REVIEW ON COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS …

Solanki et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

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261

REVIEW ON COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS

PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA

LINN. IN RELATION WITH AYURVEDIC DOCUMENTED

LITERATURE

Heliben Jitendra Solanki1*, Dilip Khemji Jani

2, Kamlesh Hemantlal Bhogayata

3,

Suman Girijanandan Singh4

1PG Scholar,

2HOD and Professor,

3Associate professor,

4Lecturer

Upgraded PG dept. of Dravya Guna, Govt. Ayurveda College, Vadodara.

ABSTRACT

Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. commonly known as Yashtimadhu, Mulethi,

Liquorice, Jethimadha. Glycyrrhiza glabra is a genus of perennial

herbs and under shrubs distributed in the sub-tropical warm temperate

region of the world. Glycyrrhiza glabra is widely used in Ayurvedic

traditional literature as well as in folklore medicine. Ayurvedic

literature describes liquorice as a Rasayana (Rejuvenating) herb for

Pranavaha and Majjavaha srotas. It is mentioned in the various

classical texts for the treatment of diseases such as Varnya (Enhance

skin complexion), Balya (Strength enhancing), Shotha hara (Reduce

inflammation), Kasaghna (Treat respiratory disorder), Medhya (Increase intellectual and

cognitive power)etc. It’s a miracle that most of the proven pharmacological activities of

Glycyrrhiza glabra is mentioned in Ayurvedic Samhita by different author but it are in

Ayurveda terminology. The convential evidences about the activity are the proof that there

must be a scientific technique with the traditional healers to document the properties of herb.

The present review was done to explain the correlation of the same activities noted by two

different streams which helps to designee pathway for future pharmacological testing of

herbs.

KEYWORDS: Yashtimadhu, Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn., Pharmacological screening,

Ayurveda.

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 8.084

Volume 10, Issue 7, 261-272. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105

*Corresponding Author

Heliben Jitendra Solanki

PG Scholar, Upgraded PG

dept. of Dravya Guna, Govt.

Ayurveda College, Vadodara.

Article Received on

25 April 2021,

Revised on 15 May 2021,

Accepted on 04 June 2021

DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20217-20735



262

INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda is considered as one of the oldest traditional system of medicine accepted

worldwide. The information about the healing properties of the herbs was composed in the

form of ‘Shlokas’. More than 2000 herbs are mentioned in different Samhita for various

disease conditions. Among which Yashtimadhu is one of well-known and widely used herb.

Acharya charak has mentioned it in various Mahakashaya like Jivaniya, Sandhaneeya,

Varnya, Kanthya, Kandughna, Snehopaga, Vamanopaga, Chardinigrahana Mahakashaya

etc.[1]

As it’s an important medicinal plant it is having detailed information in the literature.

The Latin name of Yashtimadhu is Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. It belongs to family Fabaceae.

Glycyrrhiza glabra is commonly known as Mulethi in Hindi, Jethimadha in Gujarati and

Liquorice in English.[2]

It enhances the skin complexion, promote hair growth, and enhance

memory power and intellectual. Many references of Yashtimadhu are available in Ayurveda

as well as its screened pharmacological actions in modern pharmacology. Therefore, a

comparison of actions of Glycyrrhiza glabra according to Ayurveda and modern

pharmacology is required to recognize the conceptual aspects of properties of a drug. Here a

small attempt is made to enlighten how rationale the Ayurvedic explanation of drug action in

equal with screened activities.

Table 1: The Ayurvedic documentation regarding Yashtimadhu.

No. Category Conceptual Documentation

1. Name of the plant Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.)

2. Rasa (Taste) Madhura[10-11,13-15]

, Tikta[15]

3. Guna(Properties) Snigdha[13-14]

, Guru[12-14]

4. Veerya(Potency) Heema[12-15]

5. Vipaka (End product of

digestion) Madhura

[11,12]

6. Karma (Actions)

Jivaniya[10]

, Varnya[10]

, Sangrahi[10]

, Shodhana[10,16]

,

Ropana[9,10]

, Sandhana[9]

, Vrushya[16,17]

, Balya[12]

,

Trushashamaka[9-10,12-15]

, Chakshushya[10,13-15]

, Hridya[15]

,

Shukarala[13-14]

, Keshya[13-14]

, Swarya[13-14]

7. Doshaghnata Pittahara[9,12-15]

, Kaphahara[13-14]

, Raktavikarahara[15]

8. Rogaghnata(Indicated

diseases)

Jvara[9]

, Daha[9-10]

, Visha[9-10]

, Atisara[9-10]

, Yonidosha[10]

,

Bhagna[10]

, Chardi[10,12-14]

, Vrana[13-16]

, Kshaya[10,14]

, krumi[14]

,

Raktapitta[10-12]



263

Table 2: Comparative correlation of the pharmacological activities by two different aspect.

No. Pharmacological activity Result of activity

Chemical

constituent and

class

Direct or

indirect classical

reference

Ayurvedic interpretation: An

applied therapeutic feature

1.

Memory enhancing activity[19]

Aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra

were administered Orally in Three

doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg for 7

days in mice. Passive avoidance

paradigm and Elevated plus-maze were

used to test learning and memory.

The dose of 150 mg/kg shows

significantly improved learning

and memory capacity.

Glabridin

Flavonoid

(Class)

Medhya[3,7]

The direct reference of the drug

in this indication. Yashtimadhu

churna given with ksheera for

medhya karma.

2.

Hair growth stimulatory activity[20]

:

2% Hydro-alcoholic extract of

liquorice and standard drug 2%

Minoxidil were screened for hair

growth stimulatory activity.

It showed that 2% concentration

of liquorice extract has a

significant hair growth activity.

- Keshya

[13-14]

The direct reference of the drug

on action.

Yashtimadhu taila Nasya is

mentioned for Keshvardhana

karma

3.

Hepatoprotective effect[21]

:

Aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra

was administered in a dose of

2gm/kg/day orally for 7 days, in

Eighteen rabbits with hepatotoxicity

(induced by Carbon tetrachloride at a

dose of 1.25 ml/kg as a mixture with

olive oil).

It shows significant result in

restoring hepatic tissue and

ameliorating liver function.

Glycyrrhetic acid

Glycyrrhizin

Astrahara

Raktavikar

hara[11,14]

There is no direct reference

regarding activity. But due to its

madhura rasa, madhura vipaka

and sheet virya beneficial in

raktavikara and thus help in

hepatoprotective activity.

4.

Enhancement of Skin complexion:

* Methanolic and aqueous extracts of

Glycyrrhiza glabra (rhizome),

Azadiracta indica (bark), Aesculus

indica(fruits), Camellia

sinensis(leaves), Nelumbo

nucifera(seed), Acasia catechu(bark),

*Extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra

(rhizome) was shown to be

potent tyrosinase inhibitors in

human skin in addition to

extracts of other.

- Varnya[10,13-14,18]

Prabha or maintenance of body

complexion is one of the

functions of pitta and bhrajaka

pitta seated in the skin radiates

the glow of one’s natural

complexion that is expressed

through varṇa. Hence the herbs



264

Mangifera indica(leaves) were

screened as highly inhibiting samples

compare to others at 1000ug/ml.[22]

* The study was carried out to assess

Yashtimadhu churna mukhalepa as a

Varnya (Complexion) In group A

(Yashtimadhu churna with honey) & in

Group B (Yashtimadhu

churna with water) was given for 45

days. Fitzpatrick scale was used as

objective assessment criteria.[23]

*There was significant

improvement in complexion after

45 days of application in both the

groups.

which alleviate pitta, rakta in

general either acting through

their rasa,

vipāka or prabhāva are

considered as varnya.

5.

Anti -Ulcer activity[24]

Hydro-alcoholic extract of G. glabra

(HEGG) was investigated in mice

using HCl/Ethanol, indomethacin,

Hypothermic -stress induced ulcer

models.

It showed that the HEGG

protected the stomachs of the

mice from induced acute

ulceration in various models.

Glabridin, glabrene,

glycyrrhizinic acid

[Flavonoid,

isoflavan, saponin

glycoside]

Pittahara[9,12-15]

Being a vata-pitta pacifier, it

flushes out the AMA toxins

from the internal layers of the

body, promotes overall health.

6.

Anti-tussive activity25

: The anti-

tussive activity of G. glabra granules

were tested compared to standard

codeine sulfate dose (10, 15 and 20

mg/kg body weight).

Results showed that G. glabra

granules did Significant (41.17%)

inhibition of cough after 60 min

of experiments.

Glycyrrhizin

[Triterpenoid

saponin glycoside]

Kasaghna[17-18]

The direct reference regarding

this action.

The yashtimadhu ghrita used as

internally as well as externally

for this activity.

7.

Anti-inflammatory activity:

*Liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza) extract

anti-inflammatory effect was tested.[26]

*In vitro studies, for anti-inflammatory

activity of G.glabra were conducted.[27]

*It is noted that glycyrrhetinic

acid in liquorice extract gives

anti-inflammatory effect.

* Glycyrrhizic acid inhibits all

factors responsible for

inflammation.

Glycyrrhetic acid,

liquiritoside,

Licochalcone a

[Chalcone]

Shothahara[4,13]


karma is mentioned. The drug is

given in form of Basti, Arista or

Kshara-agad for the desired

action.

8.

Immunostimulatory activity[28]

:

The mortality rate in E. coli induced

abdominal sepsis can assess.

This study indicates that

Glycyrrhiza glabra extract might

enhanced the capacity of

monocyte-macrophage system in

Glycyrrhetinic acid

[Tri-terpenoid]

Rasayana[8]

Balya[4,9]

The direct Reference regarding

Rasayan and Balya karma was

found. Due to its madhurarasa

and sheet virya similar to Oja



265

immunosuppressed rats guna acts as ojavardhana and

increase bala.

9.

Aphrodisiac activity[29]

The Aphrodisiac activity of aqueous

extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra

(150mg/kg & 300mg/kg body wt. /day)

was administered orally by gavages for

28 days in male Wistar rats. Mount

latency (ML), intromission latency

(IL), mounting frequency (MF),

intromission frequency (IF), weight of

animals (gm) were the parameters

observed before and during the sexual

behaviour study at day 0, 7, 10, 14, 21,

and 28.

The extract reduced significantly

ML & IL

(p < 0.05). The extract also

increased significantly MF & IF

(p < 0.05).

- Vrishya

[16-18]


vrishya karma was found.

10.

Anti-thrombin activity[30]

In-vivo effects of aqueous extract of

Glycyrrhiza glabra was tested in

0.05M NaOH at 37°C and PH was

adjusted to 7.4 For evaluation of the

bleeding effect in Wistar rats.

It was observed that Glycyrrhiza

glabra exhibits significant

antithrombotic activity in vivo.

Glycyrrhizin,

isoliquiritigenin

[Triterpenoid

saponin glycoside,

flavonoid]

Vatarakta-

hara[18]

The reference of External

application of drug was found

for this action.

11.

Anti-microbial activity[31]

The antimicrobial activities of

ethanolic and aqueous extracts from

licorice leaves were studied compared

to root extracts activities.

The root and leave extracts

showed activity against Candida

albicans, and The ethanolic

extract of the leaves was the most

active against gram-positive

bacteria.

- Krimighna[10]

The direct Reference regarding

krimighna action of Kshara-

agad was mentioned in which

Yashtimadhu is one of its

ingredients.

12.

Antioxidant activity[32]

- Antioxidant

activities of methanolic extracts (20 g

of each powdered sample was

extracted with 250 mL of methanol for

24 h) of Glycyrrhiza glabra root was

The extracts showed good

antioxidant activity, with a

median inhibitory concentration

(IC50) in the range of 588 ± 0.86

µg/mL to 2190 ± 1.73 µg/mL.

- Kshatakshina

[13]

Its contain higher fiber

concentration hence excellent

digestive herb and enhance

better nutrition absorption and

reduces oxidative stress



266

determined by using the DPPH (1,1-

diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method.

13.

Antiviral activity[33]

The study was carried out on two

clinical isolates of SARS virus [FFM-1

and FFM-2] on patients with SARS,

admitted to clinical center of Frankfurt

University, Germany.

The antiviral activities of

ribavirin, 6-azauridine,

pyrazofurin, mycophenolic acid

and glycyrrhizin proved that

glycyrrhizin was the most

efficient.

Glycyrrhizin Krimighna

[10]


krimighna action.

14.

Chronic fatigue stress[34]

:

The protective effect of hydro

alcoholic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra

(100 and 200 mg/kg p.o) comparable

to fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) On chronic

fatigue stress (CFS) induced

behavioral alterations in mice was

tested for 15 days.

The study concludes that

Glycyrrhiza glabra could be used

as an alternative to conventional

medicines for the treatment of

chronic fatigue stress.

-

Medhya[3,7]

Vatahara[11,13-14]


this action was found.

15

Anxiolytic activity[35]

:

Anxiolytic activity of hydro alcoholic

extract of roots and rhizomes of

Glycyrrhiza glabra was tested using

different paradigms like elevated plus

maze, foot shock-induced aggression,

and amphetamine induced stereotype

by giving varying doses (10-300mg/kg

i.p.) against Diazepam or ondansetron

as standard.

It shows that

Lower doses of hydro alcoholic

extract were more effective in

alleviating anxiety.

- Medhya

[3,7]


medhya activity was found.

16.

Anticonvulsant effects[36]

To studied anticonvulsant effect,

Aqueous extract of G. Glabra,

diazepam and normal saline were

injected. (I/P at 50-300 mg/Kg, 0.5-1

mg/Kg and 10 ml /Kg, Respectively)

Aqueous extract at a dose of 300

mg/Kg delayed the onset time of

the Seizure and was also

significantly decreased duration

of the seizure at doses 60-200

mg/Kg compared to the control.

- Vataghna[11,13-14]

Kampa (Tremor) is occurred

due to vitiated vata. Drug has

specific action on vata and

hence help to cure the disease.



267

30 min before pentylenetetrazole (90

mg/Kg) in mice.

17.

Anti-asthmatic activity[37]

: Purified saponin fraction of the extract

of Glycyrrhiza glabra was injected to

the infected rats for Anti-asthmatic

study.

The result shows inhibition on

mast cell degranulation up to

62% at 25 mg/Kg body weight

and the saponin fraction is

effective in triple antigen

sensitized albino rats as anti-

asthmatic agent

- Kasahara

[17-18]

Swasahara

Direct reference regarding this

activity is found.

18.

Regulation of gastrointestinal

motility[38]

: An isoliquiritigenin, a

flavonoid isolated from the roots of

Glycyrrhiza glabra is studied in vivo &

in vitro.

The results indicated that

isoliquiritigenin plays a dual role

in regulating gastrointestinal

motility, both spasmogenic and

spasmolytic

Isoliquiritigeni-n - No direct reference regarding

this activity is found.

19.

Protection of DNA and microsomal

membrane[39]

: The radio protective

effect of the root extract of Glycyrrhiza

glabra L on lipid peroxidation in rat

liver microsomes and plasmid pBR322

DNA was investigated.

The extract was found to protect

microsomal membranes, as

evident from reduction in lipid

peroxidation and could also

protect plasmid DNA from

radiation-induced strand breaks.

- No direct reference regarding


20.

Modulate rat cardiac

performance[40]

: The effects of

synthetic glycyrrhizin and

glycyrrhetinic acid were evaluated on

the isolated and Langendorff perfused

rat heart.

Glycyrrhizin induced significant

positive inotropic and lusitropic

effects starting from very low

concentrations, while both

inotropism and lusitropism were

negatively affected by

glycyrrhetinic acid. Both

substances significantly increased

heart rate

Glycyrrhizin and

Glycyrrhetinic acid -

No direct reference regarding




268

DISCUSSION

Yashtimadhu is used throughout the world as a traditional herbal remedy. According to

classical Unani text Aslussoos (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.) acts as a demulcent, concoctive of

phlegm, expectorant etc.[41]

The earliest record of its use in medicine is found in code

Humnubari (2100 BC). It was also one of the important plants mentioned in Assyrian herbal

(2000BC). Hippocrates (400BC) mentioned its use as a remedy of ulcers and quenching of

thirds. The drug was also mentioned by Theophrastus and Dioscorides.[42]

In traditional

Siddha system of medicine, liquorice is used as a demulcent expectorant, anti-tussive,

laxative and sweetener.[43]

Ayurvedic text entitle that Yashtimadhu is used as Medhya[3,7]

,

Varnya[10,13-14,18]

, Kanthya[10]

, Sothaghna[4,13]

, Kasahara[17-18]

and Krimighna[10,14]

etc. The

actions like Memory enhancing activity, Hair growth stimulatory activity, Enhancement of

Skin complexion, Anti-ulcer activity etc. are proved based on experimental studies. The

actions like regulation of gastrointestinal motility, protection of DNA and microsomal

membrane, Modulate cardiac performance are appears to be new for Ayurveda which desires

to be considered as per Ayurvedic point of view and the significance of the same can be

identified. On the additional, the activities like Sangrahi, Sandhana are not discovered by the

contemporary pharmacological measures. Moreover, whatever revealed based on

experimental studies can’t be taken as it is. The drug application in Ayurveda is completely

based on concept with overall assessment of patient. In the present scenario many research

work has been carried out based on pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry to

explore out the exact nature of Yashtimadhu in terms of its properties, Chemical constituents

and actions etc. But taking all the experiment as it is will not be justifiable as the Ayurvedic

concept of drug application is totally different.

CONCLUSION

As the Ayurvedic concept of drug application are totally different but it’s demand of present

era that properties and action of drug which are explained in coded (Shlokas) language can be

explored based on experimental studies for its global acceptance. Hence many research works

has been carried out on drug to enlighten its action. Here, correlation about the activity of

Yashtimadhu and its textual claim can be applicable in drug discovery and it’s also helpful to

easily understand the drug action by both the way traditional as well as modern. It’s also lead

to raise the probability of drug interaction means there is necessity to evaluate individual

herbal therapy. This becomes a novel initiation in the treatment of various diseases.



269

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author are thankful to the Director, AYUSH, Gujarat State, Principal, Government

Ayurved College, Vadodara and All faculties who have directly or indirectly helped to make

this possible.

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