
2, Gaurav S. Lodha
1, Jyoti B. Chavan
1, Snehal D.
Khatake1
and Hrishikesh S. Patil1
1Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundations College of Pharmacy, Vilad Ghat, Ahmednagar (MS),
India - 414111.
2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundations College Of
Pharmacy, Vilad Ghat, Ahmednagar, (MS), India, 414111.
ABSTRACT
Plumeria rubra is a deciduous plant species belonging to the genus
Plumeria and family Apocynaceae.Plumeriarubra is generally grown
for decorative purpose in gardens, parks, etc due to its beautiful and
attractive flowers available in various colours and having a lovely
fragrance. In India it is widely used for traditional medicine as
purgative, remedy for diarrhoea and cure for itch. The latex i.e. milky
juice used for treating inflammation. The flowers are used for acne and
fragrance purpose. Plumeriarubra has numerouspharmacological
activitiesand can be used as a drug for treating various diseases in
future.
KEYWORDS: Champa, bountifully, Anxiolytic, Antimutagenic, Antiviral.
INTRODUCTION
Plumeria rubra is a commonly known as Gulachin in Hindi & Champa or Sonchampa in
Marathi, whereas known as Kishirachampa in Sanskrit in India.It belongs to the family
Apocynaceae. Plumeriarubra is belonging to Mexico and from its native place it has been
distributed worldwide speciallyHawaii where it is grown bountifully. The flowers of plant are
used for ornamental purpose because of its fragrance and odour. Different parts of the plant
have been mentioned to be used in various diseases. The latex used as anti inflammatory. The
flower is used as contraceptive, Cure acne etc. Bark and leaves for rheumatism,
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 7.523
Volume 7, Issue 1, 443-455. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105
Article Received on
05 Nov. 2017,
Revised on 26 Nov. 2017,
Accepted on 17 Dec. 2017
DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20181-10505
8533
*Corresponding Author
Abhishek R. Bura
Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil
Foundations College of
Pharmacy, Vilad Ghat,
Ahmednagar (MS), India -
414111.
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Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
inflammation, anti-fertility, Anthelmintic etc. Other all medicinal uses, phytochemistry and
botanical description are discussed in this review.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Tribe: Plumerieae
Genus: Plumeria
Synonym: Plumeriaacutifolia Poir.
Plumeriaangustifolia A. DC.
Plumeriaarborea Noronha
Plumeriaarborescens G. Don
Plumeriaaurantia Endl.
Plumeriaaurantia Lodd. ex G. Don
Plumeriaaurantiaca Steud.
Plumeriabicolor Ruiz & Pav.
Plumeriablandfordiana Lodd. ex G.Don
Plumeriacarinata Ruiz & Pav.
Plumeriaconspicua G. Don
Plumeriagouanii D. Don ex G. Don.
Plumeriaincarnata Mill.
Morphology: Small, deciduous tree to 8 m high is usually grown as an ornamental plant in
garden, parks and generally in areas of the cemetery or grow wide. Branches are swollen and
leafy at tips. Latex is milky white which easily breaks.
Leaves: Leaves are simple, found in clusters at branch ends. They are alternate, glossy dark
green on stout petioles. Leaves lancet shaped elongated, 20-40 Cm Long, 6-12.5 cm wide,
pointed tip, base narrow, flatedge, apexacute to acuminate, margin entire, lamina simple. The
leaf has a thick and distinct midrib, with veins having nerves branching out from the main
central nerve.
Bark and roots: The bark is thin, grey green in colour with a slight shine. The branches are
rounded and swollen almost sausage like in appearance.
Flower: These are large & showy, sweetly fragrant, pedicellate, bisexual, pentamerous, 5-7
cm in diameter.Calyxis synsepalous, five obtuse lobes. Corolla is sympetalousabouttube
cylindrical in shape. The inside is slightly yellow in colour Fig. A & B.
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Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
(A) (B)
Fruit and seed: The fruit is follicle with a linear oblong to ellipsoid shape. They are about
15-20 cm long and 1.5-2 cm in diameter. Seeds are oblong or lanceolate, numerous, thin and
winged.
Phytochemical constituents of Plumeria rubra
The different extract of Plumeriarubra were found to contain tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids,
steroids, alkaloids, reducing sugar, saponins and glycosides. A new mono terpene alkaloid,
(R)-4′-((S)-1- hydro xyethyl)-5,6-dihydro-5′ H-spiroyclopenta[C]pyridine-7,2’-furan)-5′-one,
designated as plumerianine; the iridoid 15-demethylplumeride; and three knowntriterpenes,
namely lupeol, uvaol and ursolic acid, were isolated from the methanol extract of
Plumeriaacutifolialeaves (18) Seven compounds namely 2-methylbutan-1-ol, β-phenylethyl
alcohol, nonadecane, heneicosane, benzyl salicylate, tetradecanoic acid and
phenylacetaldehyde were found in the essentialoil of P. rubra red flower variety (32) andthe
major reported constituents of essential oils in white flower are benzyl salicylate (26.7%-
33.5%), benzyl benzoate (7.9%-22.3%), geraniol (< 0.05%- 17.2%), (E,E)-geranyl linalool
(0.2%-9.4%), tricosane (1.1%-8.3%), linalool (0.1%-8.0%), nonadecane (3.8%-7.0%), (E)-
nerolidol (5.5%-7.0%)(10) The following iridoids, fulvoplumierin, allamcin, allamandin,
plumieride, α-allamcidin, 15-demethylplumieride, β-allamcidin and 13- O-trans-p -
coumaroylplumieride; the lignan, liriodendrin, and 2,5-dimethoxy- p –benzoquinone were
isolated from the bark of Plumeriarubra. Taraxasteryl acetate, lupeol, stigmasterol, oleanolic
acid, cycloart-22-ene-3 α, 25-diol and rubrinol, a new triterpene of the ursane series, were
isolated from whole plants of P. rubra.
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Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
O
O
O
O
OHOH
CH3
OH
OOH
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
5-Hydroxy-2-[4-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-phenyl]-7-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-chroman-4-one
OO
OHOH
OH
OH
OHNH
O OH
OH
2-Hydroxy-tricos-16-enoic acid [2,3-dihydroxy-1-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxymethyl)-heptadecyl]-amide
CH3 CH3CH3
CH3
CH3
OH
OH
CH3
OH
4-Hydroxymethyl-4,6a,6b,8a,12,14b-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-icosahydro-picene-2,3-diol
CH3 CH3CO2H
CH3
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
CH3
(1R,3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bS)-1-acetyl-9-hydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-
pentamethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-
hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid
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Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
H
O OMe
O
OH
H
CH3
1-[2,4-dihydroxy-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-
yl]oxyphenyl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one;dehydrate.
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O OMe
O
O
CH3
OH
O
methyl (7R)-4'-[(1R)-1-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyethyl]-5'-oxo-1-[3,4,5-
trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyspiro[4a,7a-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-7,2'-
furan]-4-carboxylate.
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Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O OMe
O
O
CH3
OH
O
methyl (7R)-4'-[(1R)-1-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyethyl]-5'-oxo-1-[3,4,5-
trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyspiro[4a,7a-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-7,2'-
furan]-4-carboxylate.
Pharmacological Activities
1. Anti-Microbial Activity and Anti-Bacterial Activity[2,5,15,25.28]
Methanolic extract of stem bark exhibited in vitroanti-microbial activity against gram
positive bacteria. (Bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis), gram
negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium) &
fungi (Aspergillusniger & Candidaalbicans). The ethanolic extract of Plumeria rubra flowers
significantly exhibited antimicrobial activity by Disc diffusion method by inhibiting growth
of S. typhi, E. coli, E. faecalis and B. cereus.
The invitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic, chloroform, ethyl acetate and Aqueousextract
of leaves of Plumeriarubra was been studied using disc diffusion method against s. epidermis
and Escherichia coli of bacterial strains. Among all the extract of leaves ethanolic extract of
leaves are showing partial antibacterial activity against S.epidermidis at 750 and 1000 micro
gram per ml and 1500 micro gram per ml showing complete antimicrobial activity while
Escherichia coli at 1500 micro gram per ml respectively. The results were compared with
standard ciprofloxacin and found that complete antimicrobial activity against S. epidermis at
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Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
500 mg per ml and Escherichia at 750 mg per ml. The extract of leaves shows significant
Antibacterial activity.
2. Anti-pyretic and Antinociceptive Activity[14,24]
Different doses (100,250,500 mg per kg) of methanolic extract of leaves of
Plumeriaacuminata were administered orally. This showed significant reduction in Brewer’s
yeast induced hyperthermia in rats. The extract was also elicited pronounced inhibitory effect
on acetic acid induced writing. Hot plate tail flick and tail immersion responses in mice in the
Antinociceptive test. The extract significantly reduced the rectal temperature and was
compared with reference paracetamol (100 mg). The methanolic extract of leaves strongly
reduced by intra-peritoneal administration of acetic acid solution and result compared with
the standard drug aspirin. The extract shows antipyretic activity governed by peripheral and
external inhibitory mechanism.
3. Anti-inflammatory activity[12,29]
The methanolic extract of leaves of Plumeriaacuminata posses Anti-inflamatory activity in
both acute and chronic experimental animal models. The methanolic extract of leaves (500
Mg/Kg. Bw) showed maximum Anti-inflammatory effectthat is 30.51,47.06,34.48 &32.50 %
at end of 3 hours using carrageenan,dextran,histamine and serotonin assay respectively. In
cotton pellet method the extract (500 Mg/Kg. Bw) significantly reduced the formation of
granuloma tissue at rate of 45.06%. This effect was compared with indomethacin (10 mg/kg.
Bw) and reduction was found to be 51.57%. Hence the Anti-inflammatory activity was
evaluated.
4. Antioxidant and Free radical scavenging activity[13,23]
Methanolic extract of leaves of Plumeriaacuminata possess Antioxidant and Free radical
scavenging activity by inhibiting peroxidation of linoleic acid in dose dependant manner. The
extract showed maximum activity of 60.42% and 56.38 % inhibition at concentration 125 mg
per micro gram in DPPH radical and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay respectively. The
antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of leaves increased in dose dependant manner as
50, 100, 300, 400, 500, micro gram on animal modelstudy. The methanolic extract of leaves
of Plumeriaacuminata shows significant Antioxidant and Free radical scavenging activity.
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Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
5. Anti-mutagenic Activity[11]
The ethanolic extract of leaves of Plumeriarubra was examined for Anti-mutagenic Activity.
The micronucleus test was carried out and showed that a dosage of 2 mg isolate and 5 mg
extract per 25 gram mouse of crude extract significantly reduced the number of micro
nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes induced by mutagen Mitomycin C. 4 isolated
A1,C1,D3, F2 showed antimutagenic activity and reduced the number of mutagens
Mitomycin C as A1 by 75%, stigmast-7-enol 80% (C1),lupeol carboxylic acid 57% (D3),
ursolic acid 76% (F2).The structure of A1 is not fully elucidated but ms data suggest,it
contains a hydrocarbon chain. These fractions A1, C1, D3, F2 possess Anti-mutagenic
Activity.
6. Anti-cancer Activity[30]
The ethanolic extract of leaves of Plumeria rubra was evaluated for anti-cancer activity
against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss Albino Mice. The extract was
administered orally at a dose of 200 mg per kilogram and 400 mg per kilogram body weight
and was compared with 5-Fluoruracial (20 mg per kilogram per day IP) for 9 days. The
anticancer activity was evaluated by determining tumor volume, tumor cell count,
viabletumor cell count, mean survival time and increased life span in animal model study.
Ethanolic extract of Plumeria rubra restored the haematological parameters as compared
with E A C bearing mice. Theethanolic Extract of Plumeria rubra leaves decreasing the
nutritional fluid volume and arresting the tumour growth increases the life span of EAC
bearing mice extract also effective in inhibiting the tumour growth in ascetic tumour models.
7. Hypoglycemic Activity[19,23]
Flavone glycoside was used as drug for evaluation of hypoglycemic activity obtain from the
extract of Plumeria rubra and was confirmed by colouring reaction and chromatographic
methods. Flavone glycoside from Plumeria rubra significantly reduced the level of serum
triglycerides in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats but it did not alter the blood glucose and
serum total cholesterol administration of the glycoside significantly reduced the elevated
level of blood urea and creatinine and the activities of aspartate amino-transferase (SGOT)
and alanine amino transferase (SGPT). When compared with hyperglycemia control
animals,the beneficial effect of flavones glycoside treatment on triglycerides was observed
and it assumes that the drug can be useful to decrease hyperlipidemic risks in diabetes.
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8. Larvicidal Activity[27]
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesised using Plumeria rubra plant latex and
larvicidal activity was determined. The AgNPs synthesised from P. rubra latex were found
toxic to second and fourth larval instar of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. The
different range of concentration of synthesised AgNPs (10,5,2.5,0.625,0.3125 ppm) and
aqueous crude latex extract (1000,500,250,125,62.50,31.25,ppm) were prepared and tested
against larvae of A. aegypti and A. stephensi. The AgNPs was more toxic to both mosquito
species was carried out against nontarget fish species Poecilia reticulate, the most common
organism in habitats of A. aegypti and A.stephensi and it showed no toxicity at LC50 And
LC90doses of the AgNPs. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesised using Plumeria
rubra latex possess potent Larvicidal Activity.
9. Anxiolytic activity[7]
The ethanolic extract of Plumeria rubraflower was evaluated for Anxiolytic activity. Oral
administration of ethanolic extract at dose of 50mg/kg p. o. and 100 mg/kg p.o.to male Swiss
mice significantly increased time spent in open arms of elevated plus-maze test. But no effect
was observed with higher dose of 200mg/kg. The anxiolytic properties of hexane, chloroform
and butanolic soluble and insoluble fractions at one- fifth of original dose were studied in
elevated plus-maze test. Out of which butanol insoluble fraction (BIF) showed significantly
Anxiolytic activity which was compared with standard drug diazepam drug. On pre-treatment
both flower ethanolic extract and BIF did not show any side effect in horizontal activity, total
distance travelled and stereotype count in animal activity monitor no motor in coordination
side effect were observed in rotarod test in mice. The ethanolic extract of flower of Plumeria
rubraand butanol insoluble fraction possess significant Anxiolytic activity.
10. Anthelmintic activity[29]
The Anthelmintic activity of Plumeria rubra was evaluated from crude methanolic extract of
leaves.25mg/ml concentration of dose was studied for its Anthelmintic activity on Indian
adult earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma) and composed with standard piperazine citrate. The
methanolic extract of leaves posses Anthelmintic activity.
11. Antiviral activity[34]
An iridoidfulvoplumierin was isolated from Plumeria rubra. Is an active compound with an
IC50 45 micro gram per ml against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. It acts by
reverse transcriptase mechanism.
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12. Antifertility activity[36]
The antifertility effect of the alcoholic extract of Plumeriarubra pot in female albino
pregnant rats was studied. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each.
Experimental groups of animals were given Plumeriarubra pot extract at dose of 50 mg/kg,
100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight from 11 to 15th
day of pregnancy. The extract showed
significant reduction in the number of live fetuses and increase in the resorption index and
post inplantation losses. The dose of 200 mg/kg BW showed highest 100% of abortion where
as 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg BW showed 13.46% and 43.63 % abortion respectivity. The
alcoholic Plumeriarubra pot extract at dose of 200 mg/kg BW showed prolongation of
estrous cycle and diestrus phase in experimental animals. The alcoholic extract showed
alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, simple phenolicks, tannins and sapponins phytochemicals
present.
CONCLUSION
Plants have been the basis for medical treatments from long period in human history. Modern
medicine uses many plant derived compounds as the basis for evidence based pharmaceutical
drugs. This review focuses on the phytochemical and pharmacological uses of Plumeria
rubra, now the future aspect is to isolate the specific constituent responsible or showing the
specific pharmacological activity and studying it further for invivo bio-therapeutic activity.
Hence Plumeria rubra can be a promising drug in future to treat various diseases.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to the Dr Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s College of Pharmacy,
Vilad Ghat, and Ahmednagar for providing all the necessary facilities and support to carry
out this study and work.
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